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VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN

January 10, 2012

MC LC LI NI U PHN 1: CC IM C BN V VN TI NG BIN
I. Cc u v nhc im ca phng thc vn ti ng bin 1. u im 2. Nhc im Phm vi p dung v tc dng 1. Phm vi p dng 2. Tc dng

1 3 4
5 5 10 13 13 13

II.

PHN 2: CNG BIN


I. Khi nim, tc dng 1. Cc khi nim 2. Chc nng Phn loi C s vt cht ca mt cng bin Nhng ch tiu kinh t k thut ca mt cng bin Mt s cng bin ca Vit Nam v th gii 1. Cng Si Gn, hay Cng thnh ph H Ch Minh 2. Cc cng trn th gii

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14 14 16 17 18 23 24 24 27

II. III. IV. V.

PHN 3: TU BUN
I. II. Khi nim Phn loi tu bun ch hng 1. Cn c vo cng dng 2. Cn c theo c tu 3. Cn c theo c tu 4. Cn c vo phng thc kinh doanh

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III.

5. Cn c vo ng c 6. Cn c vo cu trc tu Cc c trng kinh t - k thut ca tu bun 1. Tn tu - Ships name 2. H hiu (callsign) 3. S IMO 4. Cng ng k ca tu (Port of Registry) 5. C tu- Flag 6. Ch tu- Shipowners 7. Kch thc ca tu- Dimension of Ship 8. Mn nc ca tu- Draught/Draft 9. Trng lng ca tu- Displacement Tonnage 10. Trng ti ca tu- (Deadweight Tonnage- DWT 11. Dung tch ng k- Register Tonnage (RT) 12. Dung tch cha hng- Cargo Space (CS) 13. H s xp hng ca tu- (Ships Stowage Factor- SSF) 14. H s xp hng ca hng h a Cargo Stowage Factor (CSF)

36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 42 43 44 46 47 48 50 50 51

PH LC
1. Cc n v o 2. Cc cng thc tnh trng ti, dung tch, h s xp hng

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VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN


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S sch xa ghi li, ngi Vit c c truyn thng: Quen sng nc, gii i thuyn, gii cy la Ngi Vit c gii bi ln, kho ng thuyn, tho ngh i bin t rt sm. Trn trng ng tng trng cho tinh hoa vn h a cng nh ch qut cng ca dn tc ta, u chm khc hnh nhng con thuyn ang lt sng, th hin mi quan h gn b mt thit ca ngi Vit vi sng, bin. Do nhu cu trao i hng ha, nhng tuyn ng giao thng trn bin c hnh thnh, ko theo s xut hin rt sm ca cc thng cng (1149). Nhng thng cng ny gp phn lm cho thng mi quc t pht trin, to nn s giao lu vt cht, tinh thn, vn h a nhm nng cao i sng v m mang tr tu cho ngi dn Vit. V vy,vn ti bin xut hin t rt lu i v ngu nay n c nhng c im sau: - Hu ht cc tuyn ng giao thng t nhin. - Kh nng thng qua rt ln vi sc ch khng b hn ch. - Gi cc vn ti bin rt thp. - i qua nhiu khu vc chnh tr x hi khc nhau. Trong gii hn cho php, phn ny ch gii thiu v vn ti bin: c im v c s vt cht k thut (cng bin, tu bun). Nhm tc gi hi vng sau khi c xong bi thuyt trnh cc bn s c c ci nhn tng quan v vn ti bng ng bin, bit khi nim v c trng ca cng bin v tu bun.

CHC CC BN THNH CNG!!

VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN


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January 10, 2012

Vn ti ng bin ra i kh sm so vi cc phng thc vn ti khc. Ngay t th k th V trc cng nguyn con ngi bit li dng bin lm cc tuyn ng giao thng giao lu cc vng cc min. S liu v s pht trin ca Vn ti bin trong nhng nm qua ti Vit Nam Tng s Nm (Triu tn.km) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 30910.5 38710.0 45306.7 46336.7 50054.6 55629.7 63164.4 69417.9 80029.5 90504.8 100728.3 113550.0 ng st 1750.6 1683.6 1533.3 1369.0 1445.5 1955.0 2054.4 2391.5 2725.4 2745.3 2949.3 3446.6 ng b 5064.2 5710.8 6203.0 6651.9 7057.5 7969.9 9184.9 10667.6 12338.0 14938.8 17668.3 20537.1 Trong ng sng 8671.3 9036.3 10391.1 12962.0 13826.5 14346.1 16937.1 15936.9 15492.3 16415.1 17999.0 18843.7 ng bin 15335.2 22172.2 27059.1 25237.2 27619.6 31244.6 34829.8 40250.1 49263.2 56169.8 61872.4 70453.2 ng hng khng 89.2 107.1 120.2 116.6 105.5 114.1 158.2 171.8 210.6 235.8 239.3 269.4

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2007 2008 2009 S b 2010

134883.0 172859.1 199070.2 218787.7

3882.5 4170.9 3864.5 3956.0

24646.9 27968.0 31587.2 36293.7

22235.6 24867.8 31249.8 31531.0

83838.1 115556.8 132052.1 146577.8

279.9 295.6 316.6 429.2

(Ngun: Tng Cc Thng K www.gso.gov.vn) CC U V NHC IM CA PHNG THC VN TI NG BIN. 1. u im a. Cc tuyn ng vn ti trn bin hu ht l nhng tuyn ng giao thng t nhin 2/3 din tch b mt tri t l bin, sng v h chnh l yu t duy nht cn thit hnh thnh nhng tuyn ng bin. c im ny gip cho vn chuyn bng ng bin c nhiu li th hn so vi cc loi hnh giao thng khc nh ng b, ng st hay ng ng. Li th ny th hin cc mt sau: i. Khng b buc phi xy dng cc tuyn ng c nh nh ng ray, ng hay ng nha lm cho vn chuyn ng bin tn t hn chi ph cho xy dng. ii. C th xy dng cc knh o gip rt ngn rt nhiu qung ng chuyn ch.

I.

Trn th gii hin nay, c bit n nhiu nht c l l knh o Suez( Ai cp) .
Knh o cung cp mt li i tt cho nhng con tu i qua cng Chu u-Chu M n nhng cng pha Nam Chu , cng pha ng Chu Phi v Chu i Dng. knh o Suez di 195 km (121dm), khc hp nht l 60 m, v su ti l 16 m kh nng cho tu ln 150.000 tn qua c .

VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN


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V knh o panama ct ngang eo t Panama ti Trung M, ni i Ty Dng vi Thi Bnh Dng. xa b hnh trnh di v nguy him thng qua eo bin Drake v Mi Sng (Cape Horn) im cc nam ca Nam M. Mt chuyn i ca tu thuyn t New York ti San Francisco qua knh o ny ch vt qua khong cch 9.500 km (6.000 dm), cha ti mt na khong cch ca hnh trnh trc y qua mi t Horn (22.500 km hay 14.000 dm)

iii.

Khng cn phi sa cha tu b cc tuyn ng khi chng b hao mn theo thi gian . Thm ch, mt s quc gia, mt s tuyn ng ray do khng p ng c nhu cu hay do tc ng ca thin nhin theo thi gian b b hoang nh:

VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN


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Tuyn Duke of Westminster's Railway at Eaton Hall near Chester ,Ukraina

Hay Stalins Lost Railway thuc lin x c

Tuy nhin bn cnh , khng tn km xy dng cc tuyn ng , vn chuyn hng hi li phi tn km mt khong khac l xy dng cc cng bin qui m. Vic ny cng gy khng t kh khn cho nhng nc khng c ng b bin nh Lo phi thu cc cng bin cc nc lng ging b. Vn ti ng bin c th phc v chuyn ch tt c cc loi hng ho trong bun bn quc t v nng lc vn chuyn rt ln c im ny th hin qua vic tu bin c th ch c tt c hng ri, hng kh ln hng lng ch khng b hp mt s loi mt hng nht nh, chng hn nh vn chuyn ng ng ch c th vn chuyn mt hng lng. Bn cnh nng lc chuyn ch ca vn ti ng bin rt ln. Vn ti bin m nhn 80% lng hng lun chuyn trong thng mi quc t. Kh nng vn chuyn ca tau bin thng rt ln nh vo 2 yu t sau: i. Trng ti ca tu bin thng rt ln Trng ti trung bnh ca tu bin hin nay l rt ln t 15 000 70 000 tn, trong nhng tu d du thng c trng ti ln hn so vi tu ch hng kh, hng ri.

VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN


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January 10, 2012

Gii thiu 3 con tu ln nht th gii( tnh n ht nm 2010) Con tu ch du ln nht th gii mang tn Knock Nevis , chiu di 458 m, rng 69m, gp gn 4,5 ln din tch ca mt sn b ng .Trng ti ca con tu ny l 564.763 tn, c th ch c gn 650.000 m3 du (tng ng vi gn 4,1 triu thng du)

Tu "Berge Stalh" c coi l chic tu ch hng ri ln nht th gii. Tu c chiu di 343m, rng 63m, mn nc 25m, trng ti 365.000 DWT. Tu c s dng ch qung st gia Brazil v Rotterdam. Rotterdam l cng Chu u duy nht m con tu ny c th vo c.

VN CHUYN HNG HA BNG NG BIN


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January 10, 2012

Tu Emma Maersk thuc tp on A.P.Moller-Maersk ng nm 2006 ti xng ng tu Odense Steel, an Mch. y l tu container ln nht th gii, v cng l con tu ln nht hin cn ang hot ng trn bin. (Mt s tu du ln hn nh Knock Nevis nay tm ngng hot ng v chuyn sang lm kho ni). Tu Emma Maerk di 397 mt, gp gn 4 ln sn b ng , v ln hn chiu cao ca thp Eiffel. Tu c ti trng 11.000 TEU.

ii. Vic t chc chuyn ch t b hn ch. Yu t ny th hin vic c th t chc chuyn ch nhiu chuyn trong cng mt tuyn ng hng hi trong cng mt khong thi gian nht nh. y l u im rt ln so vi cc phng tin khc nh ng ray v tuyn ng hng hi linh hot hn, khng phi c nh l trnh sp xp trc. c. u im ni bt nht ca vn ti ng bin l gi thnh thp. u im ni bt nht ny cng chnh l h qu t 2 u im trn. Do khng tn chi ph xy dng tuyn ng nh ng ray nn tit kim c nhiu chi ph. Bn cnh , Vic trng ti ca mt tu bin l rt ln nu so snh vi mt phi c trong phng thc chuyn ch bng ng hng khng hay mt i xe ti trn ng b nn chi ph nhin liu cho mi n v trng ti hng l nh hn rt nhiu.

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c tnh gi cc vn ti ng bin ch bng 1/6 so vi hng khng , 1/3 so vi ng st v 1/2 so vi vn ti to.

2. Nhc im
a. Tc ca tu bin cn thp v vic tng tc khai thc ca tu bin cn b hn ch Theo http://www.vinamaso.net ( din n hng hi Vit Nam) Hin nay tc ca cc chuyn tu hng hi thng khng qu 30 hi l/ gi ( tng ng 30*1.852 = 55,56km/gi ) trong thng gp nht l i vi vn tc 15-18 hi l/gi. L do ca vic tc ca tu bin thng rt chm l do : Trng ti ca tu thng rt ln. Vic i vi tc cao c th gp cc tr ngi do va chm cc vng nc nng v cc nguy him khc do va chm cc tu b khc. ng c tu thy thng tiu tn rt nhiu nhin liu. Nu mun tng tc ln 2 ln, lng nhin liu tiu tn thm c th l 22 , 23 ln thm ch 25 ln nu trng ti tu ln. Hin nay c rt nhiu n lc trong vic ci thin tc tu bin. Chng hn nh tu bin ADX Express l mt loi tu thy ch hng mi chy bng ng c my bay c th chuyn ch 6.000 tn hng ha vi tc 75 km/gi ( tng ng 40,5 hi l/gi). Hay con tu mang tn Auriga Leader l tu bin nng lng mt tri do hng vn ti bin Nippon Yusen K.K. v tp on Nippon Oil ch t. Tu c kh nng vn chuyn 6.400 t v c trang b 328 tm pin mt tri. Chi ph mua sm v lp t pin mt tri l 150 triu yn (1,68 triu USD).

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b. Vn ti ng bin ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin t nhin. Tu bin chu rt nhiu nh hng t thin nhin. Chng hn sc gi nh hng n tc ca tu, ngm hay vng nc nng nguy him s nh hng n tuyn ng nh trc . Trong trng hp gp gi bo thng b hon li cc chuyn tu nh trc gy chm tr, mt mt hng ha. Ngi ta thng k c rng trn th gii c 90 pht th s xy ra 1 tai nn ng bin gy ra thit hi rt ln ( v bn thn tu bin v hng ha khi gp va chm c gi tr rt ln) . Gn y nht 25/12/2011, tu Vinalines Queen khi ti pha ng Bc o Luzon (Philippines) th b nghing v t ngt mt lin lc trong iu kin thi tit trn bin din bin phc tp, sng cp 8-9, gi git mnh.

