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NGHIN CU CC CNG NGH MI SA CHA NHNG H HNG CA KT CU BTCT TRONG CNG TRNH CNG
ThS. HONG SN NH Trung tm KHCN Cng - ng thy Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT TM TT:

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Cng nh tt c cc dng cng trnh c kt cu bng BTCT, s h hng, xung cp ca kt cu BTCT trong cng trnh cng sau mt thi gian khai thc l mt hin tng thng gp trong thc t. i vi cng trnh cng, do phi chu ng thi rt nhiu yu t tc ng nh: ti trng ln v tnh cht tc ng phc tp, cc yu t ngu nhin nh hng n qu trnh khai thc, s xm thc ca mi trng.... cho nn c th dn n s h hng xung cp vi mc v tc d nhanh. Ni dung ca ti l i vo nghin cu nhng nguyn nhn gy h hng ca cng trnh, xut mt s gii php sa cha ph hp nhm phc hi kh nng chu lc, nng cao tui th ca cng trnh. 1. TNG QUAN V NHNG H HNG THNG GP V CC GII PHP SA CHA KT CU BTCT 1.1. Cc dng h hng ca kt cu BTCT Trn c s tng kt cc kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi trong v ngoi nc v nhng h hng thng gp i vi BTCT, cho thy bao gm cc loi nh sau: 1.1.1. H hng ca kt cu BT - Hin tng nt; - Hin tng trc mng; - S tch lp; - V b tng; - Trng thi rng; - S xm thc clorua; 344

- Hin tng carbonate ho; - Xm thc sun pht; - Hin tng nh hoa; - Rp; - R t ong; - Hin tng mi mn; - H hng do va p; - S n mn b tng do mi trng; - S ph hoi do tc ng ca thi tit kh hu; - S ph hoi do tc ng c hc. 1.1.2. H hng i vi ct thp - Mn r ct thp thng; - Mn r cp d ng lc. Cc loi h hng ca kt cu BTCT nu trn, c nhng loi l do nguyn nhn li ch to v cng c nguyn nhn l pht sinh trong qu trnh khai thc. 1.2. Cc phng php sa cha kt cu BTCT ti phn loi thnh 2 nhm phng php l: 1.2.1. Nhm cc phng php sa cha y l cc phng php dng ngn chn khng cho cng trnh b tip tc h hng thm, ng thi khi phc mt phn kh nng chu lc ca kt cu BTCT, bao gm cc phng php ch yu nh sau: - Phng php bm xi mng vo vt nt; - Phng php bm va ho cht vo vt nt; - Phng php bm keo epoxy vo vt nt; - Kha mp nt v hn bt; - ng inh gm khe nt; - B sung ct thp; - Hn gn kh; - Ngn chn nt; - Bm polyme; - Ph v x l b mt; 345

- Sa cha theo cch khe nt t hn; - Phng php che ph; - Phng php ph BT; - Phng php cha bng in/ho cht. 1.2.2. Nhm cc phng php gia c y l cc phng php dng phc kh nng chu lc, ng thi nng cao kh nng chu ca kt cu BTCT, bao gm cc phng php ch yu nh sau: - Phng php thay th; - Phng php ph BT; - Phng php thm BT; - Tng cng thm dm; - Tng cng tr ph cho dm; - Dn bn thp; - Dm tm FRP; - t thm ct thp d ng lc ngoi; - B tng phun. 2. PHN LOI H HNG CA KT CU BTCT TRONG CNG TRNH CNG Thng qua cc ti liu thu thp c trong cng tc kim nh cht lng cc cng trnh cng ang khai thc nc ta, da trn s phn tch v c im kt cu v v tnh trng thc t ca cc cng trnh cng, i n vic phn loi cc dng h hng ch yu ca kt cu BTCT cng trnh cng bao gm nh sau: - Do s xm thc ca mi trng; - Do cc va chm c hc ca tu; - Do gii php kt cu cha hp l; - Do khai thc vt ti. T , ti i n la chn nghin cu mt s cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu BTCT trong cng trnh cng bao gm: - Cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT bng b tng xi mng. - Cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT bng vt liu polyme. - Cng ngh gia cng v bo v kt cu BTCT bng vi thu tinh.

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3. CNG NGH SA CHA KT CU KT CU BTCT TRONG CNG TRNH CNG BNG BT XI MNG Trn c s phn tch cc c im v iu kin t nhin ni xy dng cng trnh, c im ca b phn kt cu ch yu trong cng trnh cng, i n xc nh cng ngh sa cha bng BT xi mng ph hp mt s dng h hng ca kt cu y bn, ca tr ta tu, kt cu BTCT c sn. 3.1. Cng ngh sa cha h hng y bn BTCT 3.1.1. c im i vi vic sa cha h hng y bn - Phng php thi cng c thc hin ngc vi phng php thi cng thng thng. y l kh khn ln nht ca cng ngh sa cha h hng lp di. - Trong iu kin ca khu vc c nh hng thu triu, vic thi cng sa cha c thc hin trong khng gian rt hp v thp, pha trn b gii hn bi chnh kt cu bn, pha di l mc nc ln xung hng ngy. - Bn c din tch b mt rng, nn khi lng sa cha s ln. 3.1.2. Yu cu i vi cng ngh sa cha Cng ngh sa cha lp di ca bn BTCT bng b tng xi mng phi p ng cc yu cu sau: - m bo c s dnh bm lin khi cng tham gia chu lc gia BT c pha trn v BT mi thi cng pha di. Trong , c bit phi gii quyt vn co ngt ca BT pha di trong qu trnh ng kt. - Phc hi kh nng chu lc ca cng trnh m bo c theo cc yu cu ca thit k ban u hoc p ng c yu cu nng cp ti trng cho cng trnh. - m bo c tnh d thc hin trong qu trnh thi cng. - Tnh n nh ca cng ngh sa cha m bo cht lng thi cng. 3.1.3. Nguyn tc chung ca cng ngh Cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca y bn BTCT c thc hin da trn cc nguyn tc nh sau: - B tng vn c cp t trn xung bng phng php bm to p lc hoc rt qua cc l khoan xuyn qua chiu dy bn. - m bo cho b tng c th n c tt c mi v tr trong vn khun kn th phi nghin cu s dng loi b tng c st/ chy cao, kt hp vi vic to p lc ca bm nn p b tng mi vi y bn. - S gim th tch ca b tng do co ngt trong qu trnh ng cng s c loi tr bng cch to ra loi b tng khng co ngt, khng tch nc. 347

- Nghin cu to ra nhng kt cu c kh nng m bo tnh lin kt lin khi cng tham gia chu lc gia hai lp b tng. - Ch cc cng tc chun b nh: c ph b tng hng, thi cng cc kt cu tng cng, lp t ct thp, lp t vn khun th phi tin hnh di gm bn. Cn cng tc bm b tng c tin hnh trn mt bn. 3.1.4. Ni dung cng ngh - Nghin cu v vt liu: ti tin hnh nghin cu 2 loi vt liu c th p ng cho cng ngh sa cha Va xi mng ct khng co ngt s dng ph gia polyme: ti tin hnh th nghim theo 2 giai on vi 13 t v i n xc nh c cp phi va c cc tnh cht c l ph hp c nu bng:
T l cp phi vt liu (1000 lt) XM (kg) Ct (kg) N/XM (lt) Ph gia 1 (kg) 16.2 Ph gia 2 (kg) linh ng (giy) tch nc (ml) Trng n sau 12 h (mm/m) Cng tui 28 ngy (MPa) Mu Mu un Mu dnh nn 4x4x16 bm hnh cm 10x10 tr trn x10 DxL = 10 x cm 31cm 397.7 42.3 10.18

850

929

348

1.35

110

0.80

Hnh 3.1. Th nghim xc nh tch nc v co ngt ca va B tng t m c ct liu nh: ti tin hnh th nghim vi 13 loi cp phi khc nhau. Trong , vi lng nc c gi c nh, cc thnh phn khc c iu chnh to thnh cc cp phi c t l N/XM, B/XM, ph gia SD/N... khc nhau t la chn c mt s cp phi ph hp, bao gm trong bng di y:

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Cp phi b tng (kg/m ) TT XM C B N Ph gia SD

3

Cc thng s hn hp BT t m SF (mm) FT (s) H (mm)

Cng nn trung bnh (MPa) R3 R7 R28

1 2 3

440 336 500

640 656 656

885 904 904

195 264 100

185 185 185

2.31 2.18 2.18

725 710 690

15 18 20

330 315 305

416 312 487

488 413 562

621 513 754

Trong : XM - Khi lng xi mng (kg) SD - Khi lng ph gia siu do (kg) C N - Khi lng ct (kg) - Khi lng (kg) - Lng dng nc (lt) SF - ng knh lan to ca hn hp b tng (mm) FT - Thi gian chy ca hn hp b tng qua phu V(s) HChiu cao t m (mm).

B - Khi lng bt (kg)

Hnh 3.2. o lan to ca b tng t m * Nghin cu v cng ngh thi cng: Nghin cu cng ngh trong phng:

Hnh 3.3. o cao ca b tng t m

Trong khun kh ca ti, vic nghin cu cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca y bn BTCT c tin hnh i vi va xi mng ct khng co ngt c ph gia polyme, thi cng bng phng php bm c p lc c thc hin i vi tm bn BTCT c c tui trn 20 nm tui m phng ng iu kin thc t hin trng .

349

Hnh 3.4. c b lp b tng bo v y bn

Hnh 3.5. Lt p tm b tng v lp vn khun

Hnh 3.6. Vn khun sau khi lp t xong

Hnh 3.7. Bm va th nghim sa cha y bn

Hnh 3.8. Bn b tng th nghim sau khi tho vn khun

Hnh 3.9. Kim tra ng nht ca b tng bng siu m

Hnh 3.10. Khoan ly mu trn bn b tng th nghim 350

Hnh 3.11. Mu khoan

Phn tch kt qu: - Th nghim nn mu: Cng chu nn ca b tng t yu cu t R = 360 daN/cm2. - Th nghim ct mu: Mu b ph hoi ct ti mt tip gip gia hai lp b tng c v mi vi cng chu ct t 10 11 daN/cm2 . - Tnh lin kt lin khi gia b tng c v mi t ti 90% din tch b mt tip xc. Nguyn nhn chnh l do kh khng thot ht ra khi b mt y gy cn tr BT mi tip xc vi BT c mc d vi p lc bm ln. Vn ny c lin quan trc tip n v ph thuc rt nhiu vo k thut c ph phn BT b hng mt y bn. - Cn phi nghin gii php v kt cu m bo s cng tham gia chu lc gia b tng c v mi, hon chnh thm mt bc v cng ngh thi cng. * Nghin cu v gii php gia cng kt cu y bn: m bo c s lin kt ton khi v kh nng truyn lc gia BT c v mi, ti nghin cu s dng gii php "Cht thp gia cng lin kt gia BT c v mi". Ni dung ca gii php nh sau: i vi BT y bn c: - Khoan to l vo b mt di ca BT y bn sau khi c b cc phn h hng. - Gn cht loi thp trn, gai loi AII vo cc l khoan BT y bn bng vt liu polyme. ng knh v mt b tr cht thp c xc nh trn c s tnh ton tng ng vi trng thi ni lc trong kt cu. - Vic thi cng gn cht vo BT y bn bng vt liu polyme c thc hin theo chiu t di ln. Di tc dng ca lc trng trng, vt liu gn kt lun c xu hng chy ra khi l khoan. Do vy, cn phi c bin php thi cng ph hp loi tr vn ny. i vi lp BT mi: - u th ra ca cht thp c b mc m bo s ngm cht ca cht vo BT mi. - Cc cht thp ng thi cng l cc thanh gi n nh v tr, nng v lin kt vi ct thp chu lc c ca kt cu hoc ct thp b sung gia cng. 3.1.5. ng dng cng ngh sa cha h hng y bn BTCT cho cng trnh thc t Trong phn di y, s trnh by kt qu p dng cng ngh sa cha h hng y bn mt cu bn s 1, 2 v bn ph cng Cha V - Hi Phng: - Hin trng h hng ca kt cu y bn trc khi sa cha: 351

Hnh 3.12. H hng ca y bn trc khi sa cha - Cc iu kin thc t khi tin hnh sa cha: iu kin thu vn: + Mc nc cao nht l + 4.21 m, thp nht l -0.03 m (theo cao Hi ti Hn Du). + Cao y bn l + 3.60 m, cao y dm xung quanh bn l +3.00 m. Trong mt thng ch c khong 5, 6 ngy nc ng, y bn v dm khng b ngp nc. iu kin thi cng: + Tt c cc cng vic nh: c b b tng hng, nh g v thay th ct thp, lp t vn khun.... u phi thc hin di gm bn. Cng vic ch c th thc hin c khi cao mc nc thu triu + 2.50 m. Do vy, tu theo iu kin con nc, vic thi cng sa cha phi tin hnh vo c ban m. + Cng trnh c sa cha trong iu kin va khai thc va thi cng. Do vy, trong thi gian b tng ninh kt, vic khai thc khng gy ra cc rung ng lm nh hng n cht lng ca b tng sau khi sa cha. + Mc nc cao nht l + 4.21 m, thp nht l -0.03 m (theo cao Hi ti Hn Du). + Cao y bn l + 3.60 m, cao y dm xung quanh bn l +3.00 m. Trong mt thng ch c khong 5, 6 ngy nc ng, y bn v dm khng b ngp nc. iu kin v kt cu cng trnh: + Chiu dy lp bn cn sa cha: Qua kho st thc t th chiu dy lp BT cn sa cha khong t 10 15 cm, vt qua lp thp chu lc. + Mt ct thp kh dy c, gm 2 li trc giao. 352

Xc nh cng ngh sa cha: Trn c s phn tch cc iu kin thi cng trn, nhm nhin cu i n la chn cng ngh thi cng "Sa cha y bn bng va xi mng ct khng co ngt, thi cng bng phng php bm to p lc" gim bt ti a nhng nh hng ca iu kin t nhin n qu trnh thc hin v cht lng ca cng ngh thi cng sa cha h hng ca kt cu BTCT y bn. Trnh t v phng php tin hnh sa cha: Vic thi cng sa cha th nghim khoang bn c thc hin trong thc t theo trnh t nh sau: - Ph b lp b tng y bn b h hng. - Thit k v thi cng cht thp m bo s lin kt lin khi cng tham gia chu lc gia b tng mi v b tng c. - Sa cha ct thp tng cng kh nng chu ti ca kt cu. - Lp t h thng chng v vn khun y bn. - Thi cng bm va sa cha y bn.

Hnh 3.13. Mt ct ngang sa cha kt cu y bn BTCT

Hnh 3.14. B mt y bn sau khi c b phn BT hng v to cht thp

Hnh 3.15. H thng thanh chng vn khun y bn 353

Hnh 3.16. Ton cnh b tr thi cng bm b tng

Hnh 3.17. B tng y bn sa cha sau khi d vn khun

Hnh 3.18. Th ti kt cu bn sau khi sa cha nh gi kt qu cng ngh sa cha:

Hnh 3.19. o bin dng v vng y bn khi th ti

Vic th ti c tin hnh theo 2 giai on nh sau: Kim tra cht lng v th ti sau 28 ngy tui (do Vin KHCN GTVT thc hin). - ng nht ca b tng: h0 = 0.845 - ng nht tt - ng sut ko ln nht: = 10.5 kg/cm2 < [] = 12 kg/cm2 - vng ln nht: = 0.06 mm < [] = 4.5 mm Kim tra cht lng v th ti sau khi b tng sau gn mt nm a vo khai thc (do T vn c lp thc hin). - ng nht ca b tng: h0 = 0.865 0.962 t cht lng t tt n rt tt. - ng sut ko ln nht: = 8.0 kg/cm2 < [] = 12 kg/cm2 - vng ln nht: = 0,85 mm < [] = 4.5 mm. - Khng xut hin bin dng tch v bin dng trt tng i gia hai lp b tng v mi.

354

3.2. Cng ngh sa cha v gia cng kt cu BTCT lp ghp trong cng trnh cng 3.2.1. Cng ngh bc BTCT gia cng mi ni ca kt cu BTCT lp ghp 1) c im h hng ca kt cu BTCT lp ghp trong cng trnh cng H hng kt cu mi ni: Mi ni c vai tr v cng quan trng trong kt cu BTCT lp ghp. Khi mi ni b h hng (nt, gy, v) th khng cn kh nng truyn lc gia cc b phn kt cu lp ghp. c bit i vi cng trnh cng thng xuyn phi chu tc ng ca ti trng ngang ln v i chiu, s pht sinh chuyn v ln v hin tng rung lc ca cng trnh, n mc no s dn n s ph hoi mi ni lm cho cng trnh c nguy c sp . H hng cc b phn kt cu lp ghp: Cht lng km ca b phn kt cu BTCT c sn, lp ghp hoc cc tc ng do khai thc trc tin gy nn s h hng ca chnh n khi chu ti trng trong qu trnh khai thc, tip s dn n nguy c lm cho mi ni ca chnh b phn kt cu ny b vt ti v cng s b h hng theo. Trong thc t, s h hng ca mi ni thng ng vai tr ch yu dn n s c cng trnh, cn h hng ca kt cu lp ghp ch mang tnh ph hoi cc b. 2) Ni dung cng ngh sa cha bng phng php bc bn ngoi kt cu BTCT lp ghp trong cng trnh cng Trong khun kh ca ti nghin cu v xut gii php sa cha nhng h hng ca dng lin kt mi ni "Cc - dm v Cc - Tr ta tu", l mt dng h hng thng gp ca kt cu BTCT lp ghp, bng phng php bc BTCT (mng sng) bn ngoi mi ni phc hi v tng cng kh nng chu lc cng trnh. Nguyn l ca gii php: - Kt cu BTCT bc bn ngoi s thay th cho mi ni hoc kt cu c ng vai tr chu lc v truyn lc ch yu gia cc b phn kt cu trong cng trnh. - Mi ni v cc b phn kt cu BTCT c sn c b nt ch cn c ngha l "li bn trong" gp phn cng to nn cng, tnh lin khi cng tham gia chu lc ca kt cu. Ni dung ca gii php: - To s lin kt lin khi cng tham gia chu lc gia BTCT bc bn ngoi v kt cu bn trong: + To s dnh bm b mt gia BT c v mi. + To cc cht lin kt gia BT c v mi. - BT bc bn ngoi. 355

3) p dng cng ngh sa cha cho cng trnh thc t Cng ngh sa cha mi ni BT ct thp trong kt cu lp ghp bng phng php bc kt cu c xut v chp nhn trong vic sa cha Bn xut s 1 thuc Cng ty xi mng Hong Thch. c im kt cu v hin trng cng trnh: - c im kt cu: - Bn xut s 1 Cng ty xi mng Hong Thch c kt cu dng b cc cao, cc b phn kt cu cng trnh u bng BTCT c sn, c lp t vo cng trnh v lin kt vi nhau bng mi ni BTCT ti ch. - Hin trng cng trnh:

Hnh 3.20. Khe h mi ni gia b v thn tr, b tr b nt + Cc mi ni gia b tr v thn tr b nt, v b v thn tr bng BTCT c sn b v, v khi BT vi voi gi m pha di... + Cc mi ni cc vi dm b v, c bit c cc ri khi lin kt vi dm. + Cng trnh b rung lc kh mnh khi c tu cp v khai thc ti bn, hoc khi cc my rt bao hot ng. Trong , s h hng ca kt cu tr ta, m thc cht l h hng ca cc mi ni, l nguyn nhn ch yu. Gii php sa cha: a)

356

b)

Hnh 3.21. Kt cu ni tr ta BTCT lp ghp c sa cha bng phng php bc BT a) Mt ct ngang tr; b)Mt ct dc tr. Kt qu ng dng: - Ton b 33 tr ta v 18 lin kt u cc ca bn xut s 1 cng Cng ty xi mng Hong Thch c sa cha theo gii php bc BTCT. - Sau khi hon thnh vic sa cha, cng trnh c a vo khai thc. Cc hin tng rung lc ca cng trnh c khc phc trit , m bo an ton cho tu neo u v cc thit b hot ng trn bn.

Hnh 3.22. Mt trc bn xut s 1 cng Hong Thch sau sa cha 3.2.2. Cng ngh sa cha h hng ca b phn kt cu BTCT c sn - c im h hng ca kt cu BTCT lp ghp trong cng trnh cng: B phn kt cu BTCT c sn c s dng kh ph bin trong xy dng cc cng trnh cng c th l cc, dm, bn, tng gc... Trong qu trnh sn xut, ch to v thi cng lp t tu theo iu kin thc t v c im kt cu, trnh thi cng c th c mt s dng h hng c trng. Tu theo mc h hng ca kt cu s c gii php sa cha ph hp. Trong phn ny s trnh by cc gii php cho cc trng hp h hng in hnh thng gp. 357

- Gii php sa cha nt b mt cu kin BTCT do bo dng: Khi vt nt ch c tnh cht rn chn chim trn b mt, vi su khng ln (trong phm vi lp bo v) th ch cn sa cha bng phng php chng thm bo v b mt, khng cho cc tc nhn c hi xm nhp su vo bn trong gy han g ct thp gy nh hng n kh nng chu lc ca kt cu. - Gii php sa cha nt cu kin BTCT do ti trng tc ng: + Trng hp trong qu trnh cu lp kt cu hoc k kt cu ti bi c khng ng quy cch dn n pht sinh vt nt th khi ni lc xut hin trong kt cu vt qu kh nng chu lc ca chnh kt cu. + c th s dng li kt cu vo trong cng trnh, cn phi c nhng cng ngh sa cha ph hp khi phc kh nng chu lc ca kt cu. i vi trng hp ny, c trnh by trong phn "Sa cha h hng ca kt cu BTCT bng vt liu polyme". - Gii php sa cha khuyt tt ca kt cu BT c sn: Tu theo mc c th phn thnh 2 loi l khuyt tt cc b v khuyt tt ln, c nguyn nhn kh a dng: + BT b mt va do h vn khun trong qu trnh thi cng, gy nn r "ko lc" trn b mt. + BT trn khng u, b phn tng do thi cng khng tun th ng quy cch. + Mt ct thp qu dy, s dng ct liu th c kch c khng ph hp, nn khng lt qua c cc lp ct thp. lm cho bn trong b rng, trong khi bn ngoi c th vn c lp va bao bc... - Gii php sa cha i vi khuyt tt cc b: + c b phn BT h hng ti v tr khuyt tt: + Qut trn b mt b tng mt lp to dnh bm ( c th l loi Latex, Sikament...) gia BT c v mi. + BT vo cc v tr c s l v m cht + Tu theo khi lng v iu kin v kinh ph, BT s dng sa cha c th l BT ct liu nh, BT t m khng co ngt hoc BT polyme... - Gii php sa cha i vi khuyt tt ln ca kt cu BT: + Kho st v lp phng n thit k sa cha; + c loi b phn BT h hng y dm; + Lp t ct thp gia cng; + Thi cng phn BT mi y dm. 358

Hnh 3.23. c b phn BT h hng ca y dm BTCT c sn

Hnh 3.24. Lp t ct thp gia cng

Hnh 3.25. y dm BT sau khi hon thnh vic sa cha

Hnh 3.26. Bo v dm BTCT bng sn polyme sau khi sa cha

4. CNG NGH SA CHA KT CU BTCT CNG TRNH CNG BNG VT LIU POLYME 4.1. Khi nim c bn v vt liu polyme 4.1.1. Polyme nhit do Loi polyme ny c mt s tnh cht nh sau: - C th ho tan c trong dung mi hu c. - C th ch to dng nh tng lng. - Khi gia nhit c chy v tnh lan to cao, d s dng. Do khng xy ra phn ng ho hc khi cc trng thi trn, cho nn thnh phn ho hc ca nhit do khng b thay i. Trong thc t c cc loi polyme nhit do nh acrylic, acrylamit, acetat polyvinyl... 4.1.2. Polyme nhit cng - dng bn thnh phm, polyme nhit cng bao gm 2 thnh phn ring r. Khi trn vi nhau s xy ra phn ng ho hc to thnh sn phm polyme c ho cng, khng th b chy hoc ho tan. Loi polyme nhit cng thng gp l cc loi nh epoxyt, polyuretan, polyester. 359

- i vi epoxyt, polyuretan th sau khi trn ln c s xy ra s tng tc ho hc gia hai thnh phn to thnh mng cao phn t dn n hin tng ng cng. Cho nn t l ca cc thnh phn theo trng lng phi c xc nh chnh xc phn ng ho hc xy ra hon ton vi ng thi c hai thnh phn th mi c th to thnh vt liu polyme c tnh cht c l nh d kin. - i vi polyester th c ch polyme ho th liu lng ca cc thnh phn t nh hng n tnh cht c l ca n. - Tu theo iu kin c th v hm lng cc cht to thnh, nhit mi trng khng kh... m phn ng to thnh polyme c th hon thnh trong thi gian nhiu t rt khc nhau t vi pht cho n vi gi k t lc bt u trn. y l mt c im quan trng cn phi c ch khi dng vt liu polyme trong k thut xy dng. - Cc nghin cu c bn v vt liu polyme cho thy: Trong cc loi polyme nu trn, cht kt dnh epoxy l loi polyme c th p ng tt nht cc yu cu k thut trong xy dng cng trnh. Do vy, cho nn trong phn ny ca ti ch gii hn trong vic nghin cu s dng epoxy cho cc gii php sa cha kt cu BTCT trong cng trnh cng. Cc thut ng polyme di y dng ch cht kt dnh epoxy. 4.2. Nghin cu s dng vt liu polyme trong sa cha kt cu BTCT 4.2.1. Nghin cu v va polyme 1) Va polyme n tnh Thnh phn vt liu: - Cht nn epoxy: y l thnh phn c bn ca polyme. T l ca cht nn epoxy c ly lm chun xc nh thnh phn ca cc cht khc vi quy c trng lng epoxy c tnh l 100%. - Cht lm rn: S dng loi Polyetylen Polyamin l loi c hot tnh ho hc ph hp vi iu kin thi cng sa cha thc t ca ta l kh hu nhit i, sa cha n chic v th cng, khi lng nh. T l cht ho rn thay i tu theo iu kin thi cng nhit mi trng: + Khi nhit hin trng khong 10 - 150C: 15 - 11%; + Khi nhit hin trng khong 20 - 300C: 10 - 8%; + Khi nhit hin trng khong 350C: 6 - 8%. Khi nhit hin trng vt qu 350C, khng nn tin hnh thi cng sa cha cng trnh c s dng va polyme n tnh. Trong trng hp cn thit th phi phi hp vi ph gia do vi t l thch hp ko di thi gian ng cng ca va polyme. 360

- Ph gia do: Tu theo iu kin c th, t l ph gia do c th vo khong t 0 - 20% trng lng ca cht nn epoxy: + Trong iu kin sa cha kt cu BTCT nm ni chu nh hng ca thu triu c mc nc thay i, cn thi cng nhanh t l ho do c th t 0 - 5%. + Trong iu kin nhit bnh thng v thi cng sa cha n gin, t l ho do thng trn di 10%. + Khi sa cha cc phn su bn trong ca cc b phn kt cu BTCT hoc trong iu kin nhit mi trng cao c th tng t l ph gia do t 15- 20%. Tnh cht c l: - Cng ca mu khi nn p t cao. - Va sau khi polyme ho c dn cao (mu th nghim thng b ph hoi t ngt, b v vn v c th bn vng ra thnh nhiu mnh). - C mu nu vng trung bnh, trong. - Kh nng chng thm cao. iu kin p dng: - Va polyme n tnh thng c s dng c hiu qu sa cha cc vt nt, bo v v gia cng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu BTCT. - Khng s dng va polyme n tnh trong cc trng hp phi chu tc ng trc tip ca nh nng mt tri, dn n s lo ho, dn v nguy c nt v. 2) Nghin cu va polyme bin tnh Vt liu: Ngoi thnh phn ca va polyme n tnh gm cc cht nn epoxy, cht ho rn v ph do nu trn, cn c b sung cc loi cht n v c. c im c bn ca cc cht n l khng tham gia phn ng ho hc trong qu trnh polyme ho, m ch ng vai tr lm cht n trung gian c bao bc v lin kt vi nhau bi cht kt dnh epoxy. Cc ph gia khong c th s dng trong va polyme kh a ng: - Ph gia khong mn: xi mng, bt , tro bay... - Ph gia khong ht nh: ct, ht barit... Nghin cu v thnh phn cp phi: ti tin hnh th nghim 16 cp phi, mi cp phi c mt t mu gm 3 mu lp phng 20 x 20 x 20 mm (hnh 4.1). Thnh phn t l ca cc loi ph ph gia khong v c c iu chnh tm c cp phi ph hp nht. 361

Hnh 4.1. Cc t mu va polyme bin tnh Kt qu th nghim p mu:

Hnh 4.2. Nn mu xc nh cng chu nn

Th nghim p mu c tin hnh trn my nn k thut s Zwich Install (c) ti Phng th nghim LAS 298 - Phng a k thut Vin KH&CN GTVT. Qu trnh nn p c iu khin t ng cho n khi xut hin trng thi ph hoi ca mu th my t ng dng. Cc s liu c lu gi v lp thnh biu quan h Ti trng Bin dng - Thi gian (hnh 4.3).
Crush in mm 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

5000

10000 S esin t s N r

15000

20000

25000

Hnh 4.3. Mt biu Ti trng - Bin dng khi nn mu va polyme Kt qu th nghim nn cc t mu trnh by trong bng 4.1 di y: Bng 4.1
S hiu t mu 1 Cng chu nn (Kgf/cm2) R1 400.1 (867) R2 444 (932) R3 476.4 (950) Rtb 440.17 - ng cong nn tng n tr s TB l (916.3) 440.17 vi cc tr s bin dng tng ng l 2.038, 2.235, 1.739 mm. - Sau gim khng ng k v li tip tc tng dn ln tr s TB rt cao l 916.3 vi cc tr s bin dng tng ng l 12.3, 11.18, 10.95 mm. Nhn xt

362

S hiu t mu 2

Cng chu nn (Kgf/cm2) R1 464.64 R2 443.67 R3 327.74 Rtb 412.02

Nhn xt - Mu R1 v R2 b ph hoi = 2.661 v 2.269 mm; - Mu R3 ng cong nn khng c im ph hoi vi = 7.348 mm - Mu R1 v R2 cng tr s ln lt l = 6.508 v 5.414 mm, ng cong nn khng c im ph hoi. - Mu R3 ph hoi = 1.65 mm Cc mu b ph hoi nhng khng r rng ln lt = 4.363, 4.159, 4.33 mm. Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 3.208, 3.256, 3.30 mm Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 1.431, 2.076, 1.424 mm Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 1.872, 1.423, 1.588 mm Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 1.85, 1.891, 1.992 mm. Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 1.777, 2.519, 2.186 mm Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 3.661, 3.793, 3.494 mm Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 1.777, 2.145, 2.003 mm. Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 2.282, 1.95, 2.56 mm. Cc mu b ph hoi nhng khng r rng ln lt = 3.771, 3.569, 3.875 mm. Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 3.863, 3.62, 2.165 mm Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 1.327, 1.361, 1.339 mm Cc mu b ph hoi ln lt = 4.024, 3.714, 3.871 mm

341.67

327.50

538.03

402.4

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

435.44 405.06 521.96 524.24 395.02 653.08 345.82 762.94 692.1 333.34 369.95 576.2 378.0

398.75 427.87 555.6 486.85 400.88 691.94 331.70 739.37 691.09 276.34 383.61 597.8 373.85

383.51 436.55 496.41 434.06 409.53 623.51 313.25 750.09 644.17 319.66 495.35 603.68 368.93

405.9 423.16 524.66 481.72 401.81 656.18 330.26 750.8 675.78 309.78 416.3 592.56 373.6

3) Phn tch kt qu i vi mu polyme n tnh: (mu 1) dng n tnh thun tu vt liu polyme c kh nng chu lc cao, nhng trng thi chu lc khng theo quy lut ca vt rn bin dng. Khi ti trng nn cng tng th vt liu khng c du hiu b ph hoi, m b nn cht li. 363

 i vi cc mu s dng cht n khong v c ht mn: (t mu 2 5) - Khi t l cht n khong mn thp ( 150%): + Cng chu nn trung bnh ca cc t mu t kh cao, nhng tr s ring bit ca tng mu rt phn tn. + ng cong Ti trng - Bin dng khng th hin r rng s ph hoi ca vt liu, hoc vt liu b ph hoi vi tr s bin dng ln (hn 20% kch thc mu). - Khi t l cc cht cht n khong mn 200%: + Cng trung bnh ca t mu tng khng ng k so vi cc nhm mu trc, nhng cc gi tr ring bit tp trung hn. + im ph hoi trn biu ng cong nn p th hin r rng hn. + Bin dng gim, nhng vn kh cao. - Khi t l cht n khong mn 250%: + Cng trung bnh ca t mu tng kh cao v tp trung. + Bin dng khi ph hoi nh, ph hp vi trng thi ph hoi ca BT. + Mu ny c th p ng cho cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT xt trn cc mt v yu cu k thut, iu kin thi cng v gi thnh. - i vi t l ph gia khong mn > 250%: Vt liu trng thi c qunh v c tc ng cng nhanh, khng ph hp vi iu kin thc t khi thi cng. i vi cc mu s dng cht n v c ht nh: (cc mu 6, 7) - Cc t mu c th nghim vi t l cht n v c cao > 200%. - Cng trung bnh ca cc t mu t gi tr cao, vi thi gian sm v c gi tr tng i tp trung. - ng cong qu trnh nn p th hin s ph hoi r rng v vi tr s bin dng nh, ph hp vi trng thi ph hoi ca BT. Tuy nhin, do kch thc ht ca ph gia kh ln cho nn polyme ch ng vai tr cht dnh kt thun tu m khng c s ho trn su v cu trc. Do vy, vt liu polyme c tnh dn cao hn, ng thi v mu sc bn ngoi khng ph hp vi kt cu BT. i vi cc mu s dng kt hp cc cht n v c: (t mu 816) Cc t mu phi hp cht n ht mn v ht nh u c t l chung ca 2 loi ph gia > 250%. 364

- i vi cc mu c t l mi loi cht n 150%: (cc mu 10, 13, 14, 16) + Cng chu nn trung bnh ca cc t mu t gi tr thp, ng thi cc tr s ring bit ca mt s mu rt phn tn. + im ph hoi trn biu ng cong nn p th hin tng i r rng, tr s bin dng kh ph hp vi BT. - i vi cc mu c t l cht n mn 200%: (cc mu 11, 12) + Khi kt hp vi ph gia khong ht nh vi t l t 50 100%, th cng trung bnh ca t mu rt cao v tng dn (ln nht trong tt c cc mu th nghim), cc gi tr ring l c tnh tp trung cao. + Bin dng khi ph hoi nh, ph hp vi trng thi ph hoi ca BT. + Cc mu ny c th p ng cho cng ngh sa cha i vi kt cu BTCT i hi cng cao, kh nng thi cng thun li v gi thnh hp l. - i vi cc mu c t l cht n khong ht nh = 200%: (cc mu 8, 9, 15) + Khi t l ph gia khong ht nh l 200% cng vi ph gia khong mn t 50 100% (mu 9, 15), th cng trung bnh ca cc t mu t cao v cng tng dn, cc gi tr ring l cng c tnh tp trung. + Khi tip tc tng t l ph gia khong ht nh ln n 300 cng vi ph gia khong mn l 100% (mu 8) th cng trung bnh ca cc t mu bt u gim, nhng vn t mc trung bnh v c tnh tp trung. Nguyn nhn gim cng l do t l cht n vt qu gii hn nht nh, lm gim hiu qu ca cht kt dnh polyme. + Bin dng khi ph hoi ca cc t mu l nh, ph hp vi trng thi ph hoi ca BT. + Cc mu ny u c th p ng cho cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT. Vic la chn s dng mu no cn c xem xt ng thi trn cc mt v yu cu k thut, iu kin thi cng v gi thnh.

Hnh 4.4. Trng thi ph hoi ca mu n tnh

Hnh 4.5. Trng thi ph hoi ca mu bin tnh

365

4.2.2. Cc gii php sa cha h hng ca kt cu BTCT cng trnh cng bng vt liu polyme 1) Gii php s dng "Cht thp gn bng va polyme bin tnh" tng cng lin kt gia b tng c v mi Phng php to cht: Trong khun kh nghin cu ca ti, phng php to "cht thp trong BT gn bng va polyme bin tnh" c tin hnh theo phng php nh sau: - Khoan to l c chiu su v ng knh c xc nh bng tnh ton vo BT. - Lm v sinh sch ton b chiu su l khoan (bng kh nn, nc...), cho kh. - Nhi va polyme bin tnh vo l khoan. - Cm cht thp c chun b sn vo n tn y l khoan. Gi n nh v tr cht trong l khoan t 3 5 h hon thnh qu trnh polyme ho. Tnh ton kt cu cht: Chiu su ln nht ca cht c xc nh theo cng thc sau: L = (d2. Ra)/ 4D. . k.m Trong : - d: ng knh cht; - D: ng knh ca hnh tr l khoan m t c th xy ra hin tng nh; - Ra: Lc ko (nn) tc dng ln cht; - : ng sut nh n v gii hn trung bnh; - k: H s ng nht ca ng sut nh gii hn, c xc nh da trn phng php tnh ton sai s thng k ca cc mu th thc t; - m: H s iu kin lm vic, c th tham kho trong cc tr s bng 4.2. Bng 4.2
Lng cht ho rn (% khi lng epoxy)
10 15 20

Nhit khi thi cng ( 0C)

+ 20 + 10 0

H s iu kin lm vic m khi chiu su ca cht l: (cm)

10 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.75 20 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.95 0.65 30 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.80 0.55 40 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.65 0.45 50 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.50 0.55 0.40

366

Ghi ch: - S liu trn gch s dng cho tnh ton lin kt gia va polyme v BT. - S liu di gch s dng cho tnh ton lin kt gia cht thp v va polyme. Th nghim: - Thi cng th nghim cht: ti tin hnh thi cng th nghim 2 loi cht keo tng ng vi 2 loi va polyme bin tnh dng gn cht (mu 4 v 9). - Kt qu th nghim ko cht: Sau khi cht t cng , tin hnh xc nh kh nng chu ko ca cht ti Phng th nghim trng im ng b I - Vin KH&CN GTVT (bng 4.3). Bng 4.3
TT 1 2 Loi mu Mu s 4 Mu s 9 Lc ko ti hn (T) 3.2 4.6 Trng thi ph hoi Cht b nh Nt mu BT

Hnh 4.8. Cht neo thi cng th nghim Nhn xt:

Hnh 4.9. Cht neo b ph hoi sau th nghim

- Cht lin kt s dng vt liu polyme theo nghin cu ca ti c kh nng chu lc theo yu cu ca cng tc sa cha. - Cht lin kt s dng va polyme bin tnh 2 thnh phn (khong ht mn v ht nh) c kh nng chu lc tt hn so vi mt thnh phn (khong ht mn). - S lng cht gia cng cn thit nhm m bo s lin kt gia BT c v vt liu mi thay th phi c xc nh trn c s tnh ton tng ng vi vt liu gn kt v th nghim kh nng chu lc ca cht. - Cc kt qu nghin cu v gii php "cht thp c gn kt bng va polyme 367

bin tnh" s c kt hp p dng ng thi vi cc gii php khc c nghin cu trong ti ny. 2) Gii php sa cha h hng ca kt cu BTCT do b xm thc bng vt liu polyme c im ca vt liu polyme: - dnh bm cao vi BT v thp, m bo c tnh lin kt lin khi vi b mt ca kt cu BTCT c, nhng li gy kh khn trong cc thao tc sa cha. - chy v do ln sau khi pha trn, c kh nng t n nh v t lp y khong trng trong vn khun rt tt. - Thi gian ng cng nhanh, ph hp vi phng php thi cng bng th cng c khi lng nh, theo tng t. Yu cu i vi kt cu cn sa cha: - C khong khng gian trng pha trn v hai bn sn trin khai cng ngh thi cng (lp t vn khun, cung cp vt liu). - Khi lng sa cha khng ln. Ph hp vi sa cha dm, tr v bn ta tu BTCT, lin kt cc - dm, cc - tr ta. 5. CNG NGH GIA CNG KT CU BTCT BNG VI SI THU TINH 5.1. Nguyn l Khi lin kt vi thu tinh (Glass Fiber - GF) vi b mt ca kt cu BTCT th h s lm vic vi 2 chc nng nh sau: - Bo v kt cu BTCT chng li s xm thc ca mi trng: Vic dn vi GF ln b mt ca kt cu BTCT s to thnh mt lp vt liu c kh nng chng thm cao, bo v cho kt cu BTCT chng li s xm thc ca mi trng. - Tng cng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu BTCT: Khi c gn ln b mt BT, thng qua lc dnh bm/hoc lin kt, vi GF s cng tham gia chu lc vi BT. Thm ch ngay c khi b tng b nt th lp GF c kh nng chu ko thay th cho BT. 5.2. Ni dung 5.2.1. Nghin cu v vt liu 1) La chn loi vt liu Vi si thu tinh GF:

368

Bng 5.1
TT 1 2 3 4 Cc ch tiu c l K hiu loi (xut x) Trng lng (g/m2) ng sut ko (kgf/cm) dy (mm) Loi vi GF tham kho ca nc ngoi E- glass (Hn Quc) 95 275.6 1.0 (+ 15%) Loi vi GF c trong nc Loi GF1 Loi GF2

Khng r m hiu (Trung Quc) 111.5 16.6 1.0 156.8 95.8 1. 3

Hnh 5.1. Vi thu tinh dng cho cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT Vt liu kt dnh: S dng vt liu polyme c trnh by trong chng 3 "Nghin cu cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT cng trnh cng bng vt liu polyme" ca ti. 2) Nghin cu, th nghim v cng ngh Chun b mu th nghim: - c cc t mu th nghim un theo kch thc tiu chun 40 x 40 x160 mm. - Tin hnh th nghim dn gia cng b mt BT cho c hai loi vi GF. i vi tng loi chun b cc mu nh sau: - Vi GF 1: + Nhm 1: Dn 01 lp vi GF ln 01 mt ca mu (mt y). + Nhm 2: Dn 02 lp vi GF ln cng 01 mt ca mu (mt y). + Nhm 3: Dn 01 lp vi GF ln 03 mt ca mu (mt y v 2 mt bn). - Vi GF 2: + Nhm 1: Dn 01 lp vi GF ln 01 mt ca mu (mt y). + Nhm 2: Dn 01 lp vi GF ln 03 mt ca mu (mt y v 2 mt bn). 369

Hnh 5.2. Cc mu trong qu trnh dn GF Tin hnh th nghim un mu:

Hnh 5.3. Cc mu sau khi hon thnh dn GF

Th nghim un mu c tin hnh trn my k thut s s Zwich - Isatall ti Phng LAS XD 298 Vin KH&CN GTVT. 3) Phn tch kt qu th nghim i vi gii php gia cng bng vi GF1: - Do vi GF1 c kh nng chu ko thp, cho nn kh nng chu lc trung bnh ca kt cu khi b ph hoi ch tng tng ng vi 1 hoc 2 lp y, hoc 3 mt l 5.7%, 7.5 34.2% v 12.3% so vi mu i chng. - Tuy nhin, vng tng ng trng thi ph hoi tng ng k l 82.8%, 190.7 215.2% v 297.7% so vi mu i chng. - Cc mt ph hoi ca mu c v tr v hnh dng nh kt cu BT thng thng. - Vi GF1 b ph hoi theo dng b tch khi b mt BT, hoc b ko t ti v tr vt nt ca BT. - Gii php s dng GF1 ch ph hp cho vic bo v kt cu chng li s xm thc ca mi trng. Bng 5.2
Nhm mu 1 Mu C Mu 1 2 3 Trung bnh 2 Dn 1 lp GF2 khng neo 1 2 3 Trung bnh Kt qu th nghim un mu mu (ng sut/ vng) Giai on 1 77.14/ 0.385 74.32/ 0.398 84.77/ 0.616 78.46/ 0.389 80,80/ 0.682 83,28/ 0.836 84.77/ 0.616 82.95/ 0.711 45,06/ 0.766 53,92/ 1.019 59.11/ 0.678 52.69/ 0.821 Giai on 2

370

Nhm mu 3 Dn 2 lp GF2 c neo

Mu 1 2 3 4 Trung bnh

Kt qu th nghim un mu mu (ng sut/ vng) Giai on 1 84,36/ 1.131 89,16/ 0.846 79.65/ 0.666 96.45/ 0.669 87.41/ 0.828 86.64/ 1.614 89.63/ 1.34 88.15/ 1.477 100.8/ 1.541 106.8/ 1.084 108.38/ 1.054 105.32/ 1.226 82.18/ 1.961 90.07/ 1.544 86.12/ 1.752 Giai on 2

Dn GF2 ti 3 mt c neo

1 2 Trung bnh

Crush in mm 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

100

200

Stress in daN

300

400

Hnh 5.4. Th nghim un mu gia cng

Hnh 5.5. Biu un mu gia cng vi GF1

Hnh 5.6. Mu dn mt y 2 lp.

Hnh 5.7. Un gy mu gia cng vi GF1

371

Hnh 5.8. Mu dn 3 mt vi GF1

Hnh 5.9. Mu dn mt y 1 lp

i vi gii php gia cng bng vi GF2 (dy): Bng 5.3

Kt qu th nghim un mu (ng sut/ vng) Nhm mu 1 Mu C Mu 1 2 3 TB 1 2 Dn 1 lp GF2 khng neo 3 Dn 1 lp GF2 c neo 3 TB 1 2 3 TB Dn GF2 ti 3 mt c neo 1 2 TB 98.96/ 1.209 76.04/ 1.269 81.66/ 0.985 88.87/ 1.181 101.35/ 1.28 90.63/ 1.148 84.48/ 1.192 101.04/1.015 92.76/ 1.104 135.2/ 1.689 99.06/ 1.586 118.9/ 1.488 107.6/ 1.393 130.6/ 1.686 119.03/ 1.522 128.1/ 1.654 173.45/ 1.524 150.78/ 1.589 163.61/ 2.002 136.49/ 2.077 144,1/ 1.829 137.1/ 1.719 141.46/ 1.94 140.89/ 1.829 233.96/ 2.47 276.99/ 2.231 255.48/ 2.351 166,7/ 2.281 167,8/ 2.403 142.2/ 2.055 158.9/ 2.246 271.2/ 2.96 298.1/ 2.47 284.65/ 2.715 2 Giai on 1 77.14/ 0.385 74.32/ 0.398 83.93/ 0.383 78.46/ 0.389 51.03/ 1.167 78.12/ 1.431 62.93/ 1.301 87.2/ 1.77 109.37/ 1.798 120.1/ 2.431 Giai on 2 Giai on 3 Giai on 4

372

Crush in mm 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

200

400 S e sind N t s r a

600

800

1000

Hnh 5.10. Biu un mu gia cng 1 lp, khng neo (dng 1)

Crush in mm 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

Hnh 5.11. Dng ph hoi mu gia cng 1 lp GF2, khng neo

200 S s in d N tre s a
0 S e sind N tr s a

400

600

Hnh 5.12. Biu th nghim un vi mu gia cng 1 lp c neo

Crush in mm 0 2 4 6 8 10 200

Hnh 5.13. Cc dng ph hoi ca mu un gia cng 1 lp GF2 c neo

400

600

800

1000

1200

Hnh 5.14. Biu th nghim un mu gia cng 3 mt vi GF2 c neo

Hnh 5.15. Dng ph hoi ca mu un gia cng 3 mt vi GF2 c neo

i vi gia cng bng 1 lp GF2 (khng neo): - Qu trnh nn p mu c th phn theo 3 giai on, tung ng vi mi giai on trong mu xut hin 1 vt nt. - Ti thi im bt u th BT chu lc l ch yu, s lm vic ng thi gia BT v vi GF lm cho kh nng chu lc ca kt cu tng ln, vi GF2 ng vai tr chnh trong vic ngn cn s pht trin ca vt nt. - Do nh hng ca s tham gia lm vic gia vi GF2 v b tng, mt phng ph hoi khng vung gc m nghing vi gc kh ln vi phng trc dc ca mu, ko di ti u mt ca vi GF dn di y mu. 373

 Khi gia cng bng 1 lp GF (c neo): - Qu trnh th nghim mu c phn thnh 4 giai on kh r rng, tung ng vi mi giai on trong mu xut hin 1 vt nt. - Khi b ph hoi nng chu lc ( vng) ca kt cu tng 102.5% (477.4%) so vi mu i chng. - Mt ph hoi ca kt cu l mt nghing ct t qua vi GF2 v tr cch xa mt ct gia nhp hoc ti v tr neo gi. S lm vic ca mu c gia cng bng vi GF2 khng neo hoc c neo v c bn l ging nhau, tr s ng sut v vng khi ph hoi chnh lch khng ln. i vi gia cng 3 mt bng GF2 (c neo): - Qu trnh chu lc cng xy ra theo 4 giai on tng t nh i vi mu gia cng 1 lp GF2 c neo, nhng kh nng chu lc ( vng) ca mu BT trong cc giai on tng ng cng nh khi trng thi b ph hoi hon ton tng ln rt nhiu 262.8% (597.9%) so vi mu i chng. - Mu th nghim b ph hoi theo mt phng ng v tr gia hoc ln cn gia nhp ging nh mu thng thng, ct t qua vi GF2 gia nhp hoc v tr neo. 6. KT LUN V KIN NGH 6.1. Kt lun 6.1.1. Cc kt qu nghin cu chnh ca ti 1) Trn c s tng kt cc ti liu thu thp, tin hnh nh gi mt cch tng i y v cc loi hnh, c im h hng ca kt cu BTCT ni chung trn th gii v trong nc. ng thi, thng qua vic tng kt, phn tch v c im kt cu, iu kin mi trng, c im khai thc... ca cc cng trnh cng nc ta, tin hnh phn loi cc dng h hng ch yu ca kt cu BTCT trong lnh vc ny nh sau: - H hng do s xm thc ca mi trng. - y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng nht trong vic gy nn h hng xung cp nghim trng v ton din ca cng trnh sau mt thi gian khai thc. - H hng do cc tc ng c hc ca tu khi cp v neo u bn, ca cc phng tin c gii v hng ho khai thc trn bn. - Cc h hng ny thng mang tnh cc b i vi mt s b phn kt cu cng trnh. - H hng do gii php kt cu cha ph hp. - y l vn th hin hn ch ca ta trong vnh vc xy dng cng trnh cng, bao gm c v trnh ca t vn thit k, kh nng p ng v trang thit b v cng ngh thi cng. 374

- H hng do khai thc vt ti. - y l mt trong nhng c im rt ph bin trong khai thc cc cng trnh cng. H hng do nguyn nhn ny thng l tin v to iu kin nhng h hng do nhng nguyn nhn khc pht trin. 2) Da trn vic phn tch v cc phng php sa cha kt cu BTCT v ang c p dng trong nc v ca nc ngoi, phn loi cc dng h hng, iu kin thc t v trnh ca nc ta, i n la chn nghin cu mt s cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu BTCT trong cng trnh cng bao gm: - Cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu BTCT bng b tng xi mng. - Cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu BTCT bng vt liu polyme. - Cng ngh gia cng v bo v kt cu BTCT. i vi cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu BTCT bng b tng xi mng: ti xut mt s cng ngh sa cha thch hp cho tng b phn hoc kt cu cng trnh cng, bao gm nh sau: - Cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca lp di ca kt cu bn BTCT bng BT ct liu nh (va xi mng ct khng co ngt s dng ph gia polyme, BT t m) thi cng bng phng php bm c p lc hoc rt va vo khoang kn pha. - Cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng mi ni ca kt cu BTCT bng phng php bc gia cng bn ngoi kt cu. - Cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca cu kin BTCT c sn bng phng php tng cng lin kt. i vi cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu BTCT bng vt liu polyme: ti nghin cu v xut mt s cng ngh sa cha thch hp cho cc b phn kt cu BTCT cng trnh cng bng vt liu polyme bao gm: - Gii php s dng cht thp gn kt bng va polyme bin tnh vi kt cu BTCT c, lm c s cho vic m bo lin kt kin khi v cng tham gia chu lc gia BT c v mi. y l gii php c hiu qu v l c s cho vic p dng cc cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT bng BT xi mng. - Cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ca lp di ca kt cu dm BTCT bng va polyme bin tnh. i vi cng ngh gia cng v bo v kt cu BTCT: - ti tp trung vo nghin cu cng ngh bo v v tng cng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu BTCT bng phng php dn vi thu tinh ln b mt kt cu 375

bng vt liu polyme (GFRP). Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, tu theo c im ca kt cu, v loi vi s dng, kh nng chu ko ca BT c tng ln t 2 ? 4 ln, ng thi b mt BT c bo v bng lp vt liu c kh nng chng thm cao v c bn trong mi trng gp phn tng cng tui th cho cng trnh. - Cng ngh sa cha bng gii php GFRP thi cng n gin, chi ph thp v khng nh hng n hot ng khai thc ca cng trnh trong qu trnh thi cng. 3) Trn c s kt qu nghin cu nu trn, ti bin son "Hng dn cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT trong cng trnh cng" bao gm cc ch dn c bn v trnh t tin hnh, phng php kho st nh gi hin trng, la chn cng ngh thch hp, thit k sa cha v gii php thi cng sa cha. 6.1.2. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti 1) Sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu BTCT ni chung thng kh khn hn rt nhiu so vi vic xy dng mi do phi gii quyt ng thi nhiu vn c lin quan nh: chn loi vt liu s dng v m bo tnh lin khi cng tham gia chu lc ca n vi kt cu c, chn gii php gia cng cho kt cu c, phng php thi cng phn h hng trong khi vn tn ti cc b phn kt cu c... Trong qu trnh trin khai nghin cu, ti xut c mt s cng ngh sa cha nhng h hng ph hp vi tng loi kt cu BTCT trong cc cng trnh cng. Vi mi cng ngh sa cha, vic nghin cu c thc hin theo mt trnh t c c s khoa hc cht ch gm nhiu giai on, t vic nh gi nguyn nhn h hng, xc nh nguyn l ca gii php sa cha, th nghim trong phng v vt liu, thi cng th nghim v cng ngh, cho n p dng th im trong cng trnh thc t. Sau mi giai on u c s phn tch, iu chnh cho ph hp. Do vy, cc cng ngh c xut v nghin cu trong ti u c tnh kh thi cao. 2) Theo mt quy lut chung, cc cng trnh xy dng sau mt thi gian khai thc s b h hng, xung cp. Vic nghin cu cc cng ngh sa cha kt cu BTCT trong cng trnh cng l mt hng i ng nhm p ng yu cu cn thit ca thc t sn xut, l vic ngn chn s tip tc xung cp hoc duy tr v phc hi kh nng khai thc ca cng trnh gp phn m bo hiu qu u t xy dng. Phn ln cc cc cng ngh sa cha do ti nghin cu u c p dng thnh cng trong vic sa cha mt s cng trnh cng nh: Bn s 1 cng Ci Ln Qung Ninh, cc bn thuc Tn cng - Tp. H Ch Minh, Bn xut Cng ty xi mng Hong Thch, Bn s 1, 2 v bn ph cng Cha V - Hi Phng. Cng cn phi ni rng, y l vn m cc Tc gi ti quan tm nghin cu v theo ui trong nhiu nm. Trong qu trnh nghin cu ti, cc cng ngh ny c b sung v hon chnh thm mt bc. 376

6.2. Kin ngh 1) Qua nhng nghin cu v h hng ca cng trnh cng nc ta cho thy mt thc trng l: Sau mt qu trnh khai thc, phn ln cc cng trnh cng trc khi tin hnh sa cha u trong tnh trng h hng v xung cp rt nhiu, thm ch c cng trnh b h hng nng, c nguy c xy ra s c. Do vy, v gc qun l, ngh cc c quan qun l B, ngnh ban hnh quy nh cho vic nh k kim nh cht lng i vi cng trnh cng sau mt thi gian khai thc pht hin kp thi cc h hng v xut phng n sa cha nhm m bo an ton trong khai thc ng thi nng cao tui th ca cng trnh. ng thi to iu kin c th p dng mt cch rng ri hn cc cng ngh c nghin cu trong vic phc hi v nng cp cht lng cng trnh cng. 2) Nhng kt qu nghin cu ca ti mi ch l bc u, phm vi p dng cn hn ch. gp phn p ng mt cch a dng v c hiu qu hn nhng yu cu ca thc t sn xut, th cn phi tip tc nghin cu hon chnh thm cc cng ngh c v pht trin cng ngh mi. TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] B tng v b tng ct thp cng trnh thu cng. Tiu chun thit k TCVN 4116-85. Nh xut bn Xy dng 1986. Thit k kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp. Tiu chun xy dng Nh xut bn Xy dng 1999. Quy trnh thi cng b tng di nc bng phng php va dng 22 TCN209-92. Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti 1993. Ch dn k thut "Chn thnh phn b tng cc loi" - Nh xut bn Xy dng 2000. Ph gia v ho cht dng cho b tng - Nh xut bn Xy dng 2004. PGS.TS. Nguyn Vit Trung, TS. Nguyn Ngc Long, KS.Nguyn c Th Thu nh. Vt liu xy dng mi - Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti 2002. PGS.TS. Phm Duy Hu. B tng v va xy dng - Nh xut bn Xy dng 1986. PGS.TS Nguyn Thc Tuyn v cc ngi khc. Vt liu v cu kin xy dng. Tiu chun xy dng - Nh xut bn Xy dng 1998. 377

[6] [7] [8]

[9]

H s thit k sa cha dm BTCT bn s 1 cng Ci Ln 1991. Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KH&CN GTVT.

