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Chng 3: S t nhin

M cl c
1 T p 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 Cc 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 h p s t nhin v quan h T p h p tng ng . . . . . T p h u h n, t p v h n . . . nh ngha s t nhin . . . . Quan h th t . . . . . . . . php ton trn s Cc b . . . . . Cc php ton . . . Php tr . . . . . . Php chia h t . . . Php chia c d . . t . . . . . . . . . . th . . . . . . . . . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5

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1
1.1

T p h p s t nhin v quan h th t
T p h p tng ng

nh ngha Ta ni t p h p A tng ng v i t p B v vi t A B, n u c m t song nh f t A n B. V d : 1. T p A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} tng ng v i t p B = {a, b, c, d, e}. 2. Xt tam gic ABC, k hi u [AB] v [CB] tng ng l t p h p cc i m c a c nh AB v CB. Ta c [AB] [CB]. Th t v y, xt nh x f : [AB] [CB] xc nh nh sau: V i m i i m X trn c nh AB C n u X = A f (X) = B n u X = B X sao cho XX song song AC v i X = A, X = B Ta ki m tra c f l m t song nh. Tnh ch t Quan h xc nh trn c cc tnh ch t sau:

1. Tnh ph n x : V i m i t p h p A, ta c A A 2. Tnh i x ng: V i m i t p h p A, B: n u A B th B A 1

2 3. Tnh b c c u: V i m i t p h p A, B, C: n u A B v B C th A C Quan h c ba tnh ch t c a quan h tng ng. Tuy nhin ta khng th ni lm m t quan h tng ng trn t p h p cc t p h p v khi ni m t p h p cc t p h p l m t ngh ch l c a l thuy t t p h p. Do tnh ch t i x ng nn n u A B th B A. Do , khi c A B th ta ni A v B tng ng v i nhau. nh l 1 Cantor V i hai t p h p A, B b t k lun x y ra m t trong hai tr ng h p sau: 1. Ho c A tng ng v i m t t p con c a B 2. Ho c B tng ng v i m t t p con c a A N u x y ra ng th i c hai tr ng h p trn th A tng ng v i B Ch r ng: A tng ng v i m t t p con B1 c a t p B ngha l t n t i m t song nh t A n B1 . Khi , n u coi f l m t nh x t A n B th f l m t n nh. Ng c l i, n u c m t n nh f : A B th ta t B1 = f (A) B v A B1 . Nh v y, m nh "A tng ng v i m t t p con c a B" c th di n t theo m t cch khc l "t n t i m t n nh t A n B". Do , nh l Cantor c th pht bi u l i nh sau: nh l 2 V i hai t p h p A, B b t k lun x y ra m t trong hai tr ng h p sau: 1. C m t n nh t A n B 2. C m t n nh t B n A N u x y ra ng th i c hai tr ng h p trn th c m t song nh i t A n B.

1.2

T p h u h n, t p v h n

T p h p v h n: T p h p tng ng v i m t t p con th c s c a n th c g i l t p h p v h n. V d : N u A, B l hai i m phn bi t trn m t ph ng th t p h p [AB] cc i m trn o n th ng AB l m t t p v h n. T p h p h u h n: T p h p khng ph i l t p v h n th c g i l t p h p h u h n. Hay ni cch khc: m t t p h p l h u h n n u n khng tng ng v i b t k t p con th c s no c a n. V d : T p l t p h u h n v khng c t p con th c s no, do n khng th tng ng v i m t b ph n th c s no c a n. T p {a} l t p h u h n, v n ch c m t t p con th c s l m khng th tng ng v i {a}. Tnh ch t c a t p h u h n: 1. T p h p tng ng v i m t t p h p h u h n l m t t p h p h u h n. 2. T p con c a m t t p h u h n l m t t p h p h u h n. 3. N u A, B l cc t p h p h u h n v A B th A \ B B \ A 4. Gi s A l m t t p h u h n, A1 , A2 l cc t p con c a A. N u A1 A2 th A \ A1 A \ A2 5. H p c a hai t p h u h n l m t t p h u h n. Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 4 2

1.3

nh ngha s t nhin

nh ngha: Khi hai t p h p tng ng v i nhau th ta ni chng c cng m t b n s , hay cng m t l c l ng. B n s c a t p h p A k hi u l cardA ( c l cardinal c a A) hay |A|. Nh v y, cardA = cardB khi v ch khi A B nh ngha: B n s c a m t t p h u h n g i l m t s t nhin. Nh v y, a l m t s t nhin n u c m t t p h p h u h n A sao cho cardA = a. T p cc s t nhin k hi u l N. V d : Ta bi t l m t t p h u h n, do card l m t s t nhin. K hi u 0 = card. T p h p {a} l m t t p h u h n, do card{a} l m t s t nhin. K hi u card{a} = 1.