Hnh nh tu Vinaline Queen Thng 4/1912, con tu Titanic huyn thoi phi dng bc trong chuyn h thu u tin v cng l duy nht. Trn ng T Southampton, Anh n thnh ph

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New York, M. Con tu khng th chm ny m phi 1 tng bng ngoi khi v mang theo sinh mng ca 1.517 ngi.

Con tu huyn thoi Titanic Sau y l bng so snh tnh u vit (1 l tt nht, 5 l km nht) ca tng phng thc vn ti theo mt s cc tiu ch, nh: tc , tnh u n, tin cy, nng lc vn chuyn, tnh linh hot, gi thnh. Xp hng 1 Tc ng khng ng t ng st ng thu Tnh n ng ng ng t ng khng ng st u tin cy ng ng ng t ng st ng thu Nng lc Tnh linh Gi thnh

vn chuyn hot ng thu ng st ng t ng st

ng thu ng ng ng st ng t

ng ng t ng khng khng ng thu

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ng ng

ng thu

ng khng

ng ng

ng ng

ng khng

II.

PHM VI P DNG V TC DNG.

1. Phm vi p dng
T nhng c im kinh t k thut ni trn ca vn ti ng bin, ta c th rt ra kt lun mt cch tng qut v phm vi p dng nh sau: Vn ti ng bin thch hp vi chuyn ch hng ho trong bun bn quc t. Vn ti ng bin thch hp vi chuyn ch hng ho c khi lng ln, chuyn ch trn c ly di nhng khng i hi thi gian giao hng nhanh chng.

2. Tc dng
T nhng c im nu trn, ta c th thy c tc dng v vai tr ca vn ti ng bin i vi bun bn quc t.: Vn ti ng bin l yu t khng tch ri bun bn quc t Vn ti ng bin thc y bun bn quc t pht trin Vn ti ng bin pht trin gp phn lm thay i c cu hng ho v c cu th trng trong bun bn quc t. Vn ti ng bin tc ng ti cn cn thanh ton quc t.

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I.

KHI NIM, TC DNG 1. Cc khi nim S pht trin ca h thng cng bin gn lin vi lch s pht trin ca ngnh hng hi.Trc y, cng3 bin ch oc xem l mt ni trnh gi bo ca tu thuyn nn c s vt cht k thut v trang thit b rt hn ch nhng ngy nay khi quan h bun bn gia cc nc c m rng, dung lng hng h a lu chuyn gia cc nc tng nhanh kch thch ngnh hng hi pht trin mnh th vai tr ca cng bin tr nn v cng quan trng khng cn ch l mt ni tr ma bo na m l mt u mi giao thng mt mt xch quan trng ca qu trnh vn ti.

Hnh nh cng bin thng thy Theo iu 59 ca B Lut Hng Hi Vit Nam nm 2005 Cng bin l khu vc bao gm vng t cng v vng nc cng, c xy dng kt cu h tng v lp t trang thit b cho tu bin ra, vo hot ng bc d hng ho, n tr hnh khch v thc hin cc dch v khc, trong :

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Vng t cng l vng t c gii hn xy dng cu cng, kho, bi, nh xng, tr s, c s dch v, h thng giao thng, thng tin lin lc, in, nc, cc cng trnh ph tr khc v lp t trang thit b. Vng t cng l vng t c gii hn xy dng cu cng, kho, bi, nh xng, tr s, c s dch v, h thng giao thng, thng tin lin lc, in, nc, cc cng trnh ph tr khc v lp t trang thit b.

Hnh nh minh ha vng t cng v vng nc cng Cng bin c mt hoc nhiu bn cng. Bn cng c mt hoc nhiu cu cng Bn cng bao gm cu cng, kho, bi, nh xng, tr s, c s dch v, h thng giao thng, thng tin lin lc, in, nc, lung vo bn cng v cc cng trnh ph tr khc.

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Hnh nh m hnh bn cng v kho bi

Cu cng l kt cu c nh thuc bn cng, c s dng cho tu bin neo u, bc d hng ho, n, tr hnh khch v thc hin cc dch v khc.

Hnh nh cu cng 2. Chc nng Ngoi ra, nh ngha theo chc nng ca cng bin ta c th nh ngha rng cng bin l ni ra vo neo u ca tu bin,l ni phc v cho tu v hng h a chuyn ch trn tu v l u mi giao thng quan trng. Qua nh ngha ny ta thy c cng bin c 2 chc nng chnh nh sau: Th nht l phc v tu bin.Cng c nhim v phc v tu v nhiu mt nh a n ra vo cng an ton, lm v sinh, sa cha, cung ng cho tuCho nn hot ng ca cng thong vt ra ngoi a gii ca n Th hai l phc v hng h a ti cng bin, qu trnh chuyn ch hng h a c th c bt u kt thc hay tip tc..Ngoi ra cng cn thc hin nhng nghip v

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khc nh bo qun, phn loi, sa cha, bao b, kim tra s lng, cht lng, giao nhn,. Ngoi ra, theo iu 61 ca B Lut Hng Hi Vit Nam nam 2005 cng bin c cc chc nng sau: Bo m an ton cho tu bin ra, vo hot ng. Cung cp phng tin v thit b cn thit cho tu bin neo u, bc d hng ho v n tr hnh khch. Cung cp dch v vn chuyn, bc d, lu kho bi v bo qun hng ho trong cng. tu bin v cc phng tin thu khc tr n, sa cha, bo dng hoc thc hin nhng dch v cn thit trong trng hp khn cp.

II.