[10] H s thit k sa cha cng Tn Cng - Tp. H Ch Minh 1992. Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KH&CN GTVT. [11] H s thit k sa cha bn xut Cng ty xi mng Hong Thch 1998. Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KH&CN GTVT. [12] D n sa cha bn mt cu bn s 1, 2 v bn ph cng Cha V 2005. Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KH&CN GTVT. [13] Primer rastreta gielezobetonnc construksii - Stroiizdat Moskva 1979. [14] Bo co tng kt ti cp B "Nghin cu la chn ph gia polyme dng ch to va, b tng xi mng nh hng trong sa cha cng trnh GT trong mi trng bin". TS. Nguyn Th Bch Thu v nhng ngi khc. [15] Cng ngh b tng v b tng c bit - Nh xut bn Xy dng 2005. PGS.TS. Phm Duy Hu. [16] Tuyn tp bo co khoa hc Hi tho Vit - Php v qun l cc cng trnh cu ng. Vin KHCN GTCT, Trung tm thng tin KHKT - KT GTVT, Khu QL ng b 7. [17] Total solutions of repair and reprofit of the Facilities - Civil, Building and Marine structures [18] nh gi s suy gim bn ca kt cu b tng ct thp bng kim tra khng ph hy, Tuyn tp Hi tho ng dng k thut khng ph hy, tr. 21-27, H Ni 10/2000. Nguyn ng Anh, Sn, Trn Hu Vnh (2000) [19] B Xy dng, Tiu chun ngnh (1986), B tng nng-phng php xc nh cng bng cc loi sng bt ny 20-TCN 03-85, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. [20] B Xy dng, Tiu chun ngnh (1990), B tng nng - phng php khng ph hoi s dng kt hp my o siu m v sng bt ny xc nh cng nn TCN-171-89, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. [21] B Xy dng, Tiu chun Vit Nam (1991), Kt cu b tng ct thp - Tiu chun thit k: TCVN 5574-1991, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. [22] B Xy dng, Tiu chun Vit Nam (1993), Khoan v th nghim mu khoan TCVN 3118-1993, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. [23] B Xy dng, Tiu chun xy dng (1999), B tng nng - nh gi cht lng - Phng php xc nh vn tc xung siu m TCXD:1998, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni. 378

NGUYN NHN V BIN PHP KHC PHC TNH TRNG NT U DM SUPER-T CT KHC TI MT S CNG TRNH CU
ThS. BI XUN HC Vin Chuyn ngnh Cu - Hm Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT GS. TS. NGUYN VIT TRUNG i hc Giao thng vn ti TM TT: Bi bo s trnh by tm tt kt qu nghin cu c thc hin trong khun kh ti cp B nm 2008, m s DT084035 v xc nh nguyn nhn v xut bin php khc phc tnh trng nt ti u dm super-T ct khc Vit Nam. 1. GII THIU Dm BTCT DL c sn super-T c cc k s thit k VicRoads (Australia) pht trin nm 1993 v c bo co ti hi tho v cu Austroads nm 1994. Dm super-T ra i da trn nguyn l ca kt cu bn T, dm mng h tiu chun, kt hp vi tnh nng khc ca dm ch T, ch I BTCT DL. Dm super-T l dm BTCT DL c sn, s dng cho cc nhp trung bnh trong cc cu cn v cu vt sng. N c kh nng vt nhp ln hn cc loi dm khc cng chiu cao. Hin nay, dm super-T c th vt nhp 20 - 40m. Dm super-T c p dng ln u Vit Nam ti cu M Thun (t 1998), s dng u dm khc che phn nh ra ca x m tr, to m quan cho cng trnh. T n nay, nhiu d n p dng kt cu ny vt nhp ph bin t 35 - 40m s dng c dng dm ct khc v khng ct khc v dm super-T chng minh c hiu qu kinh t k thut. Tuy vy, mt s d n cu vn cn tn ti tnh trng nt khu vc u dm super-T ct khc, cn sm c khc phc. Vn t ra l cn nghin cu lm r nguyn nhn gy nt u dm super-T ct khc, d bo s pht trin vt nt, nh gi kh nng chu lc ca dm v xut gii php hiu chnh thit k, cng ngh thi cng dm super-T ct khc khc phc hin tng nt dm, gp phn hon thin cht lng ch to loi kt cu ny. Bi bo ny 379

s trnh by tm tt kt qu nghin cu c thc hin trong khun kh ti cp B m s DT084035 Nghin cu cc bin php x l nt dm super-T. 2. TNH TRNG NT U DM SUPER-T CT KHC Tin hnh kho st tnh trng nt u dm super-T ct khc ti mt s d n xy dng cu s dng dm super-T ct khc v: v tr, c trng phn b vt nt; phng v hnh dng vt nt; kch thc vt nt; thi im xut hin vt nt; s pht trin ca vt nt theo thi gian k t khi xut hin; cc c trng khc nh b tng b bong rp, b nn v.... nhm xc nh quy lut ph bin ca cc dng vt nt v kt hp vi kt qu phn tch l thuyt nh gi nguyn nhn gy ra nt khu u dm. Trong khun kh ti, nhm nghin cu chn cu M Thun, cu Rch Miu, cu cn trn ng cao tc TP. HCM - Trung Lng, cu dn thuc d n cu Cn Th, cu Bc Liu 2, cu trn tuyn ng vnh ai III (H Ni).

Cu M Thun

Cu Rch Miu

ng cao tc HCM-TL

Hnh 1. Hnh nh nt u dm super-T ct khc Khi qut tnh trng nt khu vc u dm super-T ct khc trong cc d n, c th phn thnh 4 dng sau (hnh 1): Dng 1: nt xin gc khc; Dng 2: nt dc khu vc bu dm pha di; Dng 3: nt dc phn tip gip gia cnh dm v thn dm Dng 4: nt xin trn cnh dm v tr tip gip gia phn c v phn rng

Dng 4 Dng 3 Dng 1

Dng 2

Hnh 2. Cc dng nt khu vc u dm super-T ct khc 380

Bng 1. Cc cng trnh tin hnh kho st

Cng trnh (nm xy dng) Cu M Thun (2000) S nhp kho st 6 S dm S dm kho b nt st 60 53

TT

Nhn xt

Nhiu dm b nt dng 1 v 2. Cc vt nt c n v kim nh o v v nh du theo di s pht trin. n nay, khng thy c s pht trin ca vt nt. Nhiu dm b nt dng 1 v 2, nht l cc dm pha b Tin Giang. Cc dm mi c c xong, ang tp kt trn bi dm. im k dm khng phi v tr t gi. Khong s dm xut hin vt nt dng 1 v 2. Cc vt nt dng 1 khng di v chiu rng vt nt nh. Kim tra 4 nhp dm thy nhiu dm b nt dng 1 v 2.

2 3

Cu Rch Miu (2008) Xng dm ca Cng ty CP B tng 620 Long An on cu cn s dng dm ca Cng ty B tng 620 on cu cn s dng dm ca Tng Cng ty Xy dng Thng Long

36

22

D n ng t cao tc TP. HCM - Trung Lng (2008): 38 9

40

31

20

Kim tra 2 nhp dm khng pht hin vt nt. Thit k dm c b sung 2 li thp xin D18. Ch c 6/42 dm xut hin vt nt dng 1, nhng mc khng ln. Thit k dm c 2 li thp xin D18. Khng pht hin nt trn cc dm. Thit k dm c 2 li thp xin D20. Kim tra 6 nhp dm, thy rng cc dm khng b nt dng 1 v 2. Thit k dm c 2 li thp xin 6 thanh D25. Mt s dm u tin xut hin vt nt dng 3 v 4. Sau khi b sung on khng dnh bm di 1m cho 2 tao cp pha trn bn cnh v b sung 2 thanh xin D13 ti gc gia phn c v phn rng trn bn cnh th khng thy xut hin nt.

Cu Bc Liu 2 (2009)

42

Cu dn thuc d n cu Cn Th (2009): Cu Ci Rng b Cu Ci Rng ln 3 3 6 30 30 64 0 0 8

Cu cn ng Vnh ai III, H Ni

381

M t c im cc dng nt u dm super-T ct khc nh sau: Bng 2. c im ca cc dng nt

Dng nt Dng 1 V tr vt Phng nt v hnh dng Gc khc Xut pht t gc u dm. khc, thng tch thnh 2 vt nt, mt c xu hng nm ngang, mt c xu hng xin gc 35500. Cc vt nt xuyn t bn ny sang bn i din. Khu vc bu Xut pht t u dm pha dm, pht trin nm di. ngang hoc hi xin ln trn. Thng xut hin 1 n 2 vt nt, vt nt 1 cch y dm khong 20cm, vt nt 2 cch y dm khong 40cm. Dc phn Xut pht t u tip gip dm, pht trin dc cnh dm v khu vc tip gip thn dm. cnh dm v thn dm. Trn cnh Xut pht t gc dm v tr tip gip gia phn tip gip c v phn rng gia phn trn cnh dm, pht c v phn trin xin gc, rng. xuyn ht chiu dy cnh dm. Kch thc vt nt Thi im xut hin nt

Dng 2

Rng a = 0.02 - Xut hin khi to xong 0.4mm; DL. Khi t dm ln Di L = 20 - tr, thi cng bn mt cu, s lng dm xut 70cm; hin vt nt nhiu hn v c chiu di, m rng vt nt ln hn. Sau tip tc theo di thy s pht trin cc vt nt khng r rng. Rng a = 0.02 - Xut hin khi to xong 0.2mm; DL. Di L = 20 - Tip tc theo di thy 80cm; s pht trin cc vt nt khng r rng.

Dng 3

Rng a = 0.01 - Xut hin khi to xong 0.08mm; DL. Di L = 15 30cm; Rng a = 0.02 - Xut hin khi to xong 0.08mm; DL. Di L = 15 25cm;

Dng 4

Nhn xt chung: Cc vt nt u dm super-T ct khc khng phi l vt nt do co ngt v tnh quy lut ca vt nt, khng phn tn ngu nhin nh vt nt do co ngt. Vt nt dng 1 l vt nt ph bin xut hin nhiu cng trnh, tuy vy, nhng dm c b tr li ct thp xin u dm hu nh khng b nt dng 1. Mt s dm ca d n ng vnh ai III xut hin vt nt dng 3 v 4. Vt nt ny khng xut hin i vi cc cng trnh khc. 382

3. PHN TCH CC B U DM SUPER-T CT KHC 3.1. Tng quan a) Khi qut phn tch ng sut cc b ng sut cc b xut hin nhng ni kt cu c t lc tp trung, thay i t ngt v hnh dng v kch thc, c lin kt, c vt liu khng lin tc v tnh cht c hc... Ti nhng ni ny, ng sut phn b khng bnh thng, c gi tr rt ln gn v gim rt nhanh xa khu vc tp trung ng sut.

(a) Phn tch bng gii tch

(b) Phn tch bng FEM

Hnh 3. ng sut cc b ca tm khot l Phn tch cc b nghin cu ng x ca vng cc b no , thng bt li trong kt cu. thc hin mt phn tch cc b, cn phi phn tch tng th nhm xc nh iu kin bin cho kt cu cc b. Ngc li, kt qu phn tch cc b c th c xem xt hiu chnh li m hnh phn tch tng th. Phm vi tnh ton v phn tch cc b thng bao gm cc ni dung sau: phn tch ng sut cc b; phn tch n nh cc b; xc nh phm vi phn b hoc truyn ca ti trng i vi vng cc b; xc nh quan h hay nh hng ca hiu ng lm vic vng cc b i vi cu kin lin quan hoc kt cu tng th. b) Phn tch cc b u dm super-T ct khc Vic phn tch cc b u dm super-T ct khc nhm: xc nh s phn b ng sut cc b ti khu vc u dm, kim tra s ph hp ca vic b tr ct thp chu lc cc b, ch ra nguyn nhn gy ra nt u dm; ch ra cu to v b tr ct thp hp l ti khu vc u dm super-T ct khc khc phc hin tng nt u dm. Ni dung phn tch cc b u dm super-T ct khc gm: - Phn tch tng th (phn mm MIDAS Civil): phn tch theo 3 giai on, ph hp vi tin trnh thi cng. S dng m hnh phn t thanh m t cc on dm super-T, m t cc phn t cp DL dc theo chiu di dm. Kt qu phn tch tng th dng xc nh ni lc, chuyn v mt ct d nh ly lm bin trong phn tch cc b. 383

- Phn tch ng sut cc b u dm (phn mm MIDAS Civil): s dng m hnh phn t khi m t b tng v m hnh phn t thanh m t ct thp v cp DL. Ti mt ct bin ca on u dm, s dng iu kin bin gi n hi kt hp vi lc ti bin c tnh trong m hnh tng th. - Phn tch sc khng cc b on u dm bng m hnh chng - ging, s dng phn mm CAST kt hp vi bng tnh Excel. 3.2. Phn tch tng th dm c c s phn tch cc b u dm super-T ct khc, nghin cu mt v d c th nh sau: dm super-T ct khc L=38.3m, chiu cao dm 1.75m, mt ct ngang c 7 dm cch nhau 2.12m, hot ti thit k HL93, khai thc vi 4 ln xe.
15200 600 200 14000 74 600

445

890

890

890

700 2120

700 2120

700

350 2120 2120 2120 2120

Hnh 4. Dm super-T ct khc L=38.3m M hnh phn tch tng th c phn tch vi vic s dng cc phn t thanh. kho st cc trng thi lm vic ca u dm super-T ct khc, ba trng hp tnh sau y c kho st: Bng 3. Cc trng hp phn tch
Kt cu Tit din dm Ti trng tc dng Trng hp 1: Dm c t Mt ct dm - Trng lng bn thn dm Ch to dm ln gi ti m tr super-T cha - Lc DL cu, cha thi lin hp cng bn mt cu Trng hp 2: Dm c t Mt ct dm - Trng lng bn thn dm b tng ln gi ti m tr super-T cha - Lc DL cu, tin hnh lin hp bn mt cu - Tnh ti: bn mt cu, bn vn khun, b tng bn mt dm ngang, lan can cu Trng hp 3: Nhp dm Hon thin c thi cng hon chnh v v khai thc a vo khai thc Mt ct dm super-T lin hp bn BTCT mt cu - Trng lng bn thn: dm, bn mt cu - Lc DL - Tnh ti: bn vn khun, dm ngang, lan can, lp ph, tay vn lan can - Hot ti khai thc

384

(a) Trng hp 1 v 2

(b) Trng hp 3

Hnh 5. M hnh kt cu tnh tng th dm Phn tch tng th dm theo 3 trng hp cho cc kt qu ni lc v chuyn v ti mt ct lin kt (mt ct tip gip gia phn c u dm v phn cn li ca dm), t tnh ton h s n hi ti mt ct lin kt nh sau: Bng 4. Ni lc v chuyn v ti mt ct lin kt
Ni lc tnh ton TH1 Trng hp TH2 TH3 Chuyn v tnh ton TH1 Trng hp TH2 TH3 Fx (kN) -3214.7 -3214.7 -3073.4 Dx (m) 0.000051 0.000019 0.000012 Fy (kN) 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dy (m) 0 0 0 Fz (kN) -260.4 -539.1 -771.6 Dz (m) 0.006833 0.001184 0.000922 Mx (kN.m) 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rx (rad) 0 0 0 My (kN.m) -1249.5 -768.5 -1554.6 Ry (rad) -0.004056 0.000752 -0.000565 Mz (kN.m) 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rz (rad) 0 0 0

Bng 5. H s n hi ti mt ct lin kt (mt ct bin)

H s n hi ti bin TH1 Trng hp TH2 TH3 SDx (kN/m) 63032353 169192105 256112500 SDy (kN/m) 0 0 0 SDz (kN/m) 38106 455287 836822 SRx (kN.m/rad) 0 0 0 SRy (kN.m/rad) 308050 1021928 2751540 SRz (kN.m/rad) 0 0 0

385

3.3. Phn tch ng sut cc b u dm Nghin cu ny nhm mc ch tm nguyn nhn gy nt v xu hng ca vt nt xut hin trong khu vc u dm khc. V vy, vic phn tch ng sut cc b u dm da trn gi thit trong b tng cha xut hin cc vt nt, v vt liu b tng lm vic trong giai on n hi tuyn tnh. Vic phn tch s lm vic / trng thi ng sut ca u dm khc, khi xut hin vt nt, m cn n kin thc ca mn c hc rn nt, nm ngoi phm vi ca nghin cu ny. M hnh ha kt cu: - B tng dm c m hnh ha bng phn t khi. - Ct thp thng c m t bng phn t thanh. To cc phn t thanh thp ti cc v tr thch hp bng cch ni trc tip cc im nt. - Khi m t cc cp DL trong b tng, khng th gn trc tip phn t cp vo kt cu m phi thng qua mt s phn t thanh. S m hnh ha cp DL s hp l khi m t chnh xc nhng v tr tip xc gia cp DL v b tng. Do vy, cn to ra cc phn t thanh gi (c cng rt nh, ch mang ti trng cp DL) qua cc im nt tng ng vi cc v tr cp i qua trong kt cu. To phn t cp DL bng cch t vo v tr thch hp, nu khng c phn t ct thp th to mt phn t gi gn cp DL. iu kin bin: - Ti v tr gi cu s dng gi lin kt cng; - Ti mt phng lin kt ca u dm vi on dm cn li s dng iu kin bin gi n hi kt hp vi lc ti bin c tnh trong m hnh tng th.
(a) Trng hp 1, 2

(b) Trng hp 3

Hnh 6. M hnh kt cu v ct thp 386

Cc nhn xt rt ra t kt qu phn tch ng sut cc b: - Trng hp 1: ngay khi t dm ln cc gi cu, xut hin ng sut ko ln trong khu vc t y dm n gc khc v c bit l gc khc cc ng sut ko vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng (fct = 4.45 MPa); - Trng hp 2: trng hp ny, cc ng sut ko trong khu vc t y dm n gc khc gim i, ch c ng sut ko Von-Mises eff vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng; - Trng hp 3: so vi trng hp 2, cc ng sut ko trong khu vc t y dm n gc khc tng ln nhng ch c ng sut ko chnh p1 v ng sut ko Von-Mises eff vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng; Nh vy, khu vc t y dm n gc khc v nht l gc khc xut hin vt nt ngay t giai on t dm ln cc gi cu.

(a) Trng hp 1

(b) Trng hp 2

(c) Trng hp 3 Hnh 7. Mt s hnh nh ng sut cc b (ng sut xx) 3.4. Phn tch sc khng cc b u dm Cn c cu to v s b tr ct thp khu vc u dm, la chn hai m hnh chng - ging sau phn tch sc khng cc b u dm: 387

E'

A Nu

Vu

F''

(L4) (L1)

F'

(L3) (L2)

Hnh 8. M hnh 1: khng b tr li ct xin

(L5)
G B E E'

A Nu

Vu

F''

(L4) (L1)

H F

F'

(L3) (L2)

Hnh 9. M hnh 2: b tr li ct xin Phn lc gi (xt theo 3 trng hp nh phn tch ng sut cc b) c tnh t m hnh phn tch tng th, nh sau: Bng 6. Phn lc gi (t kt qu tnh tng th)
Trng thi gii hn TTGH Cng I TTGH S dng K hiu RCDI RSD Trng hp 1 Vu (kN) 401.78 321.42 Nu (kN) 0 0 Trng hp 2 Vu (kN) 790.76 632.61 Nu (kN) 0 0 Trng hp 3 Vu (kN) 1312.65 942.34 Nu (kN) 0 0

Cc nhn xt rt ra t kt qu tnh ton theo m hnh chng - ging: - M hnh 1: trng hp chu ti 1 v 2, cc thanh chng b tng v ging thp u kh nng chu lc. n trng hp 3, li L3 khng sc khng cn thit; 388

ng sut trong cc phn t STM

Ni lc v Sc khng

T s ng sut

Hnh 10. M hnh 1, trng hp 3 - M hnh 2: c 3 trng hp chu ti 1 v 2, cc thanh chng b tng v ging thp u kh nng chu lc;
ng sut trong cc phn t STM

Ni lc v Sc

T s ng sut

Hnh 11. M hnh 2, trng hp 3 Nh vy, vi cc thit k hin ti, nu khng b tr thm li ct thp xin th li thp L3 cn c tng ng knh, nhm tng din tch ct thp chu ko trong khu vc ny. Tuy nhin, gii php thch hp hn l b tr thm li ct thp xin va lm gim ng lc trong thanh ging L3, va hn ch/chng s pht trin ca vt nt gc khc. 389

4. NGUYN NHN V D ON S PHT TRIN NT Kho st tnh trng nt ti cc d n v phn tch l thuyt, cho php xc nh nguyn nhn v d bo s pht trin ca cc vt nt u dm super-T ct khc nh sau: Bng 1. Nguyn nhn v d bo s pht trin ca cc dng nt
Dng nt Dng 1 Nguyn nhn gy nt u dm super-T ct khc l mt dng kt cu c s bin i t ngt v hnh hc, nn s phn b ng sut cc b trong khu vc ny rt phc tp, d pht sinh cc vt nt do ng sut ko vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng. Vt gc 100x100mm ti v tr gc khc khng lm gim nhiu s thay i t ngt kch thc tit din cng l mt nguyn nhn lm tng s bt li. Mt s thit k khng lng ht trng thi ng sut cc b khu vc u dm ct khc, dn n vic b tr ct thp chu lc cc b cha hp l. Phn tch trng thi ng sut cc b u dm super-T cho thy ph ng sut ln v tp trung khu vc gc khc, phng ca ng sut chnh ln nht c xu hng xin gc 30-600 so vi phng nm ngang. iu l gii s xut hin ca cc vt nt theo phng vung gc vi ng sut chnh ln nht. Vic tnh ton s lng, chiu di on cp khng dnh bm ca cc tao cp DL mt s cng trnh cha ph hp, lm tng ng lc cc b khu vc u dm neo cp, gy nt. mt s d n, nguyn nhn ny c khc phc bng cch tnh ton, iu chnh hp l s lng, chiu di on cp dnh bm u dm. D bo s pht trin nt Vt nt dng ny t c kh nng tip tc pht trin trong qu trnh khai thc do ng sut gy nt chu nh hng bi tc ng ca lc DL, ngc li, tc ng ca ti trng ph thm (bn mt cu + tnh ti II) v hot ti khai thc hn ch nh hng ny. Kho st cu M Thun ( khai thc c 10 nm) thy rng cc vt nt hu nh khng tip tc pht trin.

Dng 2

Vt nt ny khng c kh nng pht trin v: - ng lc nn cc b u dm do DL gy ra vt nt loi ny; - Hng ca vt nt song song vi trc dm v trong qu trnh khai thc khng c s gia tng ti trng gy ng sut ko vung gc vi trc dm lm vt nt pht trin.

Dng 3

Do vic b tr 2 tao cp DL trn bn cnh Khng c kh nng pht trin dnh bm hon ton nn gy ra ng lc cc b thm trong qu trnh chu ti. ln trong b tng, gy nt. Khng b tr ct thp cu to (ct thp xin) ti t c kh nng pht trin thm gc khu vc tip gip gia phn c v phn trong qu trnh chu ti. rng ca dm hn ch bin dng cc b.

Dng 4

390

5. NH GI KH NNG CHU LC CA DM 5.1. V chu lc tng th ca dm Kim ton TTGH cng ca dm super-T ct khc L=38.3m, ti cc tit din dc theo chiu di dm, thy rng:

Hnh 12. Sc khng un v khng ct ca dm super-T ct khc T l gia sc khng un v momen un ln nht: Mr/Mu = 1.6 - 5.2 T l gia sc khng ct v lc ct ln nht: Vr/Vu = 2.5 - 10.5 Nh vy, v tng th dm super-T ct khc kh nng chu lc theo ti trng thit k. 5.2. V chu lc cc b khu vc u dm khc i vi vt nt dng 1: - Phn tch ng sut cc b u dm thy rng: dm s khng kh nng khng nt (vt nt dng 1) ti khu vc gc khc ngay khi to xong DL do ng sut ko khu vc ny vt qu cng chu ko ca b tng, nu khng b tr li thp xin khu vc gc khc. - Phn tch kt cu u dm theo m hnh chng - ging kim tra sc khng ca cc li thp v b tng, thy rng: hai li thp thng ng L3 u dm D16 s khng sc khng cn thit khi chu hot ti khai thc ti a nu khng b tr li ct thp xin L5 hoc tng ng knh ct thp.

391

V vy, cn thit phi b tr ct thp xin khu vc u dm nhm khng nt ti khu vc gc khc v gim ng lc cho li thp thng ng L3. i vi cc vt nt dng 2, 3, v 4: khng nh hng n kh nng chu lc. Bin php khc phc nt dm super-T ct khc 6.1. Gii php khc phc nt Da trn nguyn nhn gy nt u dm super-T ct khc, d bo s pht trin vt nt, nh gi kh nng chu lc ca dm, nhm nghin cu xut gii php hiu chnh thit k, cng ngh thi cng dm super-T ct khc khc phc hin tng nt dm nh sau: Bng 2. Bin php khc phc nt u dm super-T ct khc
Dng nt Dng 1 V thit k B sung 2 li ct thp xin 8 thanh D18, b tr st b mt b tng gc khc vi chiu dy b tng bo v l nh nht; Nn tng kch thc gc vt u khc ti thiu 150x150mm. Tnh ton hp l s lng v chiu di on cp khng dnh bm ca cc tao cp khu vc u dm trong cc bn tnh thit k dm, ty thuc vo chiu di nhp v s lng tao cp DL, sao cho ng sut nn cc b ca b tng u dm do DL gy ra nm trong gii hn cho php. B tr on cp khng dnh bm u dm di 1.0m cho 2 tao cp DL trn bn cnh dm. B sung 02 thanh thp cu to D13 ti on kt ni gia phn c v phn rng trn bn cnh dm. B sung 06 thanh thp D13 di 1.0m ti on kt ni gia phn c v phn rng trn sn dm. V cng ngh thi cng Mt s bin php x l thi cng: - m ln tt cho b tng khu vc u dm nhm t c cng v ng nht yu cu. - Vn khun ngoi (on 2.0m ti mp dm) ri lp bng knh chng dnh. - Xung quanh tm bn thp to dc (s dng cho dm), t 2 tm xp sau khi ct vn khun ngoi mt on 3cm. - Ct mt s thanh chng vn khun trong phm vi 1.5m ti 2 cnh u dm v m tm xp hoc cao su dy 2cm. - Bin php lm gim lc nn cc b vo cc mp u dm: cc tao cp c ct tng si ring r v ng thi cng mt lc ti c hai u bng la oxy-axetylen, ti v tr cch mt trong ca dm kch khong 30 cm. La oxy-axetylen c a i a li nung nng mt on cp khong 20cm cho n khi tao cp t t ra.

Dng 2

Dng 3

Dng 4

392

6.2. p dng th nghim Sau khi kho st, phn tch l thuyt, xc nh nguyn nhn v xut gii php khc phc tnh trng nt khu vc u dm super-T ct khc, nhm nghin cu p dng th nghim trn dm nhm kim chng tnh ng n ca cc xut khc phc. Vic p dng trn dm th nghim c tin hnh ti xng sn xut dm ca Cng ty CP 473 thuc Tng Cng ty XDCT Giao thng 4 (Cienco4) trong d n xy dng cu cn trn tuyn ng vnh ai 3 - TP. H Ni (giai on 2). Ni dung p dng th nghim bao gm: 1) gim st vic ch to dm super-T ct khc; 2) kim tra dm sau khi ch to; v 3) kim tra tnh trng nt ca cc dm khc c ch to trong iu kin tng t.

(a) B tr li ct thp xin

(b) Ri lp chng dnh (c) Ct VKN ti v tr t cho VKN phm vi 2.0m tm thp m gi u dm Hnh 13. Gim st ch to dm

Nhn xt: - Gim st vic ch to dm super-T ct khc cho thy dm c ch to ng theo bn v thit k, cc xut b sung, cc yu cu k thut ca d n v m bo cht lng. - Kim tra dm sau khi ch to cho thy dm super-T ct khc sau khi p dng cc bin php x l nh kin ngh ca ti v Nh thu t c yu cu cht lng v khng cn xut hin vt nt trn dm.

(a) Gc khc u dm

(c) Khu vc tip gip gia phn c v phn rng trn cnh dm Hnh 14. Kim tra dm sau khi ch to 393

(b) Khu vc bu dm pha di

- Kim tra tnh trng nt ca cc dm khc c ch to trong iu kin tng t cho thy khng cn tnh trng nt khu vc u dm super-T ct khc. 7. KT LUN Cc vt nt khu vc u dm super-T ct khc l do nguyn nhn ng lc cc b, khng phi do nguyn nhn co ngt. Nhng dm super-T ct khc b nt u khng b tr ct thp xin cc b v/hoc b tr s lng, chiu di dnh bm ca cc tao cp DL cha ph hp. Cc vt nt ny khng hoc t c kh nng pht trin trong giai on khai thc cng trnh v khng nh hng n kh nng chu lc chung ca dm theo ti trng thit k. khc phc tnh trng nt u dm super-T ct khc cn: - B sung 2 li ct thp xin 8 thanh D18, b tr st b mt b tng gc khc. Nn tng kch thc vt gc u khc ti thiu 150x150mm. Xc nh hp l s lng, chiu di on khng dnh bm ca cc tao cp khu vc u dm trong cc bn tnh thit k dm. on kt ni gia phn c v phn rng, b sung 2 thanh thp cu to D13 trn bn cnh dm, b sung 6 thanh D13 di 1.0m trn sn dm. - Thc hin mt s bin php x l thi cng nh trnh by trong bng 8 nhm gim cc tc ng gy bt li cho u dm khi to DL. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Bi Xun Hc. Nghin cu cc bin php x l nt dm super-T. Bo co tng kt ti KHCN cp B GTVT, m s DT084035, H Ni 2010. [2] Nguyn Vit Trung, Nguyn Trng Ngha. Thit k kt cu nhp cu dm super-T theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni 2008. [3] Trn Ngc Linh. Xy dng m hnh phn t hu hn bc cao ng dng phn tch vng ng sut tp trung trong kt cu cu. Lun vn thc s k thut, H Ni 2005. [4] H s thit k dm super-T ct khc ca cc cng trnh: cu M Thun (2000), cu cn ng vnh ai 3 TP. H Ni (2010), cu Nht Tn (2007), cu p M (2006), cu Ci Rng (2008), cu Bc Liu 2 (2004), cu Hng Li (2004), cu Lch Tray (2008), cu cn ng cao tc TP.HCM-TL (2008), cu Cn Th (2003), cu Yn Lnh (2001). [5] Wolfgang Merretz, Godfrey Smith. Standardisation and detailing for super-T bridge girders. Austroad 1997 bridge conference.

394

CNG NGH XY DNG CNG BIN VIT NAM

ThS. HONG SN NH Trung tm KHCN Cng - ng thy Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT TM TT: Bi bo co bao gm cc ni dung chnh: 1) Tm tt v Quy hoch h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn 2030 c Chnh ph Vit Nam ph duyt. 2) Gii thiu v cng ngh xy dng mt s cng ln c tnh cht tiu biu Vit Nam. 3) nh hng ca hin tng nc bin dng i vi cc cng trnh cng Vit Nam. Trn c s cc ni dung trn, i n kt lun nh gi v trnh cng ngh xy dng cng ca Vit Nam hin nay, kin ngh hng pht trin v hp tc vi NILIM. 1. GII THIU QUY HOCH PHT TRIN H THNG CNG BIN VIT NAM N NM 2020, NH HNG N NM 2030 Nc Vit Nam c trn 3260 km b bin vi nhiu ca sng, cc vnh c iu kin t nhin rt thun li cho vic xy dng nhng cng ln, phc v cho Chin lc pht trin kinh t bin ca t nc. Nm 1999, Chnh ph Vit Nam ph duyt quy hoch h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020. Sau hn 10 nm trin khai thc hin, h thng cng bin Vit Nam c ci to nng cp v c bc pht trin kh tt. Tnh n nm 2009, Vit nam c 17 cng bin loi I, c 23 cng bin loi II v 9 cng bin loi III vi gn 350 cu tu vi tng chiu di khong trn 40,000 m (gp 2 ln so vi nm 1999); 35 lung tu vo cng quc gia v 12 lung tu vo cng chuyn dng. Lng hng thng qua cng nm 2009 t 250 triu T (gp 2.7 ln), trong c 5.54 triu TEU hng container, mc tng bnh qun l 13%/nm. Tuy nhin, thc t pht trin vn cn tn ti nhng bt cp, khng theo kp vi tnh hnh thc t. Do vy, Chnh ph Vit Nam cho lp mi v ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng n nm 2030 da trn c s xc nh vai tr ca kinh t bin trong nn kinh t quc dn, d bo lng hng qua cng, bao gm cc ni dung chnh nh sau: 1.1. Phn loi cng theo chc nng nhim v H thng cng bin Vit Nam c phn thnh cc loi nh sau: 395

Hnh 1. Bn quy hoch h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng 2030 * Cng tng hp quc gia: + Cng trung chuyn v Ca ng quc t: Vn Phong - Khnh ha, Hi Phng, B Ra - Vng Tu. 396

+ Cng u mi khu vc: Hn Gai - Qung Ninh, Nghi Sn - Thanh Ha, Ca L - Ngh An, Sn Dng v Vng ng - H Tnh, Dung Qut - Qung Ngi, Quy Nhn - Bnh nh, Ba Ngi Khnh Ha, cc cng Tp. H Ch Minh, ng Nai v Cn Th. * Cng chuyn dng: + Phc v cho cc khu cng nghip quy m ln (khai thc than v cp cho nhit in, du v sn phm du, xi mng, hnh khch). * Cng a phng: + C chc nng vn chuyn hng ha trong phm vi tnh, thnh ph. 1.2. Phn loi cng theo vng lnh th H thng cng bin Vit Nam c phn thnh 6 nhm nh sau:
Nhm 1 2 3 4 5 Tn gi Nhm cng bin pha Bc Nhm cng bin Bc Trung b Nhm cng bin Trung Trung b Nhm cng bin Nam Trung b Nhm cng bin ng Nam b Vng bin T Qung Ninh - Ninh Bnh T Thanh Ha - H Tnh T Qung Bnh - Qung Ngi T Bnh nh - Bnh Thun Min ng Nam b, gm c Cn o v trn sng Soi Rp thuc Long An, Tin Giang. Min Ty Nam b bao gm c Ph Quc v cc o Ty Nam.

Nhm cng bin BSCL

1.3. H thng lung vo mt s cng chnh

TT 1 Tn lung Lung vo cng Hi Phng Tn cng Cng Ca ng quc t Khu cng nh V Khu cng trn sng Cm 2 Lung vo cng Vng Tu Bn nh - Sao Mai v sng Th Vi Khu Ci Mp Khu Ph M, M Xun Khu G Du Loi tu 80.000 DWT v 6.000 TEU. 20.000 30.000 DWT 10.000 DWT 100.000 DWT v 6.000 TEU. 80.000 DWT v 6.000 TEU. 60.000 DWT v 4.000 TEU. 30.000 DWT

397

TT 3 4

Tn lung

Tn cng

Loi tu

Lung vo cng Tp. H Cc cng trn sng Soi 50.000 DWT v 4.000 Ch Minh Rp TEU. Lung vo cng Cn Th Cc cng trn sng Hu (theo knh Quan Chnh B) 10.000 20.000 DWT

2. GII THIU MT S CNG LN C TNH CHT TIU BIU V CNG NGH XY DNG VIT NAM 2.1. Khu vc pha Bc 2.1.1. Cng Ci Ln - Qung Ninh Cng nc su Ci Ln - Qung Ninh c quy hoch gm 7 bn vi tng chiu di 1380 m (trong c 1 bn c xy dng t nm 1994). Nm 1998, T vn Nippon Koei Co.Ltd. Nht Bn thit k ba bn s 5, 6, 7 vi chiu di l 620m; Nh thu Penta Ocean (Nht Bn) v Vinawaco (Vit Nam) thi cng; cng trnh c a vo s dng nm 2003. y l cng nc su hin i u tin ca Vit Nam. * Vi c im v a cht ti v tr xy dng cng trnh l tng gc c cao b mt ph hp vi kt cu trng lc, cng trnh c thit k theo dng thng chm BTCT c sn (kch thc di x rng x cao = 20x11x16 m, trng lng l 1740 T/thng). * Qu trnh thi cng cng Ci Ln p dng nhiu cng ngh tin tin p ng cc yu cu k thut ca cng trnh nh: - Vic ph to nn t thng v m lung tu c thc hin bng phng php n mn phi in di nc, mt cng ngh mi c p dng Vit Nam. - Cng ngh san m m bo bng phng theo yu cu cho vic t thng chm c thc hin bng thit b san gt v m di nc. - Cc thng chm c trn ni 10.000 T, sau c h thu nh mt phng tin ni v c lai dt bng tu ko vo v tr, nh chm xung m . - Cng ngh x l nn t yu khu vc bi ca cng trnh c thc hin bng phng php ng bc thm, thot nc thng ng. y l cng ngh c s dng kh ph bin nc ta, nhng trong cng trnh ny p dng cc phng php o hin i kim sot qu trnh c kt ca t yu: o p lc nc l rng, o ln v chuyn dch ngang ca nn t c gia c.

398

Hnh 2. Mt ct ngang bn s 6 cng nc su Ci Ln 2.1.2. Khu cng chnh Hi Phng Khu cng chnh ca cng Hi Phng l cng trnh u tin pha Bc c xy dng vi s gip v ti chnh, k thut ca Lin X c (nay l nc Cng ho Lin bang Nga), trong khong 15 nm t 1968 n 1983, gm 11 bn vi tng chiu di l 1717 m cho tu c trng ti 10.000 DWT neo cp. * Gii php kt cu: Trn c s c im v iu kin a cht cng, trnh v thit b v kinh nghim thi cng ca thc t ca ta thi im , cc chuyn gia Lin X (c) xut gii php kt cu cng trnh dng tng c mm bng cc vn thp Larsen V c 1 tng neo, c cu to nh sau:

CTMb= 4.50 + hc trn kh F S=26.41m2 = 16KN/m2 = 40 S= 69.34m2 S= 19.63m2 S= 116.31m2

MN= 0.60 +

22.5 0

.5 1:1

Ct lp 29 = .75 18KN/m2 = 3024'

Thanh neo thp 85 17.37

hc di nc = 11KN/m2 = 38

41.5 0
St pha xm en, xm nu do chy = 7.4KN/m2 = 702' c= 18KN/m2
12.16

1:3
S= 41.1m2

C thp Larsen V S= 55.01m2 S= 26.94m2

E
6.78

-12.87
12.16

A
17.08

St pha xm do mm = 8KN/m2 = 1327' c= 23KN/m2

CTmc= -20.00

Hnh 3. S kt cu bn tng c Cng Hi Phng

Hnh 4. Cng chnh Hi Phng cho tu 10.000 DWT 399

- Tng bn s dng cc vn thp Larsen V mc thp 16 X di 22 m, cao mi cc -20.0 m, cao nh cc +2.00m. - Kt cu neo gi tng bn c dng tng neo bng cc BTCT 35x35 cm, L = 10m b tr pha sau vi khong cch t 20 n 25 m. - Thanh neo chnh lm bng thp trn 85 mc CT3 vi khong cch 2.52 m/1 thanh neo. Xung quanh thanh neo c sn chng g v qun mt lp bao ti tm nha ng nng bo v thanh neo khi b xm thc ca mi trng. - tng cng n nh ca tng neo, trong phm vi lng th trt b ng pha trc tng b tr lng th gim ti. - Trn bn b tr cn cu s dng loi Kirop sc nng 10 T, tm vi 32 m, khu ray 10.5 m v 2 tuyn ng st kh ng 1.0 m. * nh gi cng trnh: - V c bn, kt cu cc bn m bo kh nng chu lc, n nh v v tr v thng ca tuyn bn cho tu neo u. - Kt cu thanh neo thp c bo v tt chng s xm thc ca mi trng. - Tng bn bng c thp Larsen V c ch to c l thp hp kim thp, nn tc n mn l nh ti khu vc ngp nc b n mn vi tc nh, trung bnh khong 0.045 - 0.062 mm/nm. - Cng trnh c kim nh nh gi hin trng v thit k nng cp cho tu c trng ti t 25.000 50.000 DWT neo u. 2.1.3. Khu cng Cha V - cng Hi Phng Cng Cha V c xy dng theo 2 giai on rt khc nhau: * Giai on nhng nm 70 ca th k XX: Cng trnh gm 02 bn cho tu 10.000 DWT vi tng chiu di 330 m, c b tr lin b, c kt cu dng cu tu b cao mm bng BTCT trn nn cc BTCT tit din vung 40 x 40 cm, hin l bn chuyn dng bc d hng Container. * Giai on t 1998 - 2005: Trong d n ci to nng cp cng Hi Phng bng ngun vn ODA ca Chnh ph Nht Bn, cng Cha V c xy dng thm 03 bn cho tu 10.000 DWT v cc tu c ti trng ln hn gim ti ra vo neo u. Ni dung di y s gii thiu v cc bn ny. Cng trnh ny do T vn Nippon Koei (Nht Bn) thit k, c b tr lin b, kt cu c dng cu tu b cao mm pha trc, c chn t pha sau: 400

Hnh 5. Mt ct ngang bn cng Cha V - Hi Phng - Kt cu cu tu: + Kt cu trn b l h dm trc giao to thnh cc khung theo phng ngang v dc bn, mt bn c hnh thnh t bn mt bng BTCT lin khi vi h thng dm. + Nn mng s dng cc ng thp ng knh 700 v 800 mm dy 12 mm, k hiu SKK-400 c cng chu ko 4100 kg/cm2, di 39.4 42.4 m, c nhp trc tip t Nht Bn. u cc ng thp c bc bng BTCT ti ch xung cao + 0.00 m chng s xm thc ca mi trng i vi kt cu thp vng mc nc thay i. + Gm bn c gia c bng mi dc c dc 1:2 trn nn t t nhin c no vt vi dc 1:2.5. - Kt cu tng chn sau bn: + Tng c s dng cc vn thp loi U-IIIA, vt liu SY295 theo tiu chun JIS A 5528; c ng thng ng thnh tng chn kn pha sau cu tu. + u c lin kt cng vi dm dc trong cng ca cu tu v c bc bng BTCT ti ch xung di mc nc thp thit k, mi c c ng cm xung lp t c kh nng chu lc tt. + Pha sau c b tr lng th hc gim p lc ngang v lp ct. - Gia c nn bi sau bn: + Nn t yu sau bn c gia c bng phng php bc thm thot nc thng ng c gia ti trc. + ln c kt 90% d tnh khong 1.0 m. 401

* nh gi v cng trnh: - Kt cu dng cu trc, c sau c s dng cc thp cho kt cu mng ln u tin c p dng khu vc Hi Phng, ni c c im c bn l nn t yu phn b vi chiu dy ln. Sau mt qu trnh khai thc cho thy kt cu t ra ph hp vi iu kin t nhin ca khu vc v iu kin khai thc ca cng trnh; - Mc d khu cng Cha V nm trong sng, nhng vn nm trong khu vc chu nh hng xm thc kh mnh ca mi trng bin. + Tuy nhin, cng trnh khng thit k h thng bo v chng n mn cho phn cc thp ngp trong nc; ng thi cng khng c d tr chiu dy cc cho n mn. + Do vy, vic m bo tui th ca h thng mng cc thp ca cng trnh l vn cn phi quan tm trong qu trnh khai thc. Trong , vic kim nh cng trnh theo nh k l rt quan trng nhm nh gi cht lng cn li v xut cc gii php ph hp nhm bo v v nng cao tui th ca cng trnh. 2.1.4. Khu cng nh V trn sng Bch ng * Tng qut: Khu cng c xy dng trong khu cng nghip nh V, trn sng Bch ng vi quan im a cng Hi Phng ra khi khu ni , tin v pha bin nhm mc ch cho tu c trng ti ln hn neo cp. Quy m D n xy dng cng nh V bao gm 07 bn cho tu trng ti 20.000 DWT vi tng chiu di trn 1400 m. Qu trnh thc hin c chia thnh 03 giai on, khi cng bn u tin vo nm 2002, n nay ang thi cng bn s 6, d kin hon thnh ton b vo nm 2011. * c im kt cu cng trnh: Cng trnh c b tr lin b, c kt cu dng cu tu b cc cao pha trc v k chn kt hp mng cc b thp pha sau, gm: - Kt cu cu tu: + Nn mng s dng cc ng BTCT d ng lc ng knh 60-34 cm, di 35 37 m. Do hn ch v cng ngh ch to, hin nay Vit Nam ch sn xut c cc di nht l 25 m; do , phi chp nhn vic hn ni cc cho chiu di. Khng ch khu vc ny, m hu khp cc cng trong c nc t hn 10 nm nay, u s dng cc ng BTCT DL c mi ni hn. C th ni, y khng phi l loi cc chuyn dng cho xy dng cng, nhng vn phi chp nhn s dng trong iu kin c kim sot cht ch v quy trnh cng ngh hn ni. 402

+ Kt cu trn l h thng dm, bn BTCT ti ch, lin kt h thng mng to thnh kt cu bn. + Thit b khai thc trn bn gm dn cn cu dn c khu ray 20 m, cn cu quay khu ray 10 m, m bo c kh nng bc xp hng tng hp v hng container.

Hnh 6. Mt ct ngang bn cng nh V - Hi Phng - Kt cu k chn sau cu tu: + c xy dng kt hp cc mc ch: chn t lp sau bn v lm bi cha hng tm thi phc v cho gii phng tu nhanh. + Nn mng cng s dng cc ng BTCT d ng lc ng knh 60-34 cm, di 35 37 m. Nhng do kt cu b thp, nn ton b chiu di cc c chn trong t. Ti pha tip gip vi cu tu b tr hng cc vn thp chn gi n nh cho t lp pha sau bn. + Kt cu b dng tng gc bng BTCT ti ch, bn y c chiu dy khng i trn ton b cng trnh, tng gc chn t lp trn mt pha tip gip vi bn. * nh gi v cng trnh: - Kt cu cng trnh cng nh V c th c coi l s c kt kinh nghim ca tt c cc cng trnh cng c xy dng khu vc Hi Phng trong nhng nm qua, p ng vi cc yu cu ca vic xy dng cng trn nn t yu phn b vi chiu dy ln, mt khc cng ph hp vi iu kin thc t trong khai thc cng ca Vit Nam. - Vic s dng cc ng BTCT d ng lc c mi ni hn cho cc cng trnh cng c c th khai thc l chu ti trng ngang ln, i chiu l mt hn ch ng k v cng 403

ngh xy dng nc ta. iu ny, dn ti khuyn ngh l: Cn quan tm n u t cng ngh ch to cc BTCT DL di (40 50 m) phc v cho xy dng cc cng nc su, trong iu kin nn t yu c chiu dy ln m bo tin cy trong khai thc v tui th ca cng trnh. 2.2. Khu vc min Trung Trong nhng nm gn y, vic u t xy dng cng khu vc min Trung c bc pht trin mnh. Da trn c im v iu kin a cht cng trnh v tnh khai thc chuyn dng, xin gii thiu mt s cng trnh nh sau: 2.2.1. Cc cng tng hp ca khu vc * c im kt cu: - Do c im chung v iu kin a cht ti di b bin min Trung Vit Nam l c nn gc phn b su t trung bnh cho n kh ln, tng ph mng hoc khng n inh. Do vy, phn ln cc cng ln ca khu vc ny nh: Nghi Sn - Thanh Ha, Vng ng - H Tnh, Chn My - Tha Thin Hu, Tin Sa - Nng u s dng gii php kt cu b cc cao trn nn cc khoan nhi. - Kt cu mng: + S dng cc khoan nhi ng knh t 800 1200 mm, thi cng bng phng php b tng ti ch. + Mi cc c khoan ngm vo tng gc m bo kh nng chu lc v n nh ca cng trnh. - Kt cu bn trn: l h thng dm bn trc giao, bng BTCT ti ch lin kt u cc khoan, to thnh mt bn cho tu neo u v b tr thit b khai thc.

Hnh 7. Cng Chn My Tha Thin Hu 404

Hnh 8. Cng Vng ng H Tnh

* nh gi v cng trnh: - Vi quy m trung bnh ca cc cng khu vc, trong iu kin c th ca tng a cht gc, vic chn gii php kt cu mng cc khoan l ph hp c v phng din k thut ln kinh t. 2.2.2. Cc cng trnh ngn ct, chn sng * ngn ct gim sng bo v lung tu v chng xi b bin Thun An - Tha Thin Hu: - y l khu vc chu nh hng rt mnh m ca c hai yu t sng v bin: + Vi a hnh nm dc theo hng Ty Bc - ng Nam, b bin khu vc ny chu nh hng mnh m ca dng ven hnh thnh do gi ma, dn n hin tng xi l b bin hai bn ca sng, bi lp lung chy tu. + Ma ma bo trng vi thi k c gi ma ng bc, nc t thng ngun sng v vi lu lng ln khng thot kp gy l ngp, ng thi lm thay i trc ng lc ca dng chy dn n ph cc bi bi m ra ca sng mi. - gi n nh lung tu vo cng, d kin xy dng h thng hai k chn hai pha Bc v Nam ca ca sng, ng thi chng xi b bin tin hnh xy dng chn sng v ngm dc theo b pha Bc ti khu vc xi l. a) b)
Mt ct 1 - 1
3500 1750 100 300 300 300 500 500 500 1750 300 300 300 100

+4.0 +3.0 +2.0

MNCTK +1.06 +2.50

2 m=
0.00 +0.58

m=

MNCTK +1.06

+1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0

MNTTK -0.50 -1.50

2 -0.42 3

0.00

m=

m=

MNTTK -0.50

2
-1.50

m=

m=2

400

729

224

216

362 3500

216

224

729

400

Hnh 9. ngn ct gim sng cng Thun An (thit k: Tedi) a) Mt bng; b)Mt ct ngang. * chn sng cho khu nc cng Tin Sa - Nng: - chn sng cng Tin Sa - Nng c thit k vi chiu di 375m do hng t vn Nippon Koyei Ltd. ca Nht Bn thit k. Cng trnh c quy m tng i ln vi chiu cao l 16,5 m c xy dng theo 2 giai on. 405

Giai on 1, hon thnh thi cng 250 m, chiu cao l 11,5 m vi kt cu nh sau: - Kt cu cng trnh: + Kt cu chn bng hn hp trng lng 10 ~ 200 kg , hai bn mi dc m = 1.5 c gia c bng tng trng lng 1 T, bn pha trn l cc khi b tng ti ch to thnh mt . + Mt ngoi pha bin b tr cc khi tan sng tetrapod trng lng 10 T vi mi dc m = 1.5 ln ti cao nh . - c im c bn v thi cng l no vt lp t yu su ln (ti cao - 23.00 - 27.00) m Vit Nam cha c cc thit b ph hp.

