S GD & T H Nam

TRUNG TM GDTX DUY TIN

CHUYN

HM S M V LGART

BI QU

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

MC LC
1 Kin thc c bn
1.1 Lu tha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1 Lu tha vi s m nguyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2 Cn bc n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3 Lu tha vi s m hu t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4 Lu tha vi s m v t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.5 Cc tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Hm s lu tha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 Tp xc nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 o hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 Tnh cht ca hm s lu tha y = x trn khong (0; +)
1.2.5 th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 Cc tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 Cc quy tc tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4 Lgarit thp phn, lgarit t nhin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Hm s m, hm s lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Hm s m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Hm s lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Phng trnh m, phng trnh lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.1 Phng trnh m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.2 Phng trnh lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.3 H phng trnh m v lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5.4 Bt phng trnh m v lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Cc
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

dng bi tp v phng php gii

Bi tp v lu tha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bi tp v hm s lu tha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bi tp v lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bi tp v hm s m, hm s lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bi tp v phng trnh m v phng trnh lgarit . . . . . .
2.5.1 a v phng trnh m, phng trnh lgarit c bn .
2.5.2 Phng php th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3 S dng tnh n iu ca hm s m, hm s lgarit .
2.5.4 Cc phng php khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 Bi tp v bt phng trnh m v bt phng trnh lgarit .
2.7 Bi tp v h phng trnh m v h phng trnh lgarit . .
2

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3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7

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8
8
11
13
19
22
23
34
35
37
43
46

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

1 KIN THC C BN
1.1 LU THA
1.1.1

Lu tha vi s m nguyn

nh ngha
Lu tha vi s m nguyn dng:
Cho a l mt s thc, n l mt s nguyn dng. Lu tha bc n ca a, k hiu l an , c
xc nh nh sau
an = a.a.
. . . .a} a R, n N ,
| {z
n tha s

trong a gi l c s, n gi l s m.

Lu tha vi s m nguyn m, lu tha vi s m 0:

Cho a > 0, n N . Khi
1
a0 = 1; an = n .
a
Ch . 00 v 0n khng c ngha.
1.1.2

Cn bc n

Cho s thc b v s nguyn dng n 2. S a c gi l cn bc n ca s b, k hiu

b nu

an = b.
Khi n l, b R th tn ti duy nht
Khi n chn th

b;

vi b < 0: khng tn ti cn bc n ca b;

vi b = 0: c mt cn l n 0 = 0;

vi b > 0: c hai cn l n b (dng) v n b (m).

1.1.3

Lu tha vi s m hu t

m
m
Cho s thc a v s hu t r = , trong m Z, b N v
l phn s ti gin. Khi , nu
n
n

n
am c ngha th

m
ar = a n = n am .
1.1.4

Lu tha vi s m v t

Cho s dng a, l mt s v t v (rn ) l mt dy s hu t sao cho lim rn = . Khi

n+

a = lim arn .
n+

HM S M V LOGART
1.1.5

BI QU

Cc tnh cht

Cho a, b > 0; , R. Khi

a .a = a+ ; (a ) = a ;
(ab) = a b ; a > 0;

 a 
b

a a
;
= a ;
b a

Nu a > 1 th > khi v ch khi a > a ;

Nu 0 < a < 1 th > khi v ch khi a < a .

1.2 HM S LU THA
1.2.1

nh ngha

Hm s y = x , vi R, c gi l hm s lu tha.
1.2.2

Tp xc nh

Tp xc nh D ca hm s lu tha y = x tu thuc vo gi tr ca , c th nh sau:

Nu nguyn dng th D = R;
Nu nguyn m th D = R\{0};
Nu khng nguyn th (0; +
1.2.3

o hm

Hm s y = x ( R) c o hm vi mi x > 0 v (x )0 = x1 .
i vi hm s hp y = u , u = u(x), ta c (u )0 = u1 u0 .
1.2.4

Tnh cht ca hm s lu tha y = x trn khong (0; +)

Ta c cc tnh cht sau

th lun i qua im (1; 1);
Khi > 0 hm s lun ng bin, khi < 0 hm s lun nghch bin;
th ca hm s khng c tim cn khi > 0. Khi < 0 th ca hm s c tim cn
ngang l Ox, tim cn ng l Oy.
4

HM S M V LOGART
1.2.5

BI QU

th

th ca hm s lu tha y = x trn khong (0; +) ng vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca (hnh

v).
y
>1
=1

0<<1
1

=1
<0

1.3 LGARIT
1.3.1

nh ngha

Cho hai s a, b vi a 6= 1. S tho mn ng thc a = b c gi l lgarit c s a ca b v k

hiu l loga b. Nh vy
= loga b a = b (a, b > 0, a 6= 1).
1.3.2

Cc tnh cht

Vi a > 0, a 6= 1, b > 0, R ta c
loga 1 = 0; loga a = 1;
aloga b = b; loga (a ) = .
1.3.3

Cc quy tc tnh

Vi a, b1 , b2 > 0, a 6= 1, ta c
loga (b1 b2 ) = loga b1 + loga b2 ;
b1
loga
= loga b1 loga b2 .
b2
Ch . Ta c loga (b1 b2 ) = loga |b1 | + loga |b2 |, nu b1 , b2 < 0.
5

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Vi a, b > 0, a 6= 1, , R, n N , ta c
1
= loga b;
b
loga b = loga b; loga b2 = 2. loga |b|;

1
n
loga b = loga b.
n
loga

Vi a, b, c > 0, a 6= 1, c 6= 1, ta c
logc b
1
; loga b =
(b 6= 1); loga b = 0 (b = 1);
logc a
logb a
1
loga b = loga b ( 6= 0).

loga b =

1.3.4

Lgarit thp phn, lgarit t nhin

Lgarit c s 10 c gi l lgarit thp phn. Ta thng vit log10 b l lg b hoc log b.

Lgarit c s e c gi l lgarit t nhin. Ta thng vit loge b l ln b.

1.4 HM S M, HM S LGARIT
1.4.1

Hm s m

Hm s y = ax (a > 0, a 6= 1) c gi l hm s m c s a.
Hm s y = ax c o hm ti mi x v (ax )0 = ax ln a. c bit, (ex )0 = ex .
Cc tnh cht
a) Tp xc nh ca hm s m l R.
b) Khi a > 1 hm s lun ng bin.
Khi 0 < a < 1 hm s lun nghch bin.
c) th c tim cn ngang l Ox v lun i qua cc im (0; 1), (1; a) v nm pha trn
trc honh.
1.4.2

Hm s lgarit

Hm s y = loga x (a > 0, a 6= 1) c gi l hm s lgarit c s a.

1
.
Hm s lgarit c o hm ti mi x > 0 v (loga x)0 =
x ln a
1
c bit, (ln x)0 = .
x
Cc tnh cht
a) Tp xc nh ca hm s lgarit l (0; +);
6

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

b) Khi a > 1 th hm s lun ng bin;

Khi 0 < a < 1 th hm s lun nghch bin.
c) th c tim cn ng l Oy v lun i qua cc im (1; 0), (a; 1) v nm pha bn
phi trc tung.

1.5 PHNG TRNH M, PHNG TRNH LGARIT

1.5.1

Phng trnh m

Phng trnh m l phng trnh cha n s s m ca lu tha.

Phng trnh m c bn l phng trnh c dng ax = b (a > 0, a 6= 1).
Nu b 0, phng trnh v nghim;
Nu b > 0, phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = loga b.
1.5.2

Phng trnh lgarit

Phng trnh lgarit l phng trnh cha n s di du lgarit.

Phng trnh lgarit c bn l phng trnh c dng loga x = b (a > 0, a 6= 1).
Phng trnh lgarit c bn lun c nghim duy nht x = ab .
1.5.3

H phng trnh m v lgarit

H phng trnh m l h phng trnh c cha t nht mt phng trnh m.

H phng trnh lgarit l h phng trnh c cha t nht mt phng trnh lgarit.

1.5.4

Bt phng trnh m v lgarit

Bt phng trnh m c bn c mt trong cc dng

ax > b; ax b; ax < b; ax b,
trong a > 0, a 6= 1.
gii bt phng trnh m c bn, ta s dng tnh cht ca hm s m. Chng hn gii bt
phng trnh ax > b ta lm nh sau:
Nu b 0, tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l R, v ax > 0 x R.
Xt b > 0, khi
Vi a > 1 th ax > b ax > aloga b x > loga b;
Vi 0 < a < 1 th ax > b ax > aloga b x < loga b.
Bt phng trnh lgarit c bn c mt trong cc dng:
loga x > b; loga x b; loga x < b; loga x b,
7

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

trong a > 0, a 6= 1.
gii bt phng trnh lgarit c bn, ta s dng tnh cht ca hm s lgarit. Chng hn gii
bt phng trnh loga x > b, ta lm nh sau:
Vi a > 1, ta c loga x > b loga x > loga ab x > ab ;
Vi 0 < a < 1, ta c loga x > b loga x > loga ab 0 < x < ab .

2 CC DNG BI TP V PHNG PHP GII

2.1 BI TP V LU THA
i vi lu tha, cc dng bi tp ch yu l: tnh ton, rt gn biu thc, so snh cc s,...
Phng php gii. y u l cc bi tp n gin, gii cc bi tp ny ta ch cn s dng
nh ngha v cc tnh cht c bn ca lu tha nu mc trc.
Ch . so snh cc cn thc, ta thng a chng v cng mt cn bc n no so snh
(thng thng n ny l bi chung nh nht ca cc ch s ca cc cn thc ). Sau y l cc v
d.
V d 2.1. Rt gn cc biu thc sau


2
2
7
1,5
0,75 4
3 ;
7
a) A = (0,
04)

(0,
125)
b)
B
=
6
+
(0,
2)

r;



5+3
5( 51)
2
.a
b b2 
a
1
1
2
2

;
d) D = a b
(a, b > 0).
+
c) C =
: b 2b
a
a
(a2 21 )2 2+1
Li gii. Ta c
  2
 1
2  3
2
23 3 = 53 22 = 121.
a) A =
5
 1
43 4
b) B = 62 +
= 62 + 53 = 161.
5

a8
a 5+3 .a5 5
a 5+3+5 5
a 5+3 .a 5( 51)

=
= a.
=
=
c) C =
a81
a7
(a2 21 )2 2+1
a(2 2)2 12
d) Ta c
r
r
r
 1
 
2 h

1 2
b b2 
b  b 2 i
D = a 2 b 2 : b 2b
= ( a b) : b 1 2
+
+
a
a
a
a
2




( a b)

= ( a b)2 : b 1 ba = 
a b 2

b.
a
2

a
( a b)
2 = .
=

b
( a b)
b.
a
V d 2.2. So snh cc cp s sau

3
a) 4 6 v
5;

  103
c)
v 1;
5

b)

10 v

d) e

3+1

30;

v e 7 .

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Li gii. a) a cc cn thc v cng cn bc 12, ta c

12
4
12
6 = 63 = 216;

12
3
12
5 = 54 = 625.

M 216 < 625 nn 4 6 < 3 5.

b) a cc cn thc v cng cn bc 6, ta c

6
6
10 = 103 = 1000;

6
3
6
30 = 302 = 900.

M 1000 > 900 nn 10 > 3 30.

c) Ta c
 10

  103
= 5 3 .

5
5

 10  3

.
Li c 0 < < 5 nn 0 < < 1 v 10 > 3, do
<
5
5
5
 3
M
> 0 nn
5
 10

  103
= 5 3 < 1.

5
5

d) So snh 3 + 1 v 7, ta c

( 3 + 1)2 ( 7)2 = 3 + 1 + 2 3 7 = 2 3 3.
Hn na
Do

3+1>

(2 3)2 32 = 4.3 9 = 3 > 0.