PHN LOI Cn c theo mc ch s dng,cng bin oc phn thnh bn loi: Cng thng mi( Commercial Port) l nhng cng dnh cho cc tu hot ng v mc ch thong mi trong hng hi. Cng thng mi c chia thnh cc loi sau: Cng ni a(Inland/domestic Port) Cng quc t( International Port) Cng t do ( Free Port) Cng qun s (Military Port) l cng dnh cho tu hot ng v mc ch qun s Cng nh c (Fishing Port) l cng dnh cho tu hot ng nh c. Cng tr n ( Port of refuge) l cng c xy dng lm ni tr n cho tu thuyn Ti Vit Nam, theo B Lut Hng Hi Vit Nam nm 2005 cng bin c phn loi nh sau: Cng bin loi I l cng bin c bit quan trng, c quy m ln phc v cho vic pht trin kinh t - x hi ca c nc hoc lin vng nh: Cng bin Cm Ph,

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Cng bin Nng, Cng bin Dung Qut, Cng bin Quy Nhn, Cng bin TP. H Ch Minh. Cng bin loi II l cng bin quan trng, c quy m va phc v cho vic pht trin kinh t - x hi ca vng, a phng nh: Cng bin Vnh Long, Cng bin M Tho, Cng bin Cn o, Cng bin Bnh Dng.. Cng bin loi III l cng bin c quy m nh phc v cho hot ng ca doanh nghip nh: Cng bin m Lan Ty, Cng bin m S T en, Cng bin m Ba V, Cng bin m Vietsopetro 01 Hin tai, Vit Nam hin c 49 cng bin (17 cng loi I, 23 cng loi II, 9 cng loi III) v 166 bn cng.. III. C S VT CHT CA MT CNG BIN Nhn chung, c s vt cht k thut ca cng bin c chia thnh 6 nhm: 1. Nhm 1 : Thit b phc v tu ra vo, neo u: cu tu, lung lch, k, p chn sng, phao,trm hoa tiu, h thng thng tin, tn hiu.... Cu tu(Dock): l ni tu li bc xp hng ha, thc hin cc dch v tip nhin liu, Trm hoa tiu(Pilot Station): ni tu n hoa tiu vo cng, thng ngoi cng, H thng thng tin, tn hiu: nh cc bin bo, Theo Ngh nh v qun l cng bin v lung hng hi ca chnh ph th: Lung hng hi l phn gii hn vng nc c xc nh bi h thng bo hiu hng hi v cc cng trnh ph tr khc bo m an ton cho hot ng ca tu bin v cc phng tin thy khc. Lung hng hi bao gm lung cng bin v lung hng hi khc. Trm hoa tiu

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Lung cng bin l phn gii hn vng nc t bin vo cng c xc nh bi h thng bo hiu hng hi v cc cng trnh ph tr bo m cho tu thuyn ra, vo cng bin an ton. Lung nhnh cng bin l phn gii hn vng nc t lung cng bin vo bn cng, c xc nh bi h thng bo hiu hng hi v cc cng trnh ph tr, bo m cho tu bin v cc phng tin thu khc ra, vo bn cng an ton

1a. Hnh nh m hnh chn sng , 1b. Hnh nh chn sng cng Dung Qut

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2.

Nhm 2: Trang thit b phc v vn chuyn, xp d hng ha: cn cu cc loi, xe nng hng, my bm ht hng ri, hng lng, bng chuyn, t, u ko my, Chassis, Container, Pallet... 1 s thit b phc v xp d hng.

Cu gin (Container gantry crane): L loi cu ln t ti cu tu, thng c lp t ti cc cng container chuyn dng xp d container ln xung tu theo phng thc nng qua lan can tu: Lift-on/Lift-off (Lo/Lo). g c vi cu tu, vn qua chiu ngang thn tu trong qu trnh lm hng.

Cu sp xp container (Container stacking crane): L loi cu di ng s dng sp xp container trong bi container ca cng (Container Yard - CY). Loi cu ny cu trc gm mt khung c chn gn vo bnh ln trn ray hoc bnh ln cao su v mt xe in con (trolley) di chuyn dc khung dm.

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Mt s loi xe nng: xe nng chp, xe nng cnh, xe nng ph thng.

Xe nng container hng (loi chp n c)

Xe nng container hng (loi kp cnh)

Xe nng ph thng (nng y)

3.

Nhm 3: C s vt cht k thut phc v bo qun, lu kho hng ha nh :

H thng kho, bi, kho ngoi quan, b cha du, bi container (CY), bi ng g i hng ri (CFS), b cha du, thit b di chuyn hng ha trong kho.. CY l container yard, l bi cha con cng, ni tp kt con trc khi chuyn ln tu. CFS l Container Freight station l ni thu gom hng l, c tp trung li ng hng vo con, sau mi chuyn xung cng v ln tu. CY l nm ngay ti cng cn CFS ko nht thit phi cng m 1 ni no khc cng c

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Kho xng du ngoi quan

Kho bi hng ri CFS cng Hi Phng

Kho bi container CY cng ng Nai

4. Nhm 4: H thng ng giao thng trong cng . H thng giao thng i t kho ra cng H thng ng ni cng bin vi mng giao thng trong nc H thng lung lch t bin, cng i su vo t lin. Bi t, nh ga 5. Nhm 5: Thit b phc v vic iu hnh, qun l tu b v cng tc hnh chnh ( nh ca, phng ban, my tnh, h thng thng tin, tn hiu, cc thit b h tr cc nhn vin trong cng lm vic, ngh ngi.....)

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6. Nhm 6: Cc thit b thc hin vic lin lc trong cng, gia cc x nghip cng bin , gia cc kho bi( mng ni b, mng khng dy..)

IV.

NHNG CH TIU-KINH T K THUT CA MT CNG BIN

Tn ch tiu Cc ch tiu phn nh ln Ch tiu phn nh kh nng thng quan

Ni dung

Bao gm nhng ch tiu nh s lng tu, tng trng ti hoc tng dung tch ng k ton phn ca tu ra vo cng trong mt thi gian nht nh. Ch tiu ny 1 phn ph thuc vo s lng cu cng.

Tng s lng hng ha xp d ca cng trong mt thi gian nht nh, thng chia ra s lng hng xut v s lng hng nhp.

L khi lng hng ha xp,d ln xung tu trong mt n v thi Ch tiu mc xp d hng ha ca cng gian(ngy,gi), ph thuc vo phng tin xp d .Thng thng mc xp hng ln v d hng xung khng ging nhau v ph thuc vo nhng yu t: c im ca tu, nng sut ca cng c xp d,trnh t chc lao ng ti cng.y l ch tiu rt quan trng m c hng tu v ngi thu u rt quan tm khi tha thun cc iu khon lin quan n cng c xp d trong hp ng thu tu . Ch tiu ny nh gi mc c gii ha, nng sut xp d ca mt cng.

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Ch tiu v kh nng thng qua ca kho bi

Thng tnh bng m2. Kho bi ti cc cng thng bao gm cc kho cha hng thng thng(CFS) v bi container(CY) , kh nng cha hng ca kho bi cng ph thuc vo tng din tch kho bi.Vic nghin cu ch tiu ny nhm mc ch xy dng k hoch xut nhp khu hng ha qua cng, k hoch bo qun hng h a trc v sau khi giao nhn vi tu

Lut l tp qun ca cng Kh nng kt ni gia cc khu nh d hng, ng g i,xp hng Cc ch tiu khc Gi c cc loi dch v Thi gian lm vic m bo tt cho khu t chc K kt v thc hin hp ng thu phng tin vn ti chuyn ch hng ha xut nhp khu

V.