Hnh 10. Mt ct ngang chn sng cng Tin Sa giai on 1 2.2.3. Cng nh my lc du Dung Qut

Hnh 11. chn sng cng Tin Sa giai on 1

Cng Nh my lc du Dung Qut l mt trong nhng cng trnh nm trong tng th ca Khu cng nghip ha du, cng trnh trng im Quc gia, t ti vnh Dung Qut. y l h thng cng chuyn dng cho xut cc sn phm ha du ca Nh my lc du Dung Qut bao gm 06 bn, c b tr thnh tng cp 02 bn cho tu du 50.000 DWT, 02 bn cho tu du 30.000 DWT v 02 bn cho tu du 25.000 DWT. Do tm quan trng ca cng trnh, cng Dung Qut c u t xy dng vi quy m ln v p ng cc tiu chun k thut cao: * c im v b tr cng trnh: - Trn c s v iu kin v a hnh khu vc ch c che chn mt phn, cng c b tr nm pha trong chn sng. - Do yu cu v iu kin v m bo an ton v c im v cng ngh khai thc i vi nhin liu lng d chy n, cng c b tr xa b, tu c neo cp hai bn, c cc tr h thng ng ng dn vo nh my. 406

Hnh 12. Mt bng b tr cng v chn sng nh my lc du Dung Qut * c im v kt cu: Do c im v iu kin a cht c tng gc xut hin cao trong khong t - 23.0 - 27 m, lp ph bn trn l bn st yu, chiu dy mng, cng c thit k c dng kt cu b cao i cng trn nn cc nh sau:

Hnh 13. Cu to ngm mi cc vo nn - Kt cu mng:

Hnh 14. Cng nh my lc du Dung Qut

+ Ton b cng trnh s dng hn 2000 cc ng thp 8001000 mm, dy 16 mm, ton b cc xin t 1/3 1/5. Mi cc c thit k ngm vo lp su nht ti 5 m bng phng php khoan to l, h cc vo trong l v bm va BT lin kt mi cc vo nn . + Phn cc nm khu vc mc nc thay i c sn bo v, trong ti v tr nm di cao mc nc thp nht khong 2 m c sn bng loi sn c bit c th ng cng v dnh bm tt vo b mt thp trong iu kin thi cng di nc. 407

+ Phn cc lun ngp trong nc c bo v bng phng php in ha vi h thng protector. - Kt cu trn: + B cc i cng bng BTCT ti ch lin kt cc u cc theo tng tr c lp. + Cc tr c ni vi nhau bng h thng cc cu dn c t hp t cc dm dn thp. - Kt cu chn sng:

Hnh 15. Mt ct ngang chn sng cng nh my lc du Dung Qut c kt cu dng mi nghing bng vt liu ri c cu to nh sau: + Lp li bng hc c G = 1 200kg, trong t 1 - 10kg khng ln hn 10%. + Lp tip theo bng khi b tng trng lng 4 T. + Lp ph bn ngoi bng cc khi Acropod trng lng t ti 38T. Trn mt l cc khi b tng ti ch to thnh ng giao thng. * nh gi v cng trnh: - Vo thi im hin ti, y l cng chuyn dng xut xng du c quy m ln nht Vit Nam; ng thi cng l cng c quy m s dng kt cu thp nhiu nht trong cc cng c xy dng nc ta. Trong , ton b cc thp u c nhp khu t nc ngoi do trong nc cha c kh nng sn xut c loi cc p ng vi yu cu ca thit k; - Nhiu cng ngh mi trong thit k v thi cng: + Cng ngh khoan xin ngm cc ng thp vo nn ; + Phng php trc tip sn cc thp di nc. 2.2.4. Cng trung chuyn quc t Vn Phong * Quy m: L cng trng im ca khu vc min Trung, c pham vi hp dn trong c nc v trong khu vc ng Nam , gm c khu vc chc nng: 408

- Khu m Mn: L khu bn container trung chuyn quc t cho tu t 9.000 15.000 TEU. - Khu Nam Vn Phong: L khu chuyn ti cho tu du trng ti n 400.000 DWT. - Khu Ty Nam vn Phong: L khu bn chuyn dng cho nhit in v cng nghip cho tu t 50.000 100.000 DWT. Hin ti, mi bt u khi cng xy dng 02 bn khu m Mn giai on khi ng cho tu container 6.000 TEU/tu hng 80.000 DWT, c kt cu nh sau:

Hnh 16. Mt ct ngang bn giai on khi ng cho tu 80.000 DWT (Thit k: Porscoat) - Nn mng cng trnh s dng 02 loi cc: + Cc cc xin v cc di chn cn trc ngoi s dng cc ng thp 1100 mm. + Cc cc thng ng dng cc BTCT d ng lc 800, c hn ni. - Kt cu trn: L h dm bn BTCT ti ch. * nh gi v cng trnh: - Kt cu cng trnh vn l dng cu tu thng thng, v c bn khng c g mi. C 02 vn t ra cn suy ngh l: + Dng kt cu ging nhau c p dng cho cc cng trnh rt khc nhau v quy m (tu 5.000 DWT, 10.000 DWT hoc n 80.000 DWT). C v nh T vn b rng buc khng th thot ra khi trit l thit k theo li mn c. + S khng sn sng ca Nh thu thi cng trong vic i mi v pht trin cng ngh. Chnh iu ny c th l sc p cn tr ngc li i vi thit k. 409

- Vic s dng 02 loi vt liu c tnh cht chu bin khc nhau cho cng kt cu mng (cc ng thp v cc ng BTCT d ng lc) liu c th gy nn trng thi lm vic bt li cho kt cu BTCT khi cng trnh c chuyn v ln. 2.3. Khu vc pha Nam Trong nhng nm gn y, vic xy dng cc cng trnh cng khu vc pha Nam ni r 2 xu hng ln l: * Di ri h thng cng Si Gn ra khi thnh ph H Ch Minh ra khu vc Ct Li trn sng ng Nai v Khu cng nghip Hip Phc trn sng Soi Rp gii quyt vn tc nghn giao thng th v ci thin v iu kin lung tu vo cng. * Pht trin h thng trn sng Th Vi v khu vc Vng Tu gm: - Khu Ci Mp: Cng tng hp container Ci Mp (ODA Nht Bn), cng container SP-SSA (Vinalines, cng Si Gn v SSA M), cng container CMIT (Vinaline, cng Si Gn v Mark Lines), cng container Tn Cng cc cng u c quy m tip nhn tu 80.000 DWT, tu container 6.000 TEU tr ln. - Khu Ph M: Cng container SP-PSA, cng tng hp Th Vi (ODA Nht Bn), cng container SITV; cc cng chuyn dng LPG Th Vi (PVN), thp POSCO, thp Ph M cho tu ti 60.000 DWT. Trong , khu vc cng trn sng Ci Mp - Th Vi l ni tp trung xy dng nhiu cng ln, a dng v ngun vn u t v ch s hu; ng thi y cng l khu vc c trng v iu kin a cht nn t yu pha Nam. Gii thiu mt s cng trnh tiu biu: 2.3.1. Cng kh ha lng Th Vi Cng LPG Th Vi l cng chuyn dng xut nhp kh ho lng LPG ln nht Vit Nam hin nay, thuc Tp on Du kh Vit Nam. Cng trnh c thit k theo dng bn xa b, c cu dn gm cc tr neo, tr va v sn cng ngh c lp. * c im v kt cu: Cng LPG Th Vi c xy dng theo 2 giai on: - Giai on 1: Thc hin vo 1998 - 2001, xy dng 02 bn cho tu ch LPG 20.000 DWT v 2.000 DWT. + Kt cu cc tr kiu b cao i cng trn nn cc ng thp 816 mm, dy 16 mm; Trong phm vi mc nc thay i, chiu dy cc c tng ln thnh 22 mm d tr n mn v sn ph m bo tui th thit k. + Do hn ch v cng ngh, cc ng thp c gia cng ch to trong nc theo phng php cun thp tm thnh nhng on cong na hnh ng trn, sau c hn t hp li theo phng php hn t ng. 410

+ Do iu kin v a cht cng trnh nn t yu c chiu dy rt ln, kh nng chu ti thp v bin dng ln, cho nn cc ng thp phi c thit k bt kn mi m bo sc chu ti theo yu cu, bn trong lp y ct tng cng. + Ton b phn ngp nc ca h thng cc c bo v bng phng php dng in ngoi vi anot hy sinh.

Hnh 17. Giai on 1 cng xut nhp LPG cho tu 20.000 DWT (Thit k ITST) - Giai on 2: T nm 2009 - 2011, cng trnh c nng cp cng sut cho tu ch LPG lnh 60.000 DWT neo cp. Hin nay hon thnh bc thit k, bt u khi cng xy dng. + Gii php kt cu chung ca cng trnh v c bn khng thay i. Ring i vi kt cu cc ng thp 816 mm c thit k theo dng hn cun xon, m bo yu cu theo tiu chun quc t i vi loi kt cu ny. + Thit k hon chnh h thng cc thit b m bo an ton cho tu bao gm: H thng neo x nhanh (Quick release hook), H thng h tr cp tu t ng o v bo tc di chuyn v khong cch gia tu v cng trnh, h thng t ng bo v tc gi v dng chy trn sng, h thng bo v cha chy t ng c tm bao ph ton b chiu di tu (250 m).

411

Hnh 18. Cng PVGAS Vng Tu cho tu LPG lnh 60.000 DWT (Thit k ITST) * nh gi v cng trnh: - Do yu cu v m bo an ton cao trong chng chy n, cng vi vic vn hnh ca nh my ch bin kh ha lng, cng LPG Vng Tu c qun l v khai thc vi quy trnh rt cht ch. - Trong qu trnh thit k v thi cng cng trnh c s theo di v chp nhn ca hng bo him Lloy Register, cht lng t tiu chun quc t. - Sau 10 nm a vo khai thc (giai on 1), kt qu kim nh cht lng cho thy: Cng trnh m bo iu kin chu lc, chng xm thc ca mi trng i vi kt cu (c bit l kt cu thp) v an ton phng chng chy n. 2.3.2. Cng container quc t Ci Mp Mt s cng ti khu vc Ci Mp - Th Vi chun b c xy dng bng ngun vn ODA ca Chnh ph Nht Bn, vi quy m c kh nng tip nhn tu container 50.000 DWT y ti v tu container 80.000 DWT gim ti. Hin c d kin nng cp ln cho tu trng ti 100.000 DWT. * c im v kt cu: - Do c im v iu kin a cht cng trnh c tng t yu dy ti khong 35 m, cng Ci Mp c b tr dng bn xa b, c cu dn m bo kh nng n nh ca cng trnh. - Vi quy m cho tu ln neo u v iu kin a cht yu, kt cu bn c thit k c dng b cc cao, nn mng s dng cc ng thp; kt cu trn l h dm bn bng BTCT ti ch. 412

- Nn t yu ca bi sau bn c gia c bng phng php bc thm thot nc thng ng c gia ti, chiu di bc thm xuyn qua ton b chiu dy lp t yu. Tuy nhin, vi ln c kt 90% d kin l 3.5 m (bng 10% chiu dy lp t yu), th c nhng quan ngi v kh nng xy ra hin tng gy gp bc thm, c th lm gim nhiu hiu qu ca gii php gia c nn. 2.4. Vn nc dng do bin i kh hu - Theo khuyn co ca cc t chc nghin cu v kh tng ca th gii th Vit Nam l 1 trong 5 nc b nh hng nghim trng nht ca hin tng bin i kh hu, m mt trong nhng yu t nh hng l vn nc bin dng s dng cao l 1.0 m vo nm 2050. - Phn tch di y s gp phn lm r hn v nh hng ca vn nc bin dng i vi vic xc nh cao nh cng trnh cng. 2.4.1. Thit k cao nh cng trnh 1. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam * Theo tiu chun Vit Nam hin hnh (t Lin x c), cao thit k ca nh cng trnh bn c chn ln nht trong cc iu kin nh sau: - Tiu chun chnh: H = H50% + a (h Hi ) - Tiu chun kim tra: H = H1% + b (h Hi ) Trong : + H: Cao nh cng trnh bn; + H1% (H50%): Cao mc nc ng vi sut m bo 1% (50%) ca ng tn sut ly tch mc nc nhiu nm c quan trc theo gi; + a =2, b = 1: vt cao d tr so vi mc nc tnh ton, ly bng m. * Trong , ty theo c im v iu kin thy vn: - Vi cc cng khu vc pha Bc (nht triu thun nht) hoc khu vc pha Nam (bn nht triu u) th cao nh cng trnh thng b khng ch bi tiu chun kim tra. - Vi cc cng khu vc min Trung (bn nht triu khng u), dao ng ca mc nc thy triu thp, c th c mt s v tr b khng ch bi tiu chun chnh. 2. Theo cc tiu chun khc * Tschnical Standard and commentaries for Harbour Facilities in Japan: H = Mc nc cao nht trung bnh thng + 1.0 n 2.0 m.

413

* British Standard Code of Practice for Maritime Structures: H = Mc nc khai thc + 1.5 m * Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structure Harbour and Waterway - EAU 1990: H = Mc nc khai thc trung bnh + 1.5 n 2.5 m * Port Design - Guidelines and Recommendation (Carl A. Thoresen): H = Mc nc cao nht quan trc + 0.5 m. 2.4.2. Nhn xt v phn tch - Khng c s chnh lch nhiu khi thit k cao ca nh cng trnh bn theo tiu chun Vit Nam hay theo cc tiu chun quc t khc. - i vi phn ln cng trnh cng v ang xy dng nc ta, nu mc nc bin dng cao 1.0 m th chc chn vic khai thc ca ton b h thng cng s b nh hng, c bit l vo thi k nc cng mc nc c th xp s cao mt bn, c th gy mt an ton cho vic neo u tu b ti bn. Do vy, cn phi t ra vic nghin cu cc gii php ng ph vi vn ny cho cc cng trnh xy dng. - i vi cc cng trnh c quy hoch v s xy dng trong tng lai, cn phi xem xt vic b sung v iu chnh h thng quy trnh trong cc vn v kho st, thu thp cc s liu v kh tng, thy vn; v tiu chun thit k ch ng ngn nga cc nh hng tiu cc ca vn ny. 3. KT LUN 1. Vic Chnh ph Vit Nam ph duyt iu chnh quy hoch H thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng 2030 l mt s khng nh v vai tr quan trng ca Chin lc kinh t bin i vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn. Trong , ni bt ln ch trng u t xy dng nhng cng ln ti cc vng trng im kinh t ca t nc nh: Cng ca ng quc t Hi Phng (min Bc), cng trung chuyn quc t Vn Phong (Nam Trung b) v cm cng B Ra - Vng Tu (pha Nam). y s l cc cng ng vai tr u tu trong vic hi nhp su rng ca Vit Nam vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. 2. Vi c im b bin tri di theo hng Bc - Nam, qua nhiu khu vc c iu kin a cht khc nhau, cho nn mi khu vc i hi phi nghin cu cc gii php kt cu v cng ngh thi cng xy dng ph hp. V c bn, Vit Nam thng p dng mt s gii php kt cu v cng ngh thi cng cng trnh cng nh sau: * Kt cu cu tu trn nn cc b cao: y l kt cu c p dng ph bin nht, chim ti khong 90% cc cng trnh cng c xy dng hu khp cc vng trong c nc. Ty theo iu kin a cht c th, nn cc c th nh sau: 414

- Khi nn c lp t yu phn b pha trn vi chiu dy t trung bnh n ln, s dng gii php mng cc thi cng bng phng php ng (cc BTCT tit din vung, cc ng BTCT d ng lc, cc ng thp). - Khi nn t c tng gc phn b su kh ln, hoc c hin tng ln, nn st kt hoc ct kt hnh thnh t phong ha thng dng gii php mng cc khoan nhi BTCT thi cng bng phng php ti ch, hoc cc ng thp ng vo l khoan trong nn . * Kt cu trng lc khi ln: Ch yu l dng kt cu thng chm BTCT, thng c xy dng ti cc khu vc c c im a cht l nn gc c cao b mt xut hin sm hoc trung bnh, ch yu l khu vc bin ng Bc hoc Trung Trung b. * Cng ngh xy dng cng trnh cng Vit Nam t c nhng thnh tu ng ghi nhn, gp phn nht nh vo Chin lc pht trin kinh t bin ca t nc. 3. Bn cnh , i vi vic p dng cc gii php nn mng cho kt cu cng trnh cng dng cu tu, c th nhn thy mt s tn ti thc t nh sau: - i vi cc BTCT c, tit din vung: L loi cc c dng c tnh cht truyn thng, do cng ngh thi cng n gin, ph hp vi trnh ca a s cc Nh thu thi cng trong nc. Tuy nhin, loi cc ny vi tit din ln nht l 50 x 50 cm, ch ph hp vi cng trnh cng cho tu c trng ti trung bnh tr xung. - i vi cc ng thp, do l vt liu t tin v i hi vn u t ln, thng ch c s dng trong cc cng trnh cng bin thuc cc d n ODA hoc trong cc cng trnh c tm quan trng quc gia i hi cc yu cu cao v m bo an ton trong qu trnh khai thc. Hin nay, cho n thi im ny, phn ln cc cng trnh thng phi nhp loi cc ny t nc ngoi, trong nc mi ch c 01 nh my bc u i vo sn xut. - i vi cc ng BTCT d ng lc, cc dy chuyn sn xut cc hin c trong nc ch ch to c cc t cc di nht l 25 m. s dng trong xy dng cng trnh cng cc cc ny phi ni bng phng php hn. i vi cng trnh cng nm trong mi trng c tnh xm thc mnh, y l mt trong nhng vn bt cp c nh hng ln n tin cy v tui th ca cng trnh. Nhng thc t cc cng trnh vn s dng, do khng c c s la chn no khc. - i vi iu kin a cht l nn nm su phi s dng gii php mng cc (cc khoan nhi hoc cc ng thp ngm vo gc), cc Nh thu trong nc hu nh khng thi cng c cc cc xin do khng u t thit b ph hp vi cc cng ngh ny.

415

4. Cng ngh gia c nn t yu: Gii php gia c nn t yu bng bc thm thot nc thng ng c gia ti trc l cng ngh gi c nn ph bin nht ang c p dng trong xy dng cng trnh cng Vit Nam, mc d thc t cho thy hu nh cng no p dng gii php ny cng thng c vn tn ti (k c nhng cng trnh do T vn v Nh thu Nht Bn thit k v thi cng). Trong mt s trng hp, vic s dng gii php ny cn mang tnh khin cng do ph thuc vo iu kin tin hnh v trnh cng ngh cn ch ca ta. 5. Mt trong nhng nh hng ca hin tng bin i kh hu i vi Vit Nam l d bo v nc bin s dng cao 1.0 m vo nm 2050. Nu vy th d tr v cao thit k ca cc cng trnh cng s khng cn, c bit vo cc thi k triu cng, dn n hot ng ca ton b h thng cng bin Vit Nam s b nh hng rt ln. 6. Mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt trong vic vn ra lm ch vng bin v khai thc c hiu qu tim nng kinh t bin ca t nc l cn y mnh u t xy dng c s h tng cc cng trnh cng v bin. T nhng thc trng nu trn trong cng ngh xy dng cng Vit Nam, c mt s kin ngh nh sau: * i vi lnh vc T vn thit k cng trnh cng: - Cn y mnh s hp tc nghin cu, chuyn giao cng ngh p dng cc cng ngh v gii php kt cu mi ph hp vi cc c im v iu kin t nhin v yu cu c th v iu kin khai thc ca cng trnh. - u t trang, thit b v o to cn b chuyn mn pht trin nghin cu thc nghim i trc mt bc, lm c s cho vic p dng cc cng ngh tin tin trong lnh vc xy dng cng trnh cng, c bit i vi cc cng trnh c quy m ln nm trong vng bin h v cng trnh ngoi khi c iu kin a cht phc tp. - Nghin cu cc gii php khc phc x l vn nc dng i vi cc cng xy dng v iu chnh cc tiu chun kho st, thit k vi cc cng trnh xy dng mi. * i vi lnh vc thi cng xy lp cng trnh: - nh hng cho cc Nh thu thi cng xy lp trong vic u t trang thit b, tip nhn cc cng ngh thi cng hin i, c th m nhn c cc d n xy dng cc cng trnh cng ln ca t nc trong tng lai. * V qun l v chnh sch: - Tng cng u t trang thit b phc v cho cng tc nghin cu, to iu kin cho vic p dng mt cch bi bn cc cng ngh tin tin trong xy dng. - C chin lc trong vic o con ngi c trnh v chuyn mn v nm vng phng php nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh trong lnh vc ny. 416

- Cn c quy ch r rng v ph hp trong vic qun l v p dng cc tin b k thut trong xy dng cng v cng trnh bin vo thc t. Trong , ngoi cc c quan qun l theo quy nh, cn c s tham gia ca cc c quan nghin cu khoa hc trong lnh vc ny (vi chc nng tham mu cho B, ngnh ch qun) nh gi v s ph hp ca cng ngh, iu kin p dng v cnh bo nhng vn c th xy ra. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] [2] "Quy hoch pht trin h thng cng bin Vit Nam n nm 2020, nh hng n nm 2030 (2009). Thng tin tng hp v cc d n cng bin trng im ang trin khai ti Vit Nam (Ci Mp - Th Vi, Vn Phong, Lch Huyn - Cc Hng hi Vit Nam (2010)). H s kim nh cng trnh Bn s 4, 5, 6 Cng chnh Cng Hi Phng Phng Cng ng thu Vin KH&CN GTVT (2001). H s kim nh cng trnh Bn s 1, 2, 3 Cng chnh Cng Hi Phng phc v neo u tu 30.000 DWT gim ti - Phng Cng ng thu Vin KHCN GTVT (2004). H s kim nh cng trnh Bn s 7, 8 Cng chnh - Cng Hi Phng Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KHCN GTVT (2008). H s thit k k thut - D n nng cp cng Hi Phng giai on khn cp - Cng ty T vn Nippon Koei Co.ltd (1996). Bo co thm tra H s thit k k thut - D n nng cp cng Hi Phng giai on khn cp - Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KHCN GTVT (1997). H s D n ci to nng cp cng Hi Phng giai on II - Cng ty T vn Nippon Co.ltd & Associates (2001). Bo co thm tra H s D n ci to nng cp cng Hi Phng giai on II - Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KHCN GTVT (2001).

[3] [4]

[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

[10] H s thit k k thut thi cng cng LPG Th Vi - Trung tm t vn thit k CGCN v Phng Cng - ng thu Vin KHCN GTVT (1999-2001). [11] D n ci to, nng cp cng sut cng PVGAS Vng Tu cho tu LPG lnh trng ti 60.000 DWT. [12] Nghin cu pht trin cng min Nam Vit Nam - Vin nghin cu pht trin Duyn hi Quc t Nht Bn (OCDI) v Cng ty t vn cng Nht Bn (JPC) (2002).

417

H THNG trang thit b PHC V KHAI THC HM NG B HI Vn THC T XY DNG V VN HNH KHAI THC
ThS. nguyn c thun Cc thnh vin tham gia: KS. ng xun thnh, ThS. inh mnh c, ThS. trnh vit linh Tng Cng ty T vn thit k GTVT Tm tt: Vi tng chiu di ng hm l 6,280 km, hm Hi Vn l mt trong nhng cng trnh hm giao thng ng b di nht khu vc ng Nam v trn th gii. y l mt cng trnh c quy m ln v hin i, vic vn hnh v khai thc hm t ra mt bi ton kh trong cng tc qun l, khai thc c hiu qu cc trang thit b lp t trong hm m bo giao thng thng sut, an ton. Nhn nhn mt cch tng qut v h thng trang thit b hin i ca hm ng b Hi Vn s gip cc nh qun l, cng nh i ng k s c thm kinh nghim trong cng tc thit k, qun l v vn hnh cc hm ng b , ang v s c xy dng. 1. GII THIU CHUNG 1.1. Tng quan hm ng b Hi Vn Hm ng b Hi Vn nm min Trung Vit Nam, thuc ranh gii gia tnh Tha Thin Hu (Pha Bc) v thnh ph Nng (Pha Nam). Tng chiu di on tuyn 12.182 km, trong hm di 6280 m. Sau 6 nm thit k v thi cng, thng 6 nm 2005 cng trnh a vo khai thc. Lin doanh t vn Nippon Koei Co. Ltd, Japan v Louis Berger International, USA, kt hp vi Tng cng ty TVTK GTVT (TEDI), Vit Nam l n v t vn thit k v gim st xy dng. Cc nh thu l lin danh Hazama (Nht Bn) - Cienco.6 (Vit Nam) v Dong AH (Hn Quc) - Sng (Vit Nam) thi cng phn hm, Lin danh ABB (Phn Lan) - Kinden (Nht Bn) - Vinaincon thi cng phn in, Lin danh 418

Matsushita - Itochu (Nht Bn) thi cng phn thit b thng gi v c kh.

Hnh 1. Bn khu vc d n 1.2. Quy m, tiu chun k thut ch yu - Hm chnh rng 12 m, mt ng trong hm rng 10 m cho 2 ln xe, vn tc thit k 80 km/h. - Hm lnh nn chy song song cch hm chnh 30 m, hm rng 4,7 m cho 1 ln xe cu nn. - Mt ng trong hm chnh c m rng phc v cho 1 ln xe khn cp trn on di 30 m c b tr cho mi chiu xe chy vi khong cch 400 m. - Trong hm c 2 dc dc, dc 2.5% v ca hm pha Bc v 0.5% v ca hm pha Nam. - Hm c thit k v xy dng theo phng php NATM, cc hng mc cng

419

trnh khc theo TCVN, kt hp cc tiu chun AASHTO-1994 ca M, tiu chun hm JHPC ca Nht Bn v cc tiu chun chuyn ngnh khc.

Hnh 2. Mt ct ngang hm 2. H THNG THIT B KHAI THC VN HNH HM 2.1. H thng thng gi hm Hi Vn 2.1.1. Gii php thit k v xy dng H thng thng gi c coi l l phi ca cng trnh hm. Vic vn hnh an ton v khai thc c hiu qu phc v giao thng thng sut ph thuc rt ln vo s lm vic ng b v hiu qu ca h thng thng gi. H thng thng gi bao gm: +) H thng qut phn lc +) H thng ht v x kh (hm thng gi) +) H thng lc bi tnh in (cc trm lc bi tnh in) +) H thng iu khin v o c: - H thng iu khin; - Thit b o. 2.1.2. Hm thng gi

420

Hnh 3. Tiu ch thit k Hm thng gi di 1887 m, mt ct ngang 36.2 m2, c chia lm 2 phn phc v ht khng kh bn ra ngoi v cp khng kh sch vo hm. Ca hm thng gi t h thng qut ht y bao gm: + 2 qut cp kh cng sut 420 kW, lu lng 130 m3/s. + 2 qut x kh cng sut 330 kW, lu lng 130 m3/s.

Hnh 4. S hm thng gi 2.1.3. H thng qut phn lc

Hnh 5. Trm cp, x khng kh hm thng gi

Dc hm b tr 23 qut phn lc c cc thng s k thut nh sau: + Qut phn lc, ng knh 1.5 m, cng sut 50 kW, tc ti a 30 m/s, cng sut 50 m3/s. + 23 t iu khin ng ct, 12 t ng ct cc b.

421

Hnh 6. H thng thng gi dc bng qut phn lc 2.1.4. Hm lc bi tnh in Dc tuyn hm b tr 3 bung lc bi tnh in (EP). Mi hm lc bi tnh in c chiu di 137m, tit din ngang 57.96 m2, h thng EP c cng sut x l 780 m3 khng kh nhim/giy.

422

Hnh 7. S trm lc bi tnh in (EP) 2.1.5. Thit b kim sot, vn hnh h thng thng gi H thng thit b kim sot vn hnh h thng thng gi bao gm cc thit b m xe, o nng kh CO, o tm nhn v thit b o gi. Trn c s cc thng s thu thp c v lu lng xe v tnh trng khng kh trong hm, h thng iu khin thng gi t ng tnh ton v ch nh vn hnh s lng qut phn lc v trm lc bi tnh in. Trng hp xy ra ha hon, cp qut phn lc gn khu vc ha hon s c iu khin quay ngc chiu nhm phong ta khi khng cho lan ta sang khu vc khc.

Hnh 8. S h thng thit b o v mn hnh iu khin h thng thng gi 423

o m xe

o nng kh CO

o tc gi

o tm nhn

Hnh 9. Cc thit b o H thng thng gi c iu khin trc tip trn mn hnh ti Trung tm iu khin nh h thng micro SCADA. Cc thng s nh tc gi, nng CO, v ch vn hnh ca cc thit b c kim sot bi nhn vin trc ca. 2.1.6. Yu cu thit k h thng thng gi a) Gii hn tm nhn Tm nhn rt quan trng cho cc phng tin tham gia giao thng, yu cu tm nhn c quy nh cht ch, nhm mc tiu thi gian cn thit cho cc li xe x l. Khi trong hm do xe v cc phng tin tham gia giao thng thi ra s lm m c khng kh hn ch tm nhn, cc iu kin v khi c nh gi bng h s tan khi:

K=
Trong : K: H s tan khi (m-1);

1 ln L 100

L: dy c ca khi (100 m); : Tm nhn (%). PIARC (Hi ngh thng trc hip hi ng b quc t) ngh tm nhn nh sau: Bng 1. Tm nhn yu cu
Loi hnh giao thng Giao thng thng sut Giao thng b tc nghn ng hm Cng vic duy tu bo dng V = 60 - 80 km/h V = 100 km/h Klim cao im (m-1) 0.005 - 0.007 0.005 0.007 - 0.009 0.012 0.003 (%) 50 - 60 60 40 - 50 30 74

424

b) Yu cu khng kh sch lm nht khi:

QF =
Trong :

q 0 .fiv .f H 1 T .D hv . 3600 K lim

QF: Lu lng kh sch trn 1 giy, 1 km, ln xe (m3/s.km.ln xe); q0T: Gi tr c bn ca kh thi to ra (m2/h.xe); fiv: H s dc/tc ; fH: H s cao; Dhv: S lng xe hng nng/km.xe = Mhv/V(hv/km.ln); V: Tc trung bnh ca xe ti (km/h); Klim: Gii hn tan khi (m-1). Bng 2. Lut kh thi chu u v M
Xe ti, xe but chy du (>3.5 T) q0T (V = 60 km/h) (m2/h;xe) Ti trng (T) 5 10 160-250 160 130 100 100 60 40 20 300-400 240 200 160 160 100 70 40 400-600 280 240 200 200 140 110 80-130 80 65 50 50 30 20

Lut kh thi

Kim sot

Quy nh EEC R49+24 EEC R49+24 EEC 88/77 US88 tm thi US91 tm thi US94 tm thi

Khng Khng c c c c c

c) Gii hn hm lng kh CO Kh CO c tc hi ti ngi tham gia giao thng, v vy khng kh trong hm cn c 1 nng CO nht nh ngi li xe c th chu c. Bng 3 PIARC kin ngh gii hn CO nh sau: Bng 3
Loi hm Tc nghn hng ngy COlim thi gian cao im (ppm) Giao thng thng sut 100-150 Giao thng tc nghn 100-150

425

t khi tc nghn Hm ni 2 th

100-150 100-150

150-250 150-200

d) Hm lng kh sch lm gim nng CO:

q 0 .f v .f H 106 CO QF = .D pc . 3600 COlim

Trong : QF: Lu lng kh sch trn 1 giy. 1 km. ln xe (m3/s.km.ln xe); q0CO: Gi tr c bn ca kh thi to ra (m2/h.xe); fv: H s dc/tc ; fH: H s cao; Dpc: S lng xe khch/km.ln xe = Mpc/V; V: Tc trung bnh (km/h); COlim: Gii hn CO (m-1). Bng 4. Lut kh thi chu u v M
Lut kh thi Khng quy nh EEC R15/04 EEC R15/04 FTP 75 ng c du Bt buc Khng Khng C C
-

q0CO(V = 60 km/h)(m3/h,xe con) 0.7 0.5 0.16 0.12 0.08

Bng 5. Kh thi thit k cho CO

Nm thit k 2015 2025 Xe con CO (m3/h, xe) Xng Du 0.7 0.08 0.5 0.08

Xe du nng CO (m3/h, xe) 0.08 0.08

Xe du ci tin CO (m3/h, xe) 0.08 0.08

e) Yu cu v khng kh sch D bo lu lng giao thng trung bnh hng ngy nm l 7834 (xe/ngy) v nm 2025 l 14495, trn c s iu kin ny a ra yu cu khng kh sch nh sau: Bng 6. Cc thng s tnh ton
2015 2.5% -2.5% 0.5% -0.5% 2.5% 2025 -2.5% 0.5% -0.5%

426

Lu lng giao thng

Xe con (xe/h) Xe du (xe/h) Xe du hng nng (xe/h) Xe du ci tin(xe/h)

64 53 169 144 0 40 300 100 0.7 0.08 0.08 0.08

53 44 139 118 0 40 300 100 0.7 0.08 0.08 0.08

53 44 139 118 0 40 300 100 0.7 0.08 0.08 0.08

64 53 169 144 0 40 300 100 0.7 0.08 0.08 0.08

180 135 329 153 0 30 240 100 0.5 0.08 0.08 0.08

148 110 269 126 0 30 240 100 0.5 0.08 0.08 0.08

148 110 269 126 0 30 240 100 0.5 0.08 0.08 0.08

180 135 329 153 0 30 240 100 0.5 0.08 0.08 0.08

Kh thi

Xe con (m /h*xe) Xe du (m2/h*xe) Xe du hng nng (m2/h*xe) Xe du (m2/h*xe) ci tin

Kh thi CO

Xe con (m2/h*xe) Xe du (m2/h*xe) Xe du hng nng (m2/h*xe) Xe du (m2/h*xe) ci tin

Cc ch tiu khc

Kgh(m-1) COgh(ppm) V(km/h) flv fH Fi Fv 1.42 1 2.7

0.007 100 60 0.49 1.2 0.85 1.15 1.08 1.0 1.0 1.42 1.8

0.009

40 0.49 0.95 0.75

1.0 0.9

1.08

1.0

427

Bng 7. Yu cu khng kh sch nm 2015 v 2025

Gradient Chiu di(km) Khi 2015 2025 CO 2015 2025 QF(m3/s.km) Q(m /s) QF(m /s.km) Q(m3/s) QF(m /s.km) Q(m3/s) QF(m /s.km) Q(m3/s)
3 3 3 3

2.50% 3.985 180 716 181 722 5.62 22 14.2 57

-2.50% 3.985 27 106 40 161 3.24 13 8.2 33

0.50% 2.287 65 149 78 179 3.5 8 8.9 20

-0.50% 2.287 57 129 75 173 3.96 9 10 23

Tng

1100 1235 52 133

2.1.7. Thc t vn hnh khai thc a) Tc tng trng xe Ghi ch:

700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 E D C B A

A-Xe di 12 ch ngi + Xe ti di 2 tn+ Xe but cng cng B- Xe t 12 n 30 ch ngi + Xe ti t 2 tn n 4 tn C- Xe ln hn 30 ch ngi + Xe ti t 4 tn n 10 tn D- Xe ti t 10 tn n 18 tn + Xe container 20Feet E-Xe ti t 18 tn tr ln + Container 40 Feet

th tng trng xe theo hng Bc - Nam b) Tm nhn v tc gi Bng 8. Gi tr o thc t khai thc
Hng mc Thit b o tm nhn Tm nhn trong hm-VI Nm 2005 2006 2007 2008 Gi tr 64 87 62 86 69 88 58 83 % % % %

428

2009 Hng mc Thit b o gi Tc gi-AV Nm 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

64 84 Gi tr 3.83 4.44 3.8 4.88 4.15 4.72 3.98 4.69 3.54 4.16

% m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s

S liu thc t khai thc cho thy s hot ng hiu qu ca h thng thng gi trong hm. c) Nng CO Bng 9. Hm lng CO thc t o
Hng mc Thit b o kh CO Nng CO Nm 2005 2006 2007 Gi tr 1.3 2.7 1.98 2.8 2.46 3.46 ppm ppm ppm

Bng 10. Tng hp kt qu the di h thng thng gi nm 2009

Tm nhn thp nht ti 5 im (cho php 40%) 20.00% 20.00% 43.00% 32.00% Tm nhn trung bnh(%) Tc gi thp nht ti 5 im(m/s) -0.8 -0.9 -0.7 -0.7 -1.3 14.00% Tm nhn cao nht ti 5 im(cho php 40%) 84.00% 97.00% 100.00% 78.00% 61.00% 79% 81% 66% 96.00% 78%

Tc gi cao nht ti 5 im(ti a 11 m/s) 6.3 4.9 6.5 4.6 6.3 4.3 6.7 4.3 1.8 0.2

Vn tc gi trung bnh(m/s) Nng CO thp nht ti 2 im CO1: 0 ppm CO2 0.0 ppm

Nng CO cao nht ti 2 im CO1: CO1 2 1 ppm ppm CO2 CO2 1.8 ppm 0.2 ppm

Nng CO trung bnh(ppm):

Thc t giao thng Vit Nam thnh phn xe lu thng qua hm ch yu l xe ti t 4 tn tr ln, cc thnh phn xe u tng trng nhanh, tuy nhin dc ca hm pha Bc l 2.5% nn cc xe ti u phi chy vi tc hn ch, dn ti hm lng kh thi ln.

429

Hnh 10. Xe x khi v xe vi phm 2.2. H thng in Tng quan H thng in c coi l tri tim trong s h thng trang thit b vn hnh hm Hi Vn. S hot ng lin tc v hiu qu ca h thng in lin quan trc tip n s hot ng ca cc thit b thuc h thng thng gi, h thng thng tin lin lc, bt k s c no ca h thng in s gy ra nguy c hng hc cho cc thit b thuc h thng c lin quan, v vy cng tc vn hnh cc trang thit b in an ton l yu cu nht thit, lun phi coi trng.

Hnh 11. S chung b tr h thng in Theo nh gi ti thi im xy dng cng trnh hm ng b Hi Vn, cc thit b

430

in c thit k v lp t tng i hin i so vi th gii. Cc trm bin p GIS 110 kV, 22kV, 22/0.4 kV, thit b o lng, UPS, thit b ng ct u c iu khin t ng thng qua my tnh SYS 500, nh h phn mm MicroScada. Tt c cc thng s chnh, nh in p, cng dng in, nhit u c theo di theo gi. Bt k s c bt thng no s c ghi li v x l kp thi nh nhm trc ti trung tm iu hnh. Cng tc vn hnh: - Vn hnh chung: iu khin h thng in ti trung tm iu hnh qua h thng my tnh. - Vn hnh cc trm bin p: GIS, SS1~SS8. - Vn hnh ng dy 110 KV. - Vn hnh cc trm bin p 22/0.4 kV. - Vn hnh h thng c qui, UPS. - Vn hnh h thng chiu sng. Li in c cp t 2 trm bin p, 110 KV Lin Chiu v 220/110 KV Ha Khnh n. Dng in i qua 2 trm bin p c r le ng ct T1, T2 (r le so lch thanh ci, dc ng dy), vo h thng mng ca hm, dng in c duy tr trng thi hot ng bnh thng. Trong trng hp mt in h thng c quy d phng s c s dng trong thi gian 2h. Trm bin p Trm bin p GIS t ti trung tm l trm bin p 3 pha 110 KV, ng ct bng h quang. Cc thit b h thng c theo di thng xuyn qua cc thng s nhit mi trng xung quanh, cng dng in, in p, cng sut c ghi bng tay trong cun s Thng s vn hnh my bin p 110 KV.

431

Hnh 12. Mt trc thit b phn phi GIS 110kV

Hnh 13. Mt bn ngn l GIS 110kV

- My bin p lc 110/22KV chuyn in p t 110 KV v 22 KV, trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng th cc ch s nhit cun dy (nhm 1 800C, nhm 2 950C), nhit du (nhm 1 600C, nhm 2 750C) mc cho php. - Cc my bin p phn on SS1~SS8 chuyn dng in t 22kV v 0.4kV cho cc thit b hot ng. Bng 11. Thng s k thut my bin p 22/0.4 kV
Vi tr lp t OCCB SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 SS8 S lng (my) 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 Cng sut mi my (kVA) 1600 1000 1000 400 1000 1000 1600 100 100

S c mt li in: Khi c s c mt in li, r le iu khin ti my pht s c s kt ni n cc rle ca cc trm thng qua cc khi thng tin FOB. Ti OCC c 2 khi FOB, mi FOB c bn tn hiu nh phn. Trong h thng c mt mch truyn tn hiu ni tip thng qua cc khi FOB. 432

Khi th nht c nhim v truyn cc tn hiu t OCC n FOB SS1. FOB ca SS1 truyn tn hiu n SS2 v qu trnh truyn tn hiu t SS2 n SS3, t SS3 n SS4, t SS4 n SS5, t SS5 n SS7 v t SS3 n SS6 cng tng t nh vy. Khi FOB th hai ti OCC truyn tn hiu n FOB SS8. Cc FOB nhn v truyn tn hiu iu khin n cc r le REF 543 ti cp in p 22kV v cc r le REF 541 ti cp in p 0,4kV. - Khi mt in li h thng xc nh c bng tn hiu mt p 02 TU: TU4T1 v TU4T2. - Cc MC 431, 432 v 412 OCC nu ang v tr ng s t ng ct. - Sau 05 giy MF s khi ng cp in cho 02 TC 0,4kV. - Thc hin qu trnh sa thi ph ti. - ng in ln TC C41, C42 qua 02 MBA TD1 v TD2. - Thc hin khi phc ph ti quan trng. - MC 412 s ng ha ng b 02 MF lm vic song song. - Thi gian khi ng ca MF cho ti khi mang y ti khong 11 giy.

Hnh 14. H thng gm my tnh SYS500, mng truyn thng v phn mm tng tc ngi v my H thng SYS 500: t ng thu thp tt c cc thng tin qua cc b giao tip truyn thng tp hp thnh c s d liu, cp nht tnh trng ca cc thit b c gim st, hin th thng tin ln mn hnh, lu tr d liu, tnh ton, in n, truyn lnh iu khin n 433

cc thit b. Phng tin truyn thng qua mng cp ng trc, cp xon i v cp quang. Ngoi ra cn c h thng gim st nh r le bo v, thit b u cui.

Hnh 15. S kt ni cc trm bin p c th hin trn h thng my tnh * Cc thit b khc: - H thng cc my pht in, UPS H thng cc my pht in, UPS v c quy s dng khi mt in li hoc c s c xy ra:

Hnh 16. T iu khin h thng my pht in

434

Hnh 17. UPS POWERWARE 100 KVA - H thng c qui

Hnh 18. S nguyn l hot ng ca UPS

C hn 7800 bnh sc c t trong cc trm phn on, c cc thng s v nhit , v iu kin quy nh. 2.3. H thng chiu sng 2.3.1. Mc tiu thit k v xy dng Chiu sng l mt hng mc cng trnh quan trng. m bo tm nhn cho ngi li xe, to ra khong cch an ton ngi li xe c th pht hin v thi gian a ra x l trc chng ngi vt. Khong cch an ton l hm s ca tc xe v dc dc hm. Chiu sng bao gm chiu sng qung trng, chiu sng trong hm, chiu sng ng dn. H thng chiu sng trong hm gm: Chiu sng ban m, chiu sng ban ngy, chiu sng tng cng, v chiu sng hc k thut. H thng chiu sng tng cng c b tr ti 2 khu vc ca hm nhm gii quyt iu tit nh sng cho xe ra vo hm m bo an ton khai thc.

Hnh 19. Phn vng khu vc chiu sng 435

Khu vc chuyn tip, sng gim dn nhm m bo iu tit cm nhn nh sng ca li xe trong hm. H thng thit b qun l vn hnh chiu sng hm bao gm: + 2 senx o sng bn ngoi v bn trong hm. + ng dn truyn tn hiu v my tnh v c x l iu chnh mc sng. + Ch chiu sng ban m v ban ngy, h thng hot ng 24/24h trong ngy. 2.3.2. La chn h thng chiu sng: La chn h thng chiu sng bt i xng cho hm Hi Vn, m bo kh nng nhn din tt nh tng tng phn, nh gim s lng bng n v tit kim khong 15% nng lng, gim chi ph lp t.

Hnh 20. B tr chiu sng bt i xng chiu cao thp 2.3.3. La chn nh sng, cng sut bng, quang thng Cn c tiu chun thit k CIE 88, IES, TCVN v c s d liu hm Hi Vn, cc thng s c tnh ton v a vo thit k nh sau:
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tc xe Mt xe Khong cch an ton chi trung bnh chi vng ngoi ngng H s suy gim ca bng n Chu k bo dng H s duy tr MF H s phn chiu ca mt ng Bo v chng xm nhp bi ca n Cng sut Ch tiu Thit k 80 km/h >1000 xe/h 100m 6 cd/m2 300 cd/m2 0.8 24 thng 0.6 0.09 IP 65 hoc IP 66 (tit kim nng lng) Theo vng (ngng - chuyn tip, bn trong)

436

2.3.4. Thc t khai thc v vn hnh h thng chiu sng

Hnh 21. B tr n chiu sng trong hmv thit b o sng - Vn hnh h thng chiu sng: Cng tc ny c thc hin ch yu trn h thng my tnh t ti trung tm iu hnh. Nh h phn mm MicroScada, h thng chiu sng tng khu vc u c iu khin trn giao din mn hnh:

Hnh 22. Vng chiu sng bnh thng v vng chiu sng gp s c Thc t khai thc cho thy h thng in v chiu sng hot ng rt hiu qu. Tt c 437

cc thit b lm vic vi cng sut c thit k. Tuy nhin cng c nhng hng hc do qu trnh hot ng lu di, tui th ca thit b n lc cn thay th. 2.4. H thng thng tin lin lc H thng TTLL tip sng i ting ni Vit Nam trn knh FM tn s 106MHz v knh AM tn s 702KHz, c 30 pht mt ln, chn bn tin gii thiu v quy nh giao thng pht vo hm trn knh FM tn s 106MHz hoc trn knh AM tn s 702KHz. H thng TTLL nhn v tr li thng tin t in thoi SOS, trc tuyn. Dc trn hm c 1cp anten pht sng radio di 6.280 m. C 4 b thu pht sng v tuyn in.

Hnh 23. S kt ni h thng radio

438

Hnh 24. S kt ni h thng in thoi 2.5. H thng gim st v iu khin giao thng 2.5.1. Mc tiu thit k v xy dng H thng gim st giao thng l con mt theo di mi hot ng trong hm v tn hiu c truyn dn, hin th trn mn hnh. T thc t gim st, phn mm qun l vn hnh khai thc hm a ra ch dn iu khin, gim st giao thng v kim sot din bin bt thng ca tnh trng giao thng trong hm.

439

Hnh 25. S gim st iu khin giao thng

Hnh 26. Giao din mn hnh iu khin giao thng 2.5.2. H thng thit b kim sot giao thng trong hm Hm ng b Hi Vn vi mt ng rng 10m, 2 ln xe (lu thng 2 chiu). Vn tc xe trung bnh 40 km/h (ti a khng qu 60 km/h, ti thiu khng nh hn 30 km/h, khong cch xe ti thiu 50 m. Cng tc kim sot v qun l giao thng trong hm phi c quan tm c bit. - n iu khin giao thng vi s lng 16 b c t trm thu ph v trong hm. - Bin bo in t thng bo cc thng tin li xe cn ch khi qua hm. - Thit b gim st gm 58 camera t dc tuyn t trm kim sot pha Bc n trm kim sot pha Nam kt ni vi trung tm iu hnh, trong c 9 Camera PTZ ghi nhn cc s c hoc vi phm giao thng trong hm. - Thit b o lng giao thng gm 34 Loop trong 2 b b tr ti ng dn vo hm, 32 b b tr di mt ng b tng trong hm. Thit b thu nhn v truyn tn hiu v trung tm v ra cc cnh bo: WAY, STOP, SLOW, QUEUE v SPACE. - Hiu lnh qua radio. Vi tn s sng FM, AM, cc nhn vin trc gim st giao thng c th trc tip a ra hiu lnh nhc nh v qun l iu hnh giao 440

thng trong hm. - Trong cc trng hp xy ra s c, hoc khi ang sa cha hm th giao thng qua hm cn c iu khin trc tip bi cc nhn vin iu khin giao thng.

Hnh 27. H thng thit b kim sot giao thng

Hnh 28. H thng Radio iu khin giao thng 2.5.3. Hin trng vn hnh v khai thc Vi c th giao thng Vit Nam v thnh phn xe a dng, tiu chun v cp xe cn nhiu hn ch, thc tham gia giao thng cha c nng cao th cng tc gim st v iu khin giao thng l vn lin quan mt thit ti an ton khng nhng cho ngi tham gia giao thng m cn ti qu trnh vn hnh hm. H thng gim st giao thng gp phn tch cc vo cng tc phng chng chy n. Nh kinh nghim ca nhn vin iu hnh, cc hin tng c nguy c pht sinh chy n c th pht hin qua h thng camera t dc theo hm m nhn vin trc ti trm iu hnh s thng bo c x l kp thi.

441

Hnh 29. Xe vt v dng trong hm 2.6. H thng phng chy, cha chy 2.6.1. Gii php thit k Hm l cng trnh i hi nghim ngt v cng tc phng chy cha chy, bt k s c no pht sinh chy n trong hm u c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng. Cng tc ny hm Hi Vn c ch trng ngay t giai on xy dng cng nh trong giai on khai thc hin nay.
15

June10. 2005"Zero Velocity Operation" Test

10 Fire Alarm, Ventilation Stop N JF x 12 Full Operation S JFx 11 Full

Wind Velocity

0 "Zero Velocity" Operation Start Natual Wind Velocity Exhaust Mode Start (JF Full Operation) -5

-10

Approx. 3 Minutes -15

AV1_Measuring_Va AV2_Measuring_Va AV3_Measuring_Va AV4_Measuring_Va AV5_Measuring_Va No_of_JF_Section No_of_JF_Section

Time (1 Hour)

Hnh 30. S nguyn l thit k v x l chy trong hm H thng gm 160 u o bo chy, 7 mch cm quang bo chy theo mch vng tng chiu di 12.560 mt. Thit b cm nhn nhit hoc khi vt qua mc quy nh s pht tn hiu v trung tm iu hnh v nhn vin trc ca s pht hin khu vc c chy v a ra cc bin php x l kp thi. Dc hm b tr 123 bung k thut vi khong cch 50m, mi bung b tr thit b cp nc v cc thit b cha chy ng cu s b, trong c 30 bung k thut t in thoi SOS, ca bung k thut u gn nt bo ng li xe khi pht hin chy c th thng bo kp thi.

442

Hnh 31. S qun l phng chy v h thng cp nc cha chy

Hnh 32. Thit b phng chng chy b tr trong hm Phng tin cha chy lu ng gm 1 xe cha chy nh c vi phun nc p lc, h thng bnh cha chy v cc thit b chuyn dng, trm t ti ca hm pha bc. 2.6.2. Thc t khai thc Hm Hi Vn vi c th hng gi thnh hnh t Bc vo Nam, khi c chy n xy ra, h thng qut phn lc c tm dng hoc o chiu khng thi bng m chy v cc phng tin cha chy t bc vo phi hp dp tt m chy. H thng thit b bo chy c lp t hm Hi Vn u vn hnh t ng, tuy nhin iu kin Vit Nam, thnh phn xe lu thng v cc thng s k thut cha m bo tiu chun v kh thi dn n h thng thit b hot ng km hiu qu, vic pht hin v x l cc s c cn kt hp vi kinh nghim ca nhn vin vn hnh.

443

Hnh 33. Ha hon v ng cu cha chy kp thi 2.7. Cng tc cu nn v thot him 2.7.1. Gii php thit k Hm thot him di 6.280 m, mt ct ngang rng 4,70 m, cao 3,80 m chy song song v cch hm chnh 30 m, b tr 11 hm ngang cho ngi i v 4 hm ngang cho xe ni hm chnh vi hm thot him vi khong cch 400 m. Ti mi v tr ca thot him ni vi hm lnh nn, mt ng trong hm c m rng cho 1 ln xe dng khn cp, chiu di on m rng 30 m.

Hnh 34. S b tr h thng hm lnh nn v thot him 444

2.7.2. Thc t vn hnh khai thc Hm lnh nn trong iu kin bnh thng ch phc v cng tc duy tu sa cha hm, khi c s c, hm lnh nn s p ng yu cu cho ngi v xe thot ra khi hm.

Hnh 35. Cu nn xe trong hm 2.8. Cng tc duy tu bo dng thit b Hm Hi Vn c th coi nh mt t hp cng nghip thu nh, s vn hnh v khai thc chnh l s kt hp nhiu b phn nh h thng in, cng trnh, thng tin lin lc Vi c trng ny, cng tc duy tu bo dng cng bao gm tt c nhng hng mc thuc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau v yu cu cao trong vic m bo tui th ca thit b cng nh vic hot ng bnh thng phc v cng tc khai thc hm.

Hnh 36. Xng sa cha Cng trnh: Hm s dng kt cu b tng ct thp l ch yu, qu trnh s dng khng i hi bo dng nhiu, cng tc duy tu nh. Tuy nhin vi tnh cht khng gian kn v yu cu m bo khng kh sch trong hm th vic lau ra vm hm, v mt ng cng 445

phi thc hin thng xuyn.

Hnh 37. V sinh mt ng H thng in:

Hnh 38. V sinh thnh hm

H thng in l tri tim ca t hp v l hng mc i hi duy tu bo dng thng xuyn. Hm Hi Vn c cao ln, kh hu m, sng m, v vy nh hng rt ln ti cc trang thit b in. Cc thit b nhp ngoi i hi mi trng nhit tiu chun, m khng qu ln, dn ti vic duy tr cc iu kin ny l rt kh v vic kh trnh khi l hng hc cc thit b. Vic bo dng ch yu l bo dng cc thit b nh c kh nng thay th.

Hnh 39. Bo dng n cao p H thng thng gi:

Hnh 40. Bo dng cp quang bo chy

H thng hm thng gi, trm EP, v qut phn lc c bo dng nh k. Cho ti nay, cha c hng hc g ln xy ra h thng ny. Trong qu trnh bo dng, cn phi iu tit hot ng v cng sut cc thit b, cng vic ny c thc hin t ng nh h thng my tnh. 446

Cng tc bo dng ch dng li vic lau chi cc thit b bng th cng, c quan khai thc cha c kh nng sa cha su hn do cc thit b l c chng. 3. MT S KIN T THC T KHAI THC HM HI VN 3.1. Tng th chung Cng trnh hm ng b Hi Vn l mt trong nhng cng trnh hm ln nht khu vc ng Nam v trn th gii. Hm c thit k v xy dng vi quy m 2 ln xe, vn tc thit k 80 km/h, c bit h thng trang thit b phc v vn hnh khai thc hm nh in, thng gi, gim st giao thng, phng chng chy n v cu nn tng i hin i. Tuy nhin h thng thit b vn hnh khai thc hm u nhp ngoi v mang tnh c chng, nguyn l iu khin t ng yu cu vic hot ng ng b gia cc thit b l cn thit, nh k bo dng v tui th ca thit b cn phi c quan tm, nu khng s tim n nguy c hng hc cho c h thng. 3.2. H thng in v vn hnh H thng thit b in thc t vn hnh khai thc sau 5 nm bc l mt s tn ti nh sau: - Mt s thit b h hng, cng tc thay mi gp nhiu kh khn do tnh ng b v c chng ca thit b. - Nng lc v trnh chuyn mn ca k s qun l vn hnh h thng iu khin t ng cn hn ch, cha kh nng ci t tnh nng thit b mi thay th cng nh iu chnh phn mm h thng dn n h thng vn hnh t ng km hiu qu. 3.3. H thng thng gi - Phng tin vn ti l xe c, ch qu ti, c bit xe lu thng 2 chiu trong hm, vn tc dng xe thp (trung bnh 40 km/h), mt s phng tin trng ti ln qua hm khng t c tc yu cu, lm nh hng n c on xe v gia tng hm lng kh thi trong hm. - Mi trng giao thng trong hm cha c qun l cht ch, xe qua hm mang theo bi t, x rc thi, phng tin x ra nhiu khi dn n tm nhn bin ng t 0% ti 100%, h thng lc bi tnh in hot ng n 90%-100% cng sut nhng hiu sut thp. - Thit b lc bi tnh in c chng, in cc b mn, t hng cha c thay th do th trng th gii khan him ph tng thay th. Thay khi thit b mi c tnh nng k thut khc bit s nh hng chung n c h thng, cn c s h tr ca chuyn gia nc ngoi.

447

- Theo k hoch n nm 2016 m rng hm lnh nn thnh hm giao thng chnh vi 2 ln xe s dng cng h thng thng gi v c th h thng thng gi hin ti s khng m bo yu cu an ton khai thc ti thi im , cn c k hoch tng cng. 3.4. H thng in chiu sng H thng thit b in chiu sng, thit b o v iu khin vn hnh v ang hot ng c hiu qu. Tuy nhin cng tc bo dng sa cha nh k cng nh thay th b hn ch. 3.5. H thng gim st iu khin giao thng Cng tc bo dng sa cha nh k cng nh thay th cn cn c tui th ca thit b thc hin, mt khc mt s thit b o m nhn dng xe b lc hu cn thay th. 3.6. H thng phng chng chy n trong hm H thng phng chy, cha chy l h thng rt quan trng trong khai thc m bo an ton chy n cho hm, tuy nhin vi trang thit b hin c (1 xe cha chy nh, cc thit b cm tay ti thiu) dn n n v qun l gp nhiu kh khn m bo an ton vn hnh hm. Ngoi ra cng cn b sung thm cc trang thit b pht hin cc xe mang cc cht d chy n qua hm. Cn tng cng tuyn truyn ngi tham gia giao thng, nhc nh thng xuyn trn h thng radio nng cao thc tham gia giao thng trong hm, kin thc v phng chng chy n, nhm nng cao an ton phng chng chy n.