7, m e > 1 nn e

3+1

> e 7.

V d 2.3. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc

3

5
1

a2 a2 a 2
a) A = 1 1
2;
3
, vi a = 3
a2 a 2 a2

 2

2
1
3
b) B = ( 3 a + b) a 3 + b 3 (ab) 3 , vi a = 7 2, b = 2 + 3.

Li gii. a) Rt gn A, ta c

A=
Do

a2+2 a2+
1

a2+

1
2

3
2
3

a2+2

a3 a
= a.
1 a2

A = ( 3 2) = 3 2 .
9

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

b) Rt gn B, ta c
1 
1
2
1 1
1
2 
1
3
1
3
1
= a 3 + b 3 = a + b.
B = a3 + b3 ) a3 a3 b3 + b3

Do

Bi tp tng t.

B = (7

2) + ( 2 + 3) = 10.

Bi tp 2.1. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc

a) A = 43+ 2 .21 2 .23 2 ;

123+ 5
;

b) B =
42+ 5 .31+ 5
c) C = 491+

72

.712 2 .

p s. a) A = 16; b) B = 36; c) C =

48
.
7

Bi tp 2.2. n gin cc biu thc

q p

a) A = 3 a 3 a a, (a > 0);
s r
7 a 5 b
, (a, b 6= 0);
b) B =
b a
1
1

2

2
2
c) C = a 3 + a 3 .a 3 . a 3 a 3 ;

d) D = 1 + (a 1)( a 4 a + 1)( a + 4 a + 1)(a a + 1), (a 0).

1

11

Hng dn. a) A = a 3 .a 9 .a 6 = a 18 ;
a
71 a
1
a
71 351
a
354
a
17 b
351
35
.
=
.
=
=
;
b
a
b
b
b
b
i
h 2

1
2
2

2
2
4
2
c) C = a 3 . a 3 a 3
= a 3 . a 3 a 3 = a2 1;

b) B =

d) Ta c

D = 1 + (a 1)[( a + 1)2 ( 4 a)2 ](a a + 1)

= 1 + (a 1)(a + a + 1)(a a + 1)

= 1 + (a 1)[(a + 1)2 ( a)2 ]

= 1 + (a 1)(a2 + a + 1) = 1 + (a3 1) = a3 .
Bi tp 2.3. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc

1
1 12
a) A = a 3 .a 4 . a5 vi a = 3, 14;
10

HM S M V LOGART

b) B =

1
4

5
4

a4 a4

a a

1
2
1
2

BI QU

b2

b +b

1
2

vi a = 3

2, b =

2 2.

p s. a) A = a = 3, 14; b) B = a + b = 1.
Bi tp 2.4. So snh cc cp s

 1 83

10 v 20;
b)
v 1;
 1 
 1 3,14
 e1 1,4

c)
v
; d)
v 2 .
8
8

15
15
Hng dn. a) 3 10 = 105 > 203 = 5 20.
a)

 1 83

1
b) V < 1 v 8 3 < 0 nn
> 1.
e
e
 1   1 3,14
1
<
.
c) V < 1 v > 3, 14 nn
8
8
8
 1 1,4

1
> 2.
d) V < 1 v 1, 4 < 2 nn

2.2 BI TP V HM S LU THA
Bi tp v hm s lu tha bao gm cc dng nh tm tp xc nh, tnh o hm, kho st v
th ca hm s lu tha, so snh cc s da vo tnh n iu ca hm s lu tha. Sau y
l cc v d.
V d 2.4. Tm tp xc nh v tnh o hm ca cc hm s

a) y = (x3 8) 3 ;

b) y = (x2 + x 6)

1
3

Ch . Tp xc nh ca hm s lu tha ph thuc vo c s m v biu thc cha bin (c s)

ca hm s , c th
Nu s m l s nguyn dng th hm s xc nh khi c s l s thc;
Nu s m l 0 hoc s nguyn m th hm s xc nh khi c s khc 0;
Nu s m l hu t hoc s thc th hm s xc nh khi c s dng.
Trn c s , ta d dng c li gii cho bi ton.

Li gii. a) Hm s y = (x3 8) 3 xc nh khi v ch khi x8 8 > 0

(x 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) > 0 x 2 > 0 x > 2.
Vy tp xc nh ca hm s l (2; +).
o hm ca hm s l
y0 =

.(x 8)0 .(x3 8) 3 1 = .3x2 .(x3 8) 3 1 = x2 (x3 8) 3 1 .

3
3

11

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

b) Hm s xc nh khi v ch khi x2 + x 6 > 0 x < 3, hoc x >= 2.

Vy tp xc nh ca hm s l (; 3) (2; +).
o hm ca hm s l
1
1 2
(2x + 1)(x2 + x 6)
y =
.(x + x 6)0 .(x2 + x 6) 3 1 =
3
3

4
3

V d 2.5. Vit cc s sau theo th t tng dn

2

a) 0, 3 ; 0, 30,5; 0, 3 3 ; 0, 33,15 ;
b)

 1 
; .
2 ; 1, 8 ;
2

Li gii. a) Ta c c s a = 0, 3 < 1 v 3, 15 > >

2
> 0, 5 nn th t tng dn l
3
2

0, 33,15; 0, 3 ; 0, 3 3 ; 0, 30,5.
b) V s m > 0 nn hm s lu tha y = x lun ng bin. Mt khc

1
< 2 < 1, 8 < ,
2
nn th t tng dn l

 1 

; 2 ; 1, 8 ; .
2

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.5. Tm tp xc nh v tnh o hm ca cc hm s
1

a) y = (x2 3x 4) 4 ;
c) y = (3x2 1)2 ;

b) y = (2
x2 ) 5 ;

3
d) y = 1 x.

Bi tp 2.6. Kho st v v th ca cc hm s y = x5 v y = x5 trn cng mt h ta .

T cc th trn hy suy ra cc th hm s
a) y = |x|5 ;

b) y = |x5 |.

Bi tp 2.7. Sp xp cc s sau theo th t gim dn

a) 0, 5
Hng dn. a) y = x

2
3

2
3

; 1, 3

2
3

2
3

 1  2
3
e

lun nghch bin; b) y = 5x lun ng bin.

12

b) 52 ; 50,7; 5 3 ;

 1 2,2
5

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

2.3 BI TP V LGARIT
Bi tp v lgarit bao gm cc dng nh tnh ton cc biu thc lgarit, so snh cc biu thc
cha lgarit, chng minh cc ng thc v bt ng thc m, lgarit,... gii cc bi tp ny,
chng ta ch cn s dng cc qui tc tnh ton ca lgarit.
V d 2.6. Tnh ton cc biu thc

1
a) A = log 1 5 4 5; b) B = 9 2 log3 22 log27 3 ;
25

1
c) C = log3 log2 8; d) D = 2 log 1 6 log 1 400 + 3 log 1 3 45.
3
3
3
2
1 5
5
5
Li gii. a) A = log52 5 4 = . . log5 5 = .
2 4
8
1

b) B = 9 2 log3 22 log27 3 = 3log3 2 3 log3 3 =

2
.
=
333
3
2

4
3

c) C = log3 log2 8 = log3 log2 23 = log3 3 = 1.

d) Ta c

1
3
D = log 1 62 log 1 400 2 + log 1 ( 45)3
3

= log 1 36 log 1 20 + log 1 45

3
3
3
36.45
= log 1
= log31 81 = log3 34 = 4.
3
20

V d 2.7. (Tnh ton biu thc c iu kin)

a) Tnh A = log6 16 bit log12 27 = a;
b) Tnh B = log125 30 bit lg 3 = a v lg 2 = b;
c) Tnh C = log6 35 bit log27 5 = a, log8 7 = b, log2 3 = c;

d) Tnh D = log b bit loga b = 3.

a
a
Nhn xt. i vi cc bi tp dng ny, chng ta thng phn tch cc lgarit cn tnh v cc
lgarit cho v dng lgarit c s nguyn t. Thng thng, cc lgarit c mi lin h vi
nhau.
Li gii. a) Chn 2 lm c s, ta c
A = log6 16 =

4
log2 16
=
.
log2 6
1 = log2 3

x = log12 27 =

log2 27
3 log2 3
=
.
log2 12
2 + log2 3

Mt khc

13

HM S M V LOGART

Do log2 3 =
b) Ta c

BI QU

4(3 x)
2x
v suy ra A =
.
3x
3+x
B=

lg 10 + lg 3
1+a
1 + lg 3
lg 30
=
=
.
=
10
lg 125
3(1 lg 2)
3(1 b)
3 lg
2

c) Ta c
C = log6 5 + log6 7 =

1
1
+
.
1
1
1
1
+
+
log2 5 log3 5
log2 7 log3 7

Ta i tnh log2 5; log3 5; log2 7; log3 7 theo a, b, c. T

a = log27 5 = log33 5 =

1
log3 5,
3

suy ra log3 5 = 3a, do

log2 5 = log2 3. log 35 = 3ac.
1
log2 7 nn log2 7 = 3b. Do
3
log2 7
3b
log3 7 =
= .
log2 3
c

Mt khc b = log8 7 = log23 7 =

Vy
C=

1
1
3(ac + b)
.
+
=
1
1
1
c
1+c
+
+
3ac 3a
3b 3b

d) iu kin a > 0, a
6= 1, b > 0.

T gi thit loga b = 3 suy ra b = a 3 . Do

3
3
3 1
b
b
1
= a 2 ; = a 3 2 = a 3
a
a
T ta tnh c

A = loga a

= loga (a )

3
3

3
=
3

3
1
2

(vi =

3
1).
2

V d 2.8. Tnh
1
1
1
a) A =
+
++
vi x = 2007!;
log2 x log3 x
log2007 x
b) B = lg tan 10 + lg tan 20 + + lg tan 890 .
Li gii. a) S dng cng thc

1
= loga b, hn na x = 2007! > 1 nn ta c
logb a

A = logx 2 + logx 3 + + logx 2007

= logx (2.3 . . . 2007)
= logx x = 1.
14

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

b) Nhn thy
lg tan 10 + lg tan 890 = lg(tan 10 . tan 890 ) = lg 1 = 0.
Tng t, ta c
lg tan 20 + lg tan 880 = 0;
...
lg tan 440 + lg tan 460 = 0;
lg tan 450 = lg 1 = 0.
Do
B = (lg tan 10 + lg tan 890 ) + (lg tan 20 + lg tan 880 ) + + lg tan 450 = 0.

Nhn xt. y l bi tp khng kh, nhng khi gii phi s dng k nng bin i, do c th
kch thch c s t duy, sng to ca hc sinh.
V d 2.9. (Chng minh ng thc lgarit)
a) Cho cc s dng a, b tho mn a2 + 4b2 = 12ab. Chng minh rng
1
lg(a + 2b) 2 lg 2 = (lg a + lg b);
2
1

b) Cho a = 10 1lg b ; b = 10 1lg c . Chng minh rng c = 10 1lg a ;

Li gii. a) Ta c
a2 + 4b2 = 12ab (a + 2b)2 = 16ab.