MT S CNG BIN CA VIT NAM V TH GII

1. Cng Si Gn, hay Cng thnh ph H Ch Minh


a. S lc v cng Si Gn L mt h thng cc cng bin ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh ng vai tr l ca ng ca min Nam (bao gm c ng Nam B v ng bng sng Cu Long) trong cc hot ng xut khu v nhp khu. Nm2006, tng khi lng hng h a thng qua cng l 35 triu tn.

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Cm cng Si Gn bao gm cc khu bn cng chnh sau y: Cc khu bn cng tng hp v cng container, gm: Hip Phc trn sng Soi Rp: hin ti c th tip nhn tu trng ti n 20 nghn DWT, theo quy hoch s c th tip nhn tu n 80 nghn DWT vo nm 2020, Ct Li trn sng ng Nai: c th tip nhn tu n 30 nghn DWT Cc khu bn cng tng hp a phng v chuyn dng trn sng Si Gn, Nh B c th tip nhn tu t 10 nghn n 30 nghn DWT, gm: Tn Cng, Bn Ngh, Khnh Hi, Nh Rng, Tn Thun. Qua nhiu giai on pht trin, ngy nay, Cng Si Gn l mt cng quc t, cng chnh ca min Nam Vit Nam. Tng din tch mt bng l 570.000 m2 gm 5 bn

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cng (Nh Rng, Khnh Hi, Tn Thun I, Tn Thun II v Cn Th) vi 2.830 m cu tu, 250.000 m2 bi, v 80.000 m2 kho hng. Biu sn lng lu thng ca Cng Si Gn Ngun: Cng Si Gn www.csg.com.vn

Ngoi ra cng trong thng 5/2009, TP.HCM bt u no vt lung Soi Rp (trong h thng sng ng Nai) su n hn 12m c th n cc tu 70.000 tn (DWT) qua c th nng cng sut ca cng Hip Phc ln n 250 triu tn/1 nm. D kin y s l khu cng hin i nht Vit Nam cng vi cng Ct Li v Ci MpTh Vi.

b. Nhim v Pht trin bn vng nh Cng hng u ca t nc, ca ng hng hi chnh ca nc Vit Nam i n cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii.

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Mc tiu Ci tin cc tiu chun dch v so vi cc cng khc trong khu vc Pht trin v khai thc cng nc su nh l Cng chin lc quc gia min Nam Vit Nam

c. Quan h quc t Qua qu trnh hot ng lu di trong lch s, cng Si Gn thit lp c cc mi quan h vi nhiu cng v hin gi l thnh vin ca nhiu hip hi cng bin trn th gii: Thnh vin ca Hip hi Cng bin Quc t (IAPH). Thnh vin ca Hip hi Cng bin Vit Nam (VPA) Thnh vin chnh ca VPA tham gia vo cc hot ng ca Hip hi Cng bin ASEAN (APA). Cc Cng kt ngha: Trm Giang (Trung Quc), Osaka (Nht Bn), Los

Angeles (Hoa K).

2. Cc cng trn th gii


a. Top 15 cng bin ln nht th gii

Total cargo (Metric tons)

Rank 1. 2.

Name of port

Country 2009 2010

Shanghai Ningbo-Zhoushan Singapore

China China Singapore Netherlands China China

590,000,000 570,000,000 434,500,000 387,000,000 380,000,000 375,000,000

650,000,000 627,000,000 463,074,600 429,900,000 408,000,000 400,000,000

4. 5. 6.

Rotterdam Tianjin Guangzhou

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7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Qingdao Dalian Hong Kong Qinhuangdao Busan Houston South Louisiana Shenzhen Rizhao

China China China China South Korea USA USA China China

315,500,000 203,700,000 242,967,000 243,850,000 208,100,000 155,500,000 195,555,000 194,000,000 181,310,000

350,100,000 300,800,000 267,815,000 257,000,000 241,132,000 225,000,000 223,310,000 221,\000,000 221,000,000

source: various.note: some ports use freight tons (volume measurement), others revenue tons and again others metric tons (weight), above all are converted (where necessary) to metric tons. To get from freight ton (FT) to metric ton (MT) FT was multiplied by 0.920. Ngun: http://www.geohive.com/charts/ec_ports.aspx b. Cng Thng Hi C th n i t nc Trung Quc thng tr nhng v tr dn u trong ngnh cng bin. Cng Thng Hi nm trong vng ln cn ca Thng Hi, bao gm mt vng nc su v cng sng. Cng Thng Hi nhn ra bin Hoa ng v pha ng, v vnh Hng Chu pha nam. N bao gm u cc sng Dng T,sng Hong Ph (sng vo sng Dng T), v Tin ng.

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Hnh nh cng Thng Hi ban m Trong nm 2010, Thng Hi cng vt qua cng Singapore tr thnh cng container nhn nhp nht th gii. Thng Hi cng x l 29.050.000 TEU, trong khi cng Singapore km hn na triu TEU(TEU l n v o ca hng h a c container h a tng ng vi mt container tiu chun 20 ft (di) 8 ft (rng) 8,5 ft (cao) (khong 39 m th tch). Phn ln cc container ngy nay l cc bin th ca loi 40 ft v do l 2 TEU. Cc container 45 ft cng c tnh l 2 TEU) S liu thng k

1984: 100 triu tn hng thng qua 1999: 186 triu tn hng thng qua 2005: 443 triu tn hng thng qua 2006: 537 triu tn hng thng qua 2007: 561 triu tn hng thng qua 2008: 582 triu tn hng thng qua v 28 triu TEU 2009: 590 triu tn hng thng qua ( Ngun www.wikipedia.org)

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Vic Thng Hi tr thnh cng bin tp np nht Th gii l do nh hng ca tng trng kinh t n nh Trung Quc ti hot ng thng mi ton cu. Nn kinh t ln th 2 Th gii tng trng trung bnh 11,4% trong vng 5 nm qua, vt qua c tr thnh nc xut khu ln nht. Trung Quc cng l quc gia ng dn nht v l nc tiu th kim loi s 1 th gii. Theo ng David Cohen, mt chuyn gia kinh t ti Singapore, cho rng y ch l mt v d minh ho r hn v s quan trng ang tng dn ca nn kinh t Trung Quc, nn kinh t thng mi ln nht ton cu. Chnh ph trung ng Trung Quc nm 2009 tng tuyn b mun bin Thng Hi thnh trung tm vn ti bin quc t vo nm 2020.
(Ngun: http://gafin.vn/20110108120357576p0c32/thuong-hai-la-cang-bien-tap-nap-

nhat-nam-2010.htm)