448

P DNG CNG NGH KCH Y (PIPE JACKING) TRONG XY DNG CNG TRNH NGM TH
PGS.TS. BI C CHNH Phng K hoch - Qun l NCKH v HTQT - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT ThS. NGUYN THI KHANH Vin Chuyn ngnh Cu - Hm - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT TM TT Bo co ny trnh by tm tt cc kt qu nghin cu ca ti cp B nm 2007 Nghin cu cng ngh kch y trong thi cng cng trnh ngm Vit Nam bao gm: cc kt qu chnh ca ti, nhng ni dung c bn ca cng ngh, nhng yu t nh hng n cng ngh v nhng nhn xt, kin ngh khi p dng cng ngh ny trong xy dng cng trnh ngm th Vit Nam. 1. GII THIU CHUNG Nm 2007 Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT tin hnh ti cp B Nghin cu cng ngh kch y trong thi cng cng trnh ngm Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca ti: Tip cn cng ngh kch y trong xy dng cc cng trnh ngm trn th gii, nghin cu p dng cng ngh kch y trong xy dng cc cng trnh ngm Vit Nam. ti hon thnh mc tiu nghin cu v bo v t loi xut sc vi cc kt qu chnh nh sau: - Ni dung 1: Tng quan cng ngh kch y trong xy dng cng trnh ngm. - Ni dung 2: Nhng ni dung c bn ca cng ngh kch y. - Ni dung 3: Nhng vn v kho st a k thut phc v thit k v thi cng cng trnh ngm theo cng ngh kch y. - Ni dung 4: Phn tch v thit k cng trnh ngm theo cng ngh kch y. - Ni dung 5: Ln b mt gy ra bi thi cng cng trnh ngm theo cng ngh kch y. - Ni dung 6: Nhng vn v kt cu v vt liu dng trong cng ngh kch y. - Ni dung 7: Nhng vn lin quan n thi cng cng trnh ngm theo cng ngh kch y. 449

- Ni dung 8: La chn xut dy chuyn thit b ng b phc v vic thi cng kch y ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam: thit b kch y, thit b o, thit b vn chuyn t o, thit b kim tra, thit b phc v bi trn - Ni dung 9: Xy dng d tho ch dn kho st v thit k cng trnh ngm theo cng ngh kch y. - Ni dung 10: Xy dng d tho ch dn thi cng cng trnh ngm theo cng ngh kch y. 2. NHNG NI DUNG C BN CA CNG NGH KCH Y NG 2.1. S cng ngh kch y ng S cng ngh kch y ng c m t mt cch tng qut nh trn hnh 1. Cc b phn chnh trong cng ngh kch y ng bao gm: (1) thit b o ti khu vc gng o; (2) phn cng trnh ngm c lp t; (3) ging kch y v ging nhn; (4) thit b kch y; (5) mt bng cng tc v cc thit b ph tr [3, 4]. a) Thit b o ti khu vc gng o Cc thao tc ti khu vc gng o bao gm: (1) o v kim sot t nn; (2) xc, vn chuyn t o ra; (3) quan trc hng tuyn v cao trnh tuyn; v (4) iu chnh hng tuyn v cao trnh tuyn. Mi mt cng on nu trn u din ra bn trong mt khin o, khin ny c lp vo pha trc ca t ng c kch y. Ty tng iu kin c th, khin o c th ch l mt chic vnh ct n gin bng thp c dng trn cho ti mt my khoan hm (Tunnelling Boring Machine-TBM) hin i c h quan trc v dn hng bng my tnh. Cc khin o c th c phn thnh 4 nhm chnh nh c lit k cng vi cc m t chung trong bng 1 [3,4].

Hnh 1. M t s cng ngh kch y ng. 450

Phn cng trnh ngm c lp t: Phn cng trnh ngm c lp t ng vai tr quan trng trong sut giai on thi cng kch y v trong qu trnh khai thc ca cng trnh. Trong giai on thi cng kch y n ng vai tr: (1) l lp v chu lc cho cng trnh ngm; (2) truyn lc kch y ti khin o hoc my o hm; (3) m bo li i li cho cng nhn n thit b o v gng o; (4) m bo li vn chuyn t bn o ra; v (5) to iu kin cho vic thc hin chng gng o. Trong qu trnh khai thc cng trnh n m bo cho cng trnh ngm khai thc vi tui th thit k. Mt s vn cn quan tm n phn ny l: - Kch thc cng trnh: Cng ngh kch y ng i hi phi c cng nhn iu khin hoc o trong ng nn kch thc ng phi ln ngi c th i vo trong ng ti gng o. ng knh ng ti thiu s dng trong cng ngh kch y l 1,075 m (42 in). V mt l thuyt, khng c gii hn trn v ng knh ng c s dng trong cng ngh ny. Tuy nhin trong thc t, ng knh ng ln nht c kch y vo khong 3,70 m (12 ft) vo nm 1995 v hin nay l vo khong 4,70 m. i vi dng mt ct ch nht c cng trnh vi kch thc mt ct (20x7) m; - Chiu di on kch y (khong cch t ging kch y n ging nhn): ph thuc vo kh nng ca kch v cng chu nn ca vt liu ng. Chiu di on kch y hp l c la chn da vo: (1) s dng mt u ct thch hp, (2) p dng bin php bi trn thch hp gim ma st gia b mt ngoi ca ng v l o, (3) qun l chnh xc tuyn v cao ca cng trnh, (4) s dng cc sn phm ng c cng chu nn cao v (5) s dng cc trm kch trung gian (Intermediate Jacking StationsIJSs). D n c chiu di kch y di nht Hp chng quc Hoa K t ti 1.050 m (3.500 ft). Thng thng chiu di kch y t 150 m (500 ft) n 305 m (1.000 ft). Bng 1. Cc loi khin o v phm vi ng dng
Nhm Khin thng thng Loi Th cng M t chung o bng th cng, chng mt o bng cc bin php: dng cc tm chn dng bc, dng cc c, cc tm chn ton gng o, hoc cc ca chn. o bng bin php dng lc p t do qua cc l hng, khe h, hoc qua cc ca mt trc ca khin ng kn. o bng thit b o kiu gu ngc hoc c u o kiu r-to gn vo tay n o bng u o kiu r-to c gn li phay, a phay, hoc np chp.

Khin kn

Bn c gii C gii

451

Nhm Khin kh nn

Loi Kho kn u

M t chung Vic o gng l di kh nn c cung cp thng qua mt kho c ng. Lc kh nn c s dng cn bng vi p lc ca t v ca nc ngm ti mt trc ca khin. Vic thit k, vn hnh v lp t tng i phc tp. Vic o tng t nh cng ngh khoan bng my, ngoi ra cc khin u l nhng b phn vn hnh c lp, c th li c, b tr ngay pha trc ca phn cng trnh ngm c xy dng. Vic o c thc hin trong t yu bng thit b o ton mt ct. Va bn di p lc nn c dng to s cn bng vi p lc t v nc ngm ti gng o, va nc ny kt hp gia t o ra nc c bm vo. Vic o c thc hin trong t yu bng thit b o ton mt ct. Va bentonite b nn c dng to s cn bng vi p lc t v nc ngm ti gng o. Vic x l v thi loi va bentonite kh phc tp v tn km so vi va nc.

Khin gung xon

u ct trn ton gng o

Khin p lc

Dng va bn

Dng bentonite

Dng p lc t Vic o c thc hin trong t yu bng thit b o ton mt ct. Phn lc cn bng c duy tr nh iu chnh tc di chuyn t vn ra khi gng o, nh vy m bo chng gi c t trn mt o.

- Vt liu ng: Loi ng s dng trong cng ngh kch y cn c kh nng truyn c lc kch y thit k t cc bn kch t ging kch y n khin kch hoc TBM. Nhng loi vt liu thng c s dng l ng thp, ng BTCT, ng cht do ct si Loi ng b tng polyme thng c s dng trong cc d n xy dng cng trnh ngm chu u theo cng ngh ny. Cn s dng mt loi vt liu m ph hp ni gia cc t ng phn phi u lc kch y trn ton b mt ct ngang ca ng ti mi ni. b) Ging kch y v ging nhn - Ging kch y c nhim v: (1) l khu vc b tr thit b kch, a ng xung v vn chuyn t o ln mt t; (2) l i ti truyn lc kch y mt cch ng u cho cc ng; (3) l ni t thit b quan trc; (4) m bo kn nc cho khu vc tc nghip khi kch y v tr thp hn mc nc ngm; v (5) dng lm cc b phn kim tra, bung tc nghip cng trnh sau khi hon tt cng vic lp t cng trnh.

452

- Ging nhn c nhim v: (1) l khu vc thu hi khin o; (2) m bo kn nc cho khu vc tc nghip khi thi cng v tr thp hn mc nc ngm; v (3) dng lm cc b phn kim tra, bung tc nghip cng trnh sau khi hon tt cng vic lp t cng trnh. Vic nh kch c v s b tr ging kch y v ging nhn ph thuc vo: (1) kch thc v cu hnh ca thit b kch; (2) kiu loi khin; (3) kch c ca cc b phn ca khin; (4) di v kch thc ca t ng; (5) cc iu kin v t v nc ngm; v (7) kiu h thng chng c s dng. Chi ph xy dng cc ging kch y v ging nhn c th chim mt t l ng k trong tng chi ph ca d n v cn c nh gi nhm a ra c mt thit k kinh t nht, p ng c mi yu cu s dng. c) Thit b kch y Thit b kch y thng gm: trm kch chnh v cc trm kch trung gian. - Trm kch chnh: lc kch y cn thit khi thi cng kch y c th t vi chc tn n hng nghn tn, ph thuc vo kch thc ng, chiu di on kch y v iu kin t nn. Thng thng cc mi trm kch gm nhiu kch hot ng ng b. Cc kch cn c hnh trnh cng di cng tt, tt nht l hnh trnh kch bng chiu di mt t ng. Vic xc nh lc kch p v s lng kch trong trm kch ph thuc vo: (1) cc c trng ca t nn; (2) ng knh v chiu di on ng; (3) trn nhn ca ng v cht bi trn khi xy dng; (4) thng ca tuyn ng; (5) vic s dng cc trm kch trung gianH thng kch bao gm cc b phn chnh: gi/khung kch (jacking frame), kch thy lc (hydraulic jack) v vng kch y (jacking/thrust ring). Cc loi kch nhiu tng thng c s dng cho php tng chiu di kch p trong mi t kch c th ln ti 4 m. - Cc trm kch trung gian: c t h tr trm kch chnh khi lc kch y cn thit vt qu cng ca ng. Khi ngi ta chia chiu di on ng thnh nhiu on nh v kch y khng ng thi cc on gim bt lc kch y. Mi trm kch trung gian thng gm mt s kch vi hnh trnh t 30 cm n 100 cm. Khi kch ca mt trm t n hnh trnh ti a, trm kch ngay pha sau n s c khi ng v y on ng pha sau tin ln, ng thi lm hi du kch ca cc trm kch trc . Vic iu khin cc trm kch trung gian c thc hin theo lch trnh kch y chung ca ton tuyn. Sau khi kt thc, ngi ta thu dn cc kch trm kch trung gian v bt kn cc v tr ny chng r r nc. d) Mt bng xy dng v thit b ph tr Mt bng xy dng c t chc khu vc xung quanh ming ging kch y v n m bo b tr mt s thit b v dch v ph tr, bao gm: (1) thit b x l, tp 453

kt v b t o; (2) thit b cung cp nng lng (in, kh nn v thu lc); (3) thit b trn, x l bm v thu hi cht bi trn ng; (4) ni tp kt ng v thit b vn chuyn v h ng; v (5) trung tm iu khin v thit b gim st khin o. 2.2. Trnh t cng ngh kch y ng Trnh t cng ngh kch y ng c th c m t tm tt trong 14 bc nh sau: - Bc 1: Thi cng ging iu khin (drive shaft/pit) v ging nhn; - Bc 2: Lp t cc b phn khung kch v kch thy lc, iu chnh kch thy lc cho ng vi tim tuyn v dc tuyn nh thit k; - Bc 3: Lp t h dn hng bng laze (laser guidance system). Khi h thng ny hot ng, cc tia laze s xc nh cc im c ch nh theo thit k. Trong sut qu trnh thao tc kch y ng, cn lin tc kim tra s chnh xc ca tim tuyn o thc t da vo h thng ny, cc sai lch cn c iu chnh ngay lp tc; - Bc 4: Lp t thit b o (khin hoc my khoan hm-TBM) v iu chnh n ph hp vi cc yu cu thit k; - Bc 5: Lin kt vng kch y vi khin o hoc my o hm; - Bc 6: y khin o hoc my o hm qua l chun b trc ti ging kch y. Bt u qu trnh o v v vn chuyn t o v pha ging kch y a ln mt t v y v pha trc cho n khi khin o hoc my o hm c lp t xong. Dch chuyn ca thit b kch y c kim tra bi trung tm iu khin t bn ngoi khin o hoc my o hm, ngc li trong qu trnh o hoc khoan s c kim tra bi cc thit b kim tra t trong khin o hoc my o hm; - Bc 7: Co cc u kch li v y cc bn kch to ra mt khong trng lp cc t ng; - Bc 8: Lp t t ng u tin vo rnh kch y. thao tc khoan c m thun, cc trm kch trung gian c th c lp sau khin o hoc my o hm; - Bc 9: Lin kt bn kch y vi ng v ng vi khin o hoc my o hm; - Bc 10: y ng u tin v pha trc, o, vn chuyn t ra ging kch y v a ln mt t; - Bc 11: Lp li chu trnh trn, cho n khi chiu di on ng c lp t xong; - Bc 12: Di chuyn khin o hoc my o hm ra khi ging nhn; - Bc 13: Di chuyn thit b kch, cc trm kch trung gian v cc rnh kch ra khi ging kch y; - Bc 14: Dn dp mt bng thi cng theo quy nh. 454

3. MT S VN CN CH KHI P DNG CNG NGH KCH Y 3.1. Nhng yu t nh hng n cng ngh kch y ng - iu kin v tnh trng t nn: t dnh l loi t thun li nht p dng cng ngh kch y. Cng c th s dng cng ngh ny trong nhng iu kin t nn khng n nh, nhng cn phi c cc gii php x l c bit, chng hn nh h mc nc ngm v s dng cc my o ton mt ct m cc my o cn bng p lc t (Earth Pressure Balance Machines-EPBM). Tuy nhin khi cn phi xem xt tht chi tit nh hng ca vic h mc nc ngm ti hin trng nn theo thi gian. - Kho st a k thut khng y dn ti cc tai bin a k thut: trong thc t xy dng nh iu kin ca t nn trong thc t xy dng i khi c th rt khc so vi nhng thng s a k thut nhn c trong giai on kho st a cht phc v thit k dn n cc tai bin a k thut trong qu trnh thi cng kch y (ln st b mt, mc nc ngm b h thp). Ngoi ra do khng c h s lu tr v cc cng trnh xy dng cng nh khng c iu kin kho st (thit b v kinh ph), xc sut gp phi nhng chng ngi ngm b vi lp khng d bo trc c khi tin hnh kch y ng c th kh cao trong cc d n xy dng cc cng trnh ngm th. Khi gp cc chng ngi ngm, vic x l chng c th mt kh nhiu thi gian v gy ri ro cho cc trang thit b thi cng, c bit l cho khin o hoc my o hm. Nhiu trng hp dn ti phi b d d n. - La chn sai phng php o (loi khin o hoc my o): Vic la chn sai phng php o (loi khin o hoc my o) c th dn ti khng th kim sot c n nh ca gng o, dn ti sp gng v gy mt n nh cng trnh. - Nhng sai st trong la chn kch thc v thit k ging kch y: gy ra s lm vic khng ph hp ca ging nh: nc hoc bn t trn vo, y ging khng n nh, tng kch thit k khng hp l, trong mt s trng hp c th dn ti sp ging, gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b thi cng. - Khng nh gi ng lc ma st: Khi khng nh gi ng lc ma st trong qu trnh kch y c th dn ti h hng kch, gy vt ti v nguy him cho tng kch trong ging kch y hoc gy vt ti cho ng trong qu trnh kch. - B tr trm kch trung gian v tnh ton bi trn khng ph hp: Dn ti khng xc nh c gii hn ca cc c trng ma st ca t nh hng n qu trnh kch y. - B tr mt bng xy dng v cc thit b ph tr khng ph hp: gy nh hng n qu trnh vn chuyn t ln, gy kh khn khi cp ng hoc gy nh hng n mi trng xung quanh. 455

- Thit k ng, vt liu mi ni, vt liu chng thm khng hp l: c th gy ra ph hoi do ng do vt ti khi kch y, gy p lc nn ln, gy h hng kch, gy nc thm vo ng ng xy dng xong. - Lp t khin o hoc my o hm khng ng: c bit l li vo khin s gy lc ma st v ng sut ti mi ni tng cao nh hng n sut qu trnh thi cng kch y. - Thiu kim sot cht ch trong qu trnh thi cng: Nu thiu kim sot cht ch trong thi cng kch y, c bit l hng tuyn v cao tuyn s gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng. Khi vt qu dung sai cho php ca hng v cao tuyn cho trong thit k c th gy ra ph hoi lin kt mi ni do bin dng qu ln. - Khng kim sot c lc kch y trong thi cng: Khng kim sot c lc kch y khi thi cng c th gy ra s c cho ging kch y, gy ph hoi ng, gy h hng cho khin o hoc my o hm. 3.2. Mt s vn cn ch khi p dng cng ngh kch y Vic la chn phng php o ph thuc vo tnh n nh ca nn. Tnh n nh ca nn ph thuc nhiu vo chnh xc ca cng tc kho st a k thut. a) Kho st a k thut trong cng ngh kch y ng Vic kho st a k thut phi c tin hnh mt cch chi tit v y ti hin trng, c bit l v cc thng s ca t nn, mc nc ngmTy theo loi nn m cc thng s nn c quan tm nh sau: - Cc thng s cho nn l t khng dnh: phn loi t theo s phn b thc t, tnh thm ca t, cht, th nghim xuyn tiu chun (Standart Penetration Test-SPT) - Cc thng s cho nn l t dnh: lc dnh biu kin, cng nn n hng, cht, SPT, hm lng m, ch s do - Cc thng s cho nn l t hn hp: ngoi cc thng tin nh i vi t dnh cn cn cc thng s v mc nc ngm - Cc thng s cho nn l : mu sc, kch c ht, kiu thnh to a cht, cng , chiu di li khoan thu hi c (Total Core Recovery-TCR) chiu di li khoan c chc thu hi c (Solid Core Recovery-SCR), ch tiu cht lng (Rock Quality Designation-RQD) b) La chn phng php o hm v chng nn trong t nn khng n nh Trong t nn khng n nh, vic la chn phng php o, cc gii php chng nn m bo n nh gng o l rt quan trng. Thng thng i vi iu kin t nn khng n nh, thng phi s cc phng php o c bit nh s dng khin kh nn, khin p lc va (bn hoc bentonite), khin cn bng p lc 456

tNgoi ra, i vi iu kin t nn khng n nh, cng ngh kch y ng thng c s dng vi cc gii php chng nn khc nh: (1) h thp mc nc ngm ti v tr thi cng, (2) x l nn (grouting) bng k thut phun va xi mng, va xi mng/bentonite hoc cc loi va ha hc, (3) s dng cc phng php chng trc gng o v (4) dng gii php ng bng nn trong mt s trng hp c bit Vic la chn phng php o, cc gii php chng nn cn xem xt k iu kin nn v mc nc ngm. 4. NHN XT V KIN NGH Qua cc ni dung ca ti, c th rt ra nhng nhn xt sau y: - Trong k thut o kn, cng ngh kch y ng (Pipe Jacking) l mt cng ngh kh ph hp khi xy dng cc cng trnh ngm th t su, c bit l ti cc th c a cht phc tp nh thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. - Do tnh phc tp ca cng ngh, khi xy dng cc d n theo cng ngh ny cn c nhng nghin cu v tm hiu k lng cc vn : v kho st a k thut, v la chn phng php o v cc gii php chng nn cc, v phn tch thit k, v nh hng ca qu trnh cng ngh n ln b mt, v kt cu v vt liu ng, v vt liu mi ni v chng thm, cng nh trang thit b thi cng c bit l khin o v h kch y - Qua thc t p dng cng ngh kch y ti Gi thu s 7 ca d n cng trnh thot nc Nhiu Lc - Th Ngh (Thnh ph H Ch Minh) do t vn v nh thu nc ngoi thc hin xut hin kh nhiu vn k thut v nhng bi hc kinh nghim v cng ngh ny. cng ngh c th p dng thnh cng trong iu kin Vit Nam cn phi c s quan tm ca cc c quan qun l, nhng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu. T cc kt qu nghin cu, nhm nghin cu ti c cc kin ngh sau: - Nhu cu xy dng cng trnh ngm th cc thnh ph ln ca Vit Nam l rt ln. Trong xy dng cng trnh ngm th, k thut o kn (Trenchless Technology) - trong c cng ngh kch y - l mt k thut mang li hiu qu kinh t ln v i khi l duy nht c th c s dng. - c th p dng mt cch c hiu qu cc kt qu ca cc ti ny trong thc t, ngh cho php tip tc tin hnh nghin cu tip cc ni dung sau: + Nghin cu ton din v cng ngh kch y, c bit l vic p dng cng ngh iu kin a cht phc tp nh ca thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Ngoi ra cn mt s vn phc tp trong cng ngh nh thit k v thi cng cc cng trnh ngm c dc thay i theo phng thng ng v cong theo phng ngang 457

+ Nghin cu ch to cc thit b kch v cc thit b ph tr ph hp vi iu kin ch to trong nc hn ch ti a vic nhp khu cc thit b m Vit Nam c th ch to c. + c cc s liu phc v thit k, thi cng cn c nhng u t nghin cu v m hnh, thu thp cc s liu lin quan n ln b mt, tng tc gia t v cng trnh ngm trong qu trnh thi cng cng trnh ngm theo cng ngh kch y cc loi iu kin a cht khc nhau - ngh cc c quan qun l nh B GTVT, UBND cc thnh ph ln nh thnh ph H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh quan tm v to iu kin cho php p dng cng ngh kch y vo trong xy dng cc cng trnh ngm th trong tng lai. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] ASCE (1999), Standard Construction Guidelines for Microtunnelling, American Society of Civil Engineers, Public Ballot, Rev. 8, July. [2] Iseley, T. and Gokhale, S. (1997). Trenchless installation of conduits beneath roadways, NCHRP Synthesis 242. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 36. [3] Roe, M.R. (1995), An Instroduction to Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling Design, ISBN 0 9525982 1 3, Pipe Jacking Association, London, U.K. [4] Roe, M.R. (1995), Guide to Best Practice for The Installation of Pipe Jacks and Microtunnelling, ISBN 0 9525982 0 5, Pipe Jacking Association, London, U.K. [5]. Thomson James (1995), Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling, Blackie Academic & Professional, London.

458

PHN TCH P LC NGANG TC DNG LN KT CU TNG - NEO TRONG XY DNG CNG TRNH NGM
PGS.TS. BI C CHNH Phng K hoch - Qun l NCKH v HTQT - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT ThS. NGUYN THI KHANH Vin Chuyn ngnh Cu - Hm - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT TM TT: H tng - neo trong t c s dng kh ph bin v hiu qu trong thi cng cc cng trnh xy dng nh tng chn t, p chn, tng ngm ca nh cao tng,... c bit l trong cc cng trnh ngm giao thng th. Nm 2007 Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh tin hnh nghin cu ti Nghin cu cc gii php k thut khi p dng kt cu tng neo trong thi cng cng trnh ngm Vit Nam Trong bi ny gii thiu cc phng php xc nh p lc ngang ca t ln tng neo, mt kt qu nghin cu quan trng ca ti trong ni dung tnh ton thit k kt cu tng neo. 1. M U Nm 2007 Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT tin hnh ti cp B Nghin cu cc gii php k thut khi p dng kt cu tng neo trong thi cng cng trnh ngm Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca ti: Nghin cu nm bt c quy trnh cng ngh, cc phng php phn tch, tnh ton, kim sot cht lng trong qu trnh thi cng tin ti lm ch cng ngh thi cng kt cu tng neo. ti hon thnh mc tiu nghin cu v bo v t loi xut sc, vi cc kt qu chnh nh sau: - Ni dung 1: Tng quan v p dng tng neo trong thi cng cng trnh ngm trn th gii v Vit Nam. - Ni dung 2: Nhng vn KHCN c bn ca h tng - neo trong t. - Ni dung 3: Nhng vn kho st a k thut phc v vic xy dng h tng - neo trong t. - Ni dung 4: Phn tch tnh ton v thit k h tng - neo trong t. - Ni dung 5: S dng cc phn mm a k thut trong phn tch tnh ton h tng - neo trong t. 459

- Ni dung 6: Cc gii php thi cng h tng - neo. - Ni dung 7: La chn xut dy chuyn thit b ng b phc v thi cng h tng - neo trong t ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. - Ni dung 8: Cc phng php quan trc, o c v kim sot cht lng trong qu trnh thi cng. - Ni dung 9: Xy dng d tho ch dn kho st v thit k kt cu tng - neo. - Ni dung 10: Xy dng d tho ch dn thi cng kt cu tng - neo. Cc kt qu nghin cu ca ti va c nhng ng gp v mt cng ngh xy dng cng trnh ngm th va c ngha b sung vo l thuyt tnh ton tng chn mt quan nim/phng php tnh ton mi. Khc vi dng tng hng hay tng trng lc, p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln tng c neo, c bit l nhiu hng neo l rt phc tp v thay i theo tng giai on thi cng. Gi tr p lc ngy ph thuc vo bin dng ngang ca tng. Do phng php thi cng h tng neo trn xung vi vng tun hon bao gm: o t, lp t neo, cng neo, v ct neo, nn m hnh p lc ngang ca t v bin dng thng c c lng khng hon ton theo gi thit ch ng (tc l tng tuyn tnh theo chiu su) nh p dng i vi vic thit k tng hng trng lc hoc khng trng lc. Do , vic xc nh p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln h tng-neo, mt ni dung quan trng trong vic tnh ton ton thit k h tng neo l rt phc tp. c nhiu nghin cu v c l thuyt ln thc nghim trong lnh vc ny, trong phi k n ca nghin cu ca Terzaghi& Peck [5] v ca nhm nghin cu a k thut ca Cc ng b Lin bang M [3]. Cc nghin cu u tp trung vo vic phn tch l thuyt kt hp vi o c thc nghim ti hin trng. Cc gi thit v p lc ca cc tc gi ny a ra c tha nhn rng ri nhng cng cn c nhng hn ch trong mt s trng hp nht nh. Trong ti tm hiu, phn tch cc gi thit v p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln h tng neo trong cc nghin cu trn. Ngoi ra, cng tin hnh phn tch h tng neo bng phng php phn t hu hn a ra cc so snh v khuyn ngh i vi vic tnh ton h tng neo. Bi bo ny gii thiu mt s kt qu nghin cu c bn v phn tch tnh ton h tng neo ca ti. 2. CC GI THIT TNH TON P LC NGANG LN TNG 2.1. nh hng ca chuyn v tng n p lc ngang ca t ln tng Nh trnh by, p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln h tng neo ph thuc ch yu vo bin dng ca tng. lm sng t mi lin h ph thuc , nm 1998, mt 460

nhm nghin cu ca FHWA tin hnh nghin cu thc nghim ca mt m hnh tng 2 hng neo [3]. Cc kt qu o c p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln tng, chuyn v ca tng c o c, ghi li trong tng giai on thi cng. M hnh tng neo c th hin nh trn hnh 1.

Hnh 1. Mt ct ngang ca tng m hnh Vic phn b li p lc ngang ca t ln tng v chuyn v ca tng qua tng giai on thi cng nh sau: - Giai on o hng: Trong giai on thi cng hng, t c o ti cao ngay di cao ca hng neo u tin. i vi phn tng trn cao o u tin, p lc t v m hnh bin dng nhn chung l ph hp vi iu kin ch ng (tc l phn b p lc dng tam gic). - Giai on cng ko hng neo pha trn: Trong giai on ny c s thay i ln trong p lc ngang ca t do s cng ko neo. Trong khi cng neo, tng b y v pha t chn lm cho p lc t ln tng phm vi gn neo tng n gi tr p lc b ng. Khi lc trong neo gim n gi tr p lc ng neo, thng l bng 75% n 100% ca ti trng thit k, p lc gim xung v c c dng hnh chng xung quanh khu vc neo. Gi tr p lc ny tip cn n gi tr p lc ch ng. - Giai on o t ti hng neo di cng: Khi o t xung pha di, tng b y ra pha ngoi v s c s phn b li p lc t. p lc t gia hng neo pha trn v v y h o gim xung v ti trng c phn b li ln hng neo pha trn. - Giai on kt thc xy dng: Vic cng ko hng neo cui cng cng s to ra bin dng cc b ca tng tng t nh trng hp cng hng neo th nht. p lc ngang cng c dng hnh chung v tr hng neo th hai, v lc ny biu p lc c dng gn vi biu hnh thang. Qua v d thc nghim trn c th thy rng, biu p lc t ln tng trong t c neo l rt phc tp v thay i theo tng giai on thi cng. Gi tr p lc ngang 461

ph thuc vo s bin dng ca tng. Trong khi s bin dng ca tng li ph thuc vo cng ca tng, sc khng ct ca t, s hng neo, khong cch gia cc hng neo, lc trong neo,... Do vic xc nh c p lc t ln tng chn c neo u phi c nghin cu da trn cc thc nghim. 2.2. Cc gi thit tnh ton p lc ngang ln tng c neo a) Gii thiu chung Nh trnh by trn, p lc ngang ca t ln tng ph thuc vo gi tr v s bin dng ca tng. i vi cc tng hng, tng khng trng lc khng c neo c th cc cng thc tnh p lc ch ng theo Rankine hay Coulomb tnh ton. i vi cc tng trong t c neo thi cng theo phng php Top-down th s bin dng ca tng phc tp hn, do gi thit p lc ch ng theo Rankine hay Coulomb l khng ph hp. Cng khng ct ca t, cng ca tng, nghing ca neo, khong cch cc neo theo phng ng, lc khi ng neo, nh hng trc tip ti s bin dng ca tng v qua nh hng n biu p lc t ln tng. T nm 1967-1969, Terzaghi v Peck c cc nghin cu bn thc nghim v p lc t ln tng neo [5]. Cc nghin cu tp trung vo 3 loi t: t ct, st cng v st mm n trung bnh. Nm 1971, Henkel iu chnh cng thc tnh p lc t ln nht ca Terzaghi v Peck i vi t st mm n trung bnh c xt n s ln ca di y h o [2]. n nm 1998, sau rt nhiu nghin cu thc nghim, trong bo co FHWA-RD-97-130 trnh by cc biu p lc t khuyn ngh ca FHWA. y l mt chng trnh nghin cu quy m v y nht v vn neo v h tng neo ca FHWA. Cc cng thc tnh theo khuyn ngh ca h c th coi l s kt hp ca cc nghin cu thc nghim mi nht v cc cng thc ca Terzaghi v Peck. b) Biu p lc t biu kin ca Terzaghi v Peck Biu p lc t biu kin theo Terzaghi v Peck c dng hnh ch nht hoc hnh thang. Cc biu ny c trnh by trn hnh 2. Tung ln nht ca biu p lc t c biu th bng gi tr p. Biu ny dc xy dng da vo cc gi thit sau: - Chiu su h o c coi l ln hn 6m v tng i rng. Chuyn v ca tng c xem l ln huy ng ht c gi tr cng khng ct ca t. - Mc nc ngm c coi l pha di y h o i vi ct, v i vi t st v tr ca n khng quan trng. Do ti trng do p lc nc khng c xt n trong phn tch ny. 462

- Khi t c xem l ng nht v ng x ca t khi chu ct c xem l thot nc i vi ct v khng thot nc i vi st, iu ny c ngha l mi ch xt n ti trng ngn hn.

(a) Ct

(b) St cng

(c) St mm n trung bnh

Hnh 2. Biu p lc ngang ln tng neo ca Terzaghi v Peck c) Biu p lc t khuyn ngh ca FHWA Nh trnh by, nm 1998, mt nhm nghin cu ca FHWA tin hnh mt nghin cu rt chi tit v h neo trong t v tng neo. Qua rt nhiu kt qu o c thc t nhm nghin cu a ra cc biu p lc t cho 3 loi t nh Terzaghi v Peck. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh biu ca Terzaghi v Peck, biu theo khuyn ngh ca FHWA cn xt n v tr v s lng hng neo cng nh vn ln y h o i vi t st. Cc biu u c dng hnh thang i vi c t ct v st.

p=

P 2/3H

p=

P H-1/3H1 -1/3H n+1

(a) Mt hng neo

(b) Nhiu hng neo

Hnh 3. Biu p lc ngang ln tng neo i vi ct theo khuyn ngh ca FHWA 463

(a) Mt hng neo

(b) Nhiu hng neo

Hnh 4. Biu p lc ngang ln tng neo i vi st cng theo khuyn ngh ca FHWA i vi t st trung bnh n mm, biu ca FHWA l tng t nh biu ca Terzaghi v Peck. Tuy nhin gi tr h s p lc ngang KA theo biu ny c xt n ln ca y h o. d) Biu p lc t i vi tng i qua nhiu lp t C th thy rng, cc biu p lc t ca FHWA l hon chnh hn cc gi thit ca Terzaghi v cc tc gi khc trc v xt n cc yu t nh s lng hng neo, ln ca t di y h o. Tuy nhin cc nghin cu ny ch mi xt trong trng hp tng i qua mt lp t. Bi ton tng i qua nhiu lp t l kh phc tp v hin cha c mt nghin cu thc nghim chi tit v vn ny. Vic tnh ton l thuyt biu p lc ngang trong trng hp ny c th s dng phng php phn phi li p lc ch ng (redistributing active earth pressure method). Ni dung c bn ca phng php ny c th tm tt nh sau: - Xc nh p lc ch ng tc dng ln tng trn ton b chiu su h o v xc nh c lc tng cng tc dng ln tng. Vic xc nh p lc ny c th s dng cc phng php phn tch a k thut truyn thng vi gi thit ton b cng khng ct ca t c huy ng. - Nhn gi tr lc ngang tng cng va tnh c trn vi h s t 1.3-2.0 ty thuc vo cng ca tng. - Phn phi tng lc ngang c h s trn thnh dng biu p lc ngang biu 464

kin dng hnh thang tng t nh trn hnh 4. T c c biu p lc ngang tc dng ln h tng neo. Phng php tnh trn ch nn p dng i vi trng hp mt ct a cht tt, mt phng ph hoi trn b mt khng lan rng xung n y h o hoc ti trng cht thm trn b mt l ng u. i vi cc trng hp khc vic p dng phng php ny l khng ph hp v nn s dng phng php phn t hu hn c trnh by sau y. 3. PHN TCH S LM VIC CA H TNG NEO BNG PHNG PHP PTHH Vic ng dng phng php PTHH trong phn tch s lm vic ca tng v neo c nghin cu t nhng nm 70 (Wong, 1971; Palmer & Kenny, 1972; Jaworski, 1973; Clough & Tsui, 1974,). Cho n nay c rt nhiu phn mm a k thut ca cc hng ln c chc nng phn tch ny nh phn mm Plaxis BV, SageCrisp, Midas/GTS, Nguyn tc ca phng php PTHH l p lc ngang ca t ln tng khng c gi thit trc m c xc nh thng qua vic gii bi ton tip xc v tc dng tng h gia tng v t xung quanh. Trong qu trnh o t, cng neo s tc dng tng h gia tng v t c s thay i dn n s phn b li ng sut, chuyn v. Qua c th xc nh c p lc t ln tng, chuyn v ca tng ca tng cng nh trng ng sut trong t xung quanh. Phng php PTHH l cng c rt hiu qu v n xt n tt c cc yu t nh hng n s lm vic ca tng-neo nh: cng ca tng, khong cch cc hng neo, lc cng neo, cng khng ct ca t, c bit l n c th m t c trng hp tng o qua nhiu lp t khc nhau. Ngoi ra, phng php ny cn c th phn tch c ng x ca h trong tng giai on thi cng. 4. MT S KT QU TNH TON Trong ti tin hnh tnh ton mt s v d theo 2 phng php: theo biu ca FHWA v phn tch bng phng php PTHH (s dng phn mm Plaxis 2D V7.2). - Trng hp 1: tnh cho t ct (gm 3 trng hp con: 1A, 1B, 1C ng vi trng hp 1, 2, 3 hng neo). - Trng hp 2: tnh cho t st cng (gm 3 trng hp con: 2A, 2B, 2C ng vi trng hp 1, 2, 3 hng neo). c trng c l ca t trong cc v d ly theo bng 1. 465

Trnh t tnh ton theo phng php biu p lc ca FHWA nh sau: - T s lng hng neo, loi t c th xc nh c dng ca biu p lc ngang ca t tc dng ln tng. - Tnh ton cc gi tr p lc ngng ln tng theo cc cng thc nh trn cc hnh 3 v hnh 4. - Phn tch tng chu tc dng ca p lc ngang nh mt dm k trn cc gi n hi l cc neo. T c th xc nh c ni lc cng nh chuyn v ca tng. Bng 1. Cc tnh cht ca cc lp t
Thng s M hnh vt liu Dng ng x Trng lng kh Trng lng t H s thm (ngang) H s thm (dc) M un n hi H s Poisson Lc dnh Gc ma st St Mohr-Coulomb Thot nc 16 18 0.001 0.001 10000 0.35 5.0 25 Ct Mohr-Coulmmb Thot nc 17 20 1.0 1.0 40000 0.3 1.0 32 n v kN/m3 kN/m3 m/ngy m/ngy kN/m2 kN/m2 o ()

Sau khi tin hnh tnh ton theo 2 phng php ta c bng kt qu tnh ton m men ln nht v chuyn v ngang ln nht ca tng nh sau: Bng 2. Kt qu tnh ton mt s v d
Gi tr M men max (kNm/m) Chuyn v max (mm) Phng php tnh FHWA PTHH Sai s (%) FHWA PTHH Sai s (%) Trng hp 1 1A 98.84 90.25 8.7 17.5 15.5 11.4 1B 168.43 138.44 17.8 23.4 19.4 17.1 1C 182.26 143.54 21.2 25.1 20.6 17.9 2A 118.55 110.81 6.5 21.5 19.2 10.7 Trng hp 2 2B 210.60 178.05 15.5 28.3 23.9 15.7 2C 235.35 186.43 20.8 31.6 26.1 17.4

5. NHN XT, KHUYN NGH T cc phn tch v kt qu tnh ton trn c th a ra mt s nhn xt v khuyn ngh nh sau: 466

5.1. Mt s nhn xt - Khng ging nh cc tng hng khng c neo c, p lc ngang ca t ln tng neo ph thuc ch yu vo bin dng (chuyn v) ca tng. Trong khi , chuyn v ca tng li ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: sc khng ct ca t, cng ca tng, lc ct neo, khong cch cc neo theo phng ng, nghing ca neo, Do vic xc nh c p lc ngang ln tng neo (c bit l tng c nhiu hng neo) l rt phc tp. - Cc biu theo khuyn ngh ca FHWA l kt qu iu chnh biu ca Terzaghi v Peck, c xt n yu t s lng hng neo v ln ca y h o c th c coi l cc biu hon chnh nht hin nay. - Kt qu phn tch bng phng php PTHH v cc biu biu kin ca FHWA l tng i ph hp vi tng c 1 hng neo. Khi s lng hng neo nhiu, th s khc bit l rt ln. c bit khi tng o qua nhiu lp t khc nhau th vic p dng cc biu biu kin l rt kh khn, trong trng hp ny, phng php PTHH t ra c bit c hiu qu. - Cc phn mm a k thut nh Plaxis BV, Sage Crisp, Midas/GTS, l cng c rt hiu qu phn tch s lm vic ca h tng - neo. Tuy nhin cc phn mm ny yu cu rt nhiu cc thng s u vo ca cc lp t. Cc thng s ny nh hng trc tip n kt qu phn tch tnh ton. V vy ngi s dng phn mm cng phi ht sc thn trng v phi am hiu su v c hc t. 5.2. Khuyn ngh - i vi tng c chiu su nh, ch c mt hng neo th vic p dng cc biu p lc ngang biu kin ca FHWA tnh ton l rt n gin, nhanh chng, thun tin v cho kt qu hp l. - Khi tng c su ln, nhiu hng neo th c th p dng kt hp 2 phng php so snh i chiu. c bit khi tng qua nhiu lp t khc nhau th nn p dng phng php PTHH phn tch tnh ton. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Bickel, J.O (1996). Tunnel Engineering Handbook. Chapman Hall, New York. [2] Hekel, D. J. (1971); The calculation of Earth Pressures in Open Cuts in Soft Clay.. The Arup Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 14-15.. [3] Sabatini, P.J., Pass, D.G. and Bachus, R.C, Ground Anchors and Anchored Systems, Report No. FHWA-IF-99-015, June, 1999. 467

[4] Schaner, B., Whittle, A. J. and Konstantakos, D. C., Control of ground movements for a multi-level-anchored diaphragm wall during excavation, Plaxis Bulletin, issue 17/march 2005. [5] Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R.G. (1967). Soil Mechanics in Egineering Practice, John & Sons, Inc., New York.

468

CNG NGH X L NN T YU BNG BC THM C CHIU SU LN KT HP GIA TI D N PHT TRIN CNG QUC T CI MP - TH VI
NGUYN THANH TR Ph G Ban iu hnh d n 1. GII THIU MT S PHNG PHP X L NN T YU 1.1. Cc t xi mng L phng php dng thit b trn xi mng vi t di su t c ct t xi mng c cng nht nh m bo c kh nng mang ti cng trnh bn trn. Phng php ny tin nhanh nhng gi thnh cao so vi cc phng php khc. ng knh ct t xi mng c th n 1600 mm. C th dng phng php ny i vi t yu bo ho nc. 1.2. Cc ct m Phng php ny dng dng thit b thi cng cc ct v c qu trnh m kt hp rung c c ng knh cc ct n 1200 mm. ng knh cc ct m c to ra ln hn ng knh li khoan. Bin php ny gi thnh r hn phng php ct t trn xi mng tuy nhin vn c xem l bin php t tin. Sau khi thi cng c th a vo mang ti cng trnh khng cn thi gian ch ln. C th dng phng php ny i vi t yu bo ho nc. 1.3. Ging ct kt hp gia ti trc Vi bin php ny, cng tc thi cng gn ging vi cc ct m tuy nhin c s khc nhau l ng knh ging ct s bng vi ng knh li khoan h ct. ng knh thng thng c th t 400 mm. Vi phng php ny th cng tc gia ti phi c p dng p nc ra khi nn t yu bo ho nc c h s rng cao. 1.4. Bc thm kt hp gia ti trc Thay bng vic dng ging ct bc thm hay cn gi l cc bn nha PVD (Prefabricated Vertical Drain) c dng lm ng thot nc thng ng nhm tng nhanh qu trnh c kt ca nn t yu theo thi gian. Vic dng PVD phi c kt hp vi gia ti trc. Nguyn l ca phng php ny c th hin theo hnh sau y.

469

2. THIT K X L NN BNG PVD KT HP GIA TI 2.1. So snh la chn phng php x l nn bng PVD p dng cho d n Quan im ch o ca phng php ny c th hin hnh 1. Sau khi gia ti trc nn t s t n c kt yu cu tng ng vi ti trng khai thc. ln t bin c xem xt trong vng 20 nm khai thc ca d n.
Preloading (without Removal) Removal Operation

O
Pavement SP Primary Settlement SP(A) SP(B) SPF(2) (without Removal) SPF(1) SS SR ST Secondary Settlement Residual Settlement

B A

Hnh 1 2.2. Kho st a k thut phc v cho d n ng ly mu piston c dng ly mu nguyn dng cho nn t yu. Vi ng mu piston th cht lng mu ly c bo m nguyn dng t cc kt qu th nghim trong phng s cho thng s rt chun cho vic phn tch c kt ca nn t yu khi c x l bng bc thm kt hp vi gia ti trc. Cc th nghim sau y c p dng trong giai on thit k chi tit ca d n cho hng mc x l nn t yu. - CRST (Constant Rate of Strain Consolidation Test): Th nghim c kt vi tc bin dng khng i. D liu lin tc v vic xc nh p sut tin c kt cng c tin hnh mt cch chnh xc da trn d liu ny. - IL (Increment Loading Consolidation Test): Th nghim nn c kt vi bin php gia ti tng cp tuy nhin, cp gia ti xung quanh p sut tin c kt s c la chn nh hn ds/s=0.50 c th xc nh mt cch chnh xc p sut tin c kt.
Consolidation Stress (Log scale)

Void Ratio

v/v = 1

v/v = 1

v/v = 0.5

Hnh 2 470

- Piezocone (CPTU) xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng xc nh tnh ng nht ca nn t yu thng qua sc chng mi, ma st thnh v p lc nc l rng ng thi xc nh quan h ca sc chng ct khng thot nc vi chiu su. Th nghim ny cng c thc hin trc khi gia ti xc nhn mc tng ca sc chng ct khng thot nc sau khi x l nn. - FVT ct cnh hin trng dng xc nh khc chnh xc quan h gia sc chng ct theo chiu su ca nn t yu cho t nguyn dng ngay ti hin trng. Th nghim ny cng c thc hin trc khi gia ti xc nhn mc tng ca sc chng ct khng thot nc sau khi x l nn - Direct Simple Shear Test (DST) xc nh t s ng sut trng thi c kt thng cho t nn lm c s cho vic tnh ton mc gia tng sc chng ct ca t nn sau khi x l nn bng bc thm kt hp vi gia ti trc. - Torvane Test ct cnh bng tay, xc nh sc chng ct ca nn t yu ngay sau khi ly mu. - Kt hp vi cc th nghim trong phng thng thng khc xc nh tt c cc ch tiu c l lin quan cho nn t yu. 2.3. La chn thng s tnh ton giai on thit k Thng s tnh ton theo trnh by di y:
log ' v ' v0 'y

e0 C c(OC) Void Ratio C c(NC)1

C c(NC)2 'b

Hnh 3 3. THIT K PHNG N QUAN TRC 3.1. Quan trc ln mt a) Mc ch Bn o chiu dy ct: dng xc nh khi lng ct p nn thanh ton khi lng v kim tra, khng ch chiu cao p theo thit k. Bn o ln: dng o chnh xc ln nn ng. 471

b) Cu to:

Hnh 4. Cu to bn o ln 3.2. Quan trc ln su a) Mc ch Dng o su ln ti mt v tr nht nh cng nh kim tra li chnh xc ca cc bn o ln. b) Cu to

Hnh 5. Cu to v lp t Extensometer 472

Hnh 6. S cu to c nh nhn t vo v tr c nh

Hnh 7. S o tng qut 3.3. Quan trc p lc t a) Mc ch Dng kim tra li ti trng tc dng bn ngoi vo nn. y l thit b o ng sut tng, nn c th kim tra trng lng ring ca nn p m bo ln hn yu cu (gama = P/Hp). Thit b ny c bit hu dng vi nn c x l bng phng php c kt chn khng, vi thit b ny c th kim tra c ng sut tc dng vo nn do ht chn khng. b) Cu to Vi cng dng o ng sut khc nhau, s c cc loi o ng sut khc nhau. Trong phn ny, gii thiu loi o ng sut tng thng ng trong thn nn p (mt s loi dng o ng sut tip tuyn, hng tm trong thi cng ng hm..). c trng cho loi ny c 2 dng o ng sut tng: loi o ng sut tng dng hi (phneumatic pressure) v dng o ng sut tng bng dy rung (vibrating wire pressure). 473

Hnh 8. Cu to cc loi EPC c im chung ca 2 loi ny l bao gm 2 tm thp khng g c hn kn li vi nhau. Gia 2 tm thp c lm rng v cha y cht lng khng chu nn. Bn o c lp t b mt nhy cm tip xc trc tip vi nn t. ng sut tng tc dng n b mt bn o ri truyn n cht lng bn trong bn o v c o bng b truyn dn hi hoc dy rung. Gi tr ny s c lu li trong my ghi v da vo cc h s ca nh sn xut (khc nhau i vi mi bn o) chuyn thnh gi tr o ng sut. 3.4. Quan trc p lc nc l rng a) Mc ch Xc nh p lc nc l rng trong nn gia ti nhm mc ch kim tra li cc qu trnh phn tch ngc c ph hp vi kt qu quan trc p lc nc l rng hay khng. Ngoi ra, xc nh p lc nc l rng cn xc nh c kt ca nn sau mt thi gian gia ti nht nh. Xc nh p lc nc l rng cn kt hp vi quan trc mc nc tnh (o trong ng stand pipe) xc nh p lc nc l rng thng d. p lc nc l rng thng d (Excess Pore Water Pressure-EPWP) s tng dn da trn chiu cao gia ti. Sau khi kt thc gia ti, EPWP s gim dn ty theo mc c kt v c xu hng gim v gi tr zero. Thit b ny dng o p lc nc l rng ti mt v tr chiu su nht nh. b) Cu to Mi piezometer c lp t ti mi v tr l khoan ring. Sau khi lp t piezometer vo l khoan, tin hnh rt lp ct lc vo ph piezo. Pha trn u piezo c bt kn bng betonit phn cch nc l rng mi. Phn cn li trong l khoan c bm va bentonit ngn dng nc i ln.

474

Hnh 9. S cc bc lp t piezometer

Hnh 10. Tng th lp t

3.5. Quan trc mc nc bng ng ng (stand pipes) a) Mc ch Dng o mc nc tnh trong sut qu trnh gia ti. Mc nc ny c o kt hp vi kt qu o p lc nc l rng tnh p lc nc l rng thng d. Ngoi ra, gi tr ny cng c a vo phn tch ngc qu trnh ln da trn s liu quan trc ln, lch s gia ti v bin i mc nc tnh. Kt hp vi thit b o ng sut tng EPC tnh ng sut hiu qu. Cn phn bit r mc nc tnh v mc nc ng. Mc nc tnh l mc nc n nh khng do mt tc dng tc thi nh nh hng ca bm nc v n i din trn mt khu vc nht nh. Mc nc ng l mc nc thay i lin tc v khng i din chung trn mt khu vc trong mt thi gian nht nh. Vic nhm ln gia mc nc ng v tnh khi a vo tnh ton s lm kt qu sai khc i nhiu. b) Cu to ng PVC c c l t y ng n cao trnh mt t. Tin hnh bc vi a khng dt 2 lp ri th xung l khoan sn. Sau khi a xung ng chiu su, phn rng gia ng v l khoan c p li bng ct ht th.

475

Hnh 11. Cu to lp t ng o mc nc 3.6. Quan trc chuyn v ngang bng inclinometer a) Mc ch Dng quan trc chuyn v ngang ti cc v tr mi dc (c lp t chn mi dc) t nh nn n y lp t yu. Thit b ny cn phi c lp t kt hp cng lc vi bn o quan trc ln (c lp t vai ta luy) kim ton n nh trong qu trnh thi cng bng biu Matsuo-Kawamura hoc Tominaga-Hashimoto. b) Cu to H thng ny bao gm: ng o, u d o nghing, cp, b puli v u c d liu. nghing trong thn u d c o bng hai gia tc k cn bng lc. Mt gia tc k o nghing trong mt phng ca rnh, mt gia tc k o nghing trong mt phng vung gc vi rnh. o c nghing c chuyn thnh chuyn v ngang. S thay i c so snh gia chuyn v ngang ban u v chuyn v ngang hin ti.

Hnh 12. S ha tnh ton nghing 476

Hnh 13. Cu to lp t 4. TIU CHUN D TI DA TRN S LIU QUAN TRC V D BO 4.1. Da vo d liu bn o ln theo U(%) Theo tiu chun k thut ca d n th c kt phi t 80% ln tng bao gm c phn t bin trc khi tin hnh d ti. Di y trnh by mt phn tch in hnh so snh d liu quan trc vi d liu tnh ton xc nhn s ng n ca m hnh dng trong phn tch c kt ca nn t. Thng s ca nn t yu c th c thay i trong qu trnh thi cng c c li gii ph hp nht so vi tnh ton.
10 H=0.5m Elevation (m) 8 6
PW17

Lot-1, SS-6, Preload H=6.0m, PVD 1.2m 20-Year Operation (25kPa) +5.95 Pave.
(H=66cm)

H=5.5m
WL+5.5m

+5.25
WL+5.0m

+5.84
WL+3.75m

+4.98

4 2 0 ' v 100 +20cm v

26/May/2010

Settlement (cm) & Stress (kPa)

200

Settlement

300

S=356cm

S=357cm

SPF=400cm 400 S=367cm S=369cm (U=81.5%) 500

t =1260d

SF=453cm

600

120

240

360 t (days)

480

600

720 2

10 t (years)

20

Hnh 14 477

4.2. Da vo d liu th nghim hin trng Piezocone, FVT v d bo theo su Th nghim hin trng gm Piezocone v FVT c thc hin ngay khi nn t t c kt 80% xc nhn s tng ln ca sc chng ct khng thot nc. Di y trnh by mt kt qu in hnh cho mt khu vc in hnh v sc chng ct theo Piezocone, FVT v d bo theo bi ton phn tch c kt thm cho nn t yu.
su 0 10
C P T u- T C M 10 [ 15 D e c . 2008]

20

40

60

(kPa) 80 100

120

140

160

C P T u- LO T 0 9 [ 2 1 J une 2 0 10 ] P re dic t e d da t a a t t =5 3 6 da ys

F V T - LO T 0 9 [ 2 1 J une 2 0 10 2 5 J une 2 0 10 ] 0 .2 2 P ' y

-5

-10 Elevation (m)

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

Hnh 15 5. CC H THNG H TR CNG TC THOT NC KHI GIA TI 5.1. H thng bc thm ng PVD a) Mc ch Bc thm ng c s dng gia c nn t yu, lm tng thi gian ln, tng nhanh sc chng ct trong mt thi gian ngn do nn c kt. 478

b) Cu to Bc thm ng c cu to t hai lp: lp o lc bng vi a k thut khng dt, si lin tc PP hoc PET 100%, khng thm bt c cht kt dnh no v lp li thot nc c n bng nha PP.

Hnh 16. Cu to bc thm ng 5.2. H thng bc thm ngang SB drain a) Mc ch Thu nc trong khu vc gia ti v dn v rnh thu nc. Thay th cho lp ct ht trung, l lp lc trong cc thit k v thi cng truyn thng. b) Cu to Bc thm ngang c cu to t hai lp: lp o lc bng vi a k thut khng dt, si lin tc PP hoc PET 100%, khng thm bt c cht kt dnh no v lp li thot nc c n bng nha PP.