Do a, b dng nn a + 2b = 4 ab. Khi , ly lgarit c s 10 hai v ta c

lg(a + 2b) = lg 4 +
hay

1
lg(ab)
2

1
lg(a + 2b) 2 lg 2 = (lg a + lg b).
2
1

b) Gi s a, b, c u dng v khc 10. biu din c theo a, ta rt lg b t biu thc a = 10 1lg b

1
v th vo biu thc b = 10 1lg c (sau khi ly lgarit c s 10 hai v). Ta c
1

a = 10 1lg b lg a =
1

Mt khc, t b = 10 1lg c suy ra lg b =

1
1
lg b = 1
.
1 lg b
lg a

1
. Do
1 lg c

1
1
=
lg a
1 lg c
lg a
1
1 lg c =
=1+
lg a 1
lg a 1
1
lg c =
.
1 lg a
1

T suy ra c = 10 1lg a .
15

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

V d 2.10. So snh
a) log3 2 v log2 3;
b) log2 3 v
log3 11;

1
5+ 7
lg 5 + lg 7
c) + lg 3 v lg 19 lg 2; d) lg
v
.
2
2
2
Nhn xt. Thng thng, so snh cc lgarit, chng ta so snh chng vi mt s nguyn no
.
Li gii. a) Ta c
log3 2 < log3 3 = 1 = log2 2 < log2 3.
b) Ta c
log2 3 < log2 4 = 2 = log3 9 < log3 11.
c) a v cng mt lgarit c s 10, ta c

1
1
+ lg 3 = lg 10 + lg 3 = lg 3 10;
2
2
19
lg 19 lg 2 = lg .
2

19
Ta so snh hai s 3 10 v
. Ta c
2

361
19
2
360
,
<
=
(3 10)2 = 9.10 = 90 =
4
4
2

19
1
v vy 3 10 < . T suy ra
+ lg 3 < lg 19 lg 2.
2
2
d) Ta c

1
lg 5 + lg 7
2
= lg(5 7) = lg 5 7.
2

p
5+ 7
. Ta c
Ta i so snh hai s 5 7 v
2
q

2
5 7 = 5 7;
 5 + 7 2 32 + 107
5
7.
=8+
=
2
4
2
Xt hiu

256 175
5
16 5 7
5
75 7= 8
7=
=
> 0.
8+
2
2
2
2

5+ 7 p
5
> 5 7, v
7 > 5 7. Do
Suy ra 8 +
2
2

lg 5 + lg 7
5+ 7
>
.
lg
2
2

V d 2.11. (Chng minh cc bt ng thc lgarit)

16

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

5
a) Khng dng my tnh, chng minh rng 2 < log2 3 + log3 2 < ;
2
r

ln a + ln b
a+b
ln
;
b) Cho a 1, b 1. Chng minh rng
2
2
c) Chng minh rng log2006 2007 > log2007 2008. Hy pht biu v chng minh bi ton tng
qut?
Li gii. a) p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho cc s dng, ta c
p

log2 3 + log3 2 > 2 log2 3. log3 2 = 2 1 = 2

(khng xy ra du = v log2 3 6= log3 2).
Mt khc, ta li c
log2 3 + log3 2 <

1
5
5
log2 3 +
<0
2
log2 3 2
2
2 log2 3 5 log2 3 + 2 < 0
(2 log2 3 1)(log2 3 2) < 0.

()

Hn na, 2 log2 3 > 2 log2 2 > 1 nn 2 log2 3 1 > 0. M

log2 3 < log2 4 = 2 nn log2 3 2 < 0.
5
T suy ra () lun ng. Vy 2 < log2 3 + log3 2 < .
2
a+b
khng m. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c
b) V a, b 1 nn ln a, ln b, ln
2

ln a + ln b 2 ln a. ln b.
Suy ra
Mt khc

2(ln a + ln b) ln a + ln b + 2 ln a. ln b = ( ln a + ln b)2 .

1
a+b
a+b
ab ln
(ln a + ln b).
2
2
2
r

1
ln a + ln b
a+b
a+b
2
( ln a + ln b) hay
ln
.
T ta c ln
2
4
2
2
c) Ta chng minh bi ton tng qut
logn (n + 1) > logn+1 (n + 2), n > 1.
Tht vy, t (n + 1)2 = n(n + 2) + 1 > n(n + 2) > 1 suy ra
1
logn+1 n(n + 2) < 1
2
logn+1 n + logn+1 (n + 2) < 2.

log(n+1)2 n(n + 2) < 1

17

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c

q
2 > logn+1 n + logn+1 (n + 2) > 2 logn+1 n. logn+1 (n + 2).

Do ta c 1 > logn+1 n. logn+1 (n + 2), v

logn (n + 1) > logn+1 (n + 2), n > 1.

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.8. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc

3
b) B = ( 3 9) 5 log5 3 ;
p
d) D = lg log 13 5 a a.

1
a) A = log 1 5. log25 ;
3
27
p
c) C = loga a2 . 4 a3 5 a;

14
3
p s. a) A = ; b) B = 5 25; c) C = ; d) D = lg 9 1.
2
5
Bi tp 2.9. Tnh
a) A = log25 15 theo a = log3 15;
b) B = log 3 7

121
theo a = log49 11, b = log2 7;
8

c) C = log140 63 theo a = log2 3, b = log3 5, c = log2 7;

b
d) D = logab bit loga b = 5.
a

a
9
2ac + 1
11 3 5
p s. a) A =
; b) B = 12a ; c) C =
; d) D =
.
2(a 1)
b
abc + 2c + 1
4
Bi tp 2.10. (Chng minh cc ng thc c iu kin)
a) Cho cc s dng a, b, c (c 6= 1). Chng minh rng alogc b = blogc a ;
b) Cho a = log12 18, b = log24 54. Chng minh rng ab + 5(a b) = 1;
c) Cho cc s dng a, b tho mn a2 + b2 = 7ab. Chng minh rng
log7

a+b
1
= (log7 a + log7 b);
3
2

d) Cho cc s dng a, b v 4a2 + 9b2 = 4ab. Chng minh rng

lg

lg a + lg b
2a + 3b
=
.
4
2
18

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Hng dn. a) t x = logc b th b = cx nn

blogc a = (cx )logc a = clogc a
b) Tnh log2 3 theo a v theo b ta c log2 3 =

x

= ax = alogc b .

2a 1
3b 1
; log2 3 =
.
2a
3b

(ch rng a 6= 2, b 6= 3).

3b 1
2a 1
=
suy ra iu phi chng minh.
T h thc
2a
3

b
 a + b 2
c) T gi thit suy ra
= ab. Ly lgarit c s 7 hai v, ta c iu phi chng minh.
3
2a + 3b
= ab. Lgarit hai v vi c s 10.
d) T gi thit suy ra
4
Bi tp 2.11. So snh
a) log3 5 v log7 4;

b) log0,3 2 v log5 3;
 1 log6 2 21 log6 5

c) log2 10 v log5 50; d)

v 3 18.
6

Hng dn. a) log3 5 > log3 3 = 1 = log7 7 > log7 4.

b) log0,3 2 = log3 2 < 0 < log5 3.
c) log2 10 > log2 8 = 3 = log5 125 > log5 50.
d)

 1 log6 2 12 log6 5
6

1 log6 2log6 5

= (6 )

5
= =
2

r
3

125
< 3 18.
8

2.4 BI TP V HM S M, HM S LGARIT
Cc dng bi tp c bn, bao gm tm tp xc nh, v th ca hm s m, hm s lgarit,
tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s m v hm s lgarit da vo tnh n iu ca
chng.
V d 2.12. Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s
a) y = log3 (x2 2x);

b) y =

Li gii. a) Hm s xc nh khi v ch khi

q
log 1 (x 3) 1.
3

x2 2x > 0 x < 0 x > 2.

Vy tp xc nh ca hm s l D = (; 0) (2; +).
b) Hm s xc nh khi v ch khi

(
x > 3,
x 3 > 0,

1
x = 3
log 1 (x 3) 1 0
3
3
 10 i
.
Vy tp xc nh ca hm s l D = 3;
3
19

3<x

10
.
3

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

V d 2.13. V th cc hm s
a) y = 2, 5x ;
c) y = lg x;

b) y = 0, 5x ;
d) y = log 1 x.

Li gii. a) Hm s y = 2, 5 l hm s m c c s ln hn 1 nn lun ng bin. th hm

s i qua cc im (0; 1), (1; 2, 5). Ta c th
y
y
x

y = 2, 5x
2, 5
1

y = 0, 5x

0, 5
1

b) Hm s y = 0, 5x l hm s m c c s nh hn 1 nn lun nghch bin. th hm s i qua

cc im (0; 1), (1; 0, 4) (hnh v trn). c) Hm s y = lg x l hm s lgarit c c s ln hn 1 nn
lun ng bin. th i qua cc im (1; 0), (10; 1). th nh sau
y
y
y = log 1 x

y = lg x

x
O

10

1
3

1
d) Hm s y = log 1 x l hm s lgarit c c s l < 1 nn lun nghch bin. th hm s i

1 
; 1 (hnh v trn).
qua cc im (1; 0),

4x
V d 2.14. Cho f (x) = x
, tnh
4 +2
 2 
 2006 
 1 
+f
++f
.
S=f
2007
2007
2007
Li gii. Ta c nhn xt rng nu a + b = 1 th

4a
4b
4a (4a + 2) + 4b (4b + 2)
+
=
4a + 2 4b + 2
(4a + 2)(4b + 2)
2.4a + 2.4b + 8
4a+b + 2.4a + 4a+b + 2.4b
=
= 1.
=
4a+b + 2.4a + 2.4b + 4
2.4a + 2.4b + 8

f (a) + f (b) =

20

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

p dng kt qu trn ta c
h  1 
 2006 i h  2 
 2005 i
h  1003 
 1004 i
S= f
+f
+ f
+f
++ f
+f
.
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007

Vy

S = |1 + 1 +{z + 1} = 1003.
1003 s hng

Bi tp tng t.

Bi tp 2.12. Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s
x4
;
b) y = log (2x 2);
a) y = log0,3
x+4
s
q

log0,5 (x 1)

c) y = log3 ( x2 3x + 2 + 4 x); d) y = 2 |x3||8x| +

.
x2 2x 8

p s. a) D = (; 4) (4; +);
( b) D = (1; +);
x2 3x + 2 0,
c) Hm s xc nh khi v ch khi 2
x 1 x 2.
x 3x + 2 + 4 x 1
Tp xc nh l D = (; 1] [2; +).
d) Hm s xc nh khi v ch khi

|x

3|

|8

x|

0,
(x 3)2 (8 x)2 ,

x 1 > 0,
x > 1,
11

x .

2
log0,5 (x 1) 0,
x 1 1,

x 2x 8 > 0
x < 2 x > 4
h 11

Tp xc nh l D =
; + .
2
Bi tp 2.13. Hnh di y l th ca 4 hm s
y = log2 x; y = log 1 x;
e

y=

log

x; y = log 1 x.
3

Hy ch r th tng ng ca mi hm s v gii thch.

y
C1

C2
x
O

C4
C3

21

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Hng dn. Ta thy C1 , C2 l th ca cc hm ng bin, tc l th ng vi hm s lgarit

c c s ln hn 1. Mt khc, khi x > 1 th log2 x > log5 x v khi x < 1 th log2 x < log5 x.
Do C1 l th ca hm s y = log2 x v C2 l th ca hm s log5 x.
Tng t th C3 l th ca hm s y = log 1 x v C4 l th ca hm s y = log 1 x.
e

Bi tp 2.14. T th hm s y = 3x , hy v th cc hm s
a) y = 3x 2; b) y = 3x + 3;
c) y = |3x 2|; d) y = 2 3x .
Hng dn. a) th hm s y = 3x 2 nhn c t th hm s y = 3x bng php tnh tin
song song vi trc tung xung di 2 n v.
b) Tng t cu a).
(
3x 2, khi 3x 2 0
c) Ta c y = |3x 2| =
3x + 2, khi 3x 2 < 0.
Do th hm s y = |3x 2| bao gm:
Phn th ca hm s y = 3x 2 ng vi 3x 2 0 (nm pha trn trc honh);
Phn th ca hm s y = 3x 2 ng vi 3x 2 < 0 ly i xng qua trc honh.
d) Ta c y = 2 3x = (3x 2), do , th ca hm s y = 2 3x i xng vi th ca hm
s y = 3x 2 qua trc honh.