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c. Cng Houston Cng Houston ko di 25 dm bao gm cc c s cng cng v c nhn a dng cch vnh Mexico ch vi gi i thuyn. Cng c xp hng u tin ti Hoa K trong vn ti ng bin quc t (14 nm lin tip); u tin trong nhp khu ca M (20 nm lin tip); th hai trng ti xut khu ca M v th hai M trong tng dung tch (20 nm lin tip. Hn 220 triu tn hng h a di chuyn qua cng Houston nm 2009. Hn 7.700 cuc gi tu c ghi nhn ti cng Houston nm 2009 . Houston l cng u tin USA c xy dng bng ngun vn lin bang v qu a phng. Cc khu vc trn th gii c hot ng thng mi trn th gii ch yu l chu u v m Latin: Europe 32%, Latin America 22%. Cc khu vc khc: Asia/Pacific Rim 15%, North America 13%, Middle East 7% ,Africa 12%.

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I.

KHI NIM

Theo Vin kinh t hng hi v Logistics: Tu bun l nhng tu ch hng v ch khch v mc ch thng mi Theo Lut hng hi Vit Nam, iu 1a: Tu bin l cu trc ni c hoc khng c ng c, chuyn dung hot ng trn bin v nhng vng nc c lien quan n bin. Theo qui tc Hague, iu 1.d nu: Tu dng ch bt k loi tu no dng trong vic chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin. II. PHN LOI TU BUN CH HNG 1. Cn c vo cng dng, gm: Tu ch hng( Cargo Ship) Cn c vo cng dng ta c th chia tu bun thnh 3 nh m chnh c th hin trong bng sau:

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Tn nhm

M t khi qut

Cc loi tu chi tit ca nhm Tu container (Container ship) c c im sau: - C 2 boong - Nhiu hm - Trng ti v tc vt xa tu ch hng ha - y l loi tu c dng nhiu trong kinh doanh vn ti bin gm c mt s kiu tiu biu sau: - Tu bn container( Semicontainership) - Lo-Lo( Lift on Lift off):hng c bc v d ln u tu bng cn cu hay dn khoan v thang my s vn chuyn hng n mt v tr cth trn tu LoLo. - Ro-Ro(Roll on Roll off) l tu thit k mang bnh ch hng nh t, xe ti , xe ti bn- moc , xe ko hoc xe t ng st c iu khin ln v xung tu trn bnh xe ring ca h . -LASH(Light Aboard Ship): ti s lan trn mt tu ln hn vn chuyn, p ng mt nhu Tu ch hng ri (Bulk Ship) c c im sau: - C 1 boong - Nhiu hm - Ming hm rng - C cu trc c bit - C thit b xp d chuyn dng nhbng chuyn, my ht bi, c ngom - Thng dng ng c t trong - Trng ti ln - Tc chm - Loi ny c cc tu nh: - Tu ch qung (ore Carrier) - Tu ch xi mng ( Cement Carrier) - Tu ch ngu cc (Cereal Carrier) - Tu ch g (Timber Carrier)

Tu ch hng bch ha: c c im l - Nhiu boong (decks) - Nhiu hm 1hng (Holds) - Nhiu ming hm( mi tu c t Gm cc loi tu -5 ming hm) dng ch - Trng ti trung hng th rn bnh t 10000 c bao b hoc 20000 tn khng c bao b - Tc trung bnh Nhm 1: Tu ch v hng lng c 17 20 miles bao b. hng kh ( Dry - Cn cu loi 2.5 5 Ni chung l tu Cargo Ship) tn ch cc loi - Thng dng trong hng qua ch kinh doanh tu ch bin, thng c bao b v gi tr cao.

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cu vn chuyn s lan gia ng thu ni a c phn cch bi cc vng bin rng Ch c 1 boong Nhiu ngn cha hng C thit b xp d ring vi Nhm 2: Tu ch nng sut cao hng lng ( C thit b Tanker Cargo phng chy cha ship) chy Trng ti ln Tc trung bnh Tu ch hng lng Tu ch hng lng chuyn dng: tng hp: tu ch - Tu ch ru (Wine Tanker) du m v sn phm - Tu ch nc ngt (Water Tanker) ca du m (Oil - Tu ch ha cht lng (Chemical Tanker) Tanker)

Nhm 3: Nhm tu c bit(Speacial ships)

Tu ng lnh( Refrigerated Cargo Nhm ny Ship): chuyn ch cc C cu trc bo qun loi hng c yu c bit v trang b cu bo qun my lnh rt tt(c c bit.Mi loi th gi nhit ca tu ch ch hm hng t -16 n mt loi hng -24oC) h a.C c im -TRng ti nh hn sau: 3000tn -Tc khong 18 miles/h

Tu ch t (Car Carrier): - C tng v gara xe,tu c th t ng m khoang hng xe chy vo - c bit, tu ch hng ng lnh v t(Reefer Car Carrier) c gara xe v trang b my lnh bo qun hng ha

Tu ch hoa qu(Fruit Carrier): C trang b my lnh bo qun nhit t -4 n 12oC trong tu ch chui l ph bin nht.

Tu ch g cy (Timber Ship): - Sn tu lmbng thp dy chc chn - Cn cu c bit mnh( t 20 40 tn) - Ming hm di (hn 10m) v rng - Cc ngn tu c th tho ri.

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Tu ch khch (Passenger Ship): Tu bin c thit k ch hnh khch. Tuy vy, mt s tu loi ny cng c th ch mt s lng nh hng ha. Tu va ch hng v va ch khch( Mixed Ship) 2. Cn c theo c tu: Tu cc ln- Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC): tu ch du th c trng ti 350 000 DWT tr ln. Tu rt ln- Very Large Crude Container (VLCC): tu ch du c trng ti 200 000 n 350 000 DWT. Tu c trng ti trung bnh: cc tu ch hng ri v hng bch h a c trng ti tnh di 300 DWT hoc dung tch ng k phi t 100GRT tr ln). Ghi ch: DWT (Deadweight). Trng ti ca tu L sc ch ca con tu c o bng h tn mt (Metric ton = 1.000 kg), tn Anh (British ton = 1016 kg) hoc tn M (US ton = 907,2 kg). C hai loi trng ti ca tu: Trng ti ton phn (Gross deadweight or deadweight all told) bao gm: Trng lng hng ha, trng lng hnh khch v hnh l (nu c), trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i: nhin liu, du m, nc ngt, thc phm, vt liu ph tng d tr, trng lng thuyn vin v hnh trang (D.W.T = DW.a.t). - Trng ti tnh (Cargo deadweight or cargo deadweight capacity): L trng lng ton b hng ha m con tu ch c (D.V.C.C.). Theo cng c quc t v du chuyn ch (International Convention on Loadline) trng ti tu c ghi trong Giy chng nhn trng ti l trng ti ton phn v trng ti tnh ca con tu khi mn nc ca tu t du chuyn ch nc bin ma h lm tiu chun. (Theo Ngun Tng Cng Ty Hi Quan http://www.vinalines.com.vn/?page=download&code=detail&id=218) 200000DWT. Tu nh: tu c trng ti v dung tch ng k nh (nhng trng ti ton phn phi t