Hnh 17. Cu to bc thm ngang 5.3. H thng ging thu nc a) Mc ch Thu nc thot ra do nh hng gia ti, nu qu trnh ny khng thc hin dn n mc nc cao, nn khng ln do p lc y ni. 479

b) Cu to

Hnh 18. Cu to ging bm

Hnh 19. Cu to rnh thu nc

Hnh 20. Cu to mi ni ca ging bm v ng thu nc trong rnh

480

6. THIT K X L T YU P DNG TI CNG CI MP

Hnh 21. Bnh cng tc x l t yu 6.1. Tiu ch quyt nh v tin trnh thc hin cng tc d ti a) Tiu ch quyt nh d ti Theo yu cu ca Ch dn k thut cho cng tc x l nn t yu cng Ci Mp: ln d (cn li) cho php ti a phi b hn 20% tng ln tnh ti thi im sau 20 nm vn hnh khai thc cng. Ngoi ra th nghim ct cnh hin trng (FVT) v xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng (Piezocone - CPTU) cng c tin hnh nh gi s gia tng ca sc chng ct khng thot nc trong nn t. b) Tin trnh thc hin cng tc d ti - Bc 1: trc thi im d ti 1 thng (theo d kin): Nh thu cp nht s liu quan trc mi nht phn tch nh gi v thi im d ti cng nh mc c kt t c tnh n thi im ny v ng thi nu ln thi im d kin d ti (Khi t yu cu trong tiu chun k thut). + Phn tch tnh ton ln c kt t s liu quan trc thc t theo phng php tnh ton l thuyt theo phng php sai phn hu hn v phng php 481

Asaoka. Nu kt qu phn tch d on cho thy ln cn li sau khi d ti b hn 20% tng ln sau 20 nm vn hnh khai thc cng th cho php tin hnh cc cng tc tip theo; + S liu quan trc v s liu tnh ton c xc nhn l ph hp vi nhau v s liu tnh ton c dng nh gi ln tng sau 20 nm hot ng c Nh thu trnh trong cc bo co nh gi gia ti. - Bc 2: trc khi d ti 1 tun (theo d kin): Nh thu tip tc trnh s liu quan trc v s liu tnh ton nhm th hin tnh ng n ca ng cong ln tnh ton khi so snh vi s liu quan trc thc t. - Bc 3: ngay ti thi im d ti (theo d kin): Nh thu, t vn v ch u t s tham gia cng tc nghim thu ln cui bng vic o ln ngay ti thi im d kin d ti trong nu trong hai ln trnh th nht v th hai trc . Ngay sau cng tc nghim thu ln cui, th nghim ct cnh hin trng (FVT) v xuyn tnh c o p lc nc l rng (Piezocone CPTU) c tin hnh xc nhn s gia tng ca sc chng ct khng thot nc sau khi x l bng gia ti. + Nu ln v c kt thc t ca nn t t c cc yu cu d kin, T vn s chp thun cho php Nh thu thc hin cng tc d ti. + Nu ln v c kt thc t khng t yu cu d kin, gi nguyn cng tc gia ti, T vn v Nh thu s phn tch tnh ton li v xut gii php khc phc (nu cn thit) m bo thi gian thc hin cng tc x l nn t yu khng nh hng n tin thi cng ca gi thu. 6.2. Phng php tnh ton kim tra - Trong sut qu trnh thi cng x l nn t yu, cc thit b quan trc gm: bn quan trc ln (settlement plates), thit b o ln su (extensometer), thit b o p lc nc l rng (piezometer), ging quan trc mc nc ngm (standpipe observation well), thit b o p lc t (earth pressure cell) v ng chuyn v ngang (inclinometer) c lp t vo cc v tr d kin ca tng khu vc. Cng tc quan trc v tng hp s liu c thc hin thng xuyn theo quy nh, t kim tra nh gi chnh xc ln thc t v xy dng ng cong ln thc t ca nn t x l (Si). - S dng phng php Akira Asaoka (ca Nht Bn) tnh ton v d on ln da vo iu kin lm vic thc t ca nn t ti hin trng. Trong qu trnh gia ti, da trn ng cong ln thc t (Si), Nh thu s tnh ton ra cc ch s Cc, Cr thch hp, iu chnh ng cong ln l thuyt v ph hp vi ng cong ln thc t, t xc nh cc ch s Cc, Cr chnh xc tng ng vi iu kin lm vic thc t ti hin trng, cc ch s ny c s dng tnh ton a ra ln thc t d kin ca nn t (Sc). 482

- T cc c tnh a cht ca nn t c c t cng tc kho st a cht bc thit k BVTC, Nh thu s tnh ton c cc thng s a cht yu cu d kin ng vi ln ca nn t 80% tng ln. Tin hnh so snh cc thng s yu cu d kin vi kt qu th nghim a cht thc t ti bc 1 (trc khi d ti) a ra nh gi ng v iu kin a cht thc t ca cng trnh sau khi hon thnh cng tc x l nn t yu. 6.3. Kt qu tnh ton Sau khi phn tch, tnh ton theo cc bc trn, T vn c nh gi v cng tc x l nn t yu ca cng Ci Mp nh sau: - V bn quan trc ln (settlement plates): Cc khu vc d ti t yu cu v ln ( ln d khng vt qu 20% ln tng bao gm ln do t bin trong vng 20 nm ng vi ti trng hot ng, 25kPa cho bi, v 10kPa cho cc khu vc khc. ln theo bn quan trc ln ph hp vi ng cong tnh ton Nh thu trnh trong h s nh gi d ti. - V thit b o ln su (extensometer): Cho thy rng cc lp t di su c pht trin ln theo thi gian trong giai on c kt (ch ln), tuy nhin ln ca cc lp di su nh hn ln ca cc lp trn. iu ny l do cc lp di su vn nm trong trng thi c kt trc (over consolidated state). D liu ln t thit b o ln su (nu c) cng ph hp vi d liu tnh ton c trnh by trong cc bo co nh gi d ti. - V thit b o p lc nc l rng (piezometer): Cho thy s gim p lc nc l rng tng ng vi d on Nh thu trnh trong bo co nh gi d ti. Vic tiu tn p lc nc l rng theo thi gian l hin tng rt tt trong cng tc x l nn bng bc thm v gia ti. - V thit b o p lc t (earth pressure cell): Cho thy bin thin ca p lc t khi gia ti. Khi chiu cao t p tng, p lc tng. Khi mc nc gim, p lc t cng tng. th Nh thu trnh trong h s bo co nh gi d ti cng cho thy s ph hp gia s liu quan trc v s liu tnh ton. - V sc chng ct khng thot nc: Sc chng ct khng thot nc kim tra bng th nghim ct cnh hin trng (FVT), xuyn tnh o p lc nc l rng (CPTU piezocone) v sc chng ct d tnh bng li giai theo phng php sai phn hu hn c Nh thu trnh sau khi cc th nghim hin trng thc hin cho thy c s gia tng sc chng ct khng thot nc. - Theo kt qu nhn c th vic x l nn t yu bng bc thm v gia ti trc cho t yu ca d n Cng quc t container Ci Mp c hiu qu, p ng yu cu. 483

7. TNG KT CNG NGH THI CNG P DNG TI CNG CI MP 7.1. Thi cng cm bc thm chiu su ln Bc thm c thi cng n chiu su 38 m 42 m tu theo tng khu vc vi iu kin a cht c th. Bc thm PVD c ng theo hnh vung vi cc khong cch 1.5 m, 1.2 m, 1.1 m v 0.9 m tu theo tng khu vc vi yu cu v tin hon thnh n ngy d ti khc nhau. 7.2. Thi cng h thng thot nc ngang H thng bc thm ngang (SD drain system) c lp t nhm thay th lp m ct thot nc cng tc thi cng c n gin ho v c th tng nhanh tin d n. Vic thi cng bc thm ngang mang li hiu qu thot nc cao c kim chng trong giai on p ti th (trial embankment). 7.3. Thi cng p ct gia ti Thi cng p gia ti c thc hin bng 2 phng php l p kh (dry fill) bng xe ti (dump truck) v bm ct (hydraulic fill) bng x lan ct v bm. V phng php p kh bng xe ti v bm ct c nh hng n mc n nh ca khi p nn cn phi xem xt c th cho tng v tr. Vic bm ct khng p dng cho khu vc 16 v 17 l cc khu vc tip gip vi b sng chu nh hng bi mc n nh ca k ven sng cng nh vic khng ch cao mc nc trong lc bm ct i vi cc khu lin k vi khu 16 v 17 l 13, 14 v 15. 8. KT LUN V TNH HIU QU CA PVD CHIU SU LN KT HP GIA TI TRC TI CNG CI MP Mc d vi kt qu th nghim sc chng ct khng tng ln su 25 m tr xung v nn t vn ang trng thi c kt trc. Tuy nhin vi d liu extensometer th ln cho cc lp bn di su 25 m t n gi tr vo khong 50 cm. Do c th kt lun tnh hiu qu ca bc thm c th t n su thi cng l 38 m n 42 m tu theo tng v tr v ti trng.

484

NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH Y LP PHN ON (SEGMENTAL GANTRIES) TRONG XY DNG CU CN BTCT DL NHP TRUNG (40 - 60 M)
PGS. TS. NG GIA NI Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT T VN : ti cp b trng im mang m s DT063007 vi tiu Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh y lp phn on trong xy dng cu cn BTDL nhp trung (40-60 m) do vin KH&CNGTVT ch tr t 2006 - 2008 v c Hi ng KHCN B gim nh u nm 2009 l mt trong nhng nhim v nghin cu c nh gi tht s p ng yu cu cp bch i vi thc tin sn xut ca Ngnh. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti bao gm 14 sn phm KHCN v cc vn : C s l thuyt, phn tch kt cu v p dng phn mm tnh ton, la chn gii php cng ngh ph hp iu kin v tr, a hnh xy dng, p dng kt cu mi ni lp ghp, cc ch dn v ch to v vn chuyn phn on lp ghp, v lp ghp v di chuyn dn y...vv. Cc sn phm KHCN ny hin c lu gi Vin KH&CNGTVT. C th nu ln mt s nt c bn ca loi hnh cng ngh ny sau y: 1. Gii thiu chung v cng ngh Hin nay nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit cc nc pht trin xem cng ngh lp ghp phn on trn gi di ng (segmental launching gantries- SLG) hay cn gi cng ngh y lp l mt trong nhng gii php cng ngh thch hp cho vic p dng thi cng cc loi cu cn b tng d ng lc (BT DL) nhp trung t 40 - 60 m. Cng ngh SLG c nhng c im mang tnh li th ni tri nh: Tc thi cng nhanh, ch mt khong 3 - 5 ngy thi cng xong 1 nhp (chiu di nhp t 45-50 m), rt thch hp khi c p dng thi cng cc cu c chiu di ln (hng chc hoc hng trm km) v cu c cong bng ln (R~75 m). Ngoi ra do cc cng on thi cng c phn chia rnh mch nh: ch to v vn chuyn phn on, cu lp phn on vo v tr lp ghp, to mi ni lin kt phn on, lp t v cng ko b cp d ng lc (DL), di chuyn gio... nn to kh nng hp l ha v cng nghip ha sn xut mc cao, qua nhm rt ngn thi gian thi cng v h gi thnh. Bn cnh h thng kt cu 485

 gio c s dng theo chu trnh lp tng t nn to iu kin chuyn mn ha cho i ng cng nhn v cn b k thut trong qu trnh vn hnh cng ngh. Vi cng ngh SLG cho php bo m c khong khng pha di i vi cc phng tin giao thng thy b, c bit i vi nhng cng trnh xy dng thnh ph c mt giao thng ln. Cng ngh SLG d dng p dng cho cc loi cu c s kt cu nhp gin n hoc lin tc vi cc loi mt ct dng hp n hoc hp kp. Ngoi ra khi xy dng cc cng trnh cu vt ven ni nhm trnh st trt v bo v mi trng thin nhin th cng ngh SLG t ra thch ng v hiu qu nht (hnh 1).

Hnh 1. Hnh nh cu cn BTDL ven ni c thi cng bng cng ngh lp ghp phn on Tuy nhin p dng cng ngh SLG, ch u t v nh thu cn nhn thc s cn thit phi u t ngun kinh ph ban u ln mua sm my mc thit b cng ngh (khong t 25-30 t VN) v o to nng cao trnh nghip v v tay ngh cho i ng cn b cng nhn tham gia thc hin d n xy dng cu. 2. c im k thut ca cng ngh SLG 2.1. C ch vn hnh V nguyn tc c ch vn hnh ca cng ngh SLG c tnh tng ng vi cng ngh MSS (cng ngh thi cng b tng trn gio di ng), theo h thng kt cu gio nh l phng tin thit b ph tr ch yu dng vn hnh trong qu trnh lp ghp, c th: cc phn on t dm c vn chuyn n cng trng v a vo v tr lp ghp nh cc phng tin thit b c chng nh cu trc t hnh (hnh 2). 486

Hnh 2. H cu trc t hnh ca cng ngh SLG (gii php Underlung) Sau khi x l xong cc phn t c gi tm thi trng thi n nh bng cp DL hoc thanh thp cng cao. Kt cu DL c cu to theo nguyn tc DL ngoi theo cc mu neo ngoi c neo vo bn hp (trong hoc ngoi hp) (hnh 3).

Hnh 3. Cc phn t c gi n nh bng thanh thp cng cao Trc khi cc phn t a vo v tr lp ghp, 2 b mt tip xc ca phn on c x l to thnh mi ni lp ghp. C nhiu loi mi ni. Tuy nhin loi mi ni c s dng ph bin hin nay l loi mi ni keo Epoxy kt hp vi cng ngh c phn on theo nguyn tc c "in on". Sau khi thc hin xong cng vic lp ghp cho mt nhp, vic tip theo l lp t b cp vo cc ng lng v cng ko lin kt ton b phn t ca nhp vi phn kt cu nhp lp ghp xong trc to nn dm BTDL lin tc. Hin nay cc nc trn th gii phn ln p dng kt cu DL ngoi (hnh 4). Vi gii php ny trn thc t s to iu kin thun li trong qu trnh thao tc vn hnh cng ngh v d dng theo di kim tra b cp trong qu trnh s dng khai thc cng trnh. Trc 487

khi di chuyn gio n nhp tip theo, tin hnh tho b cc thanh thp tm thi v cc thit b ph tr lin kt vi dm.

Hnh 4. S kt cu DL - ngoi p dng cho dm BTDL thi cng bng SLG 2.2. Mt s c im k thut ch yu 2.2.1. H dn y - H dn y l b phn kt cu ch yu trong h thng trang thit b ca cng ngh SLG. Cc yu cu k thut ca h dn cn p ng mt s ch tiu c bn sau: - H dn phi cng chu un khi chu ti trng ca phn t dm cho mi tnh hung trng thi chu lc trong qu trnh thi cng lp ghp. - Khi di chuyn, dn ch chu ti trng t thn. Chiu di ca dn phi ln sao cho trong qu trnh di chuyn dn c k n nh ln 2 im, thng thng chiu di L ca dn > 2xLnhp. - H dn thng c cu to bng h dn khng gian, kt cu gm cc t hp kiu thanh I thun li trong vic lin kt vi cc nt gin c mt phng bt k trong khng gian. - Do tnh c th ca cng ngh, cc thanh m h v thng chng nhng ch chu nn v ko m cn chu un trong qu trnh di chuyn, v vy kt cu dn cn tng cng kh nng chu un, trong hnh dng dn thng c cu to dng hoa mai v dy cc thanh m c tng cng trn c s tnh ton c xt n cc iu kin chu lc tng th (cc t hp ti trng). - thi cng cu dm BTDL c cong bng ln, trn thc t cc nc ch to h kt cu dn y c chng nhm thch ng qu trnh vn hnh trong qu trnh di chuyn, theo dn y c cu to cc khp xoay theo phng ngang d iu chnh hng (hnh 5). 488

Hnh 5. Hnh nh h dn y c s dng thi cng cu dm BTDL c cong bng ln trong thnh ph 2.2.2. Cc gii php lp ghp phn t - Gii php t dm ph pha trc ln b mt x m tr:

Hnh 6. Hnh nh dm ph t trc tip ln m tr Gii php lp ghp ny thng c p dng thi cng cu dm gin n, theo yu cu b mt x m tr phi rng va t tr ph v va t phn u phn t dm cng nh gi k dm, khe co gin ...vv. - Gii php t dm ph trc tip ln phn t dm t trc trn tr:

489

Hnh 7. Hnh nh dm ph t trc tip ln phn t dm b tng Gii php lp ghp ny thng c s dng thi cng cu dm BTDL lin tc, theo do s lng gi ch ~1/2 s lng gi b tr cho cu dm gin n, nn khng cn thit phi m rng x m tr. t dm t trc trn m tr c gi n nh cng l ch t dm ph cho dn y vn hnh. Vi cch b tr nh vy c th trin khai cng tc lp ghp t tr ra 2 pha theo nguyn tc i xng cn bng. Tuy nhin gii php ny thng gp tr ngi khi lp ghp cc t ti v tr hp long, theo cn phi to mi ni bng va b tng, mt vn k thut kh phc tp cn gii quyt nhm bo m kn kht ca mi ni v khng xy ra hin tng co ngt v t bin. 2.2.3. p dng mi ni lp ghp Kinh nghim ca nhiu nc trn th gii hin nay ch yu s dng loi kt cu mi ni bng nha Epoxy, kt hp ch to phn t theo cng ngh c in on to nn cc b mt tip xc kn kht khi trin khai xy dng cu dm BTDUL bng cng ngh lp ghp ni chung cng nh cng ngh SLG ni ring.Tuy nhin loi mi ni ny ch thch ng trong trng hp khi cc phn t c t tip xc trc tip vi nhau, nhng trong iu kin hp long thng phi s dng mi ni va b tng. 3. Kt lun v kin ngh Cng ngh SLG thuc loi hnh cng ngh y tin tin, hin i, hin nay v ang c nhiu nc p dng bi nhng c im mang tnh li th ni tri c bn nh: Tc thi cng nhanh, khng s dng mt bng thi cng ln v hn ch gy ch tc giao thng, d to kh nng hp l ha v cng nghip ha trong qu trnh xy dng nn rt thch hp i vi nhng cng trnh cu thi cng trong thnh ph v vng ni. Ngy nay hn lc no ht nhim v xy dng h tng GTVT tr thnh mc tiu quan trng v yu cu cp thit trong tin trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc. Sp ti trong tng lai khng xa nhiu tuyn ng st, ng b cao tc Bc Nam i qua nhng vng t yu v vng ni, cc tuyn ng trn cao (cu cn) ni cc thnh ph ln s c xy dng, chc chn cng ngh SLG l mt trong nhng gii php cng ngh thch hp cn c xem xt phn tch la chn, nhm mc tiu mang li hiu qu k thut, kinh t i vi cng trnh v m bo hot ng giao thng bnh thng ti khu vc xy dng.

490

TC NG CA THNH PHN, CU TRC DNG XE V TI TRNG XE N TNH TRNG H HNG V SUY GIM TUI TH KHAI THC CA KT CU CU TRN QUC L 1
PGS. TS. TRN C NHIM NCS. TRNH VN TON B mn Cu hm - Khoa Cng trnh Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti TM TT: i tng nghin cu l h thng cu; thnh phn, cu trc dng xe trn mt s on tuyn chnh (QL1); phn tch, nh gi h hng ca mt s b phn kt cu nhp ca cc b phn kt cu nhp cu do tc ng ca xe ti nng. T , a ra cc gii php, kin ngh v xc lp ch khai thc thch hp cho h thng cu ng b gp phn m bo tui th khai thc, hn ch ti a thit hi v kinh t do phi bo tr, sa cha cc cng trnh cu b h hng do xe ti nng gy ra. SUMMARY: The objective of study is the system of bridge: the component, the structure of vehicle flow in some main line of National Highway No.1; analyse, consider the damage of some parts in the span structure of bridge under the loading of heavy vehicle. Based on that, we carry out solutions, suggestions of the suitable exploiting methods in order to enlarge the life cycle, reduce the economic cost for maintainance, reparing the damage bridge due to heavy vehicle. I. GII THIU CHUNG T c im a hnh, ton b mng li ng b nc ta vi tng chiu di hn 224.480 km (gm: quc l, ng tnh, ng huyn, ng th, ng chuyn dng, ng x), c ti trn 35.000 cu vi tng chiu di trn 610.000 m. Do nhiu nguyn nhn lch s, t nhin, chnh tr, x hi, kinh t, trn phm vi c nc h thng cu ang khai thc a dng v chng loi, v vt liu xy dng, v tiu chun k thut v tiu chun thit k, v cng ngh v cht lng thi cng, v thi gian phc v, v cht lng khai thc v qun l, v mc tc ng ca mi 491

trng. Khng ch c s khc bit v tiu chun k thut, trong h thng cu nc ta cn c s khc bit rt nhiu v cht lng v trnh k thut thi cng, cht lng qun l bo tr v khai thc. V vy, trn ton mng li ng b, thm ch trong khu vc, trn mt on tuyn, cc cng trnh cu khc nhau kh nhiu v trng thi k thut m ni bt l khng ng u v kh nng chu ti. Ch khai thc ch yu c xc lp trn c s nh gi kh nng chu ti ca kt cu v qui nh khng ch ti trng trc cng nh tng trng i vi cc phng tin tham gia giao thng trn ng thng qua h s thit k v kim nh cht lng cng trnh, ng thi dng h thng trm cn xe, trm m xe, trm phn loi xe trn mt s tuyn quc l chnh thu thp s liu v thnh phn, cu trc dng xe, qun l v kim sot ti trng xe. Tuy nhin, cc trm ny cn nhiu hn ch, bt cp nh: vic m v phn loi xe ti nhiu trm cn mang tnh th cng, khng thng xuyn, lin tc, trm cn ch xc nh c trng lng cc trc xe, khng xc nh c lu lng v khong cch gia cc trc xe. Vic khng kim sot c xe khai thc, dn n tnh trng c qu nhiu xe ch hng qu ti trng cho php ca cu, gy h hng v lm gim nhanh tui th khai thc ca cu, thm ch c th gy sp cu bt c lc no. V nhng l do , vic nghin cu thnh phn, cu trc dng xe, ti trng xe khai thc l thc s cn thit, cp bch trong vic qun l khai thc h thng ng b nc ta hin nay. II. MT S NT KHI QUT V H THNG CU NG B 2.1. Cc dng kt cu ph bin Theo Tng cc ng b Vit Nam, nhng cu trn h thng quc l c phn thnh 5 loi vi cc s liu nh nu hnh 1 v hnh 2.
5% 3% 18% 12%

62%

BTCT DL BTCT Thp BTLH Dm, dn thp Loi khc

Hnh 1. Biu t l (%) s lng cu trn quc l theo phn loi vt liu chnh ca kt cu nhp 492

7% 20%

3% 31% B TCT D L B TCT Thp B TL H D m , d n th p L oi k h c

39%

Hnh 2. Biu t l (%) chiu di cu trn quc l theo phn loi vt liu chnh ca kt cu nhp 2.2. Ti trng thit k v cc quy trnh quy phm thit k cu c vn dng Trc nm 1945, h thng cu c xy dng theo tiu chun ca Php, vi c im l cu kh hp, ti trng thp. T nm 1954 n nm 1975, min Bc chng ta khi phc v xy dng nhiu cu trn c s tiu chun thit k tham kho ca Trung Quc; ca Lin X v sau l tiu chun 22TCN 18-79. min Nam, thi gian ny cc cu ch yu c thi cng theo tiu chun AASHO/AASHTO, vi cc ti trng thit k H15 (14 tn), H20 (18 tn), HS20 (32.65 tn). T nm 1979 n nay, trn phm vi c nc thng nht dng tiu chun 22TCN 18-79. T u nhng nm 90, cc cu c u t bng ngun vn vay, ti tr t nc ngoi c thit k ch yu theo tiu chun AASHTO (LFD) vi ti trng thit k HS22-44x1.25, vi tng ti trng xe thit k ln n 40.8 tn, p lc ln nht trn trc t ti 18.1 tn ... T nm 2001 tr li y mt s cng trnh c thit k vi chun ti trng HL93, theo tiu chun thit k cu mi 22TCN 272-05(01). III. THC TRNG QU TI CA CU DO XE TI KHAI THC 3.1. Hin trng khai thc ca h thng cu 3.1.1. Hin trng khai thc ca cu qua vic cm bin khng ch ti trng Trn tuyn Quc l 1 (QL1) hin nay, c 151/229 cu mi c kim nh phi cm bin hn ch ti trng xe, nh bng 1. Bng 1. Thng k cc loi bin bo khng ch ti trng xe qua cu
Loi bin khng ch ti trng S lng (cu) 10T - 15T 7 16T - 18T 37 20T - 23T 24 25T 83

493

Tnh trng nhiu cu mi khai thc c 20 - 30 nm nhng b h hng nng, cc n v qun l phi nng cp, sa cha ln nhiu ln gy tn km; phi cm bin ti trng nh hn nhiu so vi ti trng thit k gy nh hng ln n vic khai thc ca on tuyn ng. C th dn chng rt nhiu cu trn QL1 b h hng nhanh chng do tc ng ca xe ti nng nh: cu ung c (thng ln bn mt cu, phi t thp tm ln m bo cho xe ti lu thng), cu B (nt v ln b tng u dm BTCT nhp 2), cu Hc (v b tng u dm tng t nh cu B); cu Yn (thng ln bn mt cu v h hng nng ton b khe co gin); cu Cm Tin 2 (thng ln bn mt cu, buc phi lm ng trnh m bo giao thng) ... 3.1.2. Hin trng khai thc ca cu qua cc dng h hng ch yu ca cc b phn kt cu nhp cu Cc h hng ph bin ca mt s b phn kt cu nhp cu theo Bo co kt qu kim nh 229/854 cu trn QL1 t nm 1999 n nm 2007 cho thy (bng 2): Bng 2. Tng hp cc h hng ph bin ca cc b phn kt cu nhp cu trn QL1
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Loi h hng Khe co gin (m) Mt ng (m ) Lin kt ngang cc loi Gi cu (cu) Bn mt cu (cu) Dm dc ch (cu)
2

T Km 3+469 n Km 1397+471 1276.65/ 5163.2 12679.76/ 71652.13 19/131 1/131 61/131 41/131

T Km 1418+771 n Km 2260+288 2080.08/ 4459.23 17357.73/ 72461.7 44/121 13/121 74/121 58/121

Hin trng mt s kt cu nhp cu xung cp kh nhanh, r rt nht l mt ng trn cu, khe co gin, dm ngang, dm dc, bn mt cu..., thm ch c cu mi c a vo khai thc cha lu nhng cng b h hng mt s b phn. 3.2. Thnh phn, cu trc dng xe v ti trng xe 3.2.1. Thnh phn, cu trc dng xe Kt qu kho st ti 3 trm o trn QL 1 cho thy: thnh phn, cu trc dng xe rt a dng v s trc xe; v khong cch trc xe; v s bnh xe; v hng sn xut; v loi ti trng... T kt qu o kim ti trng xe cng cho thy: - Lng xe ti loi 2 trc chim t l ln nht trong tng s xe ti cc loi (khong 49%); tip l xe ti loi 3 trc (khong 29%); chim t l khong 1.3% l cc loi 494

xe ti ch cc loi hng siu trng, siu trng (nh: Container; xe my thi cng; xe ch thp cun ...).
1 600 1 400 1 200

(s l n g x e)

1 000 800 600 400 200 0

H Ty Qung Bnh TT. Hu

x e con

x e bus nh x e k hch x e ti nh (Loi phng tin)

xe ti

Hnh 3. Biu s lng cc loi xe c m ti 3 trm trn QL1 thuc a phn H Ty (c); Qung Bnh; TT. Hu - Lu lng cc loi xe lu hnh c ti trng ch hng t 7 - 20 tn v ti trng ch hng trn 20 tn c xu hng hng nm tng nhanh hn so vi cc loi xe c ti trng ch hng nh hn 2 tn v ti trng ch hng t 2 - 7 tn. 3.2.2. Ti trng xe v ti trng trc xe Thc t cho thy rng: nhng c ly trung bnh v di (nht l xe vn ti lin tnh) th chi ph to nn gi thnh vn chuyn hng ho do cc xe ch hng nng thp hn nhiu so vi chi ph to nn gi thnh vn chuyn hng ho do cc xe ti ch hng nh. Chnh iu ny gii thch tc tng trng kh nhanh ca s lng xe vn ti hng nng nc ta v tnh trng tn dng, thm ch cn ti mc lm dng, chuyn ch vt qu trng ti xe ca cc ch phng tin (chi tit s liu ti trng xe v ti trng trc xe ln nht o c ti bng 3). T s liu cn xe ti cc trm o nm 2003, xy dng ph ti trng xe, trc xe o c nh ti bng 4, bng 5 nh sau: Bng 3. Tng hp ti trng xe, trc xe ln nht o c ti cc trm o nm 2003
Loi xe 2 trc 3 trc 4 trc 5 trc 6 trc Ti trng xe (tn) 32.2 51.2 59.7 92.6 101.2 Ti trng 1 trc xe (tn) 21.5 23.6 22.1 23.2 22.3

495

Bng 4. Ph ti trng xe t kt qu o nm 2003

Ti trng xe (tn) T l (%) loi xe (tng ng theo ti trng xe)/tng xe cng loi Xe 2 trc (48.9) 9.80 1.75 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Xe 3 trc (28.86) 9.37 6.05 3.17 1.36 0.98 0.31 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Xe 4 trc (14.6) 2.64 5.05 2.72 1.59 1.10 0.21 0.29 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Xe 5 trc (5.98) 0.47 1.17 1.18 1.94 0.95 0.29 0.31 0.30 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 Xe 6 trc (1.66) 0.05 0.14 0.19 0.54 0.31 0.18 0.13 0.09 0.11 0.04 0.11 0.01 0.00

16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71-75 76-80

Bng 5. Ph ti trng trc xe t kt qu o nm 2003

Ti trng trc xe (tn) 10-11.5 12-14.52 14.55 T l (%) loi xe (tng ng theo ti trng trc xe)/tng xe cng loi Xe 2 trc 17.8 6.9 0.82 Xe 3 trc 8.9 3.78 0.88 Xe 4 trc 3.82 1.78 0.33 Xe 5 trc 1.98 0.58 0.06 Xe 6 trc 0.41 0.2 0.07

IV. TC NG CA THNH PHN, CU TRC DNG XE, TI TRNG XE N TNH TRNG H HNG V SUY GIM TUI TH KHAI THC CA KT CU CU 4.1. C s l thuyt Hin nay cc phng php nh gi kt cu nhp cu ch yu da trn c s trit l tnh ton thit k theo phng php trng thi gii hn (TTGH). C th c i cht khc bit, nhng nhn chung cc tiu chun thit k/nh gi cu nhiu nc u yu cu kim tra theo cc TTGH chnh nh sau: - TTGH cng , l cc trng thi m kt cu b ph hoi do b phn cng trnh t ti gii hn v cng , v n nh khin cng trnh khng s dng c na. 496

- TTGH s dng, l cc trng thi khng m bo an ton cho vic s dng bnh thng nh c bin dng, dch chuyn qu ln; kt cu BTCT b nt khin cng trnh phi hn ch mc khai thc hay phi khi phc, sa cha... - TTGH mi l trng thi tch ly dn n mc ln cc tn hi mi di tc ng lp nhiu ln ca hot ti. Cc tn hi mi thng bt u hnh thnh cc v tr c s tp trung ng sut (trong chi tit thp, ct thp thng v DL, trong cc mu neo trong b tng ...) tch ly v pht trin dn cng vi s gia tng cc chu trnh tc ng ca ti trng xe v n mc ln th c th gy ra s ph hoi di dng t gy t ngt. Cc c trng c bn quyt nh s hnh thnh v tc pht trin bin dng mi l bin ng sut, tng lng chu trnh tc ng ti lp, dng v iu kin lm vic ca kt cu v c tnh chu mi ca vt liu. Vic nh gi mc suy gim tui th ca kt cu u d trn cc m hnh phn tch mc tch ly cc tn hi dng mi (do hot ti xe) v n mn (do mi trng). C th biu din phng trnh c bn chung ca iu kin tnh duyt theo cc TTGH di dng: QR (1) Trong : Q - Biu th hiu ng ti ln nht ln b phn kt cu do tc ng ca ti trng (ang dng nh gi) t hp bt li nht; R - Biu th kh nng chu ti ti a (sc khng) ca b phn kt cu tng ng vi hin trng (vt l, c hc ) ca n. Nu iu kin (1) tho mn, b phn kt cu c kh nng chu ti. Thng thng Vit nam hin nay, vi cc cu ang khai thc, khi kim nh th iu kin kim ton ch yu l iu kin cng (trng thi gii hn cng ). Ngc li, nu (1) khng tho mn, b phn kt cu khng m bo kh nng chu ti v i hi phi c mt gii php thch ng. Vic u tin l phi hn ch ti trng, v tip n, tu thuc vo mc h hng v thiu ht cn sa cha, hoc tng cng hay thm ch phi thay th. V nguyn tc, iu kin nh gi (1) c p dng cho mi kt cu, ti trng v tt c trng hp kim ton. nh gi trn c s hiu ng ca hot ti xe. C th vit t v tri ca (1) Q = QD + QL Trong : QD - Hiu ng ti trn kt cu do cc ti trng tnh gy ra; QL - Hiu ng ti trn kt cu do hot ti xe (ang dng nh gi) gy ra. 497 (2)

Tng t, ta vit v phi: R = RD + RL (3) Trong : RD - Kh nng chu ti ti a ca b phn kt cu tng ng vi tc ng ca cc ti trng tnh gy ra; RL - Kh nng chu ti ti a ca b phn kt cu tng ng vi tc ng ca hot ti xe (ang dng nh gi) gy ra. Vi RD = QD, RL s chnh l phn nng lc chu ti m b phn kt cu c c th tip nhn c tc ng ca hot ti mt cch an ton. T , iu kin nh gi s c dng: Q L RL (4) Nga v cc nc thuc Lin X c, vi dn xut l hiu ng ca ti trng chun n v, cc i lng QL v RL c bin i tng ng thnh cp ca ti trng KL (theo tc ng) v cp ca b phn kt cu KR (theo kh nng chu ti). Khi iu kin nh gi s l: K L KR (5) Vit Nam, nhiu nm qua cng vn dng cch nh gi theo (5) i vi cc kt cu nhp cu dm thp v dn thp ng st. nhng nc vn dng cc tiu chun nh gi ca AASHTO, bng cch a ra khi nim h s nh gi ti trng RF ( Rating Factor), trc y l theo phng php LFR, hin nay l theo LRFR, ty thuc vo gi tr ca RF ln hn hay nh hn 1 kt lun kt cu hay thiu ht kh nng chu ti, vi: RF =

RL QL

(6)

4.2. Kt qu xem xt, nh gi C th khng nh rng: cc kt cu cu khi chu tc ng ca cc loi xe khc nhau (v s trc xe, khong cch gia cc trc xe), ti trng khc nhau v cch b tr cc xe trn cu khc khau th s gy ra hiu ng ti cho kt cu khc nhau, do gy ra tnh trng h hng v mc suy gim tui th khai thc do tch ly cc tn hi trong cc kt cu cu cng khc nhau. Khi mc vt ti cc xe ti ngy mt nghim trng, tnh trng h hng s nng n hn v mc suy gim tui th khai thc ca kt cu cu ng s cng nhanh hn, nguy c xy ra sp gy cu cng s cao hn. Qua kt qu nghin cu c th thy ti trng xe khai thc i qua cu cng gy ra hiu ng ti khc nhiu v ln hn kh nhiu so vi ti trng thit k tiu chun. C th nh sau: 498

a) Qua kho st tuyn QL1 t cu Gi (thuc a phn tnh H Ty c) n Km0 ca ng trnh thnh ph Hu thuc a phn tnh Tha Thin - Hu, thy rng: c khong 16/ 52 cu c bin hn ch ti trng t 13 tn n 25 tn, cc cu ny thuc cu dm nhp gin n vi chiu di nhp nh hn 15m. Theo s liu cn xe ti 3 trm nm 2003: Trm Cu Gi (tnh H Ty); Trm Gianh (tnh Qung Bnh); Trm Ph Bi (tnh Tha Thin - Hu) th s lng xe ti loi 3 trc c ti trng xe trong khong t 20.1 tn n 51.2 tn chim t l so vi tng lng xe loi 3 trc lu hnh trn tuyn ng ny nh sau: ti Cu Gi c t l l 42%; ti Gianh c t l l 32%; ti Ph Bi c t l l 22% ( theo kt qu o v m xe lin tc 24/24 gi). Cc xe ti 3 trc ch vt ti lu thng trn quc l 1 hin nay thuc ph bin l cc loi xe c nhn hiu sn xut: Hyundai; Isuzu; Asia; Samsung; Kamaz, Hino ...; cc loi xe ny u c khong cch trc nh hn khong cch trc xe ca on xe H30, tc l khong cch t trc trc n trc gia nh hn 6m, t trc gia n trc sau nh hn 1,6m. Vi mt cu dm gin n c chiu di nhp l 12.5m, m men un ti mt ct gia nhp do 1 xe ti loi 3 trc cha xt cc h s theo qui nh ca qui trnh hin hnh th: - Xe 30 tn theo tiu chun ca on xe H30 c m men un l 62.4Tm. - Xe ti ch hng loi 3 trc c khong cch t trc trc n trc gia l 3,2m, khong cch t trc gia n trc sau l 1.3m, ti trng trc gia v trc sau mi trc nng gp i ti trng trc trc th gi tr m men un ti mt ct gia nhp tng ng vi mt s ti trng nh bng 6. Bng 6
Ti trng (tn) M men (Tm) 20 49.32 25 61.65 30 73.98 35 86.31 40 98.64 51.2 126.99

T bng 6 cho thy tng quan v m men un ti mt ct gia nhp do ti trng xe thc t qua cu vi ti trng xe tiu chun H-30 l: vi xe 40 tn th tng quan ny l 1,58; vi xe 51,2 tn th tng quan ny l 2,04. T c th thy rng: s vt ti i vi kt cu gy ra khng ch bi trng lng xe, m cn bi cu hnh - khong cch trc xe i vi 1 s loi b phn/kt cu nhp no ; trong mt s trng hp s vt ti ny l nguy him do hiu ng ti ca xe ti ang lu hnh gy ra ln hn kh nng chu ti ca kt cu, thm ch tng quan gia hiu ng ti v kh nng chu ti ca kt cu ln hn nhiu h s ti trng tnh ton vi t l nh = 1,4 theo qui nh (trong thit k v kim nh theo 22TCN18-79). 499

b) Kho st bng s. Da theo gi thuyt tch ly tuyn tnh cc tn hi mi cng vi vic vn dng cc kt qu th nghim trn cc m hnh, th nghim thc t ca cc cng trnh nghin cu cng b ca mt s tc gi, cc tnh ton bng s c tin hnh xc nh mc tn hi do 1 ln xe ti nng i qua cu, i vi bn mt cu BTCT thng dy 17cm. Kt qu tnh ton cho thy vi quan h gia ti trng tc ng, P, v tng lng chu trnh ng sut tng ng n khi xy ra ph hoi mi, N, c quan h dng hm m (th hin mi quan h ny i vi tng loi ti trng khai thc t xe 2 trc n xe 6 trc nh hnh 4 v hnh 5) th:
(P - N)
2.5E+06 2 trc 2.0E+06 3 trc 1.5E+06 4 trc 1.0E+06 5 trc 5.0E+05 6 trc 0.0E+00 10 13 15 18 20 25 28 30 33 35 38 40 42 45 48 50 52 55 60 65 70 75 80

S chu k ng sut

Ti trng xe (tn)

Hnh 4. Biu quan h gia ti trng xe v s chu trnh ng sut tng ng do bnh xe nng ca cc loi xe ti gy ra h hng mi cho b tng chu nn
(T l tn hi cho b tng do 01 ln xe i qua)
140 94.23 1.02 0.11 0.56 0.73 0.84 0.30 0.51 1.01 1.12 1.40 1.51 3.50 1.56 5.37 1.68 1.84 6.95 9.95 1.95 12.42 2.12 16.92 2.23 2.35 20.51 24.65 2.51 31.94 2.68 2.79 40.72 47.47 2.90 55.02 3.07 3.35 67.93 3.63 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 127.31

(T l qu ti so vi H30)

Hnh 5. Biu quan h gia t l qu ti so vi hot ti thit k H30 v mc tn hi tng ng - Trng hp xt vi b tng chu nn + Ti trng trc xe tng ln 1,95 ln so vi ti trng trc tiu chun ca hot ti thit k H30 (12 tn) th 01 ln xe i qua s gy ra tn hi tng gp 12,42 ln; ngc li, khi ti trng trc xe gim 1,37 ln th tn hi gim 3,33 ln. 500

(Cng ti trng khai thc 18 tn)

2.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 1.0E+05 5.0E+04 0.0E+00

v i b tng chu nn

Ni

2 trc

3 trc

4 trc

5 trc

6 trc

(Loi xe)

Hnh 6. Biu th hin cc loi xe t 2 trc n 6 trc vi cng gi tr ti trng 1 ln xe qua cu bnh xe nng tng ng gy tn hi khc nhau cho BT chu nn + Vi cng gi tr tng ti trng xe (hnh 6) nhng vi 01 ln xe i qua cu th xe loi 2 trc gy tn hi cho bn mt cu ln hn 6,95 ln so vi tn hi cho bn mt cu do xe ti loi 3 trc gy ra; ln hn 20,51 ln so vi tn hi cho bn mt cu do xe ti loi 4 trc gy ra; ln hn 40,72 ln so vi tn hi cho bn mt cu do xe ti loi 5 trc gy ra; ln hn 94,23 ln so vi tn hi cho bn mt cu do xe ti loi 6 trc gy ra. - T kt qu tnh ton trn cng cho thy: + 01 ln xe ti loi 2 trc i qua cu th tn hi do bnh xe nng gy ra ln hn cc loi xe khc rt nhiu (tng dn theo s lng trc xe). + Trng hp ti trng trc xe vt qu ti trng trc cho php ca cu 10%, 20% v 30% th tn hi do 01 ln xe i qua s gy ra i vi ring bn mt cu BTCT tng ln ln lt l 1,5 ln, 2,0 ln v 2,7 ln. c) Trng hp thc t - Bn mt cu ng Nai trn QL1 (on ni gia Bin Ho v TP.H Ch Minh). Ti y, bn mt cu v 15 khe co gin cao su c thi cng lm li mi vo thng 6/1997. Ch sau 5 nm khai thc, n nm 2002, cc khe co gin v mt ng b tng nha trn cu li b h hng nng, c quan qun l cu li phi thay mi cc khe co gin cao su v thm lp b tng nha ht mn dy 5 cm. ng thi, hin trng bn mt cu b h hng nh sau: c nhiu vt nt theo phng ngang v dc cu tt c cc nhp; pha ln ng xe chy t TP.Bin Ha i TP. H Ch Minh mc nt nhiu hn so vi pha ln ng xe chy t thnh ph H Ch Minh i TP.Bin Ha. Chi tit nh m t ti bng 7. 501

Bng 7
Ti ln ng Bin Ho i TP. H Ch Minh Phn on S lng vt nt (vt nt) 1604 92 91 88 93 88 92 80 67 81 55 70 88 88 62 100 127 133 109 Chiu di vt nt (cm) 237483 13514 15465 13435 14035 13110 13938 13415 10905 13438 7460 11190 13001 11419 6938 14364 16756 18805 16295 Ti ln ng TP. H Ch Minh i Bin Ho S lng vt nt (vt nt) 1321 44 80 78 56 55 76 57 68 82 83 75 74 76 66 93 98 96 64 Chiu di vt nt (cm) 204191 6885 13964 12425 10254 8829 11364 10476 11252 13625 12523 11575 12089 10565 7977 13160 14549 13476 9203

Tng cng I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII

* Qua kho st s b v lu lng xe cho thy: Lu lng xe ti nng (xe ch hng qu ti) ti ln ng xe chy t TP.Bin Ha i TP.H Ch Minh nhiu hn so vi ti ln ng xe chy t TP.H Ch Minh i TP.Bin Ho. Nguyn nhn do: - V tr cc cng hng ho (nh: Tn Cng; cng Bnh Dng ...) nm bn pha TP.H Ch Minh (sng Si Gn lm mc), v vy hng ngy c rt nhiu xe ti nng (ch yu loi xe Container 40 feet) ch hng ho t cc khu Cng nghip, cm Cng nghip thuc cc tnh ng Nai, B Ra - Vng Tu ... qua cu ng Nai ch hng ho i cc cng; s lng hng ho v trng lng hng ho t cng phi chuyn i n cc tnh phi i qua cu ng Nai nh hn so vi chiu ngc li. 502

- V tr cc m vt liu xy dng, san lp ch yu bn pha thnh ph Bin Ho, do cc xe ch vt liu xy dng thng ch hng qu ti t bn TP. Bin Ho cung cp cho cc c s xy dng bn TP.H Ch Minh. Theo chiu ngc li th cc xe ch yu l xe ch khng ti. Nh vy, c th thy r tnh trng xe nng, xe qu ti lu hnh vi s lng ln chnh l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra mc h hng nng n cho kt cu bn mt cu ng Nai. lm r thm nhng vn nu trn, xin nu y mt s kt qu nghin cu ca M nh sau: - Theo mt nghin cu ti bang Idaho (M) cho thy t l xe qu ti trng qui nh khng xin php ca c quan c thm quyn cp php lu hnh c t l % vi phm hng nm khong 12%. Cc chuyn gia tnh ton c mc h hng ca mt ng do cc xe ti ch qu ti gy ra hng nm tng khong 57% so vi tnh ton thit k ban u. - Vo nm 1990, kt qu nghin cu ti M cho thy thit hi do hin tng xe qu ti gy ra cho mng li ng b hng nm t 160 triu USD/nm n 670 triu USD/nm. - Cng theo mt phn tch v kinh t thc hin vo nm 1992 ti Bang Washington ca M v vic so snh hiu qu kinh t gia li nhun khi ch qu ti mang li cho lnh vc vn ti v khon kinh ph phi chi tng cng sa cha h thng ng b do hu qu ca xe qu ti gy ra, chi tit so snh hiu qu kinh t ny c th hin ti bng 8. Bng 8. So snh hiu qu kinh t gia vic xe ch qu ti v thit hi cho h thng ng b
Mc vt ti so vi ti trng trc xe tiu chun c t l i tng so snh 3% 4% 50km 150km 500km - Li nhun vn ti - Thit hi ng b - Li nhun vn ti - Thit hi ng b - Li nhun vn ti - Thit hi ng b $2,2 $2,5 $7,3 $8,3 $21,8 $24,8 1,14 5% 6% $3,6 $4,4 $12,1 $14,6 $36,3 $43,9 1,21 10% 13% $7,3 $11,2 $24,2 $37,2 $72,6 $111,6 1,54 30% 38% $21,8 $74,4 $72,6 $248 $217,8 $744,1 3,42 T l xe ch vt ti chim t l

Chiu di ng nghin cu

T l kinh ph phi b ra dnh cho sa cha h thng ng b so vi li nhun thu c t xe qu ti

503

Kt qu cho thy trong mi trng hp, kinh ph phi u t cho sa cha bo tr ng b b h hng nhanh do xe qu ti gy ra bao gi cng ln hn nhiu so vi li nhun thun tu do xe ch qu ti mang li. Nu tnh cho cc tuyn ng b c t l xe qu ti vi phm qui nh v ti trng trc cao v din ra trn chng ng di th mc chnh lch ca khon kinh ph phi b p thit hi v h hng cu ng nhanh do xe ch qu ti so vi li nhun t vn ti cng ln, c th ln ti 350%. Qua , c th kt lun rng: cn thit phi xc lp ch kim sot khai thc v thnh phn, cu trc dng xe, ti trng xe cho tng on tuyn trn c s nh gi kh nng chu ti ca kt cu cng trnh cu. V. KT LUN T nhng vn c cp, phn tch v nh gi nu, c th rt ra cc kt lun ch yu sau: 1. H thng cu ng b trn tuyn QL1 rt a dng v dng kt cu; vt liu xy dng; tiu chun, quy trnh v quy phm thit k; bin php thi cng ... Hin trng cht lng k thut cc cu thuc loi cu yu cn rt nhiu v tng theo hng nm, cha p ng c nhu cu v s pht trin lu thng hng ho bng ng b c xu hng ngy mt tng. ng thi, thc t nhiu cu ang b h hng nhanh chng, g trn mt cu; khe co gin b dp v; dm cu b nt... Nhng h hng ny mt mt do cc nguyn nhn tc ng ca iu kin mi trng, kh hu theo thi gian khai thc; do thiu vn duy tu bo tr v cng tc duy tu bo dng cn mt s hn ch... nhng nguyn nhn chnh l do tc ng ca xe ti nng lu hnh. 2. Kt qu kho st, thng k, tng hp, phn loi thy rng xe ti lu hnh trn QL1 tng i phong ph, a dng v thnh phn cu trc dng xe, c bit l ti trng xe vi mc qu ti ng bo ng. Trong c mt s vn ng lu nh: + Lu lng xe ti loi 2 trc, 3 trc chim t l ch yu. Mt khc, nhng loi xe ti ny ch yu chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, cc hng ho di ... d vn chuyn qu ti nhiu ln so vi gi tr ti trng cho php. + T l ti trng trc n ca cc xe ti min Nam ln hn nhiu so vi t l ti trng trc n min Bc v min Trung. ng thi, trung bnh c khong 50% s xe ti c ti trng trc qu ti. + C trn 18% cc xe ti lu hnh ch hng qu ti, c mt s trng hp xe ti nng gp 2,5 ln so vi ti trng cho php ca cu. 504

+ Thnh phn, cu trc dng xe c nh hng rt ln n h hng v mc suy gim tui th khai thc ca kt cu cu. Vi cng mt gi tr ti trng xe khai thc nhng xe ti loi 2 trc gy ra tn hi ln hn rt nhiu so vi xe ti loi 3 trc, 4 trc, 5 trc, 6 trc. + Vic xe ch hng qu ti trng thit k (ti trng thit k tiu chun) ca cu gy ra tn hi rt ln i vi h hng ca cc b phn kt cu nhp cu ngay sau 01 ln xe i qua. Mc tn hi ny c quan h hm m vi mc gia tng ti trng xe, ti trng trc xe. 3. T kt qu nghin cu ny, cho thy cn sm a ra cc gii php cp thit trong vic xc lp ch qun l, kim sot ti trng xe khai thc nh: iu chnh mc thu ph s dng cu ng b theo mc gy tn hi; mc nh thu nhp khu hoc sn xut i vi cc loi xe ti ch hng c s trc t; cc mc x pht i vi cc phng tin ch hng qu ti; vic kim sot, cp php ti trng lu hnh ... cc cng trnh cu trn QL1 cng nh trn ton mng li ng b m bo tui th khai thc nh thit k, hn ch ti a tai nn giao thng, gim bt thit hi v kinh t do phi b p nhng h hng ca kt cu cu do xe ti nng gy ra. TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Trung tm K thut ng b (1999), Trng i hc Xy dng (2003), Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Giao thng vn ti (2007), Bo co kt qu kim nh v th ti cu ng Nai. [2]. Trung tm K thut ng b (2003), Bo co kt qu m lu lng xe, cn ti trng xe trn quc l 1, quc l 5, quc l 51. [3]. PGS.TS. Trn c Nhim (2002), Nghin cu xc lp ch khai thc thng nht cho nhng cng trnh cu c thit k theo nhng tiu chun khc nhau trn c s so snh cc hiu ng ti m s B96-35-08, Bo co ti NCKHcp B, Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti. [4]. PGS.TS Trn c Nhim (2004), Vn hn ch v kim sot ti trng xe lu hnh qua cu ng b: Cn tip cn v gii quyt mt cch h thng v ng b, Tp ch Giao thng vn ti, s 3, tr. 15-17. [5]. ThS. Trnh Vn Ton (2008), "Gp phn phn tch v nh gi cc h hng ca mt s b phn kt cu nhp cu ng Nai do cc loi xe ti nng, Tp ch Giao thng vn ti, s 6, tr. 18, 29, 30. [6]. ThS. Trnh Vn Ton (2008), "Gp phn nh gi tc ng ca xe ti nng n h thng cu ng, Tp ch Giao thng vn ti, s 7, tr. 21-23.

505

[7]. Jamshid Mohammadi, Sidney A.Guralnick, Fellow and Ramakrishna Polepeddi, Member, ASCE (1998), Bridge Fatigue life estimation from field data. [8]. Nowak, A.S.Nassif.H and DeFrain L (1993), Effect of Truck Load on Bridges J.Transp. [9]. Takashi Satoh, Hiroshi Mitamura, Yutaka Adachi, Hiroaki Nishi, Hiroyuki Ishikawa and Shigeyuki Matsui (2000), Fatigue durability of a reinforced concrete deck. [10]. Shreenath Rao, Jeffery Roesler, University of Illinois (2004), Comulative Fatigue damage analysis of concrete pavement using APT result.

506

NH GI KT QU O DAO NG CU CN TH
ThS. NGUYN TRNG NGHA GS. TS. NGUYN VIT TRUNG TS. NGUYN TH TUYT TRINH B mn Cng trnh GTTP&CTT Khoa Cng trnh - Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti TM TT: Phng php ng nh gi kt cu cu treo dy vng ang c s dng ph bin trn th gii v ti Vit Nam. Mc ch ca phng php ny nhm xc nh cc hiu ng ng lc nh ng sut ng lc, vng ng, tn s dao ng cng bc, tn s ring ca cc b phn kt cu, h s xung kch do tc ng ca hot ti xe di ng trn cu vi cc tc khc nhau. Bi bo ny trnh by kt qu nh gi ng cu treo dy vng Cn Th theo kt qu o c thc t v kt qu phn tch l thuyt nh gi hiu qu ca cc gii php thit k - thi cng cng trnh cu Cn Th. SUMMARY: Dynamic method of assessment cable-stayed bridge structures is commonly used worldwide and in Vietnam. The purpose of this method to determine the dynamic effects such as dynamic stress, dynamic deflection, natural frequency of the structure, the impact factor of bridge with different speeds. Test results are compared with theoretical results according to design documents to assess the actual load bearing capacity of the bridge. This article presents the evaluation of main bridge structure in CanTho Bridge based on loading test results in 2010. I. TNG QUAN V D N XY DNG CU CN TH 1.1. V tr xy dng D n cu Cn Th - Tnh Cn Th vi tng d n di 15,85 km vi im khi u ti Km 2016 trn Quc l 1 thuc huyn Bnh Minh tnh Vnh Long, i trnh Quc l 1 v thnh ph Cn Th, vt qua sng Hu ni tr li QL1 ti Km 2077 thuc qun Ci Rng - Tnh Cn Th.

507

Hnh 1. Cu Cn Th sau khi hp long v thi cng lp ph mt cu Cu c thit k vnh cu theo tiu chun Nht Bn JRA2006 cng vi phng php thit k theo trng thi gii hn theo tiu chun AASHTO LRFD. Chiu rng ton cu l 26m trong c bn ln xe c gii v 2 ln xe th s. Cu chnh: Phn cu dy vng c chiu di l 1010 m, c s : s b tr nhp: 2@40 + 150 + 550 + 150 + 2@40m gm 7 nhp lin tc, gm 2 tr thp. Dm ch: Dm ch lin tc 7 nhp, b tr 2 mt phng dy vng. Dm ch dng hn hp gia dm BTCT DL dng hp 4 cell hnh thang ngc c cnh hng di 6.8 m v dm thp t hp ni ti v tr gia nhp chnh. Dm ch gi trn cc tr thp v cc tr neo.

Hnh 2. Mt ct ngang in hnh bng BTCT DL

Hnh 3. Mt ct ngang in hnh bng thp t hp

Tr thp: Gm hai tr thp bng BTCT DL c chiu cao tnh t im t dm ch l 138.40m, tnh t mt ct nh b mng l 170.3m i vi thp pha b Bc v 164.8m i vi thp pha b Nam. Phn thp dng ch A. Hai thp t trn mng cc khoan nhi ng knh 2.5m, vi 30 cc cho thp pha b Bc v 36 cc cho thp pha b Nam. Chiu di cc 92m cho tr thp pha b Bc v 94m cho tr thp pha b Nam. Dy vng: Dy vng s dng loi b cp tao n t trong ng HDPE, mi tr thp gm 54 cp dy vng c b tr thnh 2 mt phng dn dy dng r qut i xng t mi tr thp. Cp dy vng c chia thnh 7 loi c ng knh v s lng tao cp khc nhau: 508

Bng 1. c trng ca cp dy vng thit k

S lng tao cp 91 . knh cp (mm) 77/87 Din tch b cp (mm2) 3502 Trng lng n v 28.7

STT

Tn cp

N-L4, S-R4~N-L2, S-R2, N-R2, S-L2~NR4, S-L4 N-L26, S-R26~N-L20, S-R20, N-L7, SR7~N-L5, S-R5 / N-L1, S-R1, N-R23, SL23~N-R20, S-L20, N-R8, S-L8~N-R5, SL5 / N-R1, S-L1 N-L11, S-R11~N-L8, S-R8, N-R26, SL26~N-R24, S-L24, N-R13, S-L13~N-R9, S-L9 N-L13, S-R13~N-L12, S-R12 N-R17, S-L17~N-R14, S-L14 N-L16, S-R16~N-L14,S-R14, N-R18, SL18 N-L27, S-R27, N-L19, S-R19~N-L17, SR17, N-R19, S-L19 N-R27, S-L27

109

81/95

4195

34.6

3 4 5 6 7 8

121 13 151 163 187 199

85/99 92/106 94/108 99/113 105/119 108/122

4657 5349 5811 6273 7197 7658

38.4 43.9 47.6 51.3 58.7 62.4

Tr trung gian v tr bin: Cc tr trung gian gm t P14 ti P17. Hai tr bin P13 v P18. Tr 13 v tr 18 dng khung BTCT t trn nn mng cc khn nhi. Cc tr trung gian t P14 n P17 dng ct BTCT t trn nn mng cc khoan nhi.