Bi tp 2.15. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = 2|x| trn on [1; 1].

Hng dn. Trn on [1; 1] ta c
(
2x , khi x [0; 1]
y = 2|x| =
2x , khi x [1; 0].

Do trn on [0; 1] hm s ng bin, trn on [1; 0] hm s nghch bin. Suy ra, cc gi tr

ln nht v gi tr nh nht s t c ti cc u mt. Ta c
y(1) = 2(1) = 21 = 1; y(0) = 20 = 1; y(1) = 21 = 2.
Vy gi tr ln nht l y(1) = y(1) = 2, gi tr nh nht l y(0) = 1.

2.5 BI TP V PHNG TRNH M V PHNG TRNH LGARIT

Phng trnh m v phng trnh lgarit l ni dung rt quan trng trong chng ny. Cc dng
bi tp cng rt phong ph nh gii phng trnh, chng minh nghim ca phng trnh tha mn
cc iu kin cho trc (tn ti, tn ti duy nht, hu hn nghim,...), gii v bin lun phng
trnh theo tham s, chng minh phng trnh tng ng,...
Phng php gii. Cc phng php thng dng gii phng trnh m v phng trnh
lgarit l
a v cc phng trnh m v lgarit c bn, bao gm cc cch
22

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

a v cng mt c s;
t n ph;

M ho (hoc lgarit ho).

Phng php th.
S dng tnh n iu ca hm s m v lgarit.
Ngoi ra, cn mt s phng php gii khc nh phng php bin thin hng s, s dng nh
l Lagrange, nh l Rolle, nh gi, phng php hm s,... Sau y chng ta s i vo tng ni
dung c th.
2.5.1

a v phng trnh m, phng trnh lgarit c bn

y l phng php rt c bn, thng c s dng. Cc cch a v phng trnh m, lgarit

c bn l a v cng mt c s, t n ph, m ho hoc lgarit ho.
a) a v cng mt c s
V d 2.15. Gii cc phng trnh m sau
a) 3x

2 4x+5

b) 1, 55x7 =

= 9;

c) 22x1 + 4x+2 = 10;

 2 x+1

d) 0, 125.42x3

;
3 
3
2 x
=
.
8

Li gii. a) a v cng c s 3, ta c phng trnh tng ng vi

3x

2 4x+5

= 32 x2 4x + 5 = 2 x = 1 x = 3.

Vy 1; 3 l nghim
ca phng trnh cho.
2  3 1
= 1, 51 nn phng trnh cho c dng
b) Ta c =
3
2
1, 55x7 = 1, 5x1 .

Vy 5x 7 = x 1 hay x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.

c) Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
1 x
33
20
20
.4 + 16.4x = 10 .4x = 10 4x =
x = log4 .
2
2
33
33
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = log4
d) a hai v v cng c s 2, ta c
3

2 .2
Do

4x6

20
.
33


= 2

5
2

x

hay 24x9 = 2 2 x .

5
3
4x 9 = x x = 9 x = 6.
2
2
23

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Vy phng trnh cho ch c mt nghim x = 6.

Ch . Mun a cc lgarit v cng mt c s, ta thng xem mi lin h gia cc c s v
thng s dng cc tnh cht sau ca lgarit:
a = logb ba ; loga b =

logc b
.
logc a

V d 2.16. Gii cc phng trnh lgarit sau

a) lg x + lg(x + 9) = 1;
b) log2 x + log4 x + log8 x = 11;
c) log5 x3 + 3 log25 x + log125

x3 =

11
;
2

d) log2 x + log3 x + log4 x = log20 x.

(
x > 0,
x > 0. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
Li gii. a) iu kin
x+9>0
lg x(x + 9) = lg 10 x(x + 9) = 10 x = 1 x = 10.
V x > 0 nn phng trnh ch c mt nghim duy nht l x = 1.
b) iu kin x > 0. a v cng c s 2, ta c
log2 x + log22 x + log23 x = 11 log2 x +

1
1
11
log2 x + log2 x = 11
log2 x = 11.
2
3
6

Do log2 x = 6 v x = 26 = 64.
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 64.
c) iu kin x > 0. a v cng c s 5, ta c
log5 x3 + 3 log25 x + log125

x3 =

3
11
11
3 log5 x + 3 log52 x + log5 32 x 2 =
2
2
1
3 2
11
3 log5 x + 3. log5 x + . log5 x =
2
2 3
2
11
11
log5 x =

2
2
log5 x = 1 x = 51 = 5 (tho mn).

Vy phng trnh ch c mt nghim x = 5.

d) iu kin x > 0. p dng cng thc i c s, ta c
log2 x log2 x
log2 x
log2 x + log3 x + log4 x = log20 x log2 x +
+
=
log2 3 log2 4
log2 20

1
1 
1
=0
+
log2 x. 1 +
log2 3 2 log2 20
3

log2 x.
+ log3 2 log20 2 = 0.
2
24

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

3
3
+ log3 2 log20 2 > + 0 1 > 0. Do t phng trnh trn ta phi c log2 x = 0 hay
2
2
x = 20 = 1.
Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Ch . Khi gii phng trnh lgarit, ta phi t iu kin phng trnh c ngha.
Ta c

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.16. Gii cc phng trnh m sau
4 3
2x2 +2

2 +x+1

a) 7x1 = 2x ;

b) 8 3 x

c) 0, 752x3

d) 5x+1 5x = 2x+1 + 2x+3 .

 1 5x
= 1
;
3

Hng dn. a) Ly lgarit c s 2 c hai v. p s. x =

= 4x

log2 7
.
1 + log2 7

1
b) Ly lgarit c s 2 c hai v. p s. x = 2; x = .
2
3 1
4
c) Vit 0, 75 = ; 1 = . p s. x = 2.
4 3
3
d) Phng trnh tng ng vi 5.5x 5x = 2.2x + 23 .2x . p s. x = 1.
Bi tp 2.17. Gii cc phng trnh lgarit sau

4
3
a) ln(x
+ 1) + ln x + 3 = ln(x + 7); b) lg x + lg 4x = 2 + lg x ;
lg( x + 1 + 1)

c)
= 3;
d) log4 log2 x + log2 log4 x = 2.
lg 3 x 40

Hng dn. a) p s. x = 1. b) av cng c s 10. p s. x = 5.

c) Phng trnh tng ng vi lg( x + 1 + 1) = lg(x 40) (x > 40).
p s. x = 48. d) p s. x = 16.

b) t n ph
i vi mt s phng trnh phc tp hn, chng ta khng th s dng cch a v cng mt c
s nh trn. Khi , chng ta c th t n ph c phng trnh hoc h phng trnh i
s thng thng.
Ch . Khi t n ph, ta nn tm iu kin ca n ph (tu thuc vo iu kin ca n cn
tm).
V d 2.17. Gii cc phng trnh m sau
a) 22x+1 2x+3 = 64;
1
1
1
c) 6.4 x 13.6 x + 6.9 x = 0;

b) e2x 4e2x = 3;
d) 8x + 18x = 2.27x .

Li gii. a) Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

2.(2x )2 23 .2x = 64 (2x )2 4.2x 32 = 0.

t t = 2x (t > 0) th phng trnh tr thnh t2 4t 32 = 0. y l phng trnh bc hai vi
n t, ta tm c t = 8 hoc t = 4. Tuy nhin t > 0 nn ch c t = 8 l tho mn. Thay li
tm x, ta c
2x = 8 2x = 23 x = 3.
25

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Vy phng trnh ch c mt nghim x = 3.

b) t t = e2x (t > 0), ta c phng trnh
t

4
= 3 hay t2 3t 4 = 0.
t

Phng trnh bc hai n t ny ch c mt nghim dng t = 4, suy ra e2x = 4 x =

1

c) iu kin x 6= 0. Chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho 6 x > 0, ta c

 2  x1
 3  x1
13.1 + 6.
= 0.
6.
2
3
t t =

 3  x1
2

(t > 0), phng trnh tr thnh

6t 13 +

6
= 0 hay 6t2 13t + 6 = 0.
t

2
3
Phng trnh bc hai trn c hai nghim dng t = ; t = .
2
3
 3  x1
3
3
1
Vi t = th
= = 1 x = 1.
2
2 1
2
x
3x
2
2
1
Vi t = th
= = 1 x = 1.
3
2
3
x
Phng trnh c hai nghim x = 1; x = 1.
d) Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
23x + 2x .32x = 2.32x
t t =

 2 x
3

 2 2x
3

 2 x
3

2 = 0.

(t > 0) th phng trnh tr thnh

t3 + t 2 = 0 hay (t 1)(t2 + t + 2) = 0.


1 2 7
Do t2 + t + 2 = t +
+ > 0 nn t 1 = 0 hay t = 1. T suy ra
2
4
 2 x
 2 0
=1=
x = 0.
3
3
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0.
V d 2.18. Gii cc phng trnh lgarit sau
1
1
+
= 1; b) ln3 x + 2 ln x = 2 ln x;
4 + log3 x 2 log3 x
p
p
9
2 2
d) log2 |x| 4 log4 |x| 5 = 0.
c) xlg x 3 lg x 2 = 102 lg x ;

a)

26

1
ln 4.
2

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

x > 0,
Li gii. a) iu kin 4 + log2 x 6= 0,

2 log2 x 6= 0.
t t = log2 x th iu kin ca t l t 6= 4, t 6= 2 v phng trnh tr thnh
1
1
+
= 1 2 t + 4 + t = (4 + t)(2 t)
4+t 2t
t2 + 3t 2 = 0 t = 1 t = 2 (tho mn).
1
Vi t = 1 th log2 x = 1 x = 21 = ;
2
1
2
Vi t = 2 th log2 x = 2 x = 2 = .
4
1
1
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim x = , x = .
2
4
b) iu kin x > 0, t t = lg x (t R), phng trnh tr thnh
t3 2t2 t + 2 = 0 (t 1)(t + 1)(t 2) = 0.
Do t nhn cc gi tr l 1; 1 hoc 2.
Vi t = 1 th lg x = 1 x = 101 = 10;

Vi t = 1 th lg x = 1 x = 101 =

Vi t = 2 th lg x = 2 x = 102 = 100.

1
;
10

1
, x = 100.
10
c) iu kin x > 0. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

Vy phng trnh cho c 3 nghim x = 10, x =

xlg

x2 3 lg x 29

= (10lg x )2 = x2
9
lg2 x2 3 lg x = 2 8 lg2 x 6 lg x 5 = 0.
2
t t = lg x (t R) th phng trnh tr thnh
5
1
8t2 6t 5 = 0 hay t = t = .
2
4
1
1
1
th lg x = x = ;
2
2
10

5
5
4
Vi t = th lg x = x = 105 .
4
4

1
4
Phng trnh cho c 2 nghim l x = v x = 105 .
10
(
x 6= 0,
|x| 1. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
d) iu kin
log2 |x| 0
Vi t =

p
1
log2 |x| 4 log22 |x| 5 = 0 log2 |x| 4
2
1
2

27

1
log2 |x| 5 = 0.
2

HM S M V LOGART

t t =

BI QU

1
log2 |x| (t 0) th phng trnh tr thnh
2
t2 4t 5 = 0 hay t = 1 t = 5.
1
log2 |x| = 25 log2 |x| = 50 |x| = 250 (tho mn).
2
l nghim ca phng trnh.