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3. Cn c theo c tu Tu treo c thng: ngha l tu mang quc tch nc no th treo c nc . Tu treo c phng tin (Flag of Convience): Treo c ca nc ngoi nhm mc ch cnh tranh trnh nhng qui nh nghim ngt ca mt s nc.( cp phn sau). 4. Cn c vo phng thc kinh doanh: Tu ch (Liner): chy thng xuyn trn mt tuyn ng nht nh, gh vo cc cng quy nh, theo lch trnh nh trc.Thng ch cc loi hng bch ha khi lng nh. Tu chy rng (Tramp): ch hng h a gia cc cng theo yu cu ca ch hng: Tu chuyn (Voyage Charter): Tu chuyn l tu chuyn ch hng ha gia hai hoc nhiu cng theo yu cu cach hng trn c s mt hp ng thu tu.Thu tu chuyn l vic ch hng lin h vi ch tu hoc i din ca ch tu yucu thu ton b hoc mt phn con tu chuyn ch hng ha t mt hoc nhiu cngxp n mt hoc nhiu cng d theo yu cu ca ch hng.T u k h n g c h yt h n g x u y n t r n n h n g t u y n n g n h t n h g h v o nhng cng nht nh v khng theo mt lch trnh nh trc m chy theo yucu ca ch hng.Thng dng chuyn ch du v hng khi lng ln. Tu nh hn (Timer Charter): l tu m ch tu s cho thu trong mt khon thi gian nht nh bao gm c thy th tu.Thng dng khi ngi thu tu cn vn chuyn mt khi hng ln lu di,trnh s ph thuc vo th trng thu tu. 5. Cn c vo ng c Tu chy ng c diezen Tu chy ng c hi nc 6. Cn c vo cu trc tu: Tu mt boong (one Deck) Tu nhiu boong ( Many Decks)

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III.

CC C TRNG KINH T - K THUT CA TU BUN

1. Tn tu - Ships name
Tn tu bt buc phi c ghi vo pha ui tu , lut hng hi khng cho php t trng tn tu , mun thay i tn tu th phi khai bo v phi c chnh quyn ni ng k cho php iu 10 lut Hng Hi Vit Nam : tu bin c tn gi ring do ch tu t v phi c c quan ng k tu bin Vit Nam chp thun

2. H hiu (callsign) n gin h hiu l mt lot ch ci v s nh ngha mt con


tu qun l tu. N bao gm mt nhm ch ci hay s quy nh ring cho trm, thng th hiu gi c phn chia trn c s tha thun quc t,do hiu gi(h hiu)cn ch r quc tch ca tu(thng l 1 hoc 2 ch ci u ch quc tch ca tu) Chng hn Indonesia dng JZ, PK-PO, YB-YH, 7A-7I, v 8A-8I; UK dng G, M, VS, ZBZJ, ZNZO, ZQ, v 2; USA dng K, W, N, v AAAL 3. S IMO S IMO l mt chui k t xc nh phn cp ca T chc Hng hi quc t cho mt tu, nhm mc ch nhn din tng cng an ton hng hi, v cng tc phng chng nhim v to thun li cho cng tc phng chng gian ln hng hi. c to thnh t ba ch ci IMO theo sau l 7 s nh IMO 1234567. Nhng con s ny c t chc Lloyds Fairplay ghi danh ngay t khi chic tu c xy dng v y l c quan duy nht m trch vic phn cng v ph chun nhng con s ny. (nn cng thng c gi l M Lloyds) S IMO c th dng kim tra v tr hin ti ca tu, lch s con tu , cht lng con tu nh th no. S IMO s khng thay i trong sut cuc i ca con tu, v s khng bao gi c ch nh li cho bt k chic tu khc, ging nh s CMND ca con ngi. Trong hnh hi, s IMO ca tu cng thng c gi l M Lloyds trong ngnh cng nghip vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin.

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Phm vi iu chnh :Nhng con s ch nh nhn dng ny c t chc Lloyds Fairplay ghi danh ngay t khi chic tu c xy dng, tr cc tu sau y: Tu hot ng nh sn bt c Tu khng t hnh Du thuyn Tu tham gia vo dch v c bit (v d nh tu dn ng, tu tm kim cu nn) S lan Tu hot ng c trn cn v di nc Phao ni bn cng v cc cu trc phn loi mt cch tng t Tu chin tranh v tu ch qun s Tu vt liu g

4. Cng ng k ca tu (Port of Registry):


Cn gi l cng c ng, ,thng thng l mt cng thuc nc s hu con tu, ging nh mt ngi cng dn, mt chic tu u c mt ni c ng hp php ca n l cng c ng ca chic tu, m mi giy t gc c ng k vo s ng b . Trong h thng thut nga hng hi, Port of registry or Port of registration (Cng ng k) : L ni con tu np h s tu xin ng k vi c quan qun l hng hi cho php con tu hot ng hp php. C quan ng k ( Vit Nam l c quan ng kim) s kim tra chu o con tu v nu xt tiu chun hot ng trong phm vi, lnh vc no th s ghi vo s ng b, cp giy chng nhn ng k (Certificate of Registry) v giy chng nhn quyn s hu (Certificate of Ownership), l nhng chng t khng th thiu trong b chng t hon chnh ca tu.

5. C tu- Flag:
Bt k tu no cng phi ng k quc tch v khi i trn bin phi treo c ca nc v tuyt i 1 con tu khng c mang 2 quc tch khc nhau v kh kim sot .