Hnh 4. B tr chung ton cu pha b Bc 509

II. NI DUNG CA CNG TC TH TI NG Vic th nghim cu di tc dng ca hot ti di ng c quy inh trong Quy trnh kim nh cu trn ng t 22 TCN 243-98 vi mc ch xc nh cc hiu ng ng lc nh ng sut ng lc, vng ng, tn s dao ng cng bc, tn s ring ca cc b phn kt cu, h s xung kch do tc ng ca hot ti xe di ng trn cu vi cc tc khc nhau. Ti thi im th nghim cu cn o c nhit , m, hng gi v vn tc gi cho cc v tr cn o nh gi cc nh hng ca yu t thi tit n kt qu o c. 2.1. Cc ni dung ca cng tc th ti ng a) o dao ng ring kt cu nhp Cc mt ct cn o: Mt ct gia nhp 16, mt ct 1/4 nhp 17, mt ct gia nhp 17, mt ct 3/4 nhp 17, mt ct gia nhp 18. Trn mt ct ngang kt cu nhp b tr 4 u o dao ng: 2 u o dao ng theo phng thng ng, 1 u o dao ng theo phng ngang cu, 1 u o dao ng theo phng dc cu xc nh tn s dao ng ring do un v do xot ca kt cu nhp.

Hnh 5. B tr im o dao ng trn dm b tng b) o dao ng tr thp

Hnh 6. B tr im o dao ng trn dm thp

o dao ng theo 3 phng ti v tr nh 2 tr thp pha b Bc v pha b Nam. Trn nh tr thp b tr 3 u o dao ng theo 3 phng: 1 u o dao ng theo phng thng ng, 1 u o dao ng theo phng ngang cu, 1 u o dao ng theo phng dc cu xc nh tn s dao ng ring do un ca tr thp.

Hnh 7. B tr im o dao ng trn nh tr thp 510

2.2. Ti trng th ti * B tr ti trng th ti - Ti trng th ng s dng nhiu xe nht l 8 xe 3 trc cht ti bng dm hoc ct m bo trng ti mi xe 25 tn. Sai s v trng lng tng cng ca 1 xe khng c vt qu 5% tc l xe 3 trc c tng ti trng xe v hng t 23.75T n 26.25T - Phng n xp ti trng th trong qu trnh o: Ty theo s ti cc ln xe xp trn mt cu c th theo cc phng n: a. Lch tm v pha thng lu; b. ng tm; c. Lch tm v pha h lu. * Ti trng th ti Ti trng xe dng th ti cu thc t c s dng th ti, kim nh cu Cn Th hon ton m bo yu cu k thut theo tiu chun kim nh cu 22TCN24398. Chi tit trng lng ca tng xe nh sau: 2.3. Kt qu o c th ti ng 2.3.1. iu kin thi tit trong qu trnh th ti cu Qu trnh th ti, kim nh din ra trong iu kin thi tit bnh thng, kh ro khng c ma iu kin thu thp s liu o c. Vn tc gi ln nht trong thi gian o c th ti, kim nh cu l 39 km/h (10.83 m/s). Nhit cao nht 35oC. Cc s liu quan trc thi tit cho thy iu kin thi tit khng nh hng n chnh xc ca cc kt qu o c. Cc s liu v thi tit c tng hp trong bng sau: Bng 2. S liu quan trc thi tit trong qu trnh o c, th ti cu
Vn tc gi (Km/h) Ln nht Sng Chiu 31 39 Nh nht 10 10 Nhit (oC) Ln nht 30 32 Nh nht 27 29 m (%) Ln nht 83 68 Nh nht 66 56

Ngy

26/03/2010 26/03/2010

2.3.2. Kt qu th ti, kim nh cu di tc dng ca hot ti di ng Kt qu th ti cu di tc dng ca hot ti di ng c x l, phn tch da trn cc s liu bt li nht cho kt cu, trung bnh ca 3 ln o (lch thng lu, lch h lu v ng tm ca hot ti chy trn cu). Tn s thu c da trn kt qu phn 511

tch Fourier. Kt qu x l phn tch bng phn mm Mathlab c th hin trn hnh 9. Chi tit kt qu o dao ng kt cu nhp, tr thp c th hin trn bng 5, 6.

Hnh 8. Kt qu phn tch FFT s liu o dao ng Bng 3. Tng hp kt qu o dao ng kt cu nhp
STT 1 2 3 4 5 Mt ct o 1/2 nhp 16 1/4 nhp 17 1/2 nhp 17 3/4 nhp 17 1/2 nhp 18 Tn s trung bnh (Hz) Ngang cu 0.5729 0.3264 0.3015 0.3301 0.5279 ng 0.5729 0.4617 0.4046 0.4465 0.5279 Xon 2.2927 1.1657 1.288 1.187 2.0097

Bng 4. Tng hp kt qu o dao ng thp cu

Hng mc o Thp pha b Bc Thp pha b Nam Tn s (Hz) ng 2.291 2.298 Ngang cu 1.053 0.665 Dc cu 0.743 0.788 Ghi ch Trung bnh Trung bnh

2.3.3. Kt qu phn tch dao ng ring theo m hnh l thuyt M hnh phn tch dao ng ring theo hnh 9. Kt qu phn tch chu k dao ng ring cho 40 dng dao ng u tin ca kt cu. Mt s kt qu ca 6 dng dao ng ring u tin ca kt cu c th hin trn hnh 9 n 15.

512

Hnh 9. M hnh phn tc l thuyt

Hnh 10. Mode dao ng th nht trc X, f = 0.1766

Hnh 11. Mode dao ng th hai trc Z, f = 0.2178

Hnh 12. Mode dao ng th ba trc Y, f = 0.2847

Hnh 13. Mode dao ng th t trc Y, f = 0.3318

Hnh 14. Mode dao ng th nm trc Z, f = 0.3440 513

Hnh 15. Mode dao ng th su trc Z, f = 0.4274 2.3.4. nh gi kt qu o dao ng Theo kt qu phn tch l thuyt, c trng dao ng ca kt cu cu Cn Th gm: - Tn s dao ng un theo phng ngang cu - Tn s dao ng xon : 0,2178 ~ 1,0636. : 0,9793 ~ 1,5773. - Tn s dao ng un theo phng thng ng : 0,2847 ~ 1,6101. Tn s dao ng o c ca kt cu nhp v tr thp khng chnh lch nhiu so vi l thuyt tnh ton. Cc kt qu o c v phn tch bng phn mm Mathlab cho kt qu vi tin cy cao. Kt cu lm vic bnh thng v ph hp vi m hnh tnh ton l thuyt. Di tn s ca cu o c u nm ngoi phm vi gii hn ca quy trnh kim nh cu trn ng t 22 TCN 243-98 l 1,67Hz n 2,22Hz. C th kt lun cu Cn Th m bo an ton khai thc vi hot ti thit k php ca tiu chun k thut. III. KT LUN Kt qu th ti ng cc b phn chu lc chnh ca cu chnh (phn cu dy vng) cho thy chu k dao ng ring u ph hp vi kt qu tnh ton vi h s thit k, mt vi gi tr o ln hn tr s tnh ton thit k nhng chnh lch khng nhiu v u nm trong gii hn cho php (Quy trnh kim nh cu 22TCN243-98 quy nh chu k dao ng ring ca kt cu khng c nm trong phm vi 0,45s ~ 0,6s tng ng vi tn s dao ng ring t 1,67 Hz n 2,22 Hz v chu k dao ng theo phng ngang khng c trng hoc bng bi s ca chu k dao ng ring theo phng thng ng). Kt cu cu chnh kh nng chu lc theo yu cu ng hc ca Quy trnh kim nh cu 22TCN243-98. Cc kt qu o c ph hp vi kt qu phn tch l thuyt, c th nh gi cng trnh cu Cn Th v c bn c xy dng ph hp n thit k. Vic s dng cc thit b o dao ng v u o hin c ti Vit Nam kt hp vi vic x l s liu bng cng c lp trnh Mathlab hon ton c th nh gi cc c trng ng ca kt cu cu ln xy dng ti Vit Nam c bit l cu treo dy vng v cu treo dy vng. 514

TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Bo co kim nh cu Cn Th - 2010. [2] Tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05. [3] Quy trnh kim nh cu 22TCN243-98. [4] Tiu chun thit k cu Nht Bn JRA2006.

515

NGHIN CU XUT M HNH QUN L H THNG NG T CAO TC VIT NAM

PGS.TS. DON MINH TM Vin trng - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT TM TT: Th tng Chnh Ph ra quyt nh ph duyt quy hoch pht trin mng ng b cao tc Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn sau nm 2020. gp phn thc hin quy hoch mang tnh chin lc ny, ngnh GTVT v ang t chc trin khai nghin cu cc bc thc hin c th. Bi bo ny trnh by tm tt kt qu nghin cu KH v xut ca Vin KH&CN GTVT v m hnh qun l h thng ng t cao tc Vit Nam th hin qua m hnh QLNN v m hnh Qun l khai thc v kinh doanh ng t cao tc, nhm to dng n np t chc qun l ngay t u, gp phn th hin ch o ca Th tng Chnh Ph v ca B GTVT trong qu trnh u t pht trin v QL khai thc ng t cao tc. 1. NGHIN CU M HNH QLNN I VI H THNG NG T CAO TC Theo quyt nh s 1734/ Q-TTg ngy 01/ 12/ 2008 ca Th tng Chnh Ph v ph duyt quy hoch pht trin mng ng b cao tc Vit Nam, mng ng b cao tc Vit Nam gm 22 tuyn vi tng chiu di l 5.873 km. Theo , B Giao thng vn ti l c quan qun l nh nc v u t xy dng v khai thc mng ng b cao tc trn phm vi ton quc v chu trch nhim xy dng cc chnh sch ng b thc hin quy hoch, c th nh sau: - Xy dng chnh sch to lp mi trng cnh tranh bnh ng ca cc nh u t, ng thi xy dng chnh sch bo v mi trng trong pht trin ng b cao tc. - Xy dng chnh sch pht trin ngun nhn lc: m rng cc hnh thc o to trong v ngoi nc v xy dng, qun l, khai thc ng b cao tc. - Chu trch nhim qun l v t chc thc hin Quy hoch, nghin cu hnh thnh cc m hnh t chc ph hp trong qun l u t, xy dng v khai thc h thng ng b cao tc; xy dng Cng ty u t pht trin ng cao tc Vit Nam (VEC) tr thnh doanh nghip nng ct trong u t, pht trin ng b cao tc Vit Nam. 516

Cc B, ngnh lin quan, ty theo chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh c trch nhim phi hp vi B Giao thng vn ti v y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph thc hin cc mc tiu ca quy hoch, m bo tnh thng nht, ng b vi vic thc hin Chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn sau nm 2020, cc k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi ca tng ngnh v a phng. y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph c lin quan chu trch nhim: - Phi hp vi B Giao thng vn ti v cc B, ngnh lin quan t chc trin khai thc hin xy dng cc tuyn ng b cao tc; - Tin hnh r sot, iu chnh cc quy hoch, cc d n trn a bn a phng ph hp vi cc ni dung ca Quy hoch ny; - Ph duyt, quyt nh theo thm quyn vic chuyn i mc ch s dng t sang xy dng ng b cao tc theo Lut t ai; qun l cht ch qu t phc v trin khai Quy hoch. to ra vn u t xy dng h thng ng b cao tc Vit Nam, v nguyn tc, c th huy ng t cc ngun vn sau y: - Ngun vn u t t ngn sch nh nc, k c di hnh thc Chnh ph vay t ngun vn ODA, t cc ngn hng WB, ADB hoc bo lnh vay, pht hnh tri phiu Chnh Ph, tri phiu cng trnh - Ngun vn do cc nh u t huy ng theo cc hnh thc sau y: + BOT (xy dng - kinh doanh - chuyn giao), + BTO (xy dng - chuyn giao - kinh doanh), + BT (xy dng - chuyn giao) v + PPP (hp tc nh nc - t nhn). B Giao thng vn ti ch tr, phi hp vi B K hoch v u t, B Ti chnh xy dng c ch to vn u t mng ng b cao tc, theo hng khuyn khch mi thnh phn kinh t trong v ngoi nc tham gia u t. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Vin KH&CN GTVT, c th m hnh ha vic qun l thc hin u t pht trin ng cao tc ti Vit Nam theo s trn Hnh 1.

517

B K HOCH - U T

B GTVT

B TI CHNH

Xy dng c ch to vn thm tra, thm nh t cch Nh u t

Cc Nh u t ngoi nc b vn 100% u t CT

Cng ty VEC s dng vn nh nc u t pht trin CT di s bo lnh ca nh nc

Lin doanh, lin kt cc Nh u t cc thnh phn kinh t trong v ngoi nc gp vn u t CT

T chc trin khai thc hin cc nhim v:

Lp bo co u t xy dng CT

Lp bo D n u t xy dng CT

Lp TKKT-BVCT CT ng cao tc

T chc thi cng cc hng mc CT

T chc khai thc CT v thu hi vn u t

Hnh 1. S m hnh qun l u t pht trin ng cao tc (Theo ngh ca Vin KH&CN GTVT, 12/ 2008) Khi nim v cng tc qun l ng cao tc l rt rng, c th ni rng l mt t hp khng l cc loi cng vic m khi u t khu qun l v u t xy dng, n khu qun l nh nc v cht lng xy dng v vn hnh an ton, ri n cng tc qun l hnh chnh iu hnh b my t chc khai thc, bo tr v kinh doanh ng cao tc k t khi a ng vo s dng. Tm li, v tng qut, c th chia cng tc qun l ng cao tc ni chung ra 3 giai on c trng, l giai on chun b u t xy dng ng cao tc, giai on thc hin u t ng cao tc v giai on t chc qun l bo tr, khai thc v kinh doanh ng cao tc. Giai on I: Cng tc qun l xy dng ng cao tc trong giai on chun b u t bao gm cc cng vic chnh lin quan n ch trng u t, lp bo co u t v lp d n u t th hin qua cc bc kho st, lp cc phng n thit k c s, lp d tr gii phng mt bng, di di, n b v cui cng l lp tng mc u t. Ni dung quan trng nht ca giai on ny cc hng gii quyt v ngun vn u t. Cho n nay c nhiu hnh thc phong ph huy ng vn. Trong ch ng nht nhng li rt hn ch nht t cch huy ng ngun vn ngn sch nh nc. Do trong thc t v ang c nhiu phng n huy ng vn khc, v d nh t ngun vay h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA), t ngun vn 518

vay thng thng hoc vay thng mi ca cc Chnh ph, cc t chc tn dng quc t, hoc t ngun vn pht hnh tri phiu quc t di hn ca Chnh ph hoc pht hnh tri phiu cng trnh trong nc v quc t theo quy nh, do Chnh ph bo lnh. K c cc phng n huy ng vn thng qua pht hnh chng khon v gn y nht l phng n bn quyn thu ph, trong gi tr chuyn nhng ca vic bn quyn thu ph ny c xc nh ch yu thng qua tng mc vn ngn sch u t vo d n. Cc ngun vn c huy ng khc cn bng cch p dng nhiu hnh thc u t nh: BOOT (Xy dng-S hu-Kinh doanh-Chuyn giao), BOO (Xy dng-S hu-Kinh doanh), BOT (Xy dng-Kinh doanh-Chuyn giao), BT (Xy dng v chuyn giao) ...Trn c s phn tch tng hp s b, B GTVT c tnh khong 30% vn k vng huy ng t ngun ODA; khong 40% vn c th huy ng t ngun u t theo phng thc BOT; khong 5% vn thu ht thng qua pht hnh tri phiu cng trnh; khong 5% vn c th huy ng t ngun vay OCR (ngun vn thng mi), cn li 20% l ngun vn t ngn sch trong nc. Theo B GTVT, vic khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia xy dng ng cao tc l cn thit v l nh hng lu di. Giai on II: Cng tc qun l ng cao tc trong giai on thc hin u t bao gm cc cng vic chnh lin quan n qu trnh u t xy dng, t KS-TK chi tit, lp bn v thi cng n t chc thi cng v kim tra cht lng, nghim thu cng trnh c th a tuyn ng cao tc vo khai thc. Ni dung quan trng nht ca giai on ny nm cht lng cc gi thu h s thit k v cht lng thi cng cng trnh. Trong , h s thit k phi th hin c tt c nhng hng mc cng trnh cn phi c xy dng, b tr v lp t trn ng cao tc trong cc bn v thit k tng th v th hin quy cch, cu to c th trong cc bn v thit k chi tit. Cc hng mc cng trnh chnh cn phi c th hin trn bn v thit k tng th gm c: phn ng dnh cho xe chy; di phn cch; on cho php quay u c iu kin khi ct qua di phn cch; phn l ng; cc on chuyn tip; cc v tr cu; cc nt tch nhp; cc trm ngh dng chn v dch v dc ng; cc trm in thoi gi cu h dc ng; cc on b tr n chiu sng v trm bin p; s cc v tr lp t cc loi bin bo hiu ng b; cc v tr lp t camera iu hnh giao thng; cc on b tr trm thu ph; cc on b tr hm (tuy-nen) cho xe chy dc ng v cc v tr hm chui ngang ng; cc on b tr ro chn; s b tr cc cng trnh ngm h tng c s k thut i cc loi ng dy in, ng cp quang, ng ng cp nc sch v thot nc ma, nc thi, ...; v tr b tr trung tm iu hnh giao thng; cc on b tr thng tin ITS, cc on b tr bin bo v hng ro khi qua khu vc c yu cu bo v mi trng nghim ngt; k c quy nh cc on ng c b tr cc bin 519

qung co hay khng c qung co hai bn ng m bo tm nhn, ATGT v cnh quan ... ng thi trong h s thit k cng phi km theo cc bn v thit k ch o thi cng, trong nu y cc hng mc cn thi cng v s thi cng cng nh trnh t, thi hn thi cng chng. Giai on III: Cng tc qun l khai thc ng cao tc nhm mc tiu qun l khai thc an ton v bo tr cc hng mc cng trnh trn ng cao tc k t khi a ng cao tc vo vn hnh. y l mt giai on qun l rt s vi rt nhiu cc hng mc cng vic qun l khc nhau nhng i hi phi c thc hin mt cch khoa hc, ng b, bi bn v y . Trong , mi loi hng mc cng tc qun l khai thc trn tng tuyn ng cao tc li u i km nhng i hi mt cch ng b v thit b, nh trm, mt bng, quy trnh qun l khai thc v i ng nhn vin vn hnh c o to bi bn. Tt c phi c duy tr v hot ng u tay nh mt b my hon chnh. Cn i vi tm c Quc Gia, tin ti qun l khai thc gn 6000 Km ng cao tc n nm 2020 v nhng nm tip theo, ngay t by gi phi chun b nghin cu mt m hnh qun l c h thng ng cao tc Vit Nam phn b ti cc vng kinh t trng im trn ton lnh th. Do , nhim v chnh ca giai on ny l t chc vn hnh tt c cc h tng c s k thut c xy dng phc v cho cng tc qun l khai thc theo mt m hnh iu hnh chung, bi bn, tun th theo nhng quy nh nghim ngt nh vn hnh mt c my lin hp hin i, i hi trnh KH&CN cao, nng lc t chc qun l cao v tt c u phi c trang b cc trang thit b y v phi c o to nghim chnh. m ng chc nng QLNN v u t pht trin v kim c v qun l khai thc v kinh doanh ng -t cao tc Vit Nam, ngay t nm 2004 B GTVT thnh lp v giao cho Tng Cng ty u t Pht trin ng cao tc Vit Nam (VEC) m nhim. Tuy nhin, theo nghin cu ca Vin, v bn cht VEC l mt Doanh nghip nh nc, do khng th kim c chc nng QLNN. Theo ngh nh ca Chnh Ph quy nh, chc nng QLNN cao nht v u t, khai thc h thng ng -t cao tc thuc B GTVT. Do , B c th thnh lp mi v y quyn cho Cc Qun l ng -t cao tc gi vai tr chc nng QLNN v ng cao tc. V vy, m hnh tng hp gn kt trch nhim Qun l nh nc vi hot ng Qun l khai thc v kinh doanh h thng ng cao tc Vit Nam c th hin trn s Hnh 2.

520

H thng qun l nh nc v u t v khai thc h thng ng cao tc Vit Nam -------------CC QUN L NG T CAO TC

Ch o, ph duyt, ban hnh chnh sch v theo di kim tra:

CC NH U T XY DNG NG T CAO TC

Thc hin

LP BO CO U T

LP D N U T TK c s v tng mc u t

THC HIN U T TKKT-BVTC v thi cng

B vn xy dng hoc mua quyn khai thc vn hnh, bo tr v thu hi vn trn c s t thnh lp hoc k hp ng thu n v qun l

Cc Cng ty Qun l v Khai thc ng cao tc

Trc tip thc hin:

Qun l, iu hnh mi hot ng trn ng cao tc

Thu ph thu thu dnh v

Bo tr cng trnh x l cc s c v bo v mi trng

Bo tr thit b v in, nc

Cu h, Cu ha, Y t

Kim tra cht lng khai thc

QL KH, TCCB H ti chnh v thu hi vn

Hnh 2. S kt ni h thng qun l nh nc v QL khai thc h thng ng cao tc Vit Nam (theo ngh ca Vin KH&CN GTVT, 12/ 2008) 2. NGHIN CU M HNH QUN L KHAI THC H THNG NG T CAO TC t chc qun l khai thc, iu hnh v kinh doanh h thng ng t cao tc trn phm vi c nc, chng ta ch trng hc tp kinh nghim ca cc nc trn th gii nh M, Anh, Php, c, Canada, ... c bit ca cc nc trong khu vc nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Thi Lan, Malaysia, Trung Quc v nhn thy cng tc qun l

521

khai thc, iu hnh v kinh doanh h thng ng t cao tc, tm Quc gia trn phm vi ton lnh th, gm 3 ni dung chnh nh sau: - Qun l hnh chnh h thng ng t cao tc. - Qun l khai thc, iu hnh v bo tr h thng ng cao tc. - Qun l kinh doanh h thng ng t cao tc. Trong , ni dung qun l hnh chnh h thng ng cao tc li bao gm: - xut vic b tr v t chc cc Vn phng qun l iu hnh Trung ng ti 3 min qun l h thng ng t cao tc trn ton quc. - xut vic t tn v k hiu cc tuyn ng cao tc trn ton quc. - xut v tr b tr cc trm thu ph trn h thng ng cao tc. - xut v tr b tr cc trm cn xe, m xe trn h thng ng cao tc. - xut v tr b tr cc trm cnh st iu hnh giao thng trn h thng. - xut v tr b tr cc trm dng ngh, bi xe trn h thng. - xut v tr b tr cc trm o kh tng v mi trng trn h thng. - xut v tr b tr cc trm x, bnh vin cu nn trn h thng ng. - xut v tr b tr cc trm bo tr v cu h, cu nn trn ton h thng. - xut cc v tr u ni lin hon ca h thng quc l v th vi h thng ng cao tc khi qua cc a phng. - T chc qun l bo v kt cu h tng thuc ti sn ca ng cao tc. - T chc qun l bo v mi trng v l gii khu vc ng cao tc. - Qun l nhn lc, cc loi thit b v phng tin dng h tr cho cng tc qun l v iu hnh trn ng cao tc. - T chc tun tra, cng ch cc hnh vi vi phm Lut giao thng. - T chc gii quyt hin trng khi xy ra cc s c TNGT hoc cu h, cu nn i vi ngi v phng tin. - T chc qun l cc hot ng kinh doanh dch v, cc bi xe, cc trm dng ngh dc ng cao tc. - T chc xy dng cc loi vn bn qun l v k thut, cc chnh sch m bo ngy cng nng cao hiu qu khai thc ng cao tc. - T chc ph bin, tuyn truyn v gio dc thc cng dn khi tham gia giao thng trn ng cao tc. - T chc vic phi hp vi cc a phng trong qu trnh khai thc Cn cng tc Qun l khai thc, iu hnh v bo tr h thng ng cao tc, c 522

cc Vn phng Qun l iu hnh Trung ng b tr ti 3 min thc hin, bao gm cc ni dung qun l khai thc cn c trin khai nh sau: 2.1. Qun l dng xe thng qua cc s liu theo di, o c t ng trn ng T gc qun l, ngi ta phi b tr tng cng cc thit b theo di v t ng ghi v cc hin tng, s c thng hay xy ra ti cc v tr c bit trn ng cao tc, nh sau: - Ti cc v tr thng c tng t bin v lu lng xe. - Ti cc v tr ca ra vo ng cao tc v li ra vo cc trm dng ngh . - Ti cc v tr ang duy tu bo dng v sa cha trn ng. - Ti cc v tr im en thng hay xy ra TNGT mt cch c h thng. H thng theo di, kho st t ng trn ng nhm h tr cho cc nhim v: - Pht hin cc s c trn ng gy nh hng n kh nng khai thc. - Theo di vic gii quyt hin trng sau cc v TNGT. - Theo di khai thc dng xe v h tr cho vic iu hnh dng xe trn cc ln ng v ti cc li ra, vo ng cao tc. - Theo di iu kin mi trng v mt ng nh ma, m t, tc gi, sng m. Cc loi thit b hin i ngy nay thng c s dng theo di, o c v kho st dng xe trn ng cao tc, c gii thiu gm c: - Camera theo di dng xe. - Thit b WIM dng m xe, xc nh ti trng, tc xe, phn loi xe, s trc xe, ... c b tr lp t ngay trn mt ng. - Thit b radar, tia laser dng nhn dng xe, m xe, phn loi xe v phc v cho cng tc thu ph. Cc loi thit b cm bin senso khc c lp t trn ng theo di dng xe chy hoc dng trn ng. 2.2. Qun l v kim sot xe chy trn cc ln ng Mc ch ca vic kim sot xe chy trn cc ln xe nhm: - t c s thng nht v n nh cao ca dng xe chy trn ng cao tc, gp phn nng cao nng lc thng hnh, hiu sut s dng mt ng v ngn nga kh nng gy n tc giao thng. - Gim thiu c nguy c n tc khi lu lng dng xe tng t ngt - Vn m bo hiu qu khai thc trn ng cao tc trong trng hp nng lc thng hnh b gim do TNGT xy ra hoc mt s on ng h hng cn phi cm xe i vo sa cha. 523

Cc bin php kim sot dng xe, t trc n nay ngi ta vn s dng thng cc bin php sau y: - Cm bin bo hiu giao thng. - S dng tin nhn trn bin bo in t. - S dng cc bin bo treo ch dn v phn lung xe tm thi. - Vn dng cc quy nh cng ch hoc cm. - S dng cc bin php x pht hnh chnh. V mt chin lc, hot ng qun l ln xe trn ng cao tc c thc hin thng qua mt lot cc bin php nh sau: - Phn ln xe ti i ring - Phn ln dnh cho cc xe u tin khi mt xe cao (HOV lanes) - Phn ln xe hp v l ng - Phn ln xe cho php i ngc chiu - Phn ln xe o ngc - H thng iu khin trn tuyn chnh - Cc bng kim sot tc xe chy - Lp vng kim sot tc khi i qua cc khu vc nhy cm v TNGT - T chc thu ph - nh thu n tc giao thng 2.3. Qun l kim sot dng xe ti cc ca ra, vo ng cao tc Qun l giao thng ti cc ca ra, vo ng cao tc l vic p dng ch kim sot iu chnh s lt xe vo, xe ra trong mt n v thi gian nh h thng iu khin giao thng t ti cc ca ra, vo ny nhm t c cc mc tiu chnh v t chc khai thc nh sau: - Cn bng lu lng xe ra, vo gim thiu nh hng n nng lc thng hnh ca cc ln xe trn ng cao tc. - Duy tr iu kin khai thc thun li v gim thiu TNGT c th xy ra trn ng cao tc nh vic iu chnh tc dng xe i chm li ti ca vo. - Tng cng ATGT khi tch, nhp dng xe. qun l dng xe ti ca ra, vo ng cao tc, ngi ta thng dng 4 bin php c bn nh sau: - Bin php s dng h thng iu khin giao thng bao gm cc bin bo hiu giao thng hoc n iu khin giao thng. 524

- Bin php ng m barie tm thi, trong mt thi gian hoc lu di ty thuc vo iu kin v nng lc thng xe ca ng cao tc. - S dng bin php x l c bit trn c s phn loi xe vo v xe ra u tin cc loi xe HOV. - X l ti v tr ca ra, vo bng cch lp n tn hiu m ngc thi gian ch, m rng ln xe, sn k vch mt ng hng dn xe chy, tng cng thm ln xe r, ...nhm tng cng iu kin thun li v an ton xe chy khi tch, nhp vi ng cao tc. Trong thc t, ngi ta c th s dng tng bin php hoc phi hp to iu kin thun li v hp l nht cho dng xe khi tch nhp vi ng cao tc.

Hnh 3. S b tr, lp t v tr cc thit b iu khin ti ca ra, vo ng cao tc 2.4. Qun l v kim sot vic thu pht thng tin phc v khai thc trn ng Cc loi thng tin cn thit dng cung cp cho ngi tham gia giao thng trn ng cao tc gi mt vai tr rt quan trng v lun th hin r tnh hiu qu trong m bo ATGT v thun tin cho hnh trnh. Cc loi thng tin ny c cung cp ti ngi s dng theo nhiu cch, t cch thng tin tnh cho n cc cch thng tin ng, cp nht theo thi gian. Trong , thng tin tnh c hiu l cc ngun thng tin c gn c nh dng chuyn ti cc ni dung c chun b sn thng gn ti cc khu vc ng dn c hay cc khu vc nhy cm v TNGT trn ng. Cn thng tin ng, cp nht c hiu l cc loi thng tin c c t ngun do cc senso gn di mt ng hay t cc thit b theo di khc gn dc hai bn ng cung cp, k c cc thng tin c chuyn thng n bung li. Cng c th phn loi thng tin cho ngi tham gia giao thng theo 2 loi, l: loi thng tin trc hnh trnh v loi thng tin trn ng. Trn Hnh 4 m t s cc ngun cung cp v thu nhn thng tin phc v cho cc i tng v ngi tham gia giao thng s dng trn ng. 525

Hnh 4. Cc ngun cung cp v thu nhn thng tin Trong , c th phn ra cc loi ph bin v thu nhn thng tin nh sau: - Thng tin trc hnh trnh: c tc dng cung cp cho ngi tham gia giao thng trc khi i cc thng tin mi nht v iu kin ng v hnh trnh pha trc gip ngi ta c th la chn v quyt nh v thi gian khi hnh, cch thc i v chn hnh trnh, thc cht l to iu kin cho con ngi lp c k hoch ph hp trc khi i. c c cc thng tin trc khi i, ngi ta c th gi in thoi qua ng dy nng, khai thc thng tin t Internet qua my tnh c nhn, qua loa pht thanh, xem truyn hnh v cc h thng tip cn thng tin khc. - Thng tin khi trn ng: c tc dng cung cp cho ngi tham gia giao thng trn ng i cc thng tin mi nht v iu kin ng v hnh trnh pha trc. Cc thng tin ny thng c xut hin dc theo 2 bn ng hoc trn cc gi treo trn ng di dng cc bin bo c nh hay bin bo in t cung cp cc loi thng tin cn thit v thi tit, tnh hnh ng x, TNGT, cng trng pha trc,... - Thng tin tnh thng bao gm: + Thng bo v cc hot ng ang xy dng hoc sa cha trn ng m phi hn ch s ln xe hoc phi i trnh trn mt on ng no . + Cc s c hoc s kin no ang xy ra m lm tng t bin lu lng v mt xe trn on ng no . + Thng tin v gi khai thc cc ln xe u tin dnh cho cc loi xe ch ng ngi (HOV). + Cc quy nh cm lin quan n phng tin v chiu cao, trng ti, ... - Thng tin ng, cp nht thng c th cung cp cho c trc chuyn i v cho c trn ng, thng bao gm cc loi thng tin sau: + iu kin ng s lin quan n kh nng lm chm tr hnh trnh, v d nh cc im n tc, phi xp hng ch, hoc cc on xy ra TNGT. 526

+ Cc tuyn ng trnh ti cc on ng ang c s c xy ra. + Tnh hnh thi tit c th nh hng ti hnh trnh. + Thng tin dn ng c t theo chng trnh s dng cng ngh GPS. + ng cm tm thi pha trc. 2.5. Qun l tai nn v t chc cng tc cu h, cu nn trn ng cao tc: Phn loi cc hin tng thuc v tai nn trn ng cao tc, c th phn ra 03 loi sau: - TNGT bao gm cc v vic nh va chm xe, xe, m xe, ... - Cc s kin c bit din ra trn ng nh th thao, diu hnh, quay phim, cht ha hc b v ra ng, ... - Cc s c gy ra do thin nhin nh ngp lt, t st, gi xoy, lc, ... Mt trong nhng mc ch v mc tiu c th ca qun l tai nn l phi nhn c dng tai nn v hnh ng cn thit t c mc ch v cc mc tiu ra. V vy, trnh t v ni dung nhn dng v cc ng x cn thit khi xy ra tai nn trn ng cao tc c quy nh nh sau: - Nhn dng tai nn: + Nhn bit v tr xy ra tai nn. + Tnh cht, quy m v c im tai nn (loi xe, thng vong, ...). + Mc nh hng ca tai nn n dng xe trn ng. - Hnh ng ng x cn thit ngay lp tc: + Xc nh mc cn thit gi xe cp cu. + Son ngay thng tin v tai nn thng bo cho tt c li xe ang i trn ng. + Lu hnh khch v kh nng xe but s v bn chm hn so vi gi quy nh. + Lu cc c quan thng tin bit v v tr xy ra tai nn. + Kim sot ngay dng xe. + Bt n xanh cho xe chy vo tuyn trnh gn nht. + Bt n chn xe trn ng dn khng cho i vo on ang c tai nn. - xut theo di: + Lin h vi cc c quan qun l ti a phng phi hp gii quyt: Huy ng xe cu thng (nu cn thit) Cung cp thng tin ban u v tai nn Tng cng xe tun tra, kim sot giao thng 527

+ Theo di gii quyt: Tnh hnh xe cu thng n hin trng Tng cng iu hnh giao thng qua on xy ra tai nn Thu dn hin trng tai nn Xa im n tc, tr li iu kin hot ng bnh thng cho dng xe Cng ngh pht hin tai nn c nhiu loi, t cc phng php khng t ng, r tin n nhng phng php hon ton t ng theo di v pht hin sm tai nn nhng t tin. - V k thut pht hin tai nn khng t ng thng s dng cc phng php sau y: + Gi t in thoi cp cu t hp thoi ven ng theo s gi c nh hoc in thoi di ng thng bo cho Trung tm iu hnh giao thng v tai nn + Do cc xe tun tra trn ng pht hin + Do cc xe mt tun tra vo gi cao im + Do cc xe taxi c hp thoi thng bo tai nn + Do tun tra trn khng ca my bay (ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin) + Pht hin t cc i quan st c nh trn ng + Do dn v ngi li qua ng thng bo - V k thut pht hin tai nn t ng: Hu ht cc h thng qun l khai thc ng cao tc u c trang b v lp t cc thit b theo di, quan trc t ng, do n c th pht hin cc v tai nn trn ng. Cc loi thit b t ng theo di v pht hin tai nn trn ng l: + Cc khung dy cm ng in c lp t trn mt ng + Thit b o in t + Cc thit b nghe nhn dng sng radar, sng ngn + Cc thit b o, m xe bng cng ngh laser + Cc thit b hng ngoi + Cc thit b siu m + Cc thit b ghi m thanh + Cc camera ghi hnh qun l ATGT trn ng cao tc, chc nng c bn ca h thng phng nga TNGT v cu h trn ng cao tc, v nguyn tc, bao gm cc cu phn sau: - Cu phn 1: H thng theo di ATGT - Cu phn 2: H thng phng nga TNGT 528

- Cu phn 3: H thng bo ng cp cu - Cu phn 4: H thng s cu - Cu phn 5: H thng thit lp s cu h, cu nn - Cu phn 6: H thng thc hnh cu h, cu nn - Cu phn 7: H thng thu thp cc d liu v tai nn - Cu phn 8: H thng bo tr ngun d liu phc v cng tc cu h, cu nn khi xy ra tai nn trn ng cao tc, v nguyn tc cn phi c s chun b v nhn lc, c s vt cht, trang thit b v s phi hp cht ch vi a phng ni ng cao tc i qua. Trong , cc lc lng v c s vt cht c sn cn c huy ng, l: - Lc lng cnh st - Lc lng cha chy v cu h - Cc c quan thng tin i chng - Cc c quan qun l nh nc v a phng - B Giao thng Vn ti - Cc bnh vin v trm cp cu - Xe cu h v cn cu - Dy ko v b phn dch v thu dn hin trng - Cc i x l k thut - Cc th in, nc, gas, cp, ... - Cc B, ngnh c lin quan 2.6. Xy dng v a vo hot ng Trung tm iu hnh GT ng cao tc: Ton b cng tc Qun l khai thc ng cao tc c thc hin nh su phi hp cht ch, nhp nhng v khoa hc gia hai yu t c bn nht, l con ngi v k thut. Trong , yu t con ngi nm gi vai tr qun l v khai thc, h l ngi lp k hoch, thc hin chc nng kim tra v trc tip iu hnh. Trong khi , cc yu t k thut gi vai tr l cc cng c ca h, in hnh nh h thng iu khin giao thng thng minh (ITS), cng ch lm nhim v h tr cho con ngi trong qu trnh thc hin chc nng t chc khai thc ng cao tc. C hai yu t quan trng ny u c t hp li cng lm vic vi nhau ti Trung tm iu hnh giao thng v qun l khai thc trn ng cao tc (gi tt l Trung tm iu hnh giao thng TMC - Transportation Management Center). Trung tm ny c v nh l trung tm u no ca hu ht cc h thng qun l ng cao tc.

529

Hnh 5. nh chp mt Trung tm iu hnh giao thng v khai thc ng cao tc Bng 2. Cc hot ng qun l ng cao tc lin quan n Trung tm iu hnh giao thng (TMC)
STT 1 Nhim v qun l khai thc ng cao tc Cc hot ng iu hnh giao thng v t chc khai thc ti Trung tm iu hnh giao thng (TMC)

Kho st v thu thp cc Cc s liu v dng xe (lu lng xe, tc , mt , ti thng tin v dng xe trng, ni xy ra n tc, ...) tip nhn t cc thit b kho (Surveillance) st o m v theo di t ng b tr trn ng c tp hp li, x l v tng hp ti Trung tm cung cp cho cc c quan hoc b phn qun l h thng theo di, kim sot v xc nh c iu kin vn hnh khai thc trn ng. Qun l v kim sot li S liu c thu thp t cc thit b t ghi v cc thit b ra, vo ti cc ng kho st b tr ti hin trng c truyn v v tng nhnh (Ramp Controle) hp ti Trung tm TMC, sau thng qua cc thit b theo di kt hp vi cc phn mm x l s liu v iu khin ti TMC, cc cn b iu hnh s thc hin quyn kim sot v iu hnh dng xe ti cc ca ra vo ng cao tc. Qun l v kim sot xe S liu c thu thp t cc thit b t ghi v cc thit b chy trn cc ln ng kho st b tr ti hin trng c truyn v v tng (Lane Use Controle) hp ti Trung tm TMC, sau thng qua cc thit b theo di kt hp vi cc phn mm x l s liu v iu khin ti TMC, cc cn b iu hnh s thc hin quyn kim sot v iu hnh dng xe ti cc ln xe trn ng cao tc.

530

STT 4

Nhim v qun l khai thc ng cao tc Qun l v khai thc h thng ln xe u tin chng n tc khi mt xe cao (HOV Treatments)

Cc hot ng iu hnh giao thng v t chc khai thc ti Trung tm iu hnh giao thng (TMC) x l dng xe khi mt cao phi dng n ca t ng ng m ln xe u tin, cn duy tr cc bin bo ln xe u tin v cc tin nhn in t thng bo ln xe u tin (DMS), kim sot vic thc hin i vi cc xe u tin, pht hin x l cc vi phm v thc hin quyn qun l khai thc thng qua cc mn hnh theo di v cc phn mm iu hnh ti Trung tm. Trung tm iu hnh v t chc khai thc giao thng (TMC) l b phn u no trong vic qun l TNGT, thc hin chc nng theo di, cnh bo, pht hin s c v phi hp gii quyt cc s c trn ng. Ti y, c th thu nhn v lin lc vi cc c quan chc nng khc thc hin cc bin php qun l v gii quyt s c xy ra trn ng v cu h, cu nn a v cc bnh vin, trm Y t hoc bi gii quyt.

Qun l, theo di v gii quyt tai nn giao thng, cu h, cu nn v iu hnh thc hin cc cng tc c bit c chun b theo k hoch. (Incident Management)

Ph bin, cung cp v Ph bin thng tin l mt trong nhng nhim v hng thu nhn thng tin u ca TMC. Trn ng cao tc, TMC l ni tp hp (Information cc thng tin c thc v cc s c hoc tnh hung trn Dissemination) ng gi v, cng nh thng tin v cc s kin c bit c chun b theo k hoch thng bo v, t Trung tm s tin hnh tng hp, x l thng tin v chuyn thng tin ti ngi tham gia giao thng hoc ti cc c quan qun l, cc c quan truyn thng ph bin, tuyn truyn v phi hp gii quyt, x l kp thi.

Yu cu chung v c s vt cht v trang thit b cho mt Trung tm iu hnh giao thng phc v trn ng cao tc nh sau: - V khng gian tr s lm vic: + Phi m bo khng gian thong ng, my iu ha, qut, ... + Phi m bo nh sng thin nhin v nh sng in. + Phi cch m, chng n. + Phi khng gian v din tch lm vic, li ra vo hp l, trnh nh hng ln nhau. - V mt bng lm vic: V tr v din tch mt bng ca Trung tm rt cn c quan tm v gii quyt ty thuc vo thit k v chc nng phc v. Cc yu t cn quan tm v xc nh r phc v cho vic thit k Trung tm nh sau: 531

+ S ngi lm vic ti Trung tm + Gi lm vic ca Trung tm, c ngy m hay ch trong gi quy nh ? + Cc loi thng tin c thu nhn v truyn i t Trung tm + Cc loi v s lng thit b theo di v kim sot cung cp s liu cho Trung tm + Mt bng an ton bao quanh phc v cng tc bo v Trung tm + Yu cu, mc cn thit kt ni Trung tm vi cc phng tin thng tin i chng + Trung tm c chc nng thu nhn, x l thng tin hay ch thu pht thng tin ? + Trung tm c hay khng chc nng nh mt trung tm cu h, cu nn ? Kch thc ca mt bng Trung tm c th tham kho ly t khong 950 - 4800 m2. - V b tr ni tht ca Trung tm: Mt thit k in hnh ca Trung tm s bao gm cc ch lm vic nh sau: + Phng iu hnh khai thc + Ch t cc my tnh v mn hnh + Ch dnh cho cc thit b thng tin lin lc + Phng trc + Gian dnh cho thm quan v o to + Phng hp + Phng lm vic ring ca Gim c v Ph Gim c Trung tm + Phng n, coffee, gii kht gia gi + Phng thu pht thanh Ni tm li, chc nng chnh ca cc Trung tm iu hnh giao thng trn h thng ng t cao tc nhm thc hin quyn qun l v iu hnh cc hot ng sau y: + Qun l dng xe da vo theo di, o c t ng trn ng cao tc + Qun l v kim sot li ra, vo ti cc ng nhnh (Ramp Controle) + Qun l v kim sot xe chy trn cc ln ng (Lane Use Controle) + Qun l v khai thc h thng ln xe u tin khi mt xe cao (HOV) + Qun l, theo di v gii quyt TNGT v cu h, cu nn (Inc. Management) + Ph bin, cung cp v thu nhn thng tin (Information Dissemination)

532

Cc loi thit b hin i ngy nay thng c s dng theo di, o c v kho st dng xe trn ng cao tc, c gii thiu gm c: + Camerra theo di dng xe + Thit b WIM dng m xe, xc nh ti trng, tc xe, phn loi xe, s trc xe, ... c b tr lp t ngay trn mt ng + Thit b radar, tia laser dng nhn dng xe, m xe, phn loi xe v phc v cho cng tc thu ph + Cc loi thit b cm bin senso khc c lp t trn ng theo di dng xe Tuy nhin, mi mt thit b u c nhng c im s dng ring. Da vo yu cu kinh ph v c im thit b m ngi ta s la chn ra cng ngh thch hp nht b tr, lp t thit b theo di dng xe v c tham kho Bng 2. Bng 2. Phn tch c im s dng ca mt s thit b theo di dng xe
TT 1 Cng ngh u im Nhc im - Yu cu phi ct mt ng chn khung dy, do lm h hng mt ng - Khi cn phi duy tu bo dng khung dy, cn phi ng ln ng. - Cc khu dy ln c th gy xc ny khi xe chy qua v chu nh hng ca nhit mt ng. - Khi lp t nhiu senso mt ch thng i hi phi quan trc ti ch - Mau hng khi chu tc ng thng xuyn ca bnh xe - Yu cu phi ct mt ng chn khung dy, do lm h hng mt ng - Khi cn phi duy tu bo dng khung dy, cn phi ng ln ng. - Nu s dng loi kch thc nh th phi s dng s lng nhiu ri trn mt ng.

Khung dy cm - p dng cho mt ng bin mm vi an ton cao, d p dng. - Chc chn, cng ngh thng dng - Cn c kinh nghim - Cung cp cc thng s v dng xe - Khng chu nh hng ca thi tit, ma, nng - Cung cp s liu nhanh, chnh xc yu cu Thit b cm - t gy nh hng n dng bin t tnh xe chy qua - Khng chu nh hng ca thi tit, ma, nng

533

TT 3

Cng ngh

u im

Nhc im

Radar thu pht - Khng chu nh hng ca - Senso CW Doppler khng c kh sng ngn thi tit, ma, nng nu b nng bo hiu dng xe khi xe vi tr gn dng xe. phm. - o trc tip c tc xe chy - C kh nng o cho nhiu ln xe cng mt lc. Radar laser loi - C kh nng o chnh xc ch ng v tr xe, tc xe v phn loi xe. - C kh nng theo di v o nhiu ln xe mt lc - Hiu qu theo di v o c b hn ch khi c sng m v khi c ly ln hn 6m - Khi lp t, bo dng, lau chi thit b phi ng ln xe.

Radar laser loi - C kh nng o chnh xc - Senso c th b km hiu qu khi b ng tc xe tri ma hoc sng m - C kh nng theo di v o nhiu ln xe mt lc Thit b siu m - C kh nng theo di v - Chu nh hng ca mi trng o nhiu ln xe mt lc nht l khi chnh l ch nhit thay - C th lp t trn cao i ln m xe - Yu cu xe phi i chm li o Video hnh nh - C kh nng theo di v ghi c nhiu ln xe mt lc - Phm vi quan st rng - S liu trung thc v chnh xc - C th truyn hnh nh ngay lp tc phc v cng tc qun l - Khi lp t, bo dng, lau chi thit b phi ng ln xe (tr khi b tr trn cao) - Chu nh hng ca thi tit, nh sng, thi gian trong ngy, dung lng ca card ghi hnh - Thng i hi tm cao c th quay t 15-21m - Chu nh hng ca gi to v cc rung ng.

3. NGHIN CU QUN L KINH DOANH I VI H THNG NG CAO TC M hnh qun l sn xut kinh doanh h thng ng cao tc, v thc cht, c thc hin ti cc Cng ty Qun l khai thc ng cao tc trc thuc Nh u t hoc c mua nhng li quyn thu ph i vi tng on hay tng tuyn ng. M hnh t chc ca cc Cng ty ny c th hin trn Hnh 6. 534

Ban gim c Cng ty QL v KT ng cao tc

Cc i iu hnh khai thc ng cao tc

Vn Phng Cng ty

i cu h cu nn v cu ha

i sa cha in nc v thit b

i duy tu bo dng cng trnh v MT

i thu ph v thu dch v

Phng K hoch v QLTB

Phng Ti chnh K Ton

Phng T chc Hnh chnh

Phng Kim tra Cht lng

Hnh 6. S c cu t chc ca mt Cng ty Qun l v Khai thc ng cao tc (theo ngh ca Vin KH&CN GTVT, 12/ 2008) Khi s dng ng b, t lu, ngi li xe c gii phi tr ph ng b. Ban u, ngi ta mi ch thu ph ng b qua gi xng du. T vi chc nm tr li y, hu ht cc nc trn th gii u p dng thu trc tip khon ph ng b. Ph ng b l khon tin m ngi li xe bt buc phi tr khi li xe qua trm thu ph c quyn s dng ng cho xe chy. Trong cu trc ph ng bao gm c ph cu v ph hm nm trn ng. Qun l thu ph ng cao tc l mt trong nhng ni dung kinh doanh quan trng nht, c ngha quyt nh n ton b hot ng kinh doanh ng cao tc v to ra ngun thu ch yu hon vn xy dng, cng nh duy tr cc hot ng qun l khai thc ng cao tc. Mc ch ngha ca thu ph ng cao tc nhm: - L ngun thu hon vn u t xy dng v pht trin ng cao tc. - m bo kinh ph thc hin trch nhim QL khai thc ng cao tc. - To ra ngun vn ban u kinh doanh tng hp trn ng cao tc. - Gp phn duy tr hot ng v u t xy dng tip ng cao tc. V nguyn tc, ty theo iu kin pht trin kinh t - x hi ca mi Quc gia v c im ring ca mi nc m mi nc c cc quy nh v quy ch v thu ph khc nhau. Ni thc hin thu ph ng b ti hin trng, ty theo quy m xy dng, m c gi l: chi thu ph (toll booth), trm thu ph (toll plaza), nh thu ph (toll station) hoc cng thu ph (toll gate). Cho n nay, c 2 cch tr ph giao thng, l: - Tr tin trc ngay ca li vo trm thu ph ( mainline toll plaza) v - Tr tin sau ti trm thu ph nm li ra ng cao tc (exit tolls)

535

Trong : - Vi h thng thu ph tr tin trc (hay cn gi l thu ph theo h thng ng): tc l tt c cc xe u phi dng ti mt trm thu ph hoc mt s trm dc theo ng cao tc tr ph i ng. Theo cch ny, ph thng c thu theo gi ng hng p dng cho cc cp hng xe. y l cch thu ph n gin nht, khng tnh theo s Km thc chy m ch tnh mc thu ph ng hng trn ton tuyn p dng cho tng loi xe. Hnh thc ny c u im l n gin, c th p dng cc bin php thu ph t ng, ng thi rt tin li cho ngi li xe, khng cn phi dng xe ti trm kim sot v li ra. Hnh thc ny c nhiu nc trn th gii p dng, trong c M, Anh, Nht, ...Nhc im ca cch thu ny l i khi gy n tc xe nu nh ngi li xe trc khi mua ph khng chun b sn tin l hoc i nhm vo ca dnh cho thu ph t ng. - Vi h thng thu ph tr tin sau (hay cn gi l thu ph theo h thng m), theo cch ny, ngi ta b tr cc trm thu ph ti tt c cc ng nhnh ra vo v ng chnh. Khi xe vo ng cao tc bt buc phi qua mt Trm thu ph no t ti ca vo. Khi , ngi li xe s c Trm ny cp cho mt v c k hiu im vo. n khi xe ra khi ng cao tc ti bt k trm ra no, ph s c thu trn c s s Km tnh t ca vo lc ban u n ca ra ny. Hnh thc ny thch hp vi cc ng cao tc c nhiu ca ra vo dc theo sut chiu di ng cao tc. Ci thun tin ca kiu thu ph ny l khng gy n tc ti ca vo v i ra ca no cng c, ph s c tnh theo s Km quy nh t ca vo (theo k hiu v) n ca ra c th ny, Tuy nhin, ci bt li l ch phi xy dng rt nhiu trm hoc chi thu ph, ngoi ra nu khng may ngi li lm mt v sau khi qua ca vo, th ti ca ra, ngi li xe phi chu pht vi hnh thc phi tr ph mc ph cao nht ng vi s km di nht trong cc hnh trnh ti ca ra xa nht c th nm trong phm vi tuyn ng cao tc ny. Hin nay, phng php thu ph hin i s cho php phi hp c 2 hnh thc thu ph ni trn vi nhiu ca vo, nhiu ca ra v b sung trm thu trn tuyn chnh. Ph ng b c th tr bng tin mt, bng tin xu v bng cc loi th t tn dng hay th t tr ph trc hoc bng phng php thu ph in t (ETC). K t khi a trm thu ph u tin c cng nhn vo hot ng t th k th 18, cho n nay, cng ngh thu ph c tng bc i mi theo xu hng hin i ha v tin li. C th nu ra cc cng ngh thu ph hin vn ang c s dng cc nc nh sau: - Cng ngh th cng. - Cng ngh na t ng. - Cng ngh thu ph nhn dng t ng AVI (Automatic Vehicle Indentification). 536

- Cng ngh thu ph in t t ng ETC (Electronic Toll Collection). Thng thng, ti cc trm thu ph quy m nh trn ng nhnh ra, vo ng cao tc, ngi ta thng ch b tr cc thit b t ng m xe v cn xe ng trn c s lp t h thng thit b WIM. H thng thit b WIM ny c lp t ti hin trng gm c cc khung dy cm ng t v cc senso chn trn lp kt cu o ng. Ngoi ra cn c mt trm nh (chi gc) ca nhn vin thu ph v b tr barie hai u. S thu ph quy m nh c th hin trn Hnh 7a. a) Ti trm thu ph quy m nh, khng b tr trm cn

b) Ti trm thu ph quy m ln, c b tr trm cn

Hnh 7. S b tr, lp t cc loi thit b t ng ti cc trm thu ph ng cao tc Cn i vi cc trm thu ph quy m ln t trn ng trc chnh ca ng cao tc th cc thit b t ng thu ph c b tr theo s nu trn Hnh 5b. Ti cc trm thu ph ny, ngoi cc thit b t ng m xe v cn ng nu trn, cn b tr thm trm cn tnh kim tra ti trng, xc nh mc ph cho ph hp. V nguyn tc, i km vi trm cn tnh bao gi cng c trm cn ng (dng thit b WIM) c b tr pha trc pht hin sm v thng qua cc bin bo in t b tr bn ng thng bo cho cc xe c ti trng ln phi qua trm cn tnh kim tra trng ti v mua ph cho tng xng. 537

Kinh ph thu c t ngun thu ph v cc dch v trn ng cao tc (nh cho thu qung co, dch v ti cc trm dng ngh, ) c s dng tr li ngn hng, tr lng cho CBCNV, hon vn u t xy dng, np thu nh nc, duy tu bo tr cng trnh v bo dng, thay th nh k cc trang thit b trn ng v cn tch ly pht trin, Trong , cng tc bo tr ng cao tc c tin hnh theo 3 hnh thc: - Bo dng thng xuyn ng cao tc (gm kim tra, ng kim h thng giao thng, lp t mi, b sung, chnh sa h thng tn hiu giao thng, pht quang, ta cnh,, v duy tu sa cha nn, mt ng, cu cng, ) - Sa cha nh k ( sa cha va, sa cha ln) v - Cng tc qun l phc v giao thng ( theo di tnh trng k thut v qun l cng trnh cu ng, t chc an ton giao thng, kim tra bo v kt cu h tng giao thng, gii ta hnh lang ng cao tc,). 4. KT LUN Th tng Chnh Ph ph duyt quy hoch mng li ng t cao tc Vit Nam vi quy m 5873 km l nh hng chin lc gp phn thc y kinh t nc nh pht trin trong tng lai. V vy, tng bc u t v pht trin c hiu qu h thng ng t cao tc, ngay t by gi chng ta cn phi nghin cu ng dng v th ch ha tng bc m hnh qun l h thng ng t cao tc Vit Nam thnh ra cc vn bn qun l v k thut. Tt c nhm gp phn thc y s nghip cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Asian Development Bank Project Performance Evaluation Report in the Peoples Republic of China Performance Evaluation Report, ADB, 11/ 2006. [2] US Dept. of Transportation Freeway Management Handbook Report No. FHWA A-SA-97-064, August 1997 [3] Don Minh Tm (CNT) Nghin cu m hnh qun l h thng ng t cao tc Vit Nam ti cp B GTVT nm 2008, Vin KH&CN GTVT ch tr, H Ni, 5/ 2009.