Do t 0 nn t = 5. Suy ra

Vy x = 250

Nhn xt. Ta s t n ph khi gp nhng bi ton (tng i phc tp) c c s ging nhau
hoc c c s lin quan nhau bng cc ly tha. Khng phi bi ton no ta cng t n ph c
ngay. Chng hn nh khi gii phng trnh

(2 3)x + (2 + 3)x = 14

ta phi nhn thy rng (2 3)(2 + 3) = 22 ( 3)2 = 1, t suy ra

2
v nu t t = (2

3)x th

3=

1
= (2 + 3)1 ,
2+ 3

1
= (2 + 3)x . Tng t nh vy i vi phng trnh
t
(log22+7 x)2 log227 x = 2.

Mun t c n ph, ta phi nhn thy c mi lin h

1
= (2 2 7)1 .
2 2+ 7=
2 2 7
Thm ch, mt s phng trnh cn "kh nhn" ra hn! Chng hn khi gii phng trnh

(3 + 2 2)x = ( 2 1)x + 3

2 1)( 2 + 1) = 1 v 3 + 2 2 = 1 + 2 2 + ( 2)2 = ( 2 + 1)2 .

ta cn nhn thy (
T nu t 2t = ( 2 + 1)x , (t > 0) th ta c
4t2 =

1
1
+ 3 hay 4t3 3t = .
2t
2


1


).
= cos = 4 cos3 3 cos . p s. x = log2+1 2 cos
2
3
9
9
9
Bn cnh , cng c nhng bi ton m chng ta phi t nhiu hn mt n ph. Khi phng
trnh cho c a v mt h phng trnh i s. V d sau y s minh chng cho nhn nh
ny.
(Ch rng

V d 2.19. Gii cc phng trnh

a) 22x 2x + 6 = 6;
p
p
b) 3 + log2 (x2 4x + 5) + 2 5 log2 (x2 4x + 5).
28

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Li gii. a) t u= 2x (u > 0)
trnh tr thnh u2 u + 6 = 6.
th phng
Tip tc t v = u + 6 (v > 6) th v 2 = u + 6 v ta c h phng trnh i xng
(
u2 = v + 6,
v 2 = u + 6.
Tr v vi v ta c
2

u v = (u v) (u v)(u + v + 1) = 0
Vi u = v ta c u = u + 6
2

u = 3
u = 2

uv
= 0,
u + v + 1 = 0.

2x = 3 x = log2 3;

1 + 21
u =
2
Vi u + v + 1 = 0 ta c u2 + u 5 = 0
1 21
u =
(loi)
2

1 21
1 21
x
2 =
x = log2
.
2
2

1 21
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l x = 8; x = log2
.
2
b) iu kin

x 4x + 5 > 0,

3 + log2 (x2 4x + 5) 0, x2 4x + 5 25 2 29 x 2 + 29.

5 log2 (x2 4x + 5) 0
(
p
u = 3 + log2 (x2 4x + 5)
p
t
(u, v 0). Khi ta c h phng trnh
v = 5 log2 (x2 4x + 5)
(loi)

(
u + 2v = 6,
u2 + v 2 = 8.

u = 2 ,
5
hoc
14

v = .
5
71
2
v tm c 4 nghim ca
T suy ra log2 (x 4x + 5) = 1 hoc log2 (x2 4x + 5) =
25
phng trnh.
(
u = 2,
Gii ra ta c
v = 2;

Nhn xt. i vi mt s phng trnh n x, sau khi t n ph th trong phng trnh vn cn

n x (khng biu din ht c theo n ph), ta vn gii bnh thng bng cch coi x lc l
h s t do, v tnh n ph theo x ri thay li tm x. V d sau minh ha iu ny.
V d 2.20. Gii cc phng trnh
29

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

a) 25x 2(3 x).5x + 2x 7 = 0;

b) x.2x = x(3 x) + 2(2x 1);
c) log22 x + (x 1) log2 x + 2x 6 = 0.

Li gii. a) t t = 5x (t > 0) th phng trnh tr thnh

t2 2(3 x)t + 2x 7 = 0.

Phng trnh bc hai (n t) ny tho mn iu kin a b + c = 0 nn c mt nghim t = 1 v

nghim cn li l t = 2x + 7. V t > 0 nn t = 2x + 7. Khi
5x = 2x + 7.

()

n y ta c hai cch lp lun tm c x.

Cch 1. Ta thy x = 1 l mt nghim ca () v 51 = 2 + 7.
Nu x > 1 th 5x > 5 > 2x + 7, do () v nghim.
Nu x < 1 th 5x < 5 < 2x + 7, do () cng v nghim.
Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca ().
Cch 2. Ta thy y = f (x) = 5x l hm s lu tha ng bin v y = g(x) = 2x + 7 l
hm s nghch bin. Do , th ca chng ct nhau ti nhiu nht l mt im. Mt khc
f (1) = g(1) = 5 nn th ca chng ct nhau ti im duy nht l (1; 5). Vy phng trnh ()
c duy nht mt nghim x = 1.
b) t 2x = y (y > 0) th phng trnh tr thnh
Phng trnh ny tng ng vi

xy = x(3 x) + 2(y 1).

y(x 2) + x2 3x + 2 = 0 y(x 2) + (x 1)(x 2) = 0


x =
2,
(x 2)(y + x 1) = 0
2x = 1 x
()
Tng t cu a), ta cng lp lun c x = 0 l nghim duy nht ca ().
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l x = 2, x = 0.
c) iu kin x 0. t t = log2 x (t R) th phng trnh tr thnh
Phng trnh ny tng ng vi

t2 + (x 1)t + 2x 6 = 0.

t2 t 6 + x(t + 2) = 0 (t + 2)(t 3) + x(t + 2) = 0

(t + 2)(t 3 + x) = 0

t = 2,

t = 3 x.

1
Vi t = 2 th log2 x = 2 x = ;
4
Vi t = 3 x th log2 x = 3 x (). Nhn thy v tri l hm ng bin, v phi l hm nghch
bin v x = 2 l mt nghim ca phng trnh (). Do phng trnh () c nghim duy nht
x = 2.
1
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x = , x = 2.
4
30

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.18. Gii cc phng trnh m
2

a) 101+x 101x
= 99;

x1
x1
c) 3.2 x1 8.2 2 + 4;

b) 8.3 x+ x + 9 x+1 = 9 x ;

d) ( 5 3)x + ( 10 3)x10 84 = 0.

Hng dn. a) t t = 10x . p

s. x = 1.
4
4
b) Chia hai v cho 9 x . t t = 3 x x . p s. x = 16.

x+1
1
c) t t = 2 2 (t , x 0). p s. x = 9.
2
x
d) t t = 3 10 . p s. x = 20.
Bi tp 2.19. Gii cc phng trnh lgarit sau
2
7
2 lg x
= lg x +
;
b) logx 2 log4 x + = 0;
lg x 1
lg x 1
6
c) x(lg 5 1) = lg(2x + 1) lg 6; d) lg2x 64 + logx2 16 = 3.

a)

1
.
Hng dn. a) t t = lg x. p s. x =
100
1
.
b) t t = log2 x. p s. x = 8, x =
3
4
1
c) Vit lg 5 1 = lg . t t = 2x . p s. x = 1.
2
1
.
d) t t = log2 x. p s. x = 4, x =
3
2
Bi tp 2.20. Gii cc phng trnh

a) (5 21)x + 7.(5 + 21)x = 2x+3 ;

b) (2 +
c) (

3)x

2 +

2 2x+1

+ (2

3)x

2 2x1

5)x + ( 2 + 5)x = 2;

2
;
2 3

d) 3 log743 (x 5) + 2 log243+7 (x 5) + 1 = 0.

21
2
. Chia c hai v
=
Hng dn. a) T (5 21)(5 + 21) = 52 21 = 4 suy ra
2
5 21

 5 21 x
x
(t > 0). p s. x = 0, x = log 521 7.
cho 2 , t t =
2
x22 2x
1
3)
3)
b) t t = (2
+
(t

(2
+
).
p
s.
x
=
0,
x
=
2.
p
x
c) t t = ( 2 + 5) . p s. x = 0.
p

d) t t = log43+7 (x 5). p s. x = 12 + 4 3; x = 5 + 4 3 + 7.
5+

Bi tp 2.21. Gii cc phng trnh

a)

8
2x1 + 1

2x
18
= x1
;
x
2 +2
2
+ 2x+1 + 2
31

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

b) log2 [x(x 1)2 ] + log2 x. log2 (x2 x) = 2;

p
c) log22 x + log2 x + 1 = 1.
(
u = 2x1 + 1,
x
Hng dn. a) t t = 2 hoc t hai n
v = 21x + 1

, khi ta c

uv = 2x1 + 21x + 2 = u + v
v a v h hai n u, v. (
p s. x = 1, x = 4.
u = log2 (x2 x),
v vit
b) iu kin x > 1. t
v = log2 x
log2 [x(x 1)2 ] = log2

(x2 x)2
= 2u v.
x

a phng trnh v dng

(u 1)(v + 2) = 0. p s. x = 2, x = 4.
c) t u = log2 x, v = u + 1, a phng trnh v h i xng n u, v.

1
1 5
p s. x = 2 2 , x = 1, x = .
2
Bi tp 2.22. Gii cc phng trnh
a) 9x + 2(x 2).3x + 2x 5 = 0;
b) lg2 (x2 + 1) + (x2 5) lg(x2 + 1) 5x2 = 0;
c) (x + 2) log23 (x + 1) + 4(x + 1) log3 (x + 1) 16 = 0;
d) 4x2 + 3

.x + 31+

= 2.3

.x2 + 2x + 6.

Hng dn. t n ph, tnh n ph theo bin x.

80
p s. a) x = 1; b) x = 99999, x = 0; c) x = 2, x = ;
81

d) t y = 3 x , ta c 4x2 + yx + 3y = 2yx2 + 2x + 6 (y 2)(2x2 x 3) = 0.

3
p s. x = ; x = (log3 2)2 .
2
c) M ho, lgarit ho
Trong mt s phng trnh, a v cng c s hoc kh biu thc m, lgarit cha n s, ta
thng ly m hoc lgarit cc v. Ta p dng cc cng thc
aM = aN M = N;
loga M = loga N M = N > 0;
loga N = M N = aM .

trong a > 0, a 6= 1.
V d 2.21. Gii cc phng trnh
32

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

a) 3x .2x = 1;
x+17
x+5
c) 32 x7 = 0, 25.125 x3 ;

b) 23 = 32 ;
d) 2x+2 .3x = 4x .5x1 .

Li gii. a) Ly lgarit c s 3 hai v, ta c phng trnh tng ng vi

2

log3 (3x .2x ) = log3 1 log3 3x + log3 2x = 0 x + x2 log 32 = 0.

1
= log2 3.
log3 2
b) Ly lgarit c s 2 hai v ta c phng trnh tng ng
Do phng trnh c hai nghim l x = 0, x =

log2 23 = log2 32 3x = 2x . log2 3

Do x = log 3 log2 3 l nghim ca phng trnh.
2
c) Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
x+5

x+17

25. x7 = 22 .53. x3 2

7x+11
x7

 3 x
2

=5

3x+51
x3

= log2 3.

Ly lgarit c s 2 hai v ta c
7x + 11
3x + 51
=
log2 5
x

7
x

3
(
x 6= 7, x 6= 3,

(7 3 log2 5)x2 2(5 + 15 log2 x)x (33 357 log2 5) = 0.

Phng trnh bc hai trn c
0 = 1296 log22 5 2448 log2 5 + 256 > 0,
nn c nghim

5 + 15 log2 5 0
.
x=
7 3 log2 5

Hai nghim ny u tho mn v chng u khc 7 v 3.

d) Ly lgarit c s 10 hai v ta c

lg 2x+2 + lg 3x = lg 4x + lg 5x1
(x + 2) lg 2 + x lg 3 = x lg 4 + (x 1) lg 5
x(lg 4 + lg 5 lg 3 lg 2) = 2 lg 2 + lg 5
4.5
lg 20
x. lg
= lg(22 .5) x =
.
10
3.2
lg
3
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x =

lg 20
.
10
lg
3
33

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

V d 2.22. Gii cc phng trnh

10
a) logx 2 = 0, 01;

b) logx2 (2x) = 3.