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Theo iu 8 lut Hng Hi Vit Nam ch c tu bin Vit Nam mi c mang c quc tch tu bin Vit Nam. C RT NHIU LOI C TU Trong c 2 hnh thc mang c thng gp: C thng- Conventional Flag: l tu mang quc tch nc no th treo c nc . C phng tin (C thun tin )- Flag of Convenience: C ng k cc con tu quc gia nh thu thu nhp thp hoc cc yu cu v thuyn vin hoc bo dng tu khng nghim ngt hoc c hng u i. Tu lun c ng k theo lut php ca mt quc gia nhng khng phi lc no cng phi thnh lp c quan ng k ti nc . V d : Nhng con tu du ngon ca M (cruise liners) nh l Seven Seas, Carnival, Princess - u ng k (registered) ti Panama - Chu M La Tinh. (Panama registered liner) v lm vic theo ni quy ca Panama (D dng v thoi mi hn). Nu khng nhng con ty ny phi theo lut hng ca US v mt trong nhng lut l i hi s lng nhn vin phc v 80 ti 90% phi l ngi bn x vi tin lng kh cao. Ngoi ra,vo ban ngy khi ra vo cng nn ko cc c sau y : Quc k :Treo ct c sau li. C cng ty : Treo trn nh ct sau ( khi tu chy khng treo ) Khi tu vo cng nc ngoi v sut c thi gian tu cng , cn phi ko quc k ca nc s ti cho n khi ri khi nc

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V d: trong nh tu VTC DRAGON ang 1 cng ca c, nn treo c quc gia ny dy c ngoi cng bn phi ca ct c, mt khc n ang bunker nn phi treo thm c Bravo dy c pha ngoi bn tri na.

C h hiu ca tu . Treo thanh ngang ct trc hoc ct n trn bung li Cc loi c khc : c hoa tiu , c kim dch , ... treo thanh ngang ct n bung li. C hoa tiu c ko ln trc khi vo cng c 2 tc dng: Yu cu dch v hoa tiu Bo hiu hoa tiu ln tu

C l c treo trong dp quc khnh , ngy tt v cc ngy i l . C l c ghp t cc l c ch , ghp xen k mt l hnh ch nht tip theo mt l tam gic hoc hnh thang , v treo t mi tu qua cc ct cho n li tu .

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C r c treo trong nhng ngy quc tang theo thng bo ca nh nc Vit Nam . Khi treo c r th ko quc k ln tn nh ct , sau ko xung lng chng 1/3 chiu di ca ct. C tn hiu quc t c s dng bi cc tu trn bin nh vn cc tin nhn ngn, hoc thng hn, s dng ring l hoc kt hp, h c ngha c bit:

Hnh nh treo c tn hiu quc t. C k t (letter flag) : Mi l c th hin 1 k t trong bng ch ci. ng thi, mi c cn c 1 ngha ring. VD:
Flag K t A lpha C th ln di y ngha

B ravo

Ti tham gia vo, tho ra, hoc vn chuyn hng ho nguy him

C harlie

"C " hoc "khng nh"

D elta

Ti vn ng kh khn.

C s(numeric flag): mi c biu hin cho 1 con s t 0-9. VD:


0 Ch s khng

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1 2

Ch s mt trong Ch s hai

C lp li (Substitute repeat flag): lp li k t th 1,2,3,4 theo th t cc c sau:

6. Ch tu- Shipowners :
Theo iu 29.1 lut Hng Hi Vit Nam: Ch tu l ngi s hu tu bin. Ch tu c quyn s dng c hiu ring. Quyn s hu chic tu c nh nc xc nhn bng vic cp mt giy chng nhn v tn chic tu c chnh thc ghi vo s ng hcng cng, cc giy t ny lun i theo tu. C 2 hnh thc ch tu Ch tu danh ngha (Norminal Shipowner ) Khi mt ngi thu tu no cho ngi khc (Ngi th ba) thu li con tu mnh thu trc th ngi y l ngi ch danh ngha c quyn iu khin, khai thc con tu y. Ch tu danh ngha khng phi l ch s hu thc s ca con tu m thng thng h ch l nhng ngi kinh doanh dch v hng hi. Thng thng gp khi cn, cc hng tu s thu nh hn mt vi con tu v s dng n khai thc cho thu li. Actual Shipowner: l ch tu thc theo php lut.

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7. Kch thc ca tu- Dimension of Ship:


c trng ny th hin kh nng tu c th qua cng no, i qua knh o no hoc li trn nhng lung lch nh th no, gm cc ch tiu: Chiu di ca tu- Length overall: l khong cch thng gc t mi n ui tu, thng thng c s dng th hin quy m ca tu v cng nh tnh ph khi neo u ti cng xp d hng. Chiu rng ca tu- Breadth Extreme: l khong cch thng gc gia 2 im rng nht ca thnh tu.

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Ni chung, mt con tu thng c xp vo mt c no v c nhiu c tu khc nhau, c lit k trong bng :

Trong , Aframax c hiu l c tu ti a ca h thng kch thc tu AFRA (Average Freight Rate Assessment) , Panamax v suezmax c ngha l nhng con tu di kch thc ny th c th i qua Knh o panama v knh o Suez.Ngoi ra gia hai mc tu ny cn c seawaymax, thut ng dng cho cc tu c kch thc ln nht c th i lt phn hp nht ca knh St Lawrence Seaway. Con ULCC (Ultra Large Container Vessel), l loi tu ln nht hin nay nn ch c nhng bn cng chuyn dng mi c th cho php loi tu ny cp bn.

8. Mn nc ca tu- Draught/Draft:
L chiu cao thng gc phn thn tu chm trong nc. Phn mn tu nm trn mt nc gi l mn kh c sn mu sng, phn di nc sn mu ti. Gia hai phn c mt di sn trng, en hoc ch r di ng nc thay i khi tu ch nng, nh khc nhau. (o bng m hoc feet), gm 2 ch tiu: Mn nc cu to/ mn nc ti thiu- Light Draught/Minimum Draft: l mn nc khi tu khng ch hng.

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January 10, 2012

Mn nc ti a- Loaded Draught/Maximum Draft: l mn nc khi tu ch y hng v an ton vo ma h. L mt i lng thay i ty theo khi lng hng ha chuyn ch, ma v vng bin tu i qua.

Hnh nh minh ha mn nc Xc nh, tnh ton mn nc nhm mc ch? Gim nh v tnh ton mn nc l mt cch xc nh trng lng ca hng ha bc ln hay d khi tu bng cch sau: o o th tch chim u tin ca tu (trc khi bc hng ln tu hay trc khi d hng ra khi tu) o o th tch chim sau cng ca tu (ti thi im hon tt vic bc hng hay d hng). o Tin hnh ly hiu 2 mn nc v xc nh khi lng hng ha. o Tuy nhin trn thc t vic tnh mn nc v cng phc tp Xc nh mn nc ti a cho php khi ri