538

TNG KT HOT NG KHOA HC CNG NGH CA BAN QUN L D N 1 GIAI ON NM 2005 - 2010
BAN QLDA 1 Theo yu cu ca B GTVT ti vn bn s 8332/BGTVT-KHCN ngy 25/11/2010 v vic vit bi cho Hi ngh tng kt cng tc khoa hc cng ngh ngnh GTVT, Ban QLDA1 Bo co tng kt hot ng KHCN giai on 2005-2010 nh sau: Trong giai on 2005-2010 va qua, Ban QLDA1 tip tc c giao nhim v thay mt Ch u t hoc lm Ch u t mt s d n ca B v Cc BVN (nay l Tng Cc BVN) trong vic nghin cu, p dng tin b k thut, cng ngh trong cc lnh vc thit k, thi cng v vt liu lun c quan tm v t c nhng kt qu nh sau: I. Cng tc kho st, thit k 1. Thit k tr cu c bit cao trong vng ng t v ngp nc - D n: Xy dng cu P Un trn QL279 - T vn thit k: TEDI - Thi im: 2007-2008 - Tm tt ni dung: Cng trnh cu P Un nm trong vng c kh nng pht sinh ng t mnh vi gia tc nn cc i l PGA = 0,209g (g = 981cm/s2), tng ng cp 8-9; tr cu cao 98 m (hin nay l cu BTCT c tr cao nht Vit Nam). Ngy 24/10/2005 B Xy dng c vn bn s 2164/BXD-G tho thun p dng cp cng trnh c bit cho cng trnh cu P Un. Thit k cng trnh cu P Un c p dng tiu chun Vit Nam 22TCN-272-01 do TEDI thc hin v c thm tra bi T vn Halcrow. Cc ni dung c bn sau y c gii quyt v p dng trong thit k v thm tra thit k cu P Un: + p dng mc c bit quan trng trong thit k ng t. Theo cu c thit k vi h s gia tc nn l 0,209g tng ng vi chu k ng t 2.500 nm xy ra mt ln (s liu do Vin vt l a cu Vit Nam cung cp). i vi giai on thi cng p dng chu k ng t 500 nm xy ra mt ln vi h s gia tc 0,0832 g. Halcrow p dng TCXDVN 375-2006 thit k cng trnh chu ng t xc nh ti 539

trng ng t, m bo st thc t hn v 22TCN-272-01 vn c p dng xc nh sc khng ca kt cu i vi ti trng ng t Phng php tnh ton a ph c thc hin bng bng m hnh kt cu cu theo phn t thanh 3 chiu. + L thuyt cng tng i v tnh phi tuyn ca kt cu c p dng trong tnh ton tr cu c chiu cao rt ln. + Tnh ton nh hng ca nc ngp thn tr khi xy ra ng t: Tr cu P Un phn ln chm di nc trong sut qu trnh tn ti ca cu, nu c ng t xy ra cc tr s chuyn ng tng quan cng vi nc v chu tc ng ca nc lng h. tnh ton tc ng ny, trong qu trnh tnh ton ng lc hc ca kt cu cn cht thm ti trng vo tr bng chnh khi lng nc dnh bm v chuyn ng cng vi tr. Phng php tnh p dng: giai on thi cng - phng php n ph, giai on khai thc - phng php a ph kt hp phng php tnh ti trng phn b. 2. S dng bn s nghin cu phng n tuyn trong bc lp d n T - D n: ng b cao tc Long Thnh - Du Giy - T vn kho st - thit k: TEDI - Thi im: nm 2009 - 2010 - Tm tt ni dung: on qua o Chui v o Bo Lc c a hnh him tr, nghin cu phng n tuyn trc khi trin khai kho st hin trng, T vn xut v c B chp thun cho lp bn s (trn c s bn a hnh 1/10000 c s ho). Khi lng 20000 ha. 3. X l nn yu khu vc ng bng Nam B - D n: QL1 on M Thun - Cn Th - T vn kho st - thit k: TEDI-S - Thi im: nm 2009-2010 - Tm tt ni dung: on QL1 trnh TP Vnh Long di hn 7 km i qua vng t yu vi lp bn st phn b su ph bin t -1 n -20 m c sc chu ti quy c R<1 kg/cm2 v tr s xuyn tiu chun SPT N30 = 1 5; tip n l lp st pha c R 1 kg/cm2 v N30 = 7 10 dy 5 10 m. Phng n x l bng sn gim ti c p dng cho phn ng sau m vi chiu di 20 n 40 m. Sn gim ti bng BTCT t trn nn cc BTCT 35x35 di 30 40 m. Tng khi lng sn ~16800 m2. Phng n x l nn ng bng ging ct c p dng cho nn ng p cao >2 m. Ging ct 40 cm b tr hnh hoa mai cnh 1,50 m; su 15 20 m. Tng din 540

tch nn ng c x l ging ct ~62300 m2. II. Cng ngh thi cng 1. B tng khi ln v bm ln cao ln - D n: Xy dng cu P Un trn QL279 - Nh thu thi cng: Cng ty cu 3 Thng Long, Cng ty 479 - Thi im: nm 2009 - Tm tt ni dung: Cc tr T6, T7 v T8 cu P Un c b c bit ln (mi b tr T6, T7, T8 c ~3800m3 b tng) v thn c chiu cao ln ~100m (mi thn tr T7, T8 c ~3100 m3 btng), do c 2 vn ct yu phi gii quyt trong cng tc b tng l: + Tn nhit cho btng khi ln ca b tr: S dng cc gin ng thp 30 trong lng khi b tng v bm nc lm mt, khng ch chnh lch nhit nc vo - ra < 20oC. + Bm b tng mc cao ln cao ~100m: S dng ph gia Sika HE 10AT c tc dng lm chm thi gian ninh kt ca b tng ti 1 h, gim nc, tng chy lng. Ly st b tng ti v tr lm chun thit k st ca b tng ti trm trn. Thc t c qua mt my bm b tng st s b gim i 2 cm. B tng c vn chuyn n v tr bng 3 my bm b tng c cng sut 90 m3/h, chiu cao bm ln nht 120 m, bm xa nht 500 m.

541

 st ca b tng qua dy chuy n cung cp b tng ( gia i o n 3 : t t s11 n t S 13)

Ti trm trn b tng :

S = 22 2.0 cm X e vn chuyn b tng trung gian My bm b tng 1 My bm b tng 2

Giai on 3: t S11 n t S13

S = 14 2.0 cm

My bm b tng 3

43

2. Thi cng thn tr c chiu cao ln bng h vn khun trt - D n: Xy dng cu Hang Tm trn QL12 - Nh thu thi cng: Cng ty cu 12 - Thi im: nm 2009 - Tm tt ni dung: Thn tr T2 ca cu Hang Tm c chiu cao 58,3 m gm hai tng bng BTCT dy 2,0 m b tr song song c khong cch hai mp ngoi ca cc tng l 9,0 m. Ban u d nh dng vn khun bn trt (nh vi cu P Un) nhng do yu cu tin Nh thu a vo s dng h vn khun trt. Vi tin thi cng mi t (4,5 m) l 5 ngy, rt ngn c tin ~ 1 thng v ci thin ng 542

k kh khn, vt v cho cng nhn; nng cao an ton lao ng. III. Vt liu xy dng 1. B tng cp 60 MPa - D n: Xy dng cu P Un trn QL279 - T vn kho st - thit k: TEDI - Nh thu thi cng: Cng ty cu 3 Thng Long, Cng ty 479 - Thi im: nm 2009 - Tm tt ni dung: Thn tr v dm hp ca kt cu nhp cu thit k b tng mc cao (cp 60 MPa) ng thi li phi m bo st ln bm c b tng i xa v ln cao. Vi s quyt tm ca Nh thu v t vn ca cc chuyn gia, cc bn phi hp nghin cu, ch to thnh cng b tng M60 vi cc thng s ch yu nh sau: + dm 5x20 Bn Mt + Ct vng Bn n + Xi mng PC40 Bt Sn + Ph gia Sika HE 10AT + Nc + st ti v tr BT + Cng sau 3 ngy + Cng sau 7 ngy + Cng sau 28 ngy + Tn tht st sau 1 h : : : : : : : : : : 1152 kg 680 kg 530 kg 5.3 lt 139 lt 12 - 14 cm 59.9 MPa. 63 MPa. 74.4 MPa. 3 cm.

2. Lp chng thm mt cu bng dung dch lng - D n: Xy dng cu Hang Tm, xy dng cu P Un - T vn kho st - thit k: TEDI - Nh thu thi cng: Cng ty cu 3 TL, Cng ty 479, Cng ty cu 12 - Thi im: nm 2010 - Tm tt ni dung: Thit k ban u cho lp phng nc ca cc cu trn QL12 v cu P Un l mng dn nng 4 mm. khc phc nhc im ca loi phng nc ny (thi cng chm, d b li gy bong - trt b tng nha mt cu, gi thnh cao), theo ngh ca Nh thu v T vn thit k, Ban QLDA1 trnh B cho php s dng lp 543

chng thm mt cu bng dung dch lng vi thnh phn chnh l Natri silicat/Natri silicat bin tnh. Quy nh k thut cho lp chng thm dng ny c B ph duyt ti Quyt nh s 2810/Q-BGTVT ngy 27/9/2010 v m ra hng nghin cu ban hnh Tiu chun v quy trnh thi cng chung cho lp chng thm mt cu bng dung dch lng.

544

TNG KT HOT NG KHOA HC CNG NGH CA BAN QUN L D N M THUN GIAI ON NM 2005 - 2010
BAN QLDA M THUN
Phn I BO CO KINH NGHIM X L NN T YU TI MT S CNG TRNH GIAO THNG KHU VC PHA NAM

I. GII THIU KHI QUT V CC D N 1. D n ng t cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh - Trung Lng 1.1. Khi qut v d n D n c tng chiu di xy dng 62 km, c xy dng vi quy m: - Chiu di tuyn cao tc ~40 km theo tiu chun ng cao tc loi A, cp 120 ng vi Vtk = 120 km/h. Mt ct ngang quy hoch gm 8 ln xe c gii v 02 ln dng xe khn cp. Giai on 1 xy dng 4 ln c gii + 2 ln dng xe khn cp, Bnn = 25 - 26 m. - Cc tuyn ng ni: Tng chiu di ~ 22 km, trong : + on Tn To Ch m (9.6 km) & Bnh Thun - Ch m (3.7km): ng cp I ng bng, Vtk = 80 km/h; Mt ct ngang quy hoch gm 6 l xe c gii v 2 ln xe th s. Giai on 1 xy dng 4 ln xe c gii v 02 ln xe th s, Bnn = 22,2 m. + Tuyn ni Thn Cu Ngha - Trung Lng (~ 8,8 km): ng cp II ng bng, Vtk = 80 km/h; mt ct ngang 4 ln xe c gii v 2 ln xe th s, Bnn= 21,6 m. 1.2. Khi lng xy dng ch yu - Nn ng p: - Cu cn v cu vt sng: - Tng mc u t: 2.1. Khi qut v d n D n c tng chiu di xy dng 15,85 km bao gm: - Cu dy vng, cu dn di 2,75 km v ng dn hai u cu ni vo QL1A (bn b Vnh Long - gi thu s 1, bn b Cn Th - gi thu s 3 v IC3). 545 43.50 km; 18.36 km; 9.884 t VN ng / ~ 506 triu USD

2. D n xy dng cu Cn Th

- Qui m mt ct ngang ng dn Bnn = 24,1 m; kh cu dn l Bcu = 23,1 m v cu dy vng l Bcu = 26,0 m. - Vn tc thit k: Vtk = 80 km/h. 2.2. Khi lng xy dng ch yu - Nn ng p: - Cu cn v cu vt sng: - Tng mc u t: 11,25 km; 4,590 km; 5.907 t VN ng (~ 41.519 triu JPY)

II. GII PHP X L NN T YU 1. D n ng t cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh Trung Lng 1.1. Tng chiu di x l nn t yu - Tuyn cao tc ~ 40 km, chim t l 100%; - Tuyn ni 22 km, chim t l 100%; - Trong : + Khu vc Tp. H Ch Minh: Di 14.4 km, chiu dy lp t yu t 4.5 - 31 m (trong hu ht u c chiu dy 10.0 26 m). + Khu vc tnh Long An: 28.4 km, chiu su lp t yu t 5 - 15 m. C bit khu vc km38+338 km38+901 ( 500 m c ti bn su 36 m). + Khu vc tnh Tin Giang: 19.02 km, chiu su lp t yu t 3.5 23.5. 1.2. Cc phng n x l nn t yu p dng - Cc gii php x l nn ng t yu: + o vt bn t yu p thay bng ct ht mn: 6.90 km; + X l bng bc thm + Kt hp vi gia ti: + X l bng ging ct D40 + Kt hp vi gia ti: + X l bng sn gim ti: + Xy dng cu cn + cu vt sng: - Phm vi p dng cc gii php: + o vt bn t yu: S dng ti cc on c chiu su t yu 3.5 m; + X l bng bc thm: S dng ti cc on c chiu su t yu 6.0 m v chiu cao p nn < 3.0 m; + X l bng ging ct: S dng ti cc on tuyn c chiu su t yu v chiu cao p nn ln; + X l bng sn gim ti: Ch s dng ti mt s ng u cu c chiu su t yu > 15 m v chiu cao p nn ln. 546 3.54 km; 32.84 km; 0.22 km; 18.36 km.

+ X l bng gii php xy dng cu cn: p dng ti cc on tuyn c chiu su lp t yu ln hoc cc khu vc tuyn i qua cc khu dn c, cm cng nghip. - Gii php k thut c th ca cng tc x l bng ging ct v bc thm: + Ging ct: S dng ging ct D40 cm b tr theo hnh hoa mai cch khong 1.6 2.2 m. Chiu su ging ct cm n ht phm vi t yu (ring mt s on thuc tuyn ni Tn to Ch m c chiu su t yu 31m nhng ch cm ging ct n 23m do hn ch v phm vi p dng ca ging ct (t ging). Chiu cao p gia ti p cao hn cao ng thit k t 0.5 2.3 m. Thi gian gia ti t 6 9 thng. + Bc thm: B tr theo hnh hoa mai cch khong cch t 1.3 1.6 m. Chiu su bc thm cm n ht phm vi t yu. Cng tc p gia ti v thi gian ch ln tng t nh gii php s dng ging ct. 1.3. Cc ch tiu qun l trong qu trnh quan trc ln - i vi tuyn cao tc: Tun th theo tiu chun 22TCN 262 2000 "Quy trnh kho st, thit k nn ng t p trn nn t yu" v qui trnh TCVN 5729 1997 "Tiu chun thit k ng cao tc" trong yu cu iu kin "d ti" vi hai ch tiu: + Khi nn ng t ln c kt 90%, v/hoc + Tc ln cn li < 2 cm/nm. - i vi cc tuyn ng ni: Tun th theo tiu chun k thut 22TCN 262 2000, trong yu cu iu kin "d ti" i vi ng thng thng (mt ch tiu): + Khi nn ng t ln c kt 90%. 1.4. Cc iu chnh trong qu trnh thc hin a) Tiu chun vt liu ct ging ct - Theo kt qu th nghim vt liu ct, kt qu th nghim ti ton b cc m ct trong khu vc pha Nam u khng tha mn iu kin 1 (D60/D10>6) theo qui nh, thc t ch t t 2.1 n 2.3. - Ban QLDA M Thun tng hp, bo co B GTVT v kin ngh iu chnh tiu chun s dng ct cho ging ct v c B GTVT chp thun ti Quyt nh s 2647/Q-BGTVT ngy 03/8/2005 v vic ban hnh qui nh k thut i vi cp phi ct dng cho hng mc ging ct ca d n ng t cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh Trung Lng. Ch tiu vt liu ct ging ct c th: 547

STT (1) 1 2 3

Theo TCN 22TCN 262-2000 (2) - Hm lng ht > 0.25 mm chim trn 50% - Hm lng ht <0.08mm chim t hn 5% - Hm lng hu c <5%

S dng ti d n theo Quyt nh iu chnh s 2647/Q-BGTVT ca B GTVT (3) - Hm lng ht > 0.25 mm chim trn 50%. - Hm lng hu c < 5%. - Kch c cc ht m lng cha cc ht nh hn chim 85% (D85) nm trong khong 1.0mm - 5.0 mm. - Kch c cc ht m lng cha cc ht nh hn n chim 15% (D15) nm trong khong 0.1mm - 0.75 mm - Lng lt sng 0.075mm < 3% - H s thm 0.1cm/giy

- V tha mn hai iu kin sau: 4 + iu kin 1: D60/D10 >6 + iu kin 2: 1<(D30)2/(D10*D60)<3

b) iu chnh mt ging ct v chiu cao p gia ti - Trong qu trnh thi cng ti cc on tuyn t Km26+600 Km49+804, d n phi iu chnh thit k tng mt ging ct t 1.5 2.5 m (vi thi gian gia ti tnh ton t 7 15 thng) ln mt 1.5 1.8m v tng chiu cao p gia ti gim thi gian gia ti xung cn t 6.0 9.0 thng. - c bit, ti cc on Km4+410 - Km5+460; Km7+560 - Km7+700 c chiu su t yu >20m, d n iu chnh khong cch ging ct t 1,8 xung 1,6m v tng chiu cao gia ti tng tc ln v gim thi gian gia ti. c) T chc kim nh c lp - Trong qu trnh thc hin d n, ngoi nhim v thng thng ca T vn Kim nh, Ban QLDA M Thun t chc kim tra nh gi cht lng c kt qua th nghim khoan ct cnh xc nh li cc ch tiu c l ca nn t yu trc v sau khi x l nn t yu. Qua thc t khai thc tm thi, chng minh ni dung ny rt cn thit. 2. D n xy dng cu Cn Th 2.1. Cc bin php x l nn v quy nh k thut ca d n: - Theo cc ni dung ca cc ti liu hp ng (ch dn k thut, bn v TKKT) ca d n xy dng cu Cn Th th cc quy nh v x l nn ng, gia ti v d ti c tng hp nh sau: 548

STT

Loi nn ng

Chiu cao nn ng (m)

Gii php x l nn

Chiu cao gia ti (m) Khng gia ti, tuy nhin TVGS c th yu cu c th 1 1,5

Thi gian gia ti Ph thuc vo kt qa quan trc

iu kin d ti - Khi ln d cn li (theo d kin) nh hn 30 cm i vi on nn ng thng thng v nh hn 20 cm i vi cc u cng hp. - Tc ln: <1 mm/tun

p thp

<3

Khng x l

2 3 4 p cao (u cu, cng)

3-4 4-5 >5

Bc thm Bc thm + B phn p

- Khi ln d cn li nh hn 10cm hoc nh hn D kin 6 5% tng ln d kin (iu kin no n trc s c thng p dng). - Tc ln: <1 mm/tun

2.2. Thc hin x l nn ti d n - Trn c s quy nh v TKKT ca d n nu trn, h s TKBVTC c cc Nh thu lp v TVGS ph duyt. Trong qu trnh thi cng, d n th im bin php x l t yu bng Bc thm ngang (SBD) v mt s iu chnh theo ch th c th ca TVGS. Thit k x l cc on nn ng ti d n c tng hp theo bng sau, chi tit xem ph lc s 1 (nh km).
Tng chiu di nn ng (m) 4567,3 1834,6 4855,6 11257,5 Tng chiu di nn ng p cao (m) 2064 687 1082 3833 S on x l t yu 8 4 11 23 Tng chiu di nn ng c x l t yu (m) 2064 687 1372 4123 Tng chiu di nn ng th im SBD (m) 0 306 1012 1318 Tng chiu di nn ng c gia ti (m) 4067,3 1777 1711 7555,3

Gi thu

1 3 01 (IC3) Tng

III. KT QU X L T YU TI CC D N 1. D n ng t cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh - Trung Lng 1.1. nh gi v cht lng thi cng x l nn t yu a) Cht lng v thi cng - Ngoi cc cng tc kim tra, gim st ca T vn gim st v cc phng th nghim hin trng, ti D n cn c b tr cc n v T vn kim nh cht lng 549

c lp l Cng ty CP TVTK Kim nh & a k thut thuc TEDI, Cng ty TV Cng ngh thit b & Kim nh xy dng B Xy dng, l nhng n v th nghim kim nh nh gi cht lng thi cng c lp. Theo cc kt qu kim tra, th nghim nh gi cht lng thi cng, cc bo co u nh gi cht lng cc cng tc thi cng x l nn t yu ti D n t cc yu cu theo thit k c duyt. b) V thi gian ch ln (lu ti) Theo cc bo co kt qu thi cng, thi gian lu ti thc t ti cc on tuyn hu ht u vt thi gian lu ti theo Thit k k thut t 1 n 3 thng, c bit on tuyn thuc on Tn To Ch m, thc hin d ti theo iu kin ln c kt t n 90%, thi gian lu ti thc t phi ko di thm khong 08 thng so vi Thit k k thut. c) V ln tng cng theo quan trc - ln tng cng ti cc on tuyn cao tc v on tuyn ng ni t nt giao Thn Cu Ngha nt giao Cha Phc Lm c bn ph hp vi ln d bo theo Thit k k thut (chnh lch tng gim khng ln). - ln tng cng on tuyn ng ni t Tn To Ch m c ln vt qu 100% ln d bo theo thit k k thut c duyt. - ln tng cng on tuyn ng cao tc c ln tng ng hoc thp hn tng ln d bo theo thit k k thut c duyt. Vi kt qu nu trn, chng minh vic d bo trong cc kt qu tnh ton u khng hon ton chnh xc v ph thuc phn ln vo kt qu thc t. 1.2. Tnh hnh ln mt ng sau khi a d n vo khai thc (t 03/2/2010 n 15/10/2010) a) Tuyn ni Tn To - Ch m Sau gn 9 thng a vo khai thc, hin tng ln ton b nn ng xut hin trn chiu di tng cng khong 5km/11,02km (45,5%) vi cc c im:
- V tr: ri dc theo tuyn v ti cc on tip gip gia cc kt cu cu, cng hoc sn gim ti (c bit l cc cng c s dng mng cc BTCT m khng b tr bn qu ).

- Mt ng b ln bnh qun t 2,5 cm - 10 cm. Mt s v tr tip gip u cu, cng, sn gim ti... mt ng b ln trung bnh 16 cm - 25 cm. b) Tuyn cao tc - Trn ton tuyn cao tc xut hin ln nn ng ti 06 v tr, tp trung ti v tr tip gip gia cc kt cu cu + cng c kt cu mng bng cc BTCT v sn gim ti vi nn ng. ln trung bnh t 3,0 cm - 7,5 cm. 550

- on nn ng b st trt (270 m khng p gia ti v cha ri lp to nhm): ln trung bnh 12.5 cm. Theo cc h s thit k: cc im ln trn u nm trong phm vi iu chnh TKKT chuyn t x l t yu bng ging ct sang bc thm v phm vi khng b tr bn qu cho cc v tr u sn gim ti, y l bi hc kinh nghim rt ra trong qu trnh thc hin d n. 2. D n xy dng cu Cn Th 2.1. Tnh hnh thi cng ca cc Nh thu Bt u thi cng nn ng vo thng 7/2005 (i vi gi 3) v vo thng 10/2005 (i vi gi 1). Trnh t thi cng nn ng theo ng quy nh v theo tin , bin php thi cng c TVGS chp thun. Nh thu lp t cc mc quan trc (ln, chuyn v ngang ) ca nn ng y v ng theo quy nh ca thit k di d xc nhn, kim tra ca T vn gim st. D ti ln lt tng on nn ng ( t yu cu v c kt, c TVGS chp thun), bt u vo thng 11/2008 (i vi gi 1) v vo thng 12/2008 (i vi gi 3) tip tc thi cng lp nh nn ( mi). Qu trnh thi cng cc lp mng mt ng u c T vn kim sot cao , nhng v tr ln s c b bng dm lp trn (lp base) m bo cao trc khi thi cng lp BTN. Cc gi 1 v 3 u bt u thi cng BTN on u tin vo thng 9/2009 v kt thc vo thng 3/2010. T lp BTN tr ln c thi cng v kim sot theo ng chiu dy tng lp. 2.2. Kim sot cht lng v tin ca T vn gim st Kim tra cht ch cc bc thi cng v tin theo ng quy nh v c duyt. Ra quyt nh gia ti v d ti theo ng cc tiu ch ca d n, trn c s s liu quan trc ln nn ng, d kin ln. Mnh dn nghin cu v p dng th im cc bin php khc (SBD) vi mc ch x l ln hiu qu v m bo tin d n. Ko di thi gian gia ti i vi nhiu on nn ng p cao khi cn thit hoc tin cho php. 2.3. Kt qu quan trc ln nn ng Theo ni dung bo co quan trc ln ng dn cu Cn Th ca TVGS ti vn bn s GE-10-PMU-1159 ngy 19/11/2010, cc kt qu v nh gi nh sau: 551

Cng tc quan trc ln nn ng gi thu s 1, s 3 v 01 (IC3 giai on 1) c thc hin trong thng 10/2010 v so snh kt qu vi cao thit k. Nhn chung, hin tng ln nn ng ng dn pha b Cn Th nghim trng hn bn pha Vnh Long, c th: + Gi 1 (Vnh Long): gi tr ln cao nht trn ton tuyn l 181 mm (v tr u tuyn), cc v tr u cng hp vn trong gii hn cho php (< 200mm), tuy nhin mt s v tr nn ng u cu Tr V Ln, Tr V Nh v Tr n vt gii hn ln 100 smm. + Gi thu s 3 v 01 (Cn Th): cc on ng p thp ln rt nhiu (thng thng dao ng t 150mm n 400mm, gi tr ln cao nht l 559 mm ti nt giao IC3), t dn n nn ng cc u cng hp ln qu gii hn. Tuy nhin cc on p cao u cu tng i n nh v nm trong gii hn cho php. (chi tit xem Ph lc 1 v bo co ca TVGS s GE-10-PMU-1159 ngy 19/11/2010 nh km). Nhng on nn ln nhiu tp trung vo cc on p thp hoc khng c bin php x l t yu hoc khng c gia ti. Hin tng ln nn ng pht trin rt nhanh bt u k thng 12/2009 (thi m gn hon thnh lp BTN ht th). IV. NGUYN NHN GY LN 1. V l thuyt tnh ton - Kho st a cht: Theo qui trnh 22TCN 262-2000, cng tc thm d a cht cng trnh bng nhng l khoan c b tr cch nhau thng thng t 50 n 100 mt trn tim tuyn, c cch 100 - 150 m tin hnh mt (01) mt ct a cht cng trnh theo chiu ngang vung gc tim tuyn, trn c 3 l khoan, khu vc a cht gia cc v tr l khoan c ni suy tuyn tnh, do khng lng ht c nhng bt thng ca a cht. - Phng php tnh ton: Hin nay tun th vo qui trnh 22TCN 262 - 2000. Tuy nhin, trong qui trnh khng nh kt qu tnh ton x l nn t yu ch mang tnh d bo, s liu v ln s c xc nh trn c s s liu quan trc thc t. - Gii php s dng sn gim ti: Gii php x l theo phng n ny thc cht m bo: + Chuyn v tr ln ln t u cu, cng ra sau sn gim ti; + Tuy c gim ln hn v tr ngay u cu u cng v chiu cao t p sau sn thp hn. 552

Tuy nhin, phn nn ng p c gia c bng ging ct/bc thm c ln d ln hn so vi phn nn ng p trn sn gim ti c ln d nh, v vy ti im tip gip vn c th xut hin im ln cc b. S b tr sn gim ti:

2. Nguyn nhn c th ca cc d n: 2.1. D n ng t cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh - Trung Lng - Vic ln nn mt ng tuyn ni Tn To Ch m: c d bo trc do tnh trng a cht ti khu vc ca on tuyn ht sc phc tp (mt s on tuyn c chiu su t yu ln nht ln ti 31 m nhng ch x l t yu n chiu su 23 m). - Ti khu vc d n lun b nh hng ca ch bn nht triu v mc nc ngm thay i do lm nh hng n kt qu quan trc ln trong qu trnh theo di ln khi quyt nh d ti. - Mt s v tr tuyn i qua dng sng c m s liu a cht khng th pht hin trong giai on lp TKKT. * Mt ct a cht on tuyn t Km48+355 n Km48+625 Theo TKKT

553

* Mt ct a cht on tuyn t Km48+355 n Km48+625 khoan b sung sau khi xy ra st trt:

2.2. D n xy dng cu Cn Th: Theo nhn nh ca TVGS, trong qu trnh TKKT h s c thm nh v tun th ng quy nh. Qu trnh thi cng th Nh thu v TVGS thc hin theo quy nh k thut ca Hp ng v kim sot ln nn ng theo ng tiu chun 22TCN 262 - 2000. Ngoi ra nng cao hiu qu x l ln, TVGS xut CT p dng bin php th im SBD hoc ko di thi gian gia ti nn ng khi cn thit. Tuy nhin hin tng ln nn ng xy ra do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Ln nn ng vn tip din c th xem xt do tuyn ng i qua cc khu vc m ly, nn t yu vi iu kin phc tp ca khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long, nn khng th d kin ht c. Nhiu on lp t yu dy n 40 m. - Ngoi ra yu t cn c xem xt l thi im thi cng mt ng t thng 12/2009 n nay l ma kh hn bt thng ti khu vc d n, nn mc nc ngm dc d n b h thp xung, dn n tc c kt c y nhanh hn. y cng chnh l yu t bt thng ca thi tit. - Nt giao IC3 mi thc hin giai on 1, mt ng hin ti ang l mt ng lng nha, TKKT giai on 1 tnh n ln nn ng v s c tip tc x l trit khi thi cng giai on 2. V. NHN XT, XUT, KIN NGH 1. Nhn xt Qua cc kt qu thc t trong qu trnh thi cng cc D n v cc s liu khoa hc ca cc n v T vn c lp cng thc tin ca cc d n h tng Giao thng trong khu vc Mekong Delta, PMU M Thun rt ra mt s nhn xt. 1.1. Hiu qu ca cc phng n x l - o vt bn, p thay bng ct ht mn: cht lng tt, tuy nhin gi thnh cng trnh cao. p dng c hiu qu nhng ni c chiu dy tng t yu mng (on tuyn ni Thn Cu Ngha). 554

- X l bng bc thm + kt hp vi gia ti: + Kh nng thot nc ca bc thm theo phng thng ng hn ch, thng phi ko di thi gian gia ti (tng thm so vi tnh ton l thuyt t 3 7 thng); + Nn mt ng sau khi x l thng vn b tip tc ln ko di theo thi gian. - X l bng ging ct D40 + Kt hp vi gia ti: + Gi thnh xy dng hp l. + Kh qun l cht lng vt liu (ct) v m cht ca ct trong ging. - X l nn t yu bng sn gim ti (theo phng n thng thng): + Xut hin im ln cc b to thnh bc ngay ui sn gim ti. - Xy dng cu cn: L gii php hiu qu nht i vi khu vc c chiu su t yu ln. Khc phc c hon ton ln, thi gian thi cng nhanh v m bo cht lng trong qu trnh khai thc. Tuy nhin gi thnh cng trnh cao. - X l bc thm ng + bc thm ngang (thay lp ct thot nc): v y vn l bin php x l bng bc thm ng, nn ngoi cc nhn xt v ring phng php nu trn th phng php ny cn c c im: + ln ca nhng on nn ng p dng SBD nhiu hn (nhng khng ng k) hoc c on tng ng vi ln nn ng nhng on s dng lp ct thot nc ngang (trong cng 1 iu kin tng ng v thi gian v ti trng gia ti, tng ng v a cht). + C hiu qu khi p dng SBD ch ng y nhanh tin v thi cng nhanh trong iu kin khan him ct thot nc ti khu vc BSCL. + Gi thnh: c th tit kim ti a khong 18% so vi dng lp ct thot nc thng thng. 1.2. Hiu qu ca cc tiu chun k thut thi cng v nghim thu hin hnh - Thi gian gia ti: + Thi gian lu ti thc t hu ht u vt thi gian lu ti theo Thit k k thut t 1 3 thng. + on tuyn Tn To Ch m (D n ng t cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh Trung Lng): thc hin d ti theo iu kin ln c kt t n 90%, thi gian lu ti thc t phi ko di thm khong 08 thng so vi Thit k k thut (tng 100%). 555

- ln tng cng: + on tuyn ng ni Tn To Ch m: c ln thc t vt qu 100% ln d bo theo thit k k thut c duyt. + ln tng cng on tuyn ng cao tc: tng ng hoc thp hn d bo theo thit k k thut c duyt. Vi cc s liu c th nu trn, chng minh do tnh cht phc tp ca t yu BSCL nn vic d bo trong cc kt qu tnh ton x l nn t yu bng ging ct hoc bc thm theo cc quy nh hin hnh thng c sai lch so vi thc t v ph thuc phn ln vo kt qu quan trc thc t. Vic s liu d bo sai lch nhiu so vi l thuyt tnh ton nh hng n kt qu thi gian thi cng v gi thnh ca cng trnh. 1.3. S khc bit v a cht Cn c vo kt qu khoan a cht, cho thy ton b d n u i qua khu vc a cht yu, tuy nhin mc phc tp v a cht c s khc bit gia cc khu vc: - Tp. H Ch Minh: Tnh trng a cht ti khu vc rt phc tp, hu ht cc on tuyn ca d n u i qua cc khu vc c chiu su t yu t 15 20 m. C bit c nhng khu vc chiu su t yu ln ti 31m. ng thi ti khu vc lun b nh hng ca ch bn nht triu v mc nc ngm. - Long An v Tin Giang: + Chiu su lp t yu bin thin t 3 16m. C bit trong khu vc c tn ti 02 ti bn (Km38+338 Km38+901 v Km40+340 Km41+00) c chiu su bn ln nht ti 36m. + c bit ti Km48+355 Km48+625 (270m): Kt qu kho st b sung pht hin ti on tuyn c tn ti dng sng c ct cho 60o ngang qua tuyn c chiu su lp bn bnh qun 14 m y l v tr bt thng v a cht khng th pht hin y trong bc thit k k thut do khi lng kho st b hn ch theo quy trnh hin hnh. Mt ct a cht on tuyn t Km48+355 n Km48+625:

556

Ti cc on tuyn c b tr cc cng thot nc c kt cu mng bng cc BTCT, hu ht u xy ra tnh trng ln khng u gia cng v nn ng. c bit i vi cng trn khi xy ra ln khng u gia nn ng v cng vic thit k b ln m bo m thun l rt kh khn. 2. xut, kin ngh Qua mt s kinh nghim thc t trong qu trnh thi cng D n, knh ngh B GTVT xem xt, c nghin cu c th v mt s xut sau y, lm c s khoa hc ng dng vo thc tin nhm nng cao cht lng trong cng tc x l nn t yu khu vc pha Nam: 2.1. Khi nim x l ln nn ng trong xy dng h tng giao thng SCL - X l nn t yu trong cc cng trnh xy dng h tng giao thng, ngoi tr cc gii php (1) Thi cng cu cn; (2) Vt bn thay ct ti cc v tr c lp t yu mng (< 5m), vic gii quyt trit ln nn ng trong khu vc t yu BSCL l rt kh thc hin. - Do hn ch kinh ph u t ban u nn vic x l ln trit thng c tp trung vo cc cng trnh trn tuyn (cu, cng) cn ton b chiu di ca nn ng p phi chp nhn x l ln mc l thuyt (c kt 90%) hoc khng x l v kt hp vi mt ng qu . 2.2. Cng tc kho st - i vi khu vc BSCL cn xem xt chnh sa tiu chun kho st ph hp vi iu kin khu vc, cn tp trung nhiu vo kho st a cht. - Sau khi tin hnh vi khi lng theo qui nh, cn khoanh vng i vi cc khu vc a cht c chiu su lp t yu > 10m khoan b sung cc l khoan thm d xen k vi cc l khoan trc, nhm trnh trng hp khng pht hin c din bin a cht bt thng dn ti s c st trt nn ng. - Do vic xc nh chiu su vng nh hng ln hin nay ang xc nh theo phng tnh ton bng l thuyt (c sai s nht nh). hn ch ti a nhng sai s cho bi ton d tnh ln nn ng p trn t yu, xut chiu su l khoan a cht phi ht lp t yu, khng p dng ch tiu khoan ht vng nh hng ln. 2.3. Thit k p gia ti Hin nay mt s n v t vn thit k c quan im, i vi nhng on nn ng p c chiu cao >4 m, khng cn p ct gia ti vi l do ti trng bn thn nn ng p gy ln c kt. Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy vi nhng on nn ng tnh ton theo quan im nu trn, thi gian gia ti thng b ko di (on Km23+800 Km24+700, chiu cao p nn mt ng 5,5 m, chiu su ging ct 6 557

m, thi gian gia ti ko di thm 6.0 thng v cc v tr u cu, cng vn tip tc b ln). Kin ngh: chiu cao p gia ti phi c tnh ton c th tu theo tng v tr v phi c ti trng tng ng vi ti trng ca lp KCA. 2.4. Thi cng mng cng m bo m thun ca tuyn ng ti cc v tr cng trn v cc cng hp loi nh trong qu trnh khai thc, cn xem xt x l nn t yu ton b nn ng m bo c kt theo qui nh, sau t chc thi cng mng cng bng cc c trm v h thng thn cng bng cc loi cng trn hoc cng vung lp ghp (nn c bit hn ch vic s dng cc BTCT cho cc cng nh trong vng t yu). 2.5. Ti trng ng trong qu trnh thi cng Theo quan trc t khi d ti cho n khi thng xe: kt qu cho thy, tc ln tng nhanh. Kin ngh xem xt a ti trng ng, c bit ti trng lu rung trong qu trnh thi cng cc lp kt cu o ng vo t hp ti trng trong quy trnh kho st thit k nn ng thi cng trn vng t yu 22 TCN 262-2000. 2.6. X k ln hai ng u cu bng "Hp gim ti" Cu to hp gim ti: L mt kt cu bng BTCT hnh hp. Kt cu tng t nh nh hnh cng hp ch nht ca AASHTO t trn nn t. Mt u ca hp c gi vo bn BTCT b m, cn u kia t trc tip trn nn t yu c gia c t trc. t yu di cng hp c x l cng vi t nn sau hp n c kt theo thit k. S b tr hp gim ti:

u im: chnh ln c phn b u trn phm vi 20 m chiu di hp gim ti, nh hng khng ng k n bng phng ca mt ng xe chy. Tng ti trng ca hp nh hn t 3 - 4 ln so vi ti trng ca khi t p v do mt u c k vo b m nn n nh ca nn t pha sau m cu rt cao. 558

Do kt cu hp gim ti c mnh nh, m men qun tnh ln, kh nng chu un cao li c t trn nn n hi nn kt cu ny rt bn vng. Chi ph xy dng 01 hp gim ti ch bng 36% chi ph xy dng 01 sn gim ti c chiu di tng ng. Phn II
IU CHNH CH TIU T P BAO TA LUY NN NG 1. Gii thiu chung

D n tuyn N2 on C Chi - c Ho v on Thnh Ho - M An gm 03 d n thnh phn, c chiu di tng cng 61,8 km. Tuyn ng i xuyn qua trung tm ng Thp Mi, ni c iu kin t nhin (a hnh, a cht, thy vn) rt kh khn, phc tp, bt u t huyn C Chi TP. H Ch Minh qua a phn tnh Long An v kt thc ti th trn M An - huyn Thp Mi - tnh ng Thp. Ngoi tr cc on tuyn nng cp ng c, on xy dng mi (tng cng khong 30 km) nm trn trong vng ng Thp Mi cha c ng b, hon ton phi i li bng ng thu v vn chuyn th cng. Nn vic khai thc v vn chuyn vn liu phc v xy dng d n l ht sc kh khn. T thc t trin khai d n N2, Ban QLDA M Thun kin ngh thay i ch tiu k thut theo hng s dng ngun t khai thc ti ch p bao ta luy nn ng m bo cht lng v gim chi ph v thi gian xy dng. C th nh sau: 2. Quy nh hin hnh v thit k nn ng p bng ct kt hp p bao ta luy - Tiu chun thit k ng t TCVN - 4054-2005 cp n thit k nn ng p bng ct (ton b theo kch thc hnh hc thit k) v sau p bao bn ngoi vi nhng ch tiu k thut ca t p bao ngoi phm vi nn ng (p rng hn so vi chiu rng nn thit k, hay cn gi l p bao ngoi). - Khi p dng thit k mt ct ngang nn ng theo tiu chun thit k ny th s tn dng c ti a vt liu p bao taluy ti ch tha mn tiu chun k thut. Tuy nhin, khi lng ct p nn ng khng thay i lm tng gi thnh xy dng. - Quy trnh cha cp ti yu cu v cc ch tiu cht lng i vi t p bao nn ng ca kt cu p bao nm trong kt cu chu lc. i vi kt cu lai ny Quy trnh ch mi cp ti cc ch tiu cht lng i vi t p bao nh nn. 3. Thit k k thut ca d n N2 - Theo thit k k thut c duyt, nn ng phn ln c p bng ct, bn ngoi p t bao taluy c chiu dy 1m v ton b (c phn p ct v p t) u 559

nm trong kch thc hnh hc nn ng thit k (p bao trong kt cu chu lc). Nh vy phn t p bao ny va gi vai tr nh lp t nn thng vi yu cu cht K 98 v pha di l K 95, va c vai tr gi phn ct nn ng bn trong m bo n nh trong sut qu trnh thi cng v khai thc sau ny. - Thit k mt ct ngang vi quy m c Bmt = 7m, Bnn = 9m, lp t p bao taluy nm trong phm vi nn ng. Theo , T vn thit k quy nh tiu chun k thut vt liu c s dng lm lp p bao vi yu cu va thun li cho cng tc m ln, m bo cht ti thiu K 0,95 v phi ph hp vi cc yu cu sau:
Gii hn chy Ch s do CBR (ngm 4 ngy) Kch c ht ln nht 55 10 IP 27 5 9mm

- Trong cc ch tiu trn, ng lu l ch tiu CBR (ngm 4 ngy) 5. Thc t trin khai thi cng gp kh khn v ngun t p bao taluy ti ch khng t ch tiu CBR theo yu cu theo quy nh ca d n, trong khi vic a t ni khc n rt xa, iu kin vn chuyn kh khn s lm tng gi thnh v chm tin thi cng. Cc ch tiu ny T vn a ra trn c s tiu ch ca t p bao nh nn. 4. Qu trnh iu chnh Theo bo co ca cc Nh thu thi cng v T vn gim st, qua kim tra thc t cho thy trong khu vc d n khng c m t p bao taluy tha mn yu cu k thut quy nh ban u. Cc m t yu cu th kh nng cung cp ht sc kh khn v phi vn chuyn bng ng sng kh xa, a hnh kh khn nn cc phng tin ln khng th cung cp ti tn chn cng trnh c m phi qua cc khu trung chuyn th cng lm chm tin thi cng v c bit l chi ph tng cao. Vi ngun t khai thc ti ch, dc 2 bn tuyn, tr lng c bn m bo v c a phng cho php khai thc. Tuy nhin, kt qu th nghim cho thy: Cc ch tiu c l t yu cu ca d n, ring ch tiu CBR khng t yu cu k thut ca d n (CBR u < 2,8). Sau khi xem xt kin xut ca Nh thu, T vn gim st v cc quy nh hin hnh. Ban QLDA M Thun c vn bn kin ngh B GTVT iu chnh ch tiu t p bao taluy nn ng. B t chc hp vi s tham gia ca cc c quan lin quan v c bit l Gio s Dng Hc Hi, chuyn gia u ngnh v l tc gi 560

bin soan Tiu chun thit k ng. Kt qu, ngy 10/3/2010, B GTVT c vn bn s 1357/BGTVT-QLXD chp thun iu chnh ch tiu t p bao taluy nn, c th nh sau:
Ch tiu t p bao theo thit k Gii hn chy 55 Ch s do 10 IP 27 CBR (ngm 4 ngy) 5 Ch tiu c iu chnh Gii hn chy 55 Ch s do 10 IP 27 CBR (ngm 4 ngy): Quy nh theo cc lp chu lc ca nn ng, t trn xung: + 6 i vi 30 cm lp t p bao tnh t nh lp ct K98 tr xung. + 4 i vi 50 cm lp t p bao tip theo. + Ngoi khu vc tc dng t 80 cm tnh t y o ng, khng yu cu ch tiu CBR. Cng khng ct khng tht nc 25 kPa. Ghi ch

Kch c ht ln nht 9mm

Sau khi iu chnh, cc m t ti ch dc tuyn sau khi chn lc p ng yu cu k thut iu kin a vo cng trnh. iu ny c bn tho g kh khn v t p bao taluy cho mt s gi thu trn tuyn, gip y nhanh tin thi cng. 5. Kt lun v kin ngh Nghin cu, b sung quy trnh: Quy nh chi tit trong quy trnh thit k, thi cng v nghim thu i vi lp t bao nn ng trong trng hp t p bao nm trong phm vi kt cu chu lc ca nn ng cng phn nn ng p bng ct. Theo tnh cht chu lc ca kt cu nn ng, t p bao nn ng c th phn thnh hai trng hp: (1) trng hp t p bao nm ngoi phm vi kt cu chu lc ca nn ng v (2) trng hp t p bao nm trong phm vi kt cu chu lc ca nn ng (l trng hp kin ngh trn). Vic iu chnh ny s p ng c: - V qun l cht lng: Vic iu chnh ny ht sc cn thit v kp thi nhm gii quyt c kh khn v khan him ngun t p bao, vic tn dng t ti ch vn m bo bn vng cng trnh v tit kim chi ph xy lp mt cch hp l. Ngun vt liu khai thc ti ch thun tin cho cng tc t vn gim st qun l khi lng v cht lng u vo, qu trnh khai thc, bo qun vt liu ch ng hn. - Tin thi cng: Kt qu iu chnh ch tiu t p bao t vic phi khai thc vt liu t ni khc v vi khi lng ln th cc n v thi cng tn dng c vt liu ti ch thi cng phn ln khi lng p bao (cc lp ngoi khu vc chu tc dng) do tuyn ny trong vng ngp l, chiu cao p bnh qun t 4 - 5 m. Do , 561

nh thu ch ng c tin thi cng ca phn t p bao taluy v tin chung ca gi thu, tranh th kp thi trong ma kh, khng ph thuc v nh cung cp p gi do khan him, thi gian vn chuyn, cht lng ngun vt liu... - V kinh t: Gp phn gim gi thnh xy dng v n gi s dng t p bao ti ch chc chn s thp hn gi trng thu bnh qun. Tuy nhin, hin nay cha c con s chnh xc v theo ch o ca B GTVT, cc nh thu ang tnh ton lp n gi mi v trnh B ph duyt, lm c s thanh ton. Phn III
BC THM NGANG - SBD (SUPER BOARD DRAIN)

1.1. Nguyn nhn v mc ch p dng - Theo TKKT c duyt, lp ct thot nc ngang trong x l nn t yu c nhiu yu cu cao v vt liu, rt khan him ti khu vc BSCL, v vy rt kh ch ng c tin thi cng, chi ph cao, cn phi tm kim vt liu hoc cng ngh thay th. - y nhanh tin v nng cao hiu qu x l nn t yu. - Khuyn khch p dng cng ngh mi, vt liu mi. 1.2. Qu trnh p dng - Cng trnh: gi thu s 3 - d n xy dng cu Cn Th. - Phm vi/khi lng: + p dng ti nhng on nn ng c x l t yu bng bc thm ng, nn ng p cao thuc phm vi ng u cu, gm c 7 on, c th: m A2 cu Ci Tc 1, khu Bi dch v, m A1 cu Ci Da, cng B Mng, m A2 cu Cai Nai, m A2 cu p M v m A1 cu Ci Rng. + Tng chiu di nn ng x l Bc thm ngang: 1.028 m. + Tng chiu di Bc thm ngang l: 39.448 m. Thi gian thi cng: t thng 8/2006 n thng 10/2007. 1.3. Kt qu p dng - Trn c s bo co ca TVGS ti vn bn s P3-08-PMU-098 ngy 31/1/2008 v vn bn chp thun kt qu th im ca B GTVT ti Vn bn s 2635/BGTVTKHCN ngy 23/4/2008 nh gi: + ln ca nhng on nn ng p dng SBD nhiu hn hoc c on tng ng vi ln nn ng nhng on s dng lp ct thot nc ngang (trong cng 1 iu kin tng ng v thi gian v ti trng gia ti, tng ng v a cht). + C hiu qu khi p dng SBD ch ng tin v thi cng nhanh. 562

Tit kim chi ph x l c th nh sau (VN):

Tng chi ph cho lp ct thot nc 70cm (1) 3.335.722.000 Tng chi ph thay th (bao gm bc thm ngang + lp ct nn bnh thng (2) 2.736.617.000 Chnh lch (3)=(1)-(2) 599.105.000 T l % tit kim: (3)/(1) 18%

Phn IV
DM HP THP

1. Nhng nt chnh - Cu Cn Th c chiu di nhp chnh l kh ln (550m), do vic b tr dm thp ti gia nhp chnh thay th cho dm b tng l cn thit gim ti trng dm. - Tng chiu di dm thp l 210m v nng 2800 tn (nu s dng dm b tng th trng lng tng ng 7900 tn) chia lm 20 t dm, cc dm thp kt ni vi phn dm b tng th c b tng bn trong. - Dm thp c ch to thnh tm ti nh my gn H Ni (Mitsui Thng Long) v sau vn chuyn vo cng Ci Cui lp rp thnh cc t dm. 2. Ch to thp tm ti nh my - Nh thu lp phng php ch to (fabrication manner) v trnh cho K s kim tra, xc nhn phng php ny ph hp vi bn v thi cng v bin php thi cng i vi cc hng mc cng vic sau: + Kim tra vt liu thp, thp tm, ng neo v cc b phn khc; + Thc hnh phng php v kt qu kim tra nng lc ca th hn; + Vt liu hn v iu kin kho bi; + S t chc ca i ng cng nhn v k s; + H thng hng dn v nh hng ca trnh t cng vic cho cng nhn; + H thng kim tra ni b bao gm k nng c nhn ca kt qu kim tra tay ngh hn; + Trnh t ca cng tc sa cha; + Trnh t ca cng tc khoan; + S chnh xc v kch thc ca cc tm thp c ch to. - K s s kim tra vic lp rp th, kt qu ch to v kim tra cc thnh phm bao gm kt qu kim tra, kt qu kim tra ni b v chnh xc ca vic lp rp th. Phn cn li ca vic kim tra bao gm cng tc sn. 563

3. Lp rp ti cng Ci Cui - Cng vic lp rp thp tm thnh cc t dm c K s kim tra cn thn. c bit, tt c cc ng hn dc kt ni 2 tm thp c ch to sn u c kim tra, xc nhn 1 cch chc chn bng phng php siu m bi v iu kin hn ti cng trng l khng tt do nhit khng kh qu nng v khng gian cht hp. Ti giao im gia ng hn ngang v ng hn dc, K s kim tra bng phng php chp tia X v xc nhn kt qu. - vng, hng ca trc dm thp, s chnh xc v v tr ca cc thnh phn kt ni v khong cch gia 2 mt kt ni ca 2 t dm c iu chnh v kim tra, xc nhn bng cch lp rp tm thi ton b chiu di dm thp ti cng Ci Cui. - K s cng ng thi kim tra cng tc sn v cc lp sn b khuyt tt trc khi vn chuyn ra cng trng nng lp. 4. Nng lp, kt ni ti cng trng - K s kim sot vic nng t dm thp t s lan ln v tr kt ni khng lm nh hng n giao thng hng hi cng nh cht lng dm thp. - Dm thp sau khi c nng ln v cn chnh ng v tr, s c kt ni bng bu lng cng cao (tng chic bu lng ny c T vn kim tra) v hn, sau khi hn xong s tip tc kim tra bng siu m pht hin cc khuyt tt bn trong. - kt ni t hp long, Nh thu kch y 2 u dm v pha tr thp bng kch thy lc to khong cch an ton cho vic nng lp t hp long. Sau khi nng lp, cn chnh ng v tr v kt ni vi 1 u dm tin hnh x kch kt ni vi u dm cn li. 5. Kt qu p dng - Vi vic p dng dm thp thay cho dm b tng ti gia nhp lm gim ng k ti trng nhp chnh, cho php chng ta c th xy dng nhng cu dy vng c khu ln nh cu Cn Th. - Mt khc, s dng dm thp cng gim thi gian thi cng, thi gian thi cng 210m dm thp ch l 4 thng so vi gn 8 thng nu thi cng c hng dm b tng vi chiu di tng t. - Vi cc u im nu trn, Ban QLDA M Thun kin ngh tip tc nghin cu, s dng dm thp (mt cc khoa hc v tit kim) ti cc kt cu cu trong tng lai, c bit l cu dy vng v dy vng. 564

Phn V
B TNG NHA TRN HP DM THP - SMA (STONE MASTIC ASPHALT)

1. Gii thiu chung - B tng nha trn dm thp phi p ng c cc yu cu cao v chng rung ng, lc, xoay ng thi p ng cc yu cu v thay i nhit v c kt dnh cao. Do vic p dng 1 loi b tng nha c bit cho dm thp l cn thit. - So snh tiu chun k thut ca SMA v b tng nha trn dm b tng:
SMA on the Steel Box Girder Binder Penetration (25oC, 1/10mm) Softening Point (25oC) Air Void (%) Marshall Voids filled with Asphalt (%) Stability (KN) Flow 1/100cm Dynamic Stability (pass/mm) More than 40 65.0 to 70.0 Less than 3.0 (2.5) 75 to 90 More than 5.0 Less than 75 2,000 to 4,000 Asphalt pavement on the Concrete Bridge More than 50 50.0 to 60.0 3.0 to 5.0 65 to 75 More than 9.0 25 to 40

Mixture Asphalt

2. c im ca SMA - B tng nha c ct liu c lm t SMA th c bit vng chi v bn lu. Chng c kh nng lm vic cao ngay c trong khu vc c lu lng giao thng ng c v chu nh hng ca thi tit: + Chng li cc bin dng c nh; + Chng n mn cao; + t b nt do thi tit hoc p lc c hc; + nhm cao; + C kh nng lm vic bn lu. - Cu trc ca SMA:

565

3. Qu trnh thi cng - Lm sch lp sn trn b mt dm thp bng phng php thi ct, sau lm sch b mt bng my nn kh. - Lp lt Caticoat S c sn trong vng 4 ting sau khi thi ct nhm phng chng r st trn b mt dm thp, lp ny c s dng vi t l 0.4l/m2. - Tin hnh qut lp chng thm Seroseal SS-B vi t l 1.0kg/m2 v sau ri ct Silicat vi t l 0.7kg/m2. - Nhit trong l nung ca SMA phi t t 170 n 1800 C v nhit lc thi cng ti hin trng phi t t 165 n 1700C. 4. Kt qu p dng - Vic p dng SMA trn dm thp cho kt qu rt tt ti d n cu Cn Th, kt cu mt ng c bit ny ph hp vi cc c tnh ca dm thp m kt cu thng khng th p ng nh: mc chn ng, xoay, lc cao v d co gin do nhit - Vic lm sch lp sn trn b mt dm thp bng phng php thi ct v qut lp lt trc khi thi cng lp chng thm gip nng cao kt dnh gia dm thp, lp chng thm v SMA ( kt dnh l tiu ch quan trng nht ca SMA) v gim thiu ti a vic bong, trt b mt mt ng gy nn cc vt nt, g. - Vi nhng u im nu trn, Ban QLDA M Thun kin ngh tip tc nghin cu, s dng SMA ti cc kt cu dm thp trong tng lai. Trn y l mt s kin ng gp v mt s kinh nghim trong qu trnh qun l thi cng cc d n khu vc pha Nam, Ban QLDA M Thun ngh B GTVT quan tm, xem xt c nhng iu chnh ph hp nhm nng cao cht lng cc cng trnh khu vc pha Nam. 566