Li gii. a) iu kin x > 0, x 6= 1. M ho hai v ln bng c s x, ta c

xlogx
Do

10

= x0,01 2 10 = x 100 .
1

 1 100
= 210 =
x = 2 10

1
.
1024

b) iu kin x > 2, x 6= 3. M ho hai v bi c s x 2, ta c

2x = (x 2)3 x3 6x2 + 12x 8 = 0 (x 4)(x2 2x + 2) = 0.
V x2 2x + 2 > 0 nn x 4 = 0 hay x = 4 (tho mn).
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 4.

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.23. Gii cc phng trnh
a) xlg 9 + 9lg x = 6;

2
3
c) x3 lg x 3 lg x = 100 3 10;

b) x lg x = 10x ;
2
d) 6x .7x1 = 8x .9x1 .

Hng dn. a) iu kin x > 0. Ta c

lg xlg 9 = lg 9. lg x = lg x. lg 9 = lg 9lg x .

Do xlg 9 = 9lg x . p s. x = 10.

b) Lgarit c s 10 hai v. p s. Phng trnh v nghim.
1
c) Lgarit c s 10 hai v, t t = lg x. p s. x = 10, x = .
10
d) Ly lgarit c s bt k c hai v, a v phng trnh bc hai ca x.
2.5.2

Phng php th

Phng php gii. V th ca cc hm s trong phng trnh cn gii trn cng mt h trc
ta . Sau tm giao im ca chng v bin lun, kt lun nghim ca phng trnh l honh
ca cc giao im .
 1 x
1
=x .
V d 2.23. Gii phng trnh
2
 12 x
1
Li gii. V th hm s y =
v ng thng y = x trn cng mt h trc ta
2
2
Oxy. Ta thy chng ct nhau ti im duy nht
c
honh

x
=
1. Th li ta thy gi tr ny
 1 x
1
tho mn phng trnh cho. Mt khc, y =
l hm s nghch bin, y = x l hm s
2
2
ng bin nn phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x = 1.
34

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU
y
1
2

y =x
1
y=

1
2
O

 1 x
2

Nhn xt. Vic v th thc cht l ng khong v d on nghim (nu c) ca phng

trnh. Sau khi d on c nghim, ta th trc tip vo phng trnh, nu tha mn th kt lun
ngay (nh li gii trn) - khi nh th ta bit rng phng trnh c nghim duy nht.

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.24. Gii cc phng trnh sau bng th
a)

 1 x
3

3
;
x

b) log4 x =

1
;
x

c) 16x = log 1 x.
2

Hng dn. Gii tng t v d trn.

2.5.3

S dng tnh n iu ca hm s m, hm s lgarit

Phng php gii. S dng cc tnh cht c bn ca hm s m v hm s lgarit, l

Hm s lu tha y = ax (a > 0, a 6= 1) ng bin trn R nu a > 1, nghch bin trn R nu
0 < a < 1.
Hm s lgarit y = loga x (a > 0, a 6= 1) ng bin trn (0; +) nu a > 1, nghch bin trn
(0; +) nu 0 < a < 1.
Cc hm s m y = ax v hm s lu tha y = loga x u lin tc trn tp xc nh ca
chng.
V d 2.24. Gii cc phng trnh
a) 3x + 4x = 5x ;

b) 2x+1 4x = x 1.

Li gii. a) Chia c hai v ca phng trnh cho 5x > 0, ta c

 4 x

5
 3 x

 4 x
5

= 1.

3  4 x 4
+
ln < 0, x.
5
5
5
5
5
5
Do f (x) ng bin trn R. Mt khc f (2) = 1. Do x = 2 l nghim duy nht ca phng
Xt f (x) =

 3 x

 3 x

. Ta c f 0 (x) =

ln

35

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

trnh.
b) Phng trnh tng ng vi
2x (2 2x ) = x 1.

Vi x = 1 th phng trnh trn ng, do x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.

Nu x > 1 th 2x > 2 v x 1 > 0, do 2x (2 2x ) < 0 < x 1. Phng trnh cho v
nghim.
Nu x < 1 th 2x < 2 v x 1 < 0, do 2x (2 2x ) > 0 > x 1. Phng trnh cho v
nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 1.
V d 2.25. Gii cc phng trnh
a) lg(x 4) = 5 x;

b) log 1 (x + 2) = 2x 1.
2

Li gii. a) iu kin x 4 > 0 x > 4.

t f (x) = lg(x 4), g(x) = 5 x, phng trnh cho tr thnh
f (x) = g(x).
Ta c f (x) ng bin trn (4; +) v g(x) nghch bin trn R.
Hn na f (5) = g(5), o x = 5 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
b) Tng t. p s. x = 0.

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.25. Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) 2x + 3x + 5x = 10x ; b) 3x + 4x + 12x = 13x ;
18
c) ln(x 2) = 3 x;
d) log0,4 (3 x) =
x.
5
p s. a) x = 1; b) x = 2; c) x = 3; d) x =

13
.
5

x
Bi tp 2.26. Gii phng
trnh x = 2 2 .

Hng dn. D thy x = 2 l nghim ca phng trnh. Nu x > 2 th

xx > ( 2)x > ( 2) 2 .

Tng t khi x < 2. Vy x = 2 l nghim duy nht.

2

3
Bi tp 2.27. Gii phng trnh 5x + 4x = (2x + 3x + 1).
2
Hng dn. Bin i phng trnh v dng
 x
5
+1
3
4
 x  x  x = .
1
2
3
2
+
+
4
4
4
36

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

 x
5
5
+1> +1=
Nhn thy x = 1 l nghim. Nu x > 1 th
4
4
 x  x  x
2
3
1 2 3
1
+
+
< + +
4
4
4
4 4 4
Suy ra V T >
2.5.4

9
, v
4
6
= .
4

3
= V P , phng trnh v nghim. Tng t khi x < 1. p s. x = 1.
2

Cc phng php khc

Bn cnh cc cch gii phng trnh truyn thng, chng ta cn c rt nhiu cch gii c o
khc. Trong phn ny chng ti xin gii thiu mt s phng php khc, l: bin thin hng
s, s dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle, phng php nh gi v phng php hm s.
a) Phng php bin thin hng s
Trong phng php ny, ta i vai tr ca n cn tm vi hng s: coi hng s l n v n l hng
s.
V d 2.26. Gii phng trnh
42x + 23x+1 + 2x+3 16 = 0.

Li gii. t t = 2x (t > 0) th phng trnh tr thnh

Ta vit li phng trnh ny thnh

t4 + 2t3 + 8t 16 = 0.
42 2t.4 (t4 + 2t3 ) = 0.

By gi ta coi 4 = u l mt n ca phng trnh, cn t l s bit. Phng trnh tr thnh

phng trnh bc hai i vi n u. Tnh 0 , ta c
0 = (t)2 + (t4 + 2t3 ) = (t2 + t)2 .


4 = t2
u = t t(t + 1)
t2 + 2t 4 = 0

Do
4 = t2 + 2t
u = t + t(t + 1)


(loi)
t = 1 5

t = 1 + 5 (tho mn)

Suy ra 2x = 5 1 x = log2 ( 5 + 1).

Bi tp tng t.

Bi tp 2.28. Gii phng trnh lg4 x + lg3 x 2 lg2 x 9 lg x 9 = 0.

Hng dn. t t = lg x, vit li phng trnh dng
32 + 3t.3 (t4 + t3 2t2 ) = 0.

Coi 3 = u l n, gii phng trnh bc hai theo n u, = (2t2 + t)2 , tm c

"


1+ 13
u = t2 2t,
x = 10 2
v
1 13
u =
t2 t
x = 10 2
37

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

b) S dng nh l Lagrange, nh l Rolle

nh l Lagrange: Gi s f : [a; b] R l hm tha mn
i) f lin tc trn [a; b];
ii) f kh vi trn (a; b).
Khi tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c).(b a).
nh l Rolle (h qu ca nh l Lagrange): Gi s f : [a; b] R l hm tha mn
i) f lin tc trn [a; b];
ii) f kh vi trn (a; b);
ii) f (a) = f (b).
Khi tn ti c (a; b) sao cho f 0 (c) = 0.
V d 2.27. Gii phng trnh

3cos x 2cos x = cos x.

Li gii. Vit li phng trnh di dng

3cos x 3 cos x = 2cos x 2 cos x.

Gi s phng trnh c nghim l , khi

3cos 3 cos = 2cos 2 cos .

Xt hm s f (t) = tcos t cos , ta c f 0 (x) = (tcos 1 1) cos .

Khi f (3) = f (2) v f (t) kh vi lin tc trn [2; 3], theo nh l Lagrange th tn ti c [2; 3],
sao cho
f (3) f (2)
f 0 (c) =
hay (ccos 1 1) cos = 0.
32
T suy ra
"


=
+ k
cos = 0

(k Z).
2
cos = 1
=
k2
Th li ta thy cc gi tr ny u tho mn.

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = + k, x = k2 (k Z).

2
V d 2.28. Gii phng trnh
4log3 x + 2log3 x = 2x.
Li gii. iu kin x > 0. t u = log3 x th x = 3u . Khi phng trnh tr thnh
4u + 2u = 2.3u 4u 3u = 3u 2u .

Gi s phng trnh n u ny c nghim l , tc l 4 3 = 3 2 .

Xt hm s f (t) = (t + 1) t , t > 0, ta c f 0 (t) = [(t + 1)1 t1 ].
Khi ta c f (3) = f (2), f (t) kh vi lin tc trn [2; 3]. Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti c [2; 3]
sao cho f 0 (c) = 0

=0
1
1
[(c + 1)
c ]=0
=1

Th li thy u = = 0 v u = = 1 u tho mn. T tm c x = 1, x = 3.

38

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.29. Gii cc phng trnh
a) 3x + 5x = 2.4x ;

b) 6x + 2x = 5x + 3x .

Hng dn. a) Chuyn v dng 5x 4x = 4x 3x . Gii tng t v d trn.

b) Chuyn v dng 6x 5x = 3x 2x . Gii tng t.
Bi tp 2.30. Cho

a b
+ + c = 0. Chng minh rng phng trnh
3 2
a.22x + b.2x + c = 0

lun c nghim.
b
a
Hng dn. t t = 2x (t > 0), xt hm s F (t) = t3 + t2 + ct kh vi lin tc trn (0; +) v
3
2
a b
F (1) F (0) = + + c = 0. Theo nh l Lagrange th tn ti t nht mt s k (0; 1) sao cho
3 2
F 0 (k) = ak 2 + bk + c = 0. Do x = log2 k l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Bi tp 2.31. Cho

b
c
a
+
+
= 0. Chng minh rng phng trnh
2008 2007 2006
a lg2 x + b lg x + c = 0

lun c nghim dng.

Hng dn. Tng t, t t = lg x xt F (t) =

a.t2008 b.t2007 c.t2006

+
+
.
2008
2007
2006

c) Phng php nh gi
V d 2.29. Gii phng trnh
2

3sin

+ 3cos

= 2x + 22 + 2.

Li gii. Phng trnh tng ng vi

2

3sin

+ 31sin

= 2x + 22 + 2

x
x
32 sin x + 3

4 = 22. 2 + 22. 2 2
2x
sin
3

2
2
sin2 x
x
x
(3
1)(3sin x 3)
= 22 2 2
.