1.4

Quan h th t

nh ngha: Gi s a, b N, a = cardA, b = cardB Ta ni a nh hn ho c b ng b, v vi t a b, n u A tng ng v i m t t p con c a B. Khi a b v a = b ta vi t a < b. Ch : N u a b th ta c th ni c m t n nh f t A n B. Hay ta c th ni a b n u t n t i cc t p h u h n A, B sao cho A B v i cardA = a, cardB = b. V d : Ta bi t 0 = card l m t s t nhin. V l t p h p con c a m i t p h p nn 0 a v i m i s t nhin a. nh l 3 Quan h xc nh trong nh ngha trn l m t quan h th t ton ph n trong t p cc s t nhin. S li n sau: Gi s a, b N, a b v A, B l cc t p h u h n sao cho A B a = cardA, b = cardB. Ta ni b l s li n sau c a a n u B \ A l t p h p c m t ph n t hay card(B \ A) = 1. K hi u s li n sau c a a l a . N u b l s t nhin li n sau c u a th ta cng ni a l s li n tr c c a b. V d : S 1 l s li n sau s 0. K hi u: 1 = 2, 2 = 3, ... Cc tnh ch t 1. M i s t nhin u c duy nh t m t s li n sau. 2. S 0 khng l li n sau c a b t k s t nhin no. M i s t nhin khc 0 u l li n sau c a duy nh t m t s t nhin. Ni cch khc, m i s t nhin khc 0 u c duy nh t m t s li n tr c. 3. a, b N, n u a < b th a b. nh l 4 T p h p s t nhin l m t t p h p v h n. Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 4 3

2
2.1

Cc php ton trn s t nhin


Cc b
1. H p c a m t h h u h n cc t p h p h u h n l m t t p h p h u h n. 2. Tch Cac c a hai t p h u h n l m t t p h u h n. 3. V i a, b l hai s t nhin ty th bao gi cng t n t i cc t p h p h u h n A, B sao cho a = cardA, b = cardB v A B = . 4. Gi s A, B.A , B l cc t p h p h u h n sao cho A A , B B , AB = , A B = Khi ta c: (a) (A B) (A B ) (b) (A B) (A B )

2.2

Cc php ton

Php c ng v php nhn: Gi s a, b N v A, B l hai t p h p h u h n sao cho a = cardA, b = cardB, A B = Ta nh ngha: a + b = card(A B) a.b = card(A B) a + b g i l t ng c a a v b. Qui t c cho php xc nh t ng c a hai s t nhin g i l php c ng cc s t nhin. a.b g i l tch c a a v b. Qui t c cho php xc nh tch c a hai s t nhin g i l php nhn cc s t nhin. Ch : Do b 1 v 2 nn ta c a + b v a.b l cc s t nhin. Tnh ch t: V i a, b, c N 1. Tnh giao hon: a+b=b+a a.b = b.a 2. Tnh k t h p (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (a.b).c = a.(b.c) 3. Ph n t trung l p a+0=0+a=1 a.1 = 1.a = a 4. Tnh ch t phn ph i c a php nhn i v i php c ng a.(b + c) = a.b + a.c (a + b).c = a.c + b.c 5. a + 1 = a ; a.0 = 0 Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 4 4

2.3

Php tr

nh l 5 Cho a, b N, n u a b th t n t i duy nh t m t s t nhin c sao cho a + c = b. nh ngha: N u c s t nhin c sao cho a + c = b th ta ni c l hi u c a b v a, k hi u: c = b a ( c l: b tr a b ng c). Qui t c cho php xc nh hi u c g i l php tr .

2.4

Php chia h t

nh ngha: Cho a, b l hai s t nhin v b = 0. N u c s t nhin q sao cho a = b.q a th ta ni a chia h t cho b v q l thng c a a v b, k hi u: q = a : b hay q = ( c l: q b b ng a chia cho b). Qui t c cho php xc nh thng c g i l php chia. Ch : Trong t p h p cc s t nhin N, php c ng v php nhn lun lun th c hi n c; php tr v php chia khng ph i bao gi cng th c hi n c. Tnh ch t 1. S 0 chia h t cho m i s t nhin khc 0. 2. M i s t nhin u chia h t cho 1. 3. N u a1 , a2 , . . . , an l cc s t nhin chia h t cho b th a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn cng chia h t cho b v i x1 , x2 , . . . , xn l cc s t nhin.

2.5

Php chia c d

nh l 6 V i m i c p s t nhin a, b b t k trong b = 0 bao gi cng t n t i duy nh t c p s t nhin q, r sao cho a = b.q + r v i 0 r < b nh ngha: Cho hai s t nhin a v b, v i b = 0, t n t i duy nh t hai s t nhin q v r sao cho: a = b.q + r, trong 0 r < b. S q c g i l thng v s r c g i l s d trong php chia c d a cho b. Nh n xt: 1. Khi r = 0, ta c php chia h t a cho b. 2. Khi r = 0 th q c g i l thng g n ng hay thng h t trong php chia c d a cho b. Ta cn ni a khng chia h t cho b

Ly th a
an = a.a.a . . . a (n l n) an c l a ly th a n, a g i l c s , n g i l s m c a ly th a. V i a = 0, ta qui c a0 = 1.

nh ngha: Gi s a, n N v n = 0. Ta t

Bi gi ng CC T P H P S

- tu n 4

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