TNG KT CNG TC SNG KIN, NG DNG KHOA HC CNG NGH 5 NM (2005 - 2010) CA TNG CNG TY XDCTGT6
TNG CTXDCTGT 6 Tng Cng ty XDCTGT6 l mt n v chuyn ngnh xy dng cc cng trnh giao thng ca B GTVT. Trong nhng nm qua, Tng Cng ty khng ngng pht trin v khng nh c v tr ca mnh, thc hin thnh cng nhiu d n t cc ngun vn vay nc ngoi mang tm vc quc t nh: cu Cn Th, ng cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh Trung Lng, sn bay Cn Th v.v c s quan tm, to iu kin ca Lnh o chnh quyn v cc on th nht qun t Tng Cng ty xung cc cng ty thnh vin, Tng Cng ty ta c c phong tro thi ua pht huy sng kin ci tin k thut rng khp, mnh dn u t cc thit b thi cng hin i, cc cng ngh thi cng tin tin v ng dng cc cng ngh mi, tin tin vo nhiu d n xy dng cng trnh cu, ng, hmn nay Tng Cng ty lm ch cc cng ngh thi cng tin tin v cu, thi cng m bo cht lng nhiu cy cu ln, sc cnh tranh vi cc Nh thu trong phm vi c nc. c cng trnh t huy chng vng cht lng cao nh cng trnh cu Cu Lu; cng trnh cu Bnh Phc; Tng kt nh gi hiu qu ca cng tc sng kin ci tin k thut, p dng cng ngh mi, ng dng cng ngh thng tin gp phn vo s pht trin vng mnh ca Tng Cng ty XDCTGT6, trong 5 nm qua: 1. Cng tc sng kin, ci tin hp l ha sn xut Trong 05 nm qua cc on th qun chng: cng on, thanh nin lun cng qun chng vn ng, khuyn khch v to mi iu kin ngi lao ng pht huy ti a kh nng sng to, tm ti sng kin. c bit, on thanh nin cng sn H Ch Minh lun ng vai tr tin phong trong cng tc ny. Hng nm, t cc n v c s n Tng Cng ty u tp hp xem xt nh gi vo cng tc thi ua khen thng. Tiu biu cho phong tro sng kin k thut 5 nm qua l cc Cng ty: - Cng ty C phn B tng 6: l Cng ty trong cc nm trc lun c nh gi l n v c phong tro lm sng kin tt. Trong 02 nm 2007 - 2008 c 207 sng kin, trong c 106 sng kin c cng nhn, lm li 2.764.600.000 ng, c thng vi s tin l: 140.000.000 ng, 567

- Cng ty c phn xy dng cng trnh hng khng 647: l cng ty mi thnh lp t Ban sn bay Tn Sn Nht, chuyn thi cng cc hng mc h tng c s sn bay. Tuy mi thnh lp, nhng cng ty cng c nhiu sng kin trong cc cng trnh sn bay Lin Khng, sn bay Nng: ci to my khoan cc t D.600 thnh my khoan cc nhi D.1000, s dng my p CK 1500 2JK5 thay cho my khoan vo VRM HD. ng dng cng ngh s dng cun tn dy 0,8mm bng my, thay ng tn dy 3mm to l trong dm bn rng. Vi cc sng kin trn, y nhanh tin thi cng v tng li nhun cho cng ty. S tin lm li l 2.889.063.329 ng. - Cng ty c phn XDCTGT 610: do nh hng u tin sn xut cng nghip, c th l u tin u t t chc sn xut cc loi v sn phm truyn thng ca cng ty l b tng nha nng. Cng ty u t thm giy chuyn h thng my nghin sng qua s dng (r hn mua my mi) cho m Phc Tn (Long Thnh ng Nai) v m Hn Sc (Kin Giang), sau tp trung tr tu tp th i tu, ci tin a vo s dng. Vi cch lm ny, lm li cho Cng ty 3.350.000.000 ng. Trong cc nm gn y, cc k s ca c quan Tng cng ty c nhiu iu kin trc tip tham gia thi cng, phi hp vi cc n v thi cng trn cng trng pht huy nhiu sng kin ci tin, ng dng cc cng ngh thi cng mi, gim chi ph xy dng, y nhanh tin thi cng d n. Sau y l mt s sng kin ci tin, p dng cng ngh thi cng mi tiu biu: - Ban QLHDA gi thu s 5 ng cao tc Cu Gi Ninh Bnh: Xy dng tuyn ng cng v ngoi tuyn mi di 4,98km vn chuyn thit b, vt t thi cng, khng s dng cc tuyn ng a phng hin hu nh quy nh trong H s thu. xut ny c Ch u t (VEC) chp thun v thanh ton t ngun kinh ph hng mc A.4.2 hon tr a phng. Vi ng cng v ngoi tuyn ny, chng ta gii quyt dt im tnh trng khng c ng vn chuyn vt t vo thi cng, ch ng trong cng tc tp kt vt liu, khng b nh hng bi ma khai thc, ch ng trc cc nh cung cp. - Ban HDA gi thu P1 D n xy dng cu Cn Th - Hng mc thi cng cu Tr V ln: Phng n thi cng ch o ban u khoan cc nhi tr P5, P6 ngoi sng. Dng thit b khoan t trn x lan 800 tn, s dng ng vch thp di 15m n nh thnh vch cc, v b li cho n khi thi cng b tr. Sau khi nghin cu a cht, thy vn ti tr P5, P6 v cao thit k nh cc khoan nhi nm trong lp t tt, Ban a phng n thi cng cc tr P5 bng m nh, thi cng cc tr P6 bng h ni, nhng c 02 tr u rt ng vch, s dng vch t v bentonite gi n nh thnh vch. Vi sng kin ny gim chi ph thi cng so vi phng n thi cng ban u l: 2.629.347.005 ng. T sng kin ny, c th nghin cu p dng cho cc cng 568

trnh thi cng cc khoan nhi trn sng c iu kin tng t, tit kim chi ph ng vch, y nhanh tin thi cng. - Ban HDA gi thu 17B Nam Sng Hu - Hng mc thi cng cu Ngan R: Theo phng n thi cng ban u l dng cu tm hoc ng cng v (lp sng) tp kt thit b thi cng vt sng, v knh Ngan R l mt nhnh cp I ca sng Hu v b c lp bi cng thy li ngn mn c b rng, su kh ln.Thc hin theo phng n ny s tn nhiu thi gian v kinh ph, v sau khi thi cng phi tho d thanh thi dng sng. Tp th cc k s sau khi nghin cu tnh ton s dng 02 ng vch thp (dng thi cng cc khoan nhi) D1500 di 6 m kp hai bn 01 phao qun dng (10mx3,5mx1,5m) to h ni a ton b thit b thi cng qua sng an ton, hiu qu. Vi sng kin ny lm li khong 400.000.000 ng, rt ngn tin thi cng 45 ngy. - Ban HDA gi thu s 5 cng quc t Ci Mp Th Vi: + Phn ng: Thay i cc t xi mng trc m bng sn gim ti, tit kim chi ph khong 4.000.000.000 ng. Theo thit k k thut c duyt, hai ng dn vo cu Rch Ng T c x l nn t yu bng phng php cc t gia c xi mng (DMM). Chiu di on cn x l cho mi bn l 50 m. Cc su trung bnh 35 m, tit din cc kp, ng knh cc 1.5 m. y l phng php mi x l nn t yu i vi cc d n ca nc ta. Tuy nhin, khi tin hnh trin khai, nh thu thy c nhiu kh khn thc hin thi cng. l: - a cht trong khu vc u cu rt yu, ch yu l bn nho, chiu dy trn 30m v b nhim mn. Do vic kim sot cht lng thi cng rt phc tp. - Cng ngh thi cng cc DMM dng cc kp, c ng knh v chiu su ln Vit Nam cha c sn. Thit b thi cng cn phi nhp t nc ngoi. - Quy trnh thi cng v kim tra, nghim thu cht lng i vi cc DMM cha c. - Tin thi cng ca d n rt ngn (24 thng), trong khi s mt nhiu thi gian huy ng thit b thi cng, phi lm th nghim xc nh quy trnh qun l cht lng ca cc DMM. Xut pht t nhng l do kh khn nu trn, CIENCO 6 xut gii php iu chnh thit k: x l nn t yu bng phng php cc DMM thay bng phng php sn gim ti trn nn mng cc BTCT v c B GTVT chp thun. Phng php x l nn t yu bng sn gim ti trn mng cc BTCT s gii quyt c nhng kh khn nu trn, bi nhng u im chnh sau y: 569

- Cng ngh thi cng mng cc BTCT v sn gim ti c p dng nhiu i vi cc cng trnh giao thng nc ta. Do thit b thi cng v vt t c sn. - Cng tc kim sot cht lng thi cng cc hng mc c thc hin trit v c y cc Tiu chun k thut v quy trnh thi cng. - Rt ngn c tin thi cng ca d n. D kin gim thi gian thi cng khong 5 thng. - Theo tnh ton, hng mc sn gim ti tit kim c chi ph khong 4 t ng. + Phn cu: Thi cng tr cu Rch Ng T bng p o thay v khung vy cc vn thp, rt ngn 1/3 chiu di cc vn thp (t 18m xung 12m), thay i gim s b thp d ng lc ca dm BTCT t 06 b xung 05 b, gim chi ph v rt ngn tin thi cng. - Ban HDA cu Bnh Li: Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 l Nh thu ph thi cng gi thu cc khoan nhi, v gi thu thi cng cc tr b tng ct thp di sng t P5 n P11 cho Nh thu chnh GS E&C thuc D n ng Tn Sn Nht Bnh Li Vnh ai ngoi (TBO). + Gi thu thi cng cc khoan nhi: Thi cng cc khoan nhi 02 tr di nc P5, P8, s dng m nh thay phng n s dng vng vy cc vn thp, gim chi ph thi cng khong 20%, ng thi kt hp thi cng gi thu kt cu b tng ct thp h tng c thun li. + Gi thu thi cng cc tr b tng ct thp di sng t P5 n P11: Thi cng b tr theo cng ngh thi cng ca Nh thu chnh GS E&C (Hn Quc), s dng thng chp t thp t trn cc h hn vo ng vch cc khoan nhi. Sau khi nghin cu Bn v thit k do Nh thu chnh cung cp, Ban phi hp vi n v thit k, kim ton li kt cu thay i cc chng loi vt t khan him trn th trng trong nc (hoc phi mua vi gi cao), thu hi cc kt cu thp sau khi s dng, thi cng cc cng trnh c kt cu tng t ca Tng cng ty. Vi xut ny c Nh thu chnh chp thun, mang li hiu qu kinh t cho Tng cng ty khong 7.000.000.000 ng. - Ban QLHDA gi thu 1B, gi thu 2 ng cao tc Tp.H Ch Minh - Long Thnh Du Giy: + Th nghim th ti cc khoan nhi D2000: Sau khi nghin cu mt ct a cht di sng v trn b, Ban xut thay i v tr cc th nghim D2000 t tr P22 di nc a ln v tr gia tr P19 v P20 nm trn b. S dng 01 ng vch ngoi v 01 ng vch trong loi b ma st thnh to iu kin cho cc th nghim lm vic ging nh cc di sng. 570

Sau khi xem xt cc bin php th nghim cho cc th ph hoi D2000, Ban QLHDA nghin cu xut chuyn t phng php th ti bng hp ti trng Osterberg sang phng php nn tnh truyn thng vi i trng l ct thp tn dng ngay ti cng trnh v cc neo xon. Vi ti trng th ln n 5400 tn, th nghim c cc chuyn gia nh gi l ti trng th ln nht theo phng php nn tnh trong iu kin t yu ng bng sng Cu Long. Vi cc xut trong bi ton cc th D2000, Ban QLHDA gim c chi ph t 7 t xung cn 3.6 t (gim 51%). + Nghin cu gim ct thp v chiu di cc ngm trong : Sau khi xem xt li thit k k thut v kt qu th nghim ca cc th ngm trong (c gn cc u o bin dng), Ban QLHDA tin hnh tnh ton li v xut gim ct thp v gim chiu di cc ngm trong . Vi xut ny, Ban QLHDA gim c 99m cc D1200 t tr P17 n P20, 338m cho cc D2000 gp phn y nhanh c tin thi cng v tit kim chi ph cho nh nc. + Thay i phng n x l nn t yu: Sau khi xem xt bo co thit k x l nn t yu cho gi thu s 2 v cc gi thu 1A, 1B, Ban xut thay phng n gia ti bng bm ht chn khng sang phng n gia ti bng t p truyn thng m vn m bo cc tiu ch t ra theo thit k k thut. Tuy nhin vn cn mt s cng ty cha lm tt cng tc sng kin ci tin k thut. Nguyn nhn chnh do Lnh o cha quan tm ng mc n phong tro ny, c nhng suy ngh, quan nim cha ng dn n coi nh cng tc sng kin ci tin k thut trong sn xut, cha pht huy c tinh thn lm ch, c sng to ca ngi lao ng v thng th y l nhng Cng ty ang lm n yu km trong Tng Cng ty. Phong tro sng kin k thut ca cc Cng ty thnh vin khng ngng pht trin. c bit 5 nm qua s lng sng kin tng thm tng nm, c th: - Nm 2006 c 15 sng kin lm li 1.800 triu. - Nm 2007 c 24 sng kin lm li 2.000 triu. - Nm 2008 c 31 sng kin lm li 4.300 triu. - Nm 2009 c 38 sng kin lm li 6.700 triu. - Nm 2010 c 42 sng kin lm li 8.700 triu. Nh vy, trong 5 nm c 300 sng kin vi gi tr lm li khong 23.5 t ng. y l mt con s khng nh. y chng ta mi thng k theo s liu cc cng ty bo co, thc t cn rt nhiu sng kin cha c thng k bo co y , nhiu sng kin c thng k bo co nhng khng tnh hiu qu kinh t. 571

2. Cng tc ng dng khoa hc cng ngh Trong giai on hin nay, chng ta ang tch cc hi nhp vo th trng khu vc, vic ng dng nhng tin b v khoa hc cng ngh vo cng vic v cuc sng l yu t sng cn i vi mt doanh nghip. Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 mnh dn i mi v u t cc thit b thi cng hin i, hc tp v nhn chuyn giao cc cng ngh tin tin trn th gii, v iu c th hin thng qua cc cng trnh m chng ta v ang thi cng c hiu qu khp c nc. a) i mi v hin i ha cc thit b thi cng Trong nhng nm qua, vi kinh nghim v nng lc hin c trong thi cng cu cng, Tng cng ty ang tip tc pht huy s trng trn cc cng trnh xy dng cu ng, ng thi tip tc u t thit b mi, hin i: ng mi x lan 2500 tn, mua mi cc cn cu t 100 tn n 250 tn, my thi cng to l cc khoan nhi theo phng php khoan tun hon ngc (RCD) c ng knh khoan ti 2,5m su 100m hon thnh cc D n ang thi cng nh: Cao tc Cu Gi Ninh Bnh, cc gi thu ca D n ng cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh Long Thnh Du Giy, cu m Cng (C Mau), ng v cu vo cng Ci Mp, chun b cho cc cng trnh sp ti nh: ng st ni Tp. H Ch Minh tng cng kh nng thi cng trong lnh vc ng cao tc, sn bay Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 tch cc u t cc thit b thi cng b tng nha nng, thit b thi cng x l gia c nn t yu nh my khoan v thi cng cc t gia c xi mng ( s dng gia c nn ng h ct cnh sn bay Cn Th). tng cng cng tc gim st qun l cht lng thi cng cng trnh, Tng cng ty u t cc thit b th nghim cho cc phng LAS ca Tng cng ty v cc cng ty thng vin, phc v cng tc kim tra cng tc thi cng nh: thit b siu m thnh l khoan cc (Koden) ca Nht, thit b kim tra cht lng b tng cc khoan nhi theo phng php khng ph hy (Sonic) ca M, thit b kim tra cc ch tiu c l vi a k thut ca Nga, v cc thit b th nghim hin i khc. Tng s tin u t thit b mi trong 05 nm qua khong trn 200 t ng. b) Cc cng ngh mi c ng dng - Trong 5 nm qua, Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 t chc cho cn b cng nhn vin i tham quan nhiu cng trnh, nhiu cng ngh thi cng tin tin ti cc nc Trung Quc, Nht, Hn Quc, Singapore, Thi Lanthi cng ng cao tc, thi cng hm ng b - Cc cng ty thnh vin, cc ban iu hnh D n u t mua cc phn mm phc v chuyn mn, nghip v nh phn mm tnh ton kt cu cng - Qun l D n 572

c bit cng ty t vn xy dng cng trnh 625 u t mua thm phn mm chuyn dng RMV8i ca cng ty Bentley Systems International Limited dng cho thit k cc cu vt nhp ln. - C quan Tng cng ty v cc cng ty thnh vin ha mng Internet, c th thng xuyn truy cp c cc thng tin kinh t k thut cng ngh mi ca ngnh, ca cc a phng, cng nh cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii phc v cho s pht trin ca n v v cng qua mng Internet m trang Web qung b, gii thiu n v mnh vi cc ngnh , cc a phng v th gii. - hon thin v trnh Tng Gim c cc bo co cng ngh thi cng lp th vin KHCN phc v cng tc chuyn mn ca Tng Cng ty: + Cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi cng trnh cu Tr V Ln gi P1 cu Cn Th. + Thi cng bc thm theo cng ngh mi ti cng trnh gi P1 cu Cn Th. + Cng ngh thi cng x m tr DL cng trnh cu vt nt giao Tn To. + Cng ngh thi cng tng chn c ct ti cu vt Tn To D n ng cao tc Tp. H Ch Minh Trung Lng. 3. nh gi hot ng cng tc sng kin, ng dng Khoa Hc Cng Ngh 5 nm (2005 - 2010) ca Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 Trong thi gian qua, cng tc sng kin ci tin k thut, ng dng cng ngh mi ca Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 t c hiu qu v nhng thnh tch nht nh, gp phn vo s pht trin ca Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 nh nu trn. Tuy nhin, vn cn mt s tn ti cn khc phc sau: - Phn ln Cc cng ty cha thnh lp c hi ng khoa hc k thut- cng ngh gip lnh o Cng ty theo di, tp hp, xem xt nh gi, tng kt cc sng kin ci tin k thut, hp l ha sn xut kp thi cho p dng v c hnh thc khen thng. - Mt s cc cng ty cha quan tm ng mc n phong tro, cha vn ng c CBCNV tch cc tham gia pht huy sng kin, ci tin k thut, hp l ha sn xut. C sng kin nhng khng c ngi tp hp, khng bo co, khng xt khen thng nn khng ng vin v pht huy tnh sng to ca CBCNV. - Mt s cng ty khng quan tm v c nhng suy ngh, quan nim khng ng dn ti coi nh cng tc sng kin ci tin k thut trong sn xut. - Cc n v cha quan tm u t ng mc cc thit b my mc phc v cho vic qun l cht lng, tr gip cho cn b k s tnh ton thit k (my tnh cu hnh mnh, my v, my o c in t c chnh xc cao). 573

- Cng tc ng k cng trnh cht lng cao cn cha c cc cng ty quan tm. Nhiu cng trnh chng ta thi cng tiu chun t cng trnh cht lng cao, nhng chng ta khng tch cc lm. * Phng hng Nhim v cng tc sng kin - ng dng khoa hc cng ngh 5 nm (2011 - 2015) khc phc nhng tn ti v thc hin c nhim v nu trn, Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 ra phng hng v nhim v ca cng tc khoa hc cng ngh 5 nm ti (2011 - 2015) nh sau: - Cc Cng ty thanh nin thnh lpHi ng khoa hc k thut cng ngh gip Gim c cng ty theo di, tp hp, xem xt nh gi, tng kt cc sng kin ci tin k thut, cc cng ngh mi p dng c phng hng u t, ci tin hon thin hn. - Pht ng phong tro thi ua pht huy sng kin ci tin k thut vi ch tiu mi Cng ty c t nht 5 sng kin trong 1 nm, mi cng trnh ca Tng cng ty lm Tng thu, ty theo quy m, phc tp ca cng ngh,phi c sng kin xut. - Phi trn trng, nh gi ng mc v khen thng kp thi d cc sng kin hp l ha sn xut c gi tr nh. - Hng qu, cc Cng ty vit bo co sng kin k thut ca n v mnh gi cho Tng cng ty ph bin cc sng kin cho cc n v thnh vin khc cng hc tp, p dng. - T chc tng kt, nh gi rt kinh nghim vic ng dng tng cng ngh mi, c phng hng t chc ci tin hon thin hn c th trin khai sn xut i tr v ph bin cho cc cng ty thnh vin khc p dng. - Kin quyt a cng tc sng kin vo tiu chun xt chn cc danh hiu thi ua trong cc k. - Trong 5 nm ti (2011-2015) cc Cng ty s u t ng dng cng ngh mi, c th: + Ph bin, nhn rng cc cng ngh thi cng mi nh: cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi; u t cng ngh c dm Super T; c dm cng sau ti ch; c dm hp BTCT theo phng php c hng cn bng vt khu ln;Cc cng ngh thi cng mt ng BTXM; gia c x l nn t yu; xy dng ng t cao tc; ng st trong thnh ph; + Tm hiu v nm bt cc cng ngh thi cng hm khc ( ngoi phng php NATM hm Hi Vn ) nh: phng php s dng mi khoan ng knh ln, khng ph n thi cng hm trong thnh ph, thi cng hm theo 574

phng php khoan t (nh CIENCO6 thi cng hm ni h cha nc xuyn quc l 14 ctik). + Pht huy, nng cao v hon thin trnh thi cng cc cng trnh cng hng khng: cng ngh thi cng dm bn rng ti ch khu 20m, khe lin tc nhit trong cng trnh cu dn vo cng hng khng, x l nn t yu ng h ct cnh, 4. Kin ngh - Cng tc sng kin, ng dng khoa hc cng ngh mun tn ti v pht trin cn phi c s ch o nh hng v h tr ti a ca cc cp Lnh o: ng y, Hi ng qun tr, Tng gim c, v cc on th Cng on, Thanh nin. - Lp qu khen thng v quy ch khen thng cho cng tc sng kin ti cc c s v Tng cng ty c ngun khen thng ng vin kp thi. - Cc n v c s cng nh Tng cng ty cn c cn b bn chuyn trch c nng lc, nhit tnh lm cng tc sng kin, ng dng cng ngh. Trn y l mt s nt chnh t thc tin ca cng tc sng kin ci tin k thut v khoa hc cng ngh ca Tng cng ty XDCTGT6 trong thi gian qua. Rt mong nhn c s ng gp v ch o ca cc c quan v Lnh o B Giao thng vn ti.

575

MT S GII PHP TIN TIN, THN THIN MI TRNG TRONG XY DNG NG B VIT NAM
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTALLYSUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS IN VIETNAM
VOON LIH TING Cng ty SHELL Vit Nam TNHH YUTTHAPORN JANYAJARASPORN Cng ty SHELL Thi Lan TM TT: Vit Nam l quc gia ang pht trin nhanh, ang ng u nhim v kh khn v pht trin h tng ng x theo phng thc bn vng. Hin c mt s gii php tin tin c khng nh c hiu qu trn th gii, c th a vo p dng trong xy dng ng b Vit Nam. Cc gii php ny bao gm cc cng ngh b tng nha m (warm mix asphalt), ti ch, nha ng ci tin vi cao su vn, nha ng polyme ci tin v nha ng vi ph gia lu hunh. Cc cng ngh ni trn khng ch c kh nng gim tiu hao nng lng m cn gim s l thuc vo ti nguyn thin nhin. Mt s cng ngh cng c thit k nhm tng tui th, qua gim c nhng chi ph cho duy tu, v th lm gim tiu hao nng lng v nguyn liu lin quan. Bi bo ny a ra cc xut v cng ngh tin tin, thn thin mi trng p dng c hiu qu cho c vic xy dng mi cng nh duy tu sa cha ng b. ABSTRACT: As a rapidly-developing country, Vietnam has a challenging task to develop the road infrastructures in a sustainable way. There exist a number of available & proven solutions which can be incorporated into the asphalt road pavement designs to help Vietnam in its environmental efforts economically. These include warm mix asphalt, recycling, crumb rubber modified asphalt, polymer modified asphalt and sulphur asphalt pavement technologies. Some of the mentioned technologies not only have the capability to reduce the energy consumption of the whole pavement process but also reduce the dependency on natural resources. In fact, some of them are also designed to lengthen the service life span, thereby reducing the maintenance requirements, thus decreasing the related material & energy consumptions. 576

This paper will cover the proposed technologies to address the identified needs for both the new and maintenance road segments. 1. T VN Vn bin i kh hu lm cho tri t nng ln, x l cht thi v cn kit ti nguyn l mi quan tm chnh trn ton cu. Vit Nam cng ang i ph cc th thch xut pht t nhng vn nu trn. th ha v cng nghip ha ang pht trin Vit nam ang to ra nhng tc ng tch cc cho nn kinh t, nhng cng km theo cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng Vit Nam. Mc nc bin dng cao l mt trong nhng tc ng ch yu n vn m ln ca tri t, l mt trong nhng mi quan tm chnh i vi Vit Nam, c bit cc vng thp min Nam. Cc vn lin quan n x l cht thi, nn ph rng, xi mn t, tnh trng ngp ng cc vng thp, cng nh nhim mt t, ngun nc v bin gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng n mi trng cng nh nh hng n sc khe ca ngi dn.(2) Vi t cch l mt trong nhng cng ty hng u trn ton cu trong cc lnh vc cng ngh nha ng, Cng ty Shell Vit Nam TNHH xut mt s sn phm nha ng, mt s cng ngh tin tin trong xy dng ng b Vit Nam c th p ng mc tiu thn thin mi trng cng nh c hiu qu kinh t cao. 2. CNG NGH S DNG NHA NG NHIT THP (LOW TEMP BINDERS) gip lm gim cc vn ca tri t nng ln do tiu th nng lng, mt s sn phm nha ng nhit thp ca Shell (Mexphalte Low Temp v Cariphalte Low Temp) c nghin cu thnh cng. Cc loi nha ng ny c u im l s dng trc tip (khng phi pha trn), tit kim c chi ph nng lng v thi gian. Ngoi ra, cc sn phm ny c kh nng thi cng tt hn nhit thp hn so vi cc loi nha ng thng thng, m khng nh hng n cht lng. gim chi ph v mt kinh t v x hi cho cc d n duy tu ng b, cc hot ng xy dng, sa cha ng b ngy cng c thc hin trong thi gian hn ch, v d nh ban m, hoc trong iu kin thi tit khng thun li, ny sinh cc vn v mt hu cn v cht lng . Mi chm tr bt ng u khin ko di thi gian vn chuyn hoc bo qun nha ng ti cng trng, gy nh hng n tin thi cng ca b tng nha ng. Ngoi ra, vic un nng nha ng nhit cao cng c th lm tng chi ph nng lng v pht thi kh CO2. iu ny thc y 577

Shell Bitumen pht trin sn phm Nha ng nhit thp (Shell Low Temp Binders) hn ch cc vn ny. Vic s dng cng ngh Nha ng nhit thp ca Shell (Shell Low Temp Binders) c thit k mang li cc li ch sau: a) Gim chi ph nng lng, tiu th v lng kh thi Bn cnh vic sn xut nha ng vi Shell Low Temp Binders nhit thng thng, Shell Low Temp Binders cn c th c s dng gip gim nhit sn xut ca nha ng ln n 20-25oC so vi mt hn hp nha nng thng thng, iu ny c th hin trong d n demo vi nh thu thi cng ng ti tnh Cholburi Thi Lan. N c chng minh l tit kim n 20% chi ph nng lng cho trm trn b tng nha thng thng (3). Shell Low Temp Binders chng minh gip tit kim nng lng, gim kh CO2 v cc loi kh thi khc trong qu trnh sn xut nha ng, nh vy lm gim du chn carbon. b) Ko di thi gian cho php thi cng v ci thin gnh nng giao thng B tng nha ng s dng Shell Low Temp Binders c th sn xut nhit thng thng nhng c tri nhit thp hn cc loi hn hp nha ng khc. S dng Shell Low Temp Binders gip gim nhu cu un qu nhit b tng nha ng khi cn thc hin t thi gian lu hn trong vn chuyn v/hoc bo qun.. So vi nha ng thng thng, Shell Low Temp Binders c th thi cng nhit thp hn. Tnh linh hot v thi gian c th gip ch trong cc trng hp chm tr ngoi d tnh, iu bnh thng trong thi cng xy dng ng. V th Shell Low Temp Binders gip gim ri ro b tng nha h hng v qu ngui ti cng trng, cng nh phc v cho cc cng trnh xa, cn thi gian vn chuyn di hn. Tri nha ng nhit thp lm gim thi gian cn thit lm ngui mt ng, gip lu thng sm hot ng tr li. V th Shell Low Temp Binders gip hot ng lu thng nhanh chng tr li bnh thng sau khi hon tt thi cng, gp phn gim gin on giao thng. Vic gim n tc giao thng do thi gian ngng lu thng tri ng ngn hn cn gip gim lng kh thi. c) Gii php d dng v s dng ngay khng lm nh hng n tnh nng ca b tng nha Shell Low Temp Binders l loi nha ng s dng ngay, n nh, ng nht, t cc tiu chun k thut khi giao. Bn cnh , sn phm ny mang li cc u im vt tri hn cc loi nha ng khc. V Shell Low Temp Binders l nha ng c th s dng ngay, nn thng thng l khng cn u t thm my mc thit b, chi ph nhn cng hoc thay i ln trong quy trnh sn xut t li ch ti a ca sn phm. Ngoi ra, cc sn phm ny c thit k p ng quy cch k thut a phng ca Vit Nam. 578

Mc d tri ng nhit thp, nhng Shell Low Temp Binders c thit k c cng bn nh b tng nha nng thng thng. Trong thc t, Shell Low Temp Binders c th gip gim lo ha ca nha ng thng do nhit gy ra trong qu trnh sn xut b tng nha thng thng, v Shell Low Temp Binders c thit k gim nhit sn xut b tng nha. Kt qu l, hiu qu cui cng ca b tng nha cng bng hoc tt hn b tng nha s dng cng loi nha thng thng nhit cao. Bng 1. So snh kt qu gia AC 60/70 nha ng v nha ng Shell Low Temp Binder (4)
Phng php th ASTM-D5 ASTM-D36 ASTM-D113 ASTM-D92 ASTM-D92 Quy nh ti 22 TCN 279-01 60-70 45-55 100 232 99 0.8 50 Nha ng 60/70 61 50 100 320 99.8 ~0 100 Nha ng nhit thp (Low Temp Binder) 64 51 100 >300 ~100 ~0 100

Tnh nng kim ln (dmm) im ha mm, oC ko di, Cm min Nhit bt la, C min ha tan trong TCE, % min
o

Tn tht sau TFOT, % ASTM-D1754 max ko di sau TFOT, Cm min ASTMD1754/113

3. CNG NGH TI CH Vic ti ch Mt ng B tng nha (RAP) v ang c mi quan tm ti nhiu nc pht trin v ngy cng tng nhng nc ang pht trin. Do ngun cung ngy cng tr nn kh khn (thiu ht, gi c bin ng, v.v.), nhiu ngi nhn ra tm quan trng ca cc gii php bn vng. Hin nay, vic ti s dng RAP trong b tng nha ng mc thp (10% n 20%) l mt thc t ph bin, m khng s dng n loi nha ng c th/ c bit no. Nha ng bnh thng c quy nh (v d mc thm nhp 60/70 ti Vit Nam) c th c s dng trc tip vi vi iu chnh nh tnh n khi lng nha ng c trong RAP. Tuy nhin, i vi t l ti s dng RAP t trung bnh n cao (tc l hn 20%), cc c tnh ca nha ng s dng cho mc tiu tr ha 579

cn phi c iu chnh. Vic iu chnh ny thng ch cn chn nha ng l mt loi mm hn lin k i vi mc tiu cho sn phm cui cng (v d nu mong mun nha ng c thm nhp 35/50 l sau khi lm mi vi RAP, th nn s dng nha ng c thm nhp 50/70). Xu hng ti ch nng trong nh my c quan st thy nhiu nc chu u, vi b tng nha nng mi sn xut trung bnh bao gm 6% RAP (5). c c 20% RAP trong lp ph, 100% trong lp nn, v H Lan c 40% RAP trong lp ph, 50% trong lp nn). Vi nhng n lc ngy cng tng nhm gim s dng nguyn liu nguyn sinh, c th n nm 2012, mc trung bnh ca RAP trong b tng nha nng s l khong 50% hoc thm ch cao hn chu u v li ch kinh t tr thnh ng lc chnh, ngoi cc nhu cu v mi trng . Gn hn vi Vit Nam, ti Thi Lan, Shell hnh thnh vic s dng RAP ln n 20% cho lp ph mt ng. Cng ngh ca Shell cho php s dng RAP c th gip gim to ra cht thi. Vic tng cng s dng RAP cng c ngha l gim s lng nha ng cn nhp khu. iu ny gip gim s ph thuc vo nhp khu i vi nha ng v chi ph vn ti cng nh nng lng lin quan, nh s pht trin c s h tng th bn vng hn. V d, c mi 1 km ng, (8 ln xe hai tuyn ng, da trn 40% RAP ti ch) yu cu 10.000 tn nha ng, trong 4.000 tn RAP, ti nguyn thin nhin c bo tn l (6) - 3.800 tn nguyn liu m. - 200 tn nha bitum. iu ny c chng minh thm trong mt d n pht trin RAP ti Malaysia v cc khon tit kim tim nng vi c loi nha PMB v c thm nhp ti ch. Mc tit kim chi ph l khong 20%, vi cc khon tit kim cao nht c thc hin do ti ch PMB. RAP c li cho mi trng v kinh t v s dng mt ng b tng nha ti ch c th lm gim s dng cc nguyn liu nguyn sinh v trnh lm y cc bi rc, do tit kim ngn sch, v cho php duy tu nhiu ng x hn. V th, Shell pht trin cc loi nha ng "Mexphalte RC" & "Cariphalte RC" p ng cc yu cu gay go v RAP (c bit l t l RAP trn 20%), theo cn phi x l iu chnh i vi loi nha ng lo ha. Cc loi nha ng c thit k c bit ny d s dng v c th c dng tng t nh cc loi nha ng thng thng. Hot cht trong cc sn phm ni trn c th gip 580

tr ha cc loi nha ng lo ha, ci thin t hiu qu theo yu cu ca quy cch k thut Vit Nam. Trong phm vi ny, cc cht nha ng lo ha c th c ti s dng v nh gim yu cu cn thm ngun ti nguyn khc nh nha ng mi & ct liu. 4. CNG NGH NHA NG CI TIN S DNG PH GIA CAO SU (CRMB) Lp xe ph thi ang tr thnh mt vn trn ton th gii (v d 5,2 triu tn/nm ti Trung Quc (7), 4,9 triu tn/nm ti M) v cc quy nh mi ang c ra tng cng s dng cao su vn trong b tng nha (8). Trong nhiu thp k, vn cao su t lp xe ph thi c s dng trong nha ng bitum. Tuy nhin, lun lun c mi quan ngi v nha ng ci tin vi cao su (RMB) lin quan n tc ng mi trng v kh nng thi cng bi v c nhiu kh thi sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut v tri b tng nha c RMB v bm dnh mnh ca b tng nha c RMB i vi thit b thi cng. gii quyt cc vn trn, Shell pht trin RMB - thnh Shell Mexphalte RM. Cng ngh tin tin - Shell Mexphalte RM c thit k lm gim lng kh thi trong qu trnh sn xut b tng nha v tri ng cng nh ci thin hiu qu so vi RMB thng thng. iu ny cn cho php x l tt hn v tng cng kh nng thi cng ca sn phm. y c th l mt gii php cho Vit Nam, khi xt n ngnh vn ti hay th trng hu cn ang pht trin ca quc gia ny. Shell Mexphalte RM c thit k mang li cc li ch sau: a) Gim x l cht thi Ti ch lp xe ph thi c th lm gim cc tc ng mi trng do x l v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin. Shell Mexphalte RM cho php ti ch lp xe ph liu v do c th gp phn ci thin qun l cht thi. Hn na, b tng nha sn xut vi Shell Mexphalte RM c th c ti ch theo cch tng t nh PMB thng thng khi ht tui th. b) Hiu qu cng ngh gip ko di tui th mt ng, gim to ra cht thi Thm cao su vn vo nha ng tng sc khng i vi vn lo ha v cho php c cc tnh nng linh hot vt tri trong nhit thp. V th, Shell Mexphalte RM p ng cc iu kin tin quyt cho sn xut v tri ng c tui th lu hn so vi mt ng thng thng. iu ny cn gip gim bt cc yu cu bo dng, gim ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu mi.

581

c) Nhit x l thp hn, du chn carbon thp hn Shell Mexphalte RM c th x l nhit thp hn so vi RMB thng thng, vi mc ngh ti a l 180C. Do nhit thp hn ti trm trn b tng nha v trong hot ng tri ng, cng nhn v c dn ln cn tip xc vi sc nng v pht thi kh t hn ng k. Chi ph cng c th gim qua vic tiu th nng lng t hn. Khng cn c lp o to hoc thit b c bit no cho vic sn xut v ph nha vi Shell Mexphalte RM. Cng khng cn bt k nhu cu v cng tc v sinh c bit so vi vic dng bt k loi RMB no khc. Tuy nhin, loi ny cn thng cha c my trn hoc thit b bm khi lu tr. Ngoi ra, khi dng Shell Mexphalte trong b tng r v ma tt, khng cn b sung thm si, kt qu d x l hn v khng pht sinh thm chi ph so vi RMB thng thng. 5. CNG NGH NHA NG POLYME CI TIN Cng ngh nha ng Polyme ci tin c pht trin trong nhiu thp nin v c chp nhn rng ri nh mt trong nhng gii php thc hin ko di thi gian s dng mt ng. Trong mt nghin cu A ca C. Robertus v cng s cho thy mc bin i cao su do nhit cao trong nha ng s ko di thi gian ln theo h s 10 v n c th tng thi gian mi theo h s 4.5 (9). Nh th, Shell ci tin Cariphalte cha hm lng cao ca polyme c bit cho thi cng lt mt ng. Cng ngh Shell Cariphalte l kt qu ca 40 nm s pht trin lin tc v tch ly chuyn mn. Nha ng polyme ci tin Shell Cariphalte c ch to bng cch pha trn cc polyme tnh nng cao vi nha ng gc c chn cn thn. iu ny cho php Shell Cariphalte c dng trong cc tnh hung y th thch yu cu tnh nng cao. Shell Cariphalte c cng thc a ra kh nng chng bin dng v khng mi ca lp b tng nha v em li kt dnh tt hn gia nha ng v ct liu so vi nha ng thng thng. Cc loi nha ng ny c cung cp dng ngay nh l loi nha ng bn chc v lu tr n nh p ng yu cu cht lng khi giao. Thit b thng dng (my trn b tng, my lu v.v) v cc thit b trn c th c dng cho ng dng vi Shell Cariphalte m khng c nhu cu v ci to ch yu hoc chi ph u t. Vi thit k, vt liu v cc ng dng ph hp, Hip hi European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA) v Vin Asphalt (AI) cho thy tui th mt ng PMB c th tng ln 5 10 nm so vi cc mt ng thng thng (Bng 2) (10), (11). Tui th mt ng cao hn cng c ngha gim gnh nng v ngun ti nguyn (nha ng, ct liu, nhin liu v.v.), v th gim du chn carbon ca ngnh cng nghip. 582

Bng 2. Tnh nng ca mt ng b tng nha s dng nha ng polymer ci tin so vi nha ng thng thng (12)
Mc tng d kin tui th phc v cho lp ph mt ng b tng nha s dng nha ng polyme (PMA)/nha ng thng thng (HMA) D liu ti Cng trng Thp Lu lng Giao thng M t tnh trng V tr , dng xe/ on giao ng ln Ti nng/ container c bit Lu lng giao thng trunh bnh Lu lng cao Tng tui th phc v/ nm (1) 5-10 3-6 5-10 5-10 5-10

Ghi ch: Phm vi tng trong tui th phc v da trn cc phn tich v tn tht ca cc k s bo dng, nhn xt t cc chuyn gia v nhn nh k thut

Vic s dng nha ng polyme ci tin ra mt gii php bng cch gip gim tn sut duy tu yu cu ti nhng a im c bit v tng thi gian s dng mt ng, gim chi ph duy tu ng.
STT Ch tiu Nhit ha mm (Phng php vng v bi) kim ln 250 C dnh bm vi n hi ( 25oC, mu ko di 10cm) nht 135oC Phng php th nghim Yu cu Cariphalte SA Cariphalte PA Cariphalte DA 60/70

ASTM D36

min 60

min 70

min 80

46-55

ASTM D5 22TCN 279-01

0.1 mm

50 - 70

40 - 70

60-70

min 4

min 3

ASTM D 6084

min 60

min 65

min 70

ASTM D 4402

Pa.s

max 3.0

583

6. CNG NGH B TNG NHA S DNG LU HUNH Cng ngh c cp bng sng ch Shell Thiopave c thit k gip ci thin hiu sut tuyn ng qua vic i mi cch s dng lu hunh trong b tng nha ng. Cng ngh ci tin lu hunh ca Shell cho php mt t l nha trong hn hp b tng nha s c thay th bng Shell Thiopave, dn n b tng cng hn lm nng cao cng sut chu ti ca ng hon tt. Cng ngh ny cng c tim nng ng k tng tui th ng v, iu quan trng l c ngha gim pht thi gy hiu ng nh knh nh sn xut nhit thp hn. ng thi, gim lng nha cn thit cho cng trnh ng (n 25%). Ht lu hunh c ci tin nhit mi trng khi thm vo hn hp nng gm ct liu nng v nha ng trong qu trnh trn. Ht lu hunh khng c trn trc vi nha ng. Vi loi Shell Thiopave kt hp ha hc vi nha ng, ng vai tr nh cht b sung. Phn cn li kt tinh v ng vai tr nh cht cu to trong hn hp asphalt. Nhit trn yu cu cho nha cha Shell Thiopave l 130C, gim 20-40C so vi b tng nha lm t 100% nha ng thng thng. Vic gim nhit ny s tit kim nng lng v h thp chi ph vn hnh trm trn b tng nha nng. S dng ht lu hunh ci tin trong cng trnh ng c xem l gii php bn vng v mi trng v n lm cho ng x c bn lu hn v bo tn ti nguyn hydrocarbon cng nh ct liu cht lng cao khan him.
Lp kt dnh

B thng nha thng thng

B thng nha Shell Thiopave

Lp mt

B thng nha thng thng

B thng nha Shell Thiopave

Hnh 1. Mu phn tch mt lt nha (APA) sau cc ng dng ti 8000 Shell Thiopave thch hp cho vic s dng trong phn ln thit b trn theo m v dng bn trn v cc ht lu hunh c thm vo nhit mi trng trong 584

bn trn ct liu phn ri u. V ht Shell Thiopave c bo qun nhit mi trng v thay th cho t l nha ng, iu ny gim chi ph lu tr & un nng nha lin quan. Thit b lu v ri thng dng c th c dng cho ng dng Thiopave. 7. KT LUN 1. Cng ngh xy dng ng hin ti v tng lai ca Vit Nam cn i theo hng bn vng hn v mt mi trng. Cc cng ngh xut nu trn c khng nh s c hiu qu kinh t di hn, tit kim nng lng, ko di tui th vi cc c tnh/ cht lng hu ch hn ( bn, sc chng trt v.v.). 2. Nha ng nhit thp ( Shell Low Temp binders) l mt cng ngh c chng minh gim 20% nng lng tiu th bng cch s dng nhit thp cho quy trnh ha trn v tri ng. Cng ngh ny cho php chuyn ch ng di ca hn hp nha ng, tri thm ng nhit thp v khng nh hng n hiu sut chnh. Vic tri thm nha ng nhit thp c th lm thng thong giao thng trong thi gian ngn, c bit l nhng con ng c mt giao thng cao. 3. Vic ti ch mt ng nha ( RAP) c th gim chi ph cho c ch d n v nh thu, theo nh tnh ton c th tit kim 20% chi ph, trong khi 40% RAP c dng nhng ni c tp hp nha ng lu nm u c ti ch. Tuy nhin, c RAP trn 20%, cht kt dnh c bit ca Shell (Shell Mexphalte RC / Shell Cariphalte RC) l bt buc nng cao cht kt dnh trong tui n vic thc hin ban u. Ti ch mt ng-RAP l c li cho mi trng v kinh t nh vic s dng mt ng b tng nha ti ch c th lm gim vic s dng cc vt liu nguyn v gim rc thi, tit kim ngn sch, v cho php nhiu con ng hn c lu gi trong iu kin tt hn. 4. Nha ng ci thin cao su thay i khng nhng c th lm gim cc vn x l cht thi do s lng ln lp xe ph thi, m cn c th c thit k nng cao tui th ca mt ng nha. Khng cn cc thit b ng c bit, v nha c sn xut vi cng ngh ca Shell (Shell Mexphalte RM) c th c ti ch theo cch tng t nh thng thng PMB vo cui dch v. 5. Nha ng ci thin Shell Cariphalte l mt gii php ni ting c hiu sut cao cho vic tng tui th ca mt ng nha bng cch b sung cc polymer vo nha ng. Do lm gim tn sut bo dng thng xuyn, tiu th cc cht liu v nng lng lin quan, cui cng l gim lng carbon v chi ph ton b ca quy trnh. 585

6. Cng ngh xy dng ng bng nha ng s dng lu hunh ca Shell (Shell Thiopave) lm cho vic s dng cu trc tinh th cng cao ca lu hunh ci thin cng mt ng nha. Cng ngh ny s dng nhit trn thp hn v thay th mt phn ca nha ng bng lu hunh (n 25%), gim cc chi ph lin quan v gim thiu nng lng trong qu trnh thi cng lp ph. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] [2] [3] [4] Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture on 16/3/2011 Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam on 29/3/2011 Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming on 16/3/2011 P. Sangsuwan (Shell Thailand Ltd) Shell Mexphalte 60/70 Low Temp binder (Cecabase RT 945 system) field demo 2nd trial Rayong, Thailand, 12 January 2011 P. Sangsuwan (Shell Thailand Ltd) Shell Mexphalte 60/70 Low Temp binder (Cecabase RT 945 system) field demo 2nd trial Rayong, Thailand, 12 January 2011 Asphalt in Figures 2005, EAPA website: www.eapa.org S.L. Ng, S. Nigen-Chaidron, L. Porot, S.L. Pok, F. de Jonge, Y. Janyajarasporn, Asphalt Pavement Re-use, The next generation of Premium Asphalt Pavements, 2009 H.Z. Wang, H. Xu, X.J. Xuan, Review of waste tire reuse & recycling in China--current situation, problems and countermeasures, Advances in Natural Science, 30 June 2009 http://grn.com/library/laws.htm

[5]

[6] [7]

[8]

[9]

[10] C. Robertus, E.A. Mulder & R.C. Koole, SBS-Modified Bitumen for Heavy Duty Asphalt Pavement International Conference on Roads and Airfield Pavement Technology, 27-29 September 1995, Singapore. [11] EAPA Position Paper: Long-life asphalt pavements technical version, June 2007 [12] Asphalt Institute, Quantifying the Effects of PMA for Reducing Pavement Distress, Asphalt Institute Information Series 215, 2005. [13] Test results from Shell Bitumen Solution centre 586

[14] Asphalt Institute, Quantifying the Effects of PMA for Reducing Pavement Distress, Asphalt Institute Information Series 215, 2005. [15] Wikipedia: 29/3/11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain#Adverse_effects on

Shell Vit Nam c ton quyn a ra th trng hoc rt khi th trng cc sn phm cng ngh ca Shell c cp trong ti liu ny. bit thm thng tin, vui lng vo trang www.shell.com/bitumen hoc lin h vi B phn bn hng theo s +84 8 38240300.

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MC LC Trang 1. Cng tc kho st thit k tuyn trnh o Pha in thuc d n ci ti nng cp Quc l 6 on Sn La Tun Gio ......................................................... KS. Nguyn Mnh Cng - TEDI 2. Nghin cu kh nng v gii php ng dng cng ngh mi trong kho st a hnh phc v cc d n xy dng cng trnh giao thng ................................ KS. Cao Tun Dng, KS. V Thanh Bnh, ThS. L vn Th, KS. Phm vn Tun, KS. Trn Nam Bnh, ThS. Phm thi Tuyt Lan Tng Cng ty TVTK GTVT 3. Gii php thit k nn ng cao tc qua khu vc a hnh vng ni kh khn .................................................................................................................. ThS. Don Tun Anh - TEDI, KS. Nguyn Ngc c KS Nguyn vn Lm, KS Bi Minh Hong ng dng phng php m phng ton hc v phn tch ri ro trong thit k lung tu bin TS Nguyn Minh Qu TEDI KS Ng Quang nh Cu Pa Un k lc tr cao nht Vit Nam KS Ng Xun Thnh TEDI, KS Trn vn Thao TEDI Thit k v xy dng cu Hm Lung cng ngh xy dng cu BTCTDL c hng cn bng (nhp chnh 150m)................................................... ThS Nguyn Thanh H TEDI Nguyn cu la chn phng n cu vm thp dy treo mng li cho cu M l................................................................................................................ ThS Trn Quc Bo - TEDI Thit k cc kt cu mi p dng Vit Nam ca cu chnh dy vng thuc d n Cu Nht Tn........................................................................................ ThS. Nguyn Thanh Vn, Gim c D n xy dng cu Nht Tn, Ban QLDA85. KS. Yusuke Kajimura,

588

Gim c t vn d n xy dng cu Nht Tn, Cng ty T vn Chodai. Nghin cu tnh ton cng trnh bn b cc cao chu ti trng ng t Vit Nam .............................................................................................................. PGS.TS Phm Vn Th, KS. Trnh Tin Li Khoa Cng trnh thy, Trng i hc Hng hi S dng phng php cn bng nng lng xy dng cng thc l thuyt tnh ton chiu su xi cc b ti tr cu ....................................................... NCS. ng Vit Dng - S GTVT TP Nng GS.TSKH. Nguyn Xun Trc - Trng H Xy dng GS.TS. Nguyn Th Hng - Trng H Bch Khoa, H Nng Cng ngh ti sinh mt ng trong vic nng cp ci to ng t Vit Nam ................................................................................................................. ThS Don Tun Anh TEDI, KS V Vnh Trng KS L Vit Thng, KS Thch Vit Dng nh gi on th nghim s dng bc thm ngang thay m ct thot nc mt s d n xy dng kt cu h tng giao thng Vit Nam .................... KS Nguyn nh Th - TEDI KS Nguyn vn Thao Kt qu bc u ca vic nghin cu s dng cht ph gia Road binder (HBR) gia c t trong xy dng ng giao thng nng thn...................... ThS Phm Anh Qun G S GTVT Hng Yn -ThS Nguyn Mnh Thng V KHCN T chuyn gia D n 47 B QP Cng ngh mi trong thi cng lp to nhm mt ng b p dng cho d n ng t cao tc TP H Ch Minh Trung Lng ....................................... - KS Phm Dng CIENCO -1 KS Nguyn Duy Thng CIENCO-1 Nghin cu ch to mt s h sn cht lng cao khng cha dung mi hu c, s dng bo v cc kt cu cng trnh khu vc bin, ven bin ................ PGS-TS Nguyn th Bch thy Vin KHCNGTVT Nghin cu sn xut mu dung dch c ch g bo v cc kt cu thp .................... 589

Nguyn Th Ngc Yn - Vin KHCNGTVT B tng ct d dng ct n Min Trung trong xy dng ng GTNT Nguyn Thanh Sang, Trn L Thng, Trn Th Lu, Nguyn Trung, Nguyn Th Tho, Hong Tin Vn Trng Cao ng GTVT Min Trung Bo co nghin cu cht lien kt thy ha v c Hydraulic road binder (HRB) .......................................................................................................... Mr Derek Fordyce: MSc BSc MIAT MCIHT, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Offshore Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh-UK (Retired) K s Nguyn T - Tng cng ty u t pht trin ng cao tc Vit Nam. Gii php ci to, nng cp cc cu yu trn cc tuyn Quc l, tnh l................... ThS Trn Quang T, KS Mai vn Hc Cng ty c phn t vn xy dng GT 2 Cng ngh hin i trong lnh vc phng chng st trt v kin c ha cng trnh giao thng giai on 2005-2010 Vit Nam ........................................... PGS-TS Don Minh Tm-Vin KHCN Cc kt qu nghin cu thc nghim nh gi kh nng chng nt ca b tng nha c ct tng cng cho mt ng t ................................................. PGS-TS Bi Xun Cy HGTVT ThS Trn Danh Hi nh hng p dng cng ngh mi trong bo tr ng b Vit Nam PGS-TS V c Chnh- Vin KHCNGTVT ThS L Anh Tun Mt s vn v thit k v bo tr cng trnh cu v hm Vit Nam................... TS Hu Thng Vin KHCNGTVT TS Nguyn Vit Khoa Vt liu v cng ngh bo v cng trnh cng bin Vit Nam .............................. PGS-TS Nguyn th Bch thy Vin KHCNGTVT KS ng Cng Minh Nghin cu pht trin bn vng h thng kt cu h tng giao thng Vit Nam .................................................................................................................

590

Phan Thanh Bnh - Vin Chin lc v PTGT Nghin cu la chn cng ngh thch hp x l t yu trong xy dng cng trnh giao thng khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long............................... Nguyn Hu Tr - Vin KHCNGTVT Nghin cu cc cng ngh mi sa cha nhng h hng ca kt cu b tng ct thp trong cng trnh cng .......................................................................... ThS. Hong Sn nh - Vin KHCNGTVT Nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc tnh trng nt u dm Su-per T ct khc ti mt s cng trnh cu ............................................................................ ThS. Bi Xun Hc Vin KHCN GTVT Cng ngh xy dng cng bin Vit Nam............................................................. ThS. Hong Sn nh Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT H thng trang thit b phc v khai thc v qun l hm ng b Hi Vn lp t, vn hnh v hiu qu......................................................................... ThS Nguyn c Thun- TEDI KS Ng Xun Thnh, ThS inh Mnh c, ThS Trnh Vit Linh Nghin cu cng ngh kch y trong thi cng cng trnh ngm Vit Nam......................................................................................................................... PGS.TS Bi c Chnh - Vin KHCNGTVT Nghin cu nhng gii php k thut khi p dng kt cu tng neo trong thi cng cng trnh ngm Vit Nam ............................................................. PGS.TS Bi c Chnh - Vin KHCNGTVT Bo co cng ngh x l nn t yu bng bc thm c chiu su ln kt hp gia ti D n pht trin Cng quc t Ci Mp Th Vi.......................... Nguyn Thanh Tr Ph G Ban iu hnh d n, Ban QLDA85 Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh y lp phn on (Segmental gantries) trong xy dng cu cn BTCT DL nhp trung (40m-60m) ...................... PGS. TS. ng Gia Ni - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh GTVT Tc ng ca thnh phn, cu trc dng xe v ti trng xe n tnh trng h hng v suy gim tui th ca kt cu cu trn Quc l 1 .......................... PGS-TS Trn c Nhim HGTVT

591

TS Trnh vn Ton nh gi kt qu o dao ng cu Cn Th............................................................. ThS Nguyn Trng Ngha, GS-TS Nguyn Vit Trung TS Nguyn th Tuyt Trinh - i hc GTVT Nghin cu m hnh qun l h thng ng cao tc Vit Nam .............................. PGS.TS Don Minh Tm - Vin KHCNGTVT Bo co Tng kt cng tc KHCN ngnh GTVT giai on 2005-2010 Ban QLDA 1............................................................................................................ Ban QLDA 1 Bo co Tng kt cng tc KHCN ngnh GTVT giai on 2005-2010 Ban QLDA M Thun ............................................................................................. Ban QLDA M Thun Tng kt cng tc sng kin, ng dng Khoa Hc Cng Ngh 5 nm (2005-2010) ca Tng Cng ty XDCTGT6.............................................................. Tng Cng ty XDCTGT6

592