2
3sin x
2

V (
0 sin2 x 1 nn 1 3sin x 3. Suy ra V T 0 V P v phng trnh trn tng ng vi
2
2
(3sin x 1)(3sin x 3) = 0,
h
x
x
2 2 2 2 = 0.
T phng trnh th hai, d dng suy ra x = 0 (tha mn). Vy x = 0 l nghim duy nht ca
phng trnh cho.
39

HM S M V LOGART

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V d 2.30. Gii phng trnh

2x+2 + 3x+2 = 32x+1 + 22x+1 .
Li gii. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi phng trnh
3x+2 32x+1 = 22x+1 2x+2 .
D thy x = 1 l nghim ca phng trnh.
Nu x > 1 th x + 2 < 2x + 1, do
3x+2 < 32x+1 ; 22x+1 > 2x+2 .
Hay V T < 0 < V P , phng trnh v nghim.
Tng t, nu x < 1 th phng trnh cng v nghim.
Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.32. Gii phng trnh log2 x + log3 (x + 1) = log4 (x + 2) + log5 (x + 3).
Hng dn. iu kin x > 0. Nhn thy x = 2 l nghim. Nu x > 2 th
x+2
x+1
x+3
x
>
> 1;
>
> 1.
2
4
3
5
Suy ra
x
x+2
x+2
> log2
> log4
hay log2 x > log4 (x + 2);
2
4
4
x+3
x+3
x+1
> log3
> log5
hay log3 (x + 1) > log5 (x + 3).
log3
3
5
5
log2

Suy ra V T > V P , phng trnh v nghim. Tng t khi 0 < x < 2 th

0<

x+2
x+1
x+3
x
<
< 1; 0 <
<
< 1.
2
4
3
5

Suy ra
x+2
x+2
x
< log2
< log4
hay log2 x < log4 (x + 2);
2
4
4
x+1
x+3
x+3
log3
< log3
< log5
hay log3 (x + 1) < log5 (x + 3).
3
5
5
log2

Suy ra V T < V P , phng trnh v nghim. p s. x = 2.

Bi tp 2.33. Gii phng trnh log2 x + log5 (2x + 1) = 2.
Hng dn. iu kin x > 0. Nhn thy x = 2 l nghim. Nu x > 2 th
log2 x > log2 2 = 1; log5 (2x + 1) > log5 (2.2 + 1) = 1.
Suy ra phng trnh v nghim. Tng t khi 0 < x < 2. p s. x = 2.
40

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Bi tp 2.34. Gii phng trnh logx (x + 1) = lg 1, 5.

Hng dn. iu kin x > 0; x 6= 1. Nu 0 < x < 1 th x + 1 > 1, do
logx (x + 1) < logx 1 = 0 = lg 1 < lg 1, 5.
Do phng trnh v nghim. Tng t, khi x > 1 th
logx (x + 1) > logx x = 1 = lg 10 > lg 1, 5.
p s. Phng trnh v nghim.
d) Phng php hm s
Phng php gii. S dng tnh ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s, a vic gii phng
trnh m, phng trnh lgarit v gii phng trnh i s (nh tnh cht: Nu f (u) n iu v
f (u) = f (v) th u = v).
V d 2.31. Gii phng trnh
2

1x2
x2

12x
x2

1 1
.
2 x

Li gii. iu kin x 6= 0. Nhn thy



x2 2x
2
1 1
1 2x 1 x2
.

=
=1 =2

x2
x2
x2
x
2 x

Do phng trnh tng ng vi phng trnh



2
1x2
12x
1

2x
1

x
1
2 x2 2 x2 =

2
x2
x2
12x
1x2
1 1 x2
1 1 2x
2
x
x2
=
2
.
2
+ .
+ .
2
2 x
2 x2
Mt khc f (t) = 2t +

suy ra

t
l hm s ng bin trn R, do t
2




1 x2
1 2x
f
=f
x2
x2

1 x2
1 2x
=
.
2
x
x2
T d dng tm c x = 2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
V d 2.32. Gii phng trnh
5x2 = 5x

2 x1

+ (x 1)2 .

Li gii. Phng trnh tng ng vi

5x2 x 1 = 5x

2 x1

5x1 + 5(x 1) = 5x
41

+ x2 x

2 x

+ 5(x2 x).

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Xt f (t) = 5t + 5t (t R). D thy f (t) lun ng bin. Mt khc

f (x 1) = f (x2 x),

do

x 1 = x2 x.

T d dng tm c x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.

Bi tp tng t.
18x + 32x 12x 16x
5
=
.
x
27x + 36xx + 48x + 64
2x
4x
5
2

=
, hay
Hng dn. Vit phng trnh v dng x
x
x
x
3 +4
9 + 16
2x
2x
5
22x
5
+
=
+
.
3 x + 4x x
32x + 42x 2x
2t
5
Xt hm s f (t) = t
+ lun ng bin. p s. Phng trnh v nghim.
t
3 +4
t
Bi tp 2.35. Gii phng trnh

Bi tp 2.36. Gii phng trnh 22 + 32 = 2x + 3x+1 + x + 1.

Hng dn. Cng thm 2x vo c hai v, vit phng trnh v dng
x

22 + 32 + 2x = 2x+1 + 3x+1 + x + 1.
Xt hm s f (t) = 2t + 3t + t (t R).
Bi tp 2.37. Gii phng trnh 2x2 6x + 2 = log2

2x + 1
.
(x 1)2

1
, x 6= 1. Vit phng trnh v dng
2
2(x 1)2 + log2 [2(x 1)2 ] = (2x + 1) + log2 (2x + 1).

3 7
Xt hm s f (t) = t + log2 t (t > 0). p s. x =
.
2

Hng dn. iu kin x >

2x2 + 1
3 x +2

Bi tp 2.38. Gii phng trnh

=
.
x2 + 2
3 2x2 +1
Hng dn. Lgarit c s 3 hai v, vit phng trnh v dng

log3 (2x2 + 1) + 2x2 + 1 = log3 (x2 + 2) + x2 + 2.

Xt hm s f (t) = log3 t + t (t > 0). p s. x = 1.

Bi tp 2.39. Gii phng trnh 2.2( x2) = log2 (2x).

Hng dn. iu kin x 2. Bin i phng trnh v 2x1 = log2 (2x).
t y = 2x1 , y 2 th x = 1 + log2 y = log2 (2y). T ta c h

y
=
log
(2x),
2

2 = 2x,
x = log2 (2y), 2x = 2y,

x, y 2
x, y 2.
2

T suy ra y.2y = x.2x . Xt hm s f (t) = t.2t (t 2) ng bin. Suy ra x = y.

p s. x = 1, x = 2.
42

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

2.6 BI TP V BT PHNG TRNH M V BT PHNG

TRNH LGARIT
Phng php gii. Cc phng php gii bt phng trnh m v bt phng trnh lgarit cng
tng t nh gii phng trnh m v phng trnh lgarit, bao gm: a v bt phng trnh
m, bt phng trnh lgarit c bn (a v cng c s, t n ph, m ha hoc lgarit ha); s
dng th; s dng tnh cht ca hm s m v hm s lgarit.
Sau y, chng ti a ra cc v d minh ha.
V d 2.33. (a v cng c s)
Gii cc bt phng trnh
2

a) 3x +2x15 > 1;
c) log 1 (x2 + 2x 8) 4;
2

b) ( 5 + 2)x+1 ( 5 2)x3 ;
d) log3 log 1 (x2 1) < 1.
2

Li gii. a) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

3x

2 +2x15

> 30 x2 + 2x 15 > 0 x > 3 x < 5.

Vy tp nghim ca
bt phng
trnh l D = (; 5) (3; +).
b) Nhn xt rng 5 2 = ( 5 + 2)1 , do bt phng trnh c th vit thnh

( 5 + 2)x+1 [( 5 + 2)1 ]x3 = ( 5 + 2)3x x + 1 3 x x 1.

Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l D = [1; +).
c) Ta c iu kin ca bt phng trnh l x2 + 2x 8 > 0. Khi ta c th vit bt phng trnh
di dng
log 1 (x2 + 2x 8) log 1 16.
2

V c s

1
nh hn 1 nn bt phng trnh trn tng ng vi h
2
(
(

x < 4 x > 2
x2 + 2x 8 > 0
6 x < 4

2
2 < x 4.
6 x 4
x + 2x 8 16

Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l D = [6; 4) (2; 4].

d) iu kin x2 1 > 0 |x| > 1. Bt phng trinh tng ng vi
log3 log 1 (x2 1) < log3 3 0 < log 1 (x2 1) < 3
2
2
1
1
log 1 1 < log 1 (x2 1) < log 1 1 > x2 1 >
2
2
2 8
8

3
9
2 > x2 > 2 > |x| > (tha mn).
8
2 2
 3   3 
Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l D = 2; ; 2 .
2 2
2 2

V d 2.34. (t n ph)
Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

43

HM S M V LOGART

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4x
< 4;
4x 3x
d) 2 log32 x + 5 log22 x + log2 x 2 0.

a) 0, 4x 2, 5x+1 > 1, 5;

c) 2(lg x)2 + (1 2) lg x2 > 2 2;

Li gii. a) V 2, 5 =

b)

1
= 0, 41 nn bt phng trnh c th vit li thnh
0, 4
0, 4x 2, 5.0, 4x 1, 5 > 0.

t t = 0, 4x (t > 0), ta c bt phng trnh i s

2

t 1, 5t 2, 5 > 0

t < 1 (loi)
t > 2, 5.

Khi ta c 0, 4x > 2, 5 hay 0, 4x > 0, 41, do x < 1.

b) Chia c t v mu cho 4x (4x > 0), ta c

1
t

 3 x
4

1
 3 x < 4.
4

= t (t > 0), ta c bt phng trnh

1
4t 3
3
4 <0
> 0 t < t > 1.
1t
t1
4

3
hoc t > 1. T suy ra x > 1 hoc x < 0.
4
c) t t = lg x, x > 0, ta c

2t2 + 2(1 2)t > 2 2 t < 1 t > 2.


1
lg x <
1
x<

Do ta c
10
lg x > 2
x > 10 2 .

V t > 0 nn ta c 0 < t <

d) Tng t, t t = log2 x, ta c bt phng trnh

2t3 + 5t2 + t 2 0
hay
(t + 2)(2t2 + t 1) 0.
1
Bt phng trnh ny c nghim 2 t 1 hoc t .
2

1
1
Suy ra x hoc x 2.
4
2
V d 2.35. (M ha hoc lgarit ha)
Gii cc bt phng trnh
a) xlog2 x < 32;
b) (x2 + x + 1)x < 1;
c) log 1 x + log4 x 1; d) logx (5x2 8x + 3) > 2.
5

44

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Li gii. a) Vi iu kin x > 0, ly lgarit c s 2 c hai v ta c

log2 x. log2 x < 5 5 < log2 x < 5.

T suy ra 2 5 < x < 2 5 .

b) Ta ch x2 + x + 1 > 0. Lgarit c s 10 hai v ra c
(
x > 0,

lg(x2 + x + 1) < 0
(
x lg(x2 + x + 1) < 0
x < 0,

lg(x2 + x + 1) > 0.

H th nht v nghim, h th hai cho ta nghim x < 1.

c) i v lgarit c s 10, ta c

lg 5 lg 4
lg x lg x
1
. lg x 1.
+
1
lg 4
lg 5. lg 4
lg
5
lg 5. lg 4

T suy ra x 10 lg 5lg 4 .
d) Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
(
x > 1,
5x2 8x + 3 > x2

hoc

(
0 < x < 1,
5x2 8x + 3 < x2 .

1
3
3
H th nht cho nghim x > ; h th hai cho nghim < x < .
2
2
5
V d 2.36. (S dng tnh cht ca hm s m, hm s lgarit)
Gii cc bt phng trnh
 1 x
 1 x
 1 x
a)
+2
+3
< 1;
6
3
2

b) log2 ( x2 5x + 5 + 1) + log3 (x2 5x + 7) 2.

 1 x
 1 x
 1 x
+2
+3
. Nhn thy f (2) = 1. Mt khc, f (x) l tng ca
Li gii. a) t f (x) =
6
3
2
cc hm s nghch bin trn R, do f (x) cng l hm nghch bin. T ta c
f (x) < 1 = f (2) x > 2.

Vy tp nghim
ca bt phng trnh l D = (2; +).
b) t t = x2 5x + 5 (t 0), bt phng trnh tr thnh

log2 (t + 1) + log3 (t2 + 2) 2.

Xt f (t) = log2 (t + 1) + log3 (t2 + 2) trn [0; +). Do t 0 nn log2 (t + 1) v log3 (t2 + 2) u l
cc hm s ng bin, do f (t) ng bin trn [0; +).
Li c f (1) = 2, t suy ra t 1. Gii ra ra c

5+ 5
5 5
hoc
x 4.
1x
2
2
45

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.40. Gii cc bt phng trnh
2

a) 5log3 x+2 < 1;

c) lg(x2 x 2) < 2 lg(3 x);

6x6
b) ( 2 + 1) x+1 ( 2 1)x ;
d) ln |x 2| + ln |x + 4| 3 ln 2.

Hng dn. a) Ch rng 5M < 1 M < 0 v log3 N < 0 0 < N < 1. p s. x > 0.
b) p s. Tp nghim D = (1; 2] [3; +).
 11 
.
c) p s. Tp nghim D = (; 1) 2;
5

d) p s. Tp nghim D = [1 17; 2] [0; 1 + 17].

Bi tp 2.41. Gii cc bt phng trnh
2

a) 9sin x + 9cos x 10;

p
c) log9 (3x2 4x + 2) + 1 > log3 (3x2 4x + 2);

b) q
8lg x 19.2lg x 6.4lg x + 24 > 0;

d) logx 7x. log7 x < 1.

Hng dn. t n ph. p s. a) x = k x = + 2k (k Z);

2
7
1
1
1 x < ; d) 0 < x < .
b) 0 < x < 1 x > 1000; c) 1 < x
3
3
49
Bi tp 2.42. Gii cc bt phng trnh
log 1 x2 3

b) x 2
2;
a) x lg x > 10.x4 ;
lg2 x+lg x4
c) x
> 10000; d) logx2 (3 2x) > 1.
1
Hng dn. M ha hoc lgarit ha. p s. a) 0 < x < 1; b) x = ;
2
1
1
<x<
x > 100; d) 3 < x < 1.
c)
100
10
Bi tp 2.43. Gii cc bt phng trnh
a) 3

x+4

+2

2x+4

> 13;

b) log2

x + 1 + log3

3x + 9 > 1.

Hng dn. S dng tnh cht ca hm s m, hm s lgarit. p s. a) x>0; b) x>0.

Bi tp 2.44. Gii bt phng trnh log2 (x2 1) > 12 x2 .
Hng dn. V th hai hm s y = log2 (x2 1) v y = 12 x2 trn cng mt h trc ta
(ch cc giao im l (3; 3); (3; 3)). p s. x < 3 hoc x > 3.

2.7 BI TP V H PHNG TRNH M V H PHNG TRNH

LGARIT
Phng php gii. Thng thng, gii mt h phng trnh, ta s dng cc cch nh: rt
n, t n ph, s dng hm s,... i vi h phng trnh m v h phng trnh lgarit cng
vy.
Sau y l cc v d.
46

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

V d 2.37. (Rt n)
Gii cc h phng trnh

x y = 2,
a)
1
3x2 +y = ;
9
(
x + y = 30,
c)
ln x + ln y = 3 ln 6;

(
2x .3y = 12,
b)
3x .2y = 18;

x2 = y 4 ,
x
d)
log2 = logy x.
y

Li gii. a) T phng trnh th nht ta c y = x 2, thay vo phng trnh th hai, ta c

3x

2 +x2

= 32 .

Do x2 + x 2 = 2 nn x = 0 hoc x = 1. Suy ra y = 2 hoc y = 3.

Vy h c hai nghim l (0; 2) v (1; 3).
b) Ly lgarit c s 2 c hai v ca hai phng trnh, ta c
(
x + y log2 3 = 2 + log2 3,
x log2 3 + y = 1 + 2 log2 3.
y l h phng trnh bc nht hai n x, y. Nhn c hai v ca phng trnh th nht vi log2 3
ri tr cho phng trnh th hai, ta c
y(log22 3 1) = log22 3 1 y = 1.
D dng suy ra x = 2. Vy h c nghim duy nht (2; 1).
c) iu kin x, y dng. T phng trnh th nht suy ra y = 30 x. Th vo phng trnh th
hai ta c
ln x + ln(30 x) = 3 ln 6 ln x(30 x) = ln 63 .
Suy ra x = 18 hoc x = 12. T suy ra h c hai nghim (18; 12); (12; 18).
d) iu kin x > 0, y > 0, y 6= 1. Vi iu kin ny th phng trnh th nht tng ng vi
x = y 2 . Th vo phng trnh th hai ta c
log2 y = logy y 2 y = 4.
Suy ra x = 16. Vy h c nghim duy nht l (16; 4).
V d 2.38. (t n ph)
Gii cc h phng trnh sau
(
92 cot x+sin y = 3,
a)
9sin y 81cot x = 2;
(
2 lg x 3 lg y = 5,
c)
3 lg x + 4 lg y = 28;

logy xy = logx y,
b)
2x + 2y = 3;
(
x + 2 lg y = 3
d)
x 3 lg y 2 = 1.
47

HM S M V LOGART

Li gii. a) t

u = 9sin x
v = 92 cot x

BI QU

(u > 0, v < 0). H tr thnh

(

u + v = 2,
u.v = 3.

Khi u, v l nghim ca phng trnh t2 2t 3 = 0. Phng trnh ny c hai nghim t =

1, t = 3. V u > 0, v < 0 nn u = 3, v = 1. Thay li, ta c

y = + 2k

6
sin y = 1

9sin y = 3
5

2
y=
+ 2k (k, l Z).
cot x = 0

6
92 cot x = 1

x = + l
2

b) iu kin x, y > 0, x 6= 1, y 6= 1. H tng ng vi

log x + 1 = 2 ,
1 log (xy) = log y,
y
y
x
logy x

2
x
2 x + 2y = 3
y
2 + 2 = 3.

Gii phng trnh th nht n t = logy x ta c t = 1; t = 2 do x = y hoc x =

3
Vi x = y, th vo phng trnh th hai ta c x = log2 .
2
1
Vi x = 2 , th vo phng trnh th hai ta c
y
1

2y + 2 y2 = 3 (y > 0, y 6= 1).

Phng trnh ny v nghim, tht vy

1

Nu y > 1 th 2y > 2 v 2 y2 > 20 = 1, suy ra V T > 3 = V P ;

1

Nu 0 < y < 1 th 2y > 1 v 2 y2 > 21 = 2, suy ra V T > 3 = V P .

3
3
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht l (log2 ; log2 ).
2
2
c) iu kin x, y dng. t u = lg x, v = lg y, ta c h
(
2u 3v = 5,
3u + 4v = 18.
Gii h ny ta c u = 2, v = 3. T suy ra x = 100, y = 1000.
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy
nht (100; 1000).
d) iu kin x, y dng. t u = x, v = lg y (u > 0). Ta c h

(
(
u = 2,
u + 2v = 3,
2v = 3 u

1
v = .
u2 6v = 1
u2 + 3u 10 = 0
2

T tnh c x = 4, y = 10.
48

1
.
y2

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

V d 2.39. (S dng hm s)
Gii cc h phng trnh
(
2x + 2x = 3 + y,
a)
2y + 2y = 3 + x;

log2 x + 3 = 1 + log3 y,
b)

log2 y + 3 = 1 + log3 x.

Li gii. a) Tr hai phng trnh theo v, ta c 2x + 3x = 2y + 3y.

Xt hm s f (f ) = 2t + 3t. D thy f (t) ng bin trn R. Do t f (x) = f (y) suy ra x = y.
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ta c 2x = 3 x. Phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht x = 1.
Vy h c nghim duy nht (1; 1).
b) iu kin x, y dng. H phng trnh tng ng vi h
(
log2 (x + 3) = 2(1 + log3 y),
()
2(1 + log3 x) = log2 (y + 3).
Cng v vi v hai phng trnh ca h (), ta c
log2 (x + 3) + 2 log3 x = 2 log3 y + log2 (y + 3).
Xt hm s f (t) = log2 (t + 3) + 2 log3 t trn min (0; +). D thy hm s lun ng bin trn
(0; +). M f (x) = f (y) nn x = y. Thay vo mt trong hai phng trnh ca h () ta c
log2 (x + 3) = 2(1 + log3 x)
hay
x+3 =2

2(1+log3 x)

= 4.2

log3 x2

= 4.2

log3 2. log2 x2

x + 3 = 4.xlog3 4 x1log3 4 + 3.x log3 4 = 4.

log3 2

log2 x2
= 4. 2
()

Xt g(x) = x1log3 4 + 3.x log3 4 trn khong (0; +). Ta c

g 0(x) = (1 log3 4)x log3 4 3. log3 4.x1log3 4 .
Thy ngay g 0(x) < 0, x (0; +), do g(x) nghch bin trn (0; +). Mt khc g(1) = 4. Vy
x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh ().
H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l (1; 1).

Bi tp tng t.
Bi tp 2.45. Gii cc h phng trnh
( y
8x . 2 = 22x+1 ,
a)
3x .27y = 9y1 ;
(
(x + y)x = (x y)y ,
c)
log2 x log2 y = 1;

(
23x .4y = 8,
b)
lg(11 x) lg(y + 100) = 1;
(
3x .2y = 972,
d)
log3 (x y) = 2.
49

HM S M V LOGART

BI QU

Hng dn. a) Ly lgarit c s 2 v c s 3. p s. (4; 6).

b) Ly lgarit c s 2. p s. (1; 0).

2 1
; .
9 9
d) Th x = y + 3 t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nht. p s. (5; 2).
c) Th x = 2y t phng trnh th hai vo phng trnh th nht. p s.
Bi tp 2.46. Gii cc h phng trnh

1
1

= (x + y) xy ,
a) 2 3

yx
= 48;
( (x + y).2
xy = 40,
c)
xlg y = 4;

y 1 52 logx y = x 25 ,

b)
3y 
1 + logx 1
= logx 4;
x
(
3lg x = 4lg y ,
d)
(4x)lg 4 = (3y)lg 3 .

Hng dn. a) t u = x + y, v = x y, tm c u = 12, v = 2. p s. (5; 7).

b) Ly lgarit c s x. t t = logx y. p s. (16; 4).
c) Ly lgarit c s 10 hai v phng trnh th hai. p s. (10; 4), (4; 10).
1 1
; .
d) Ly lgarit c s 10 cc v. p s.
4 3

Bi tp 2.47. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

(
(
x y = (log2 y log2 x)(2 + xy),
3x 3y = y x,
b)
a)
x3 + y 3 = 16.
x2 + xy + y 2 = 12;
Hng dn. a) Bin i phng trnh th nht thnh 3x + x = 3y + y, xt hm s f (t) = 3t + t.
b) iu kin x, y dng. T phng trnh th nht suy ra c x = y (da vo tnh ng bin
ca hm s y = log2 t (t > 0)). p s. (2; 2).
l
P

n5 + n

n=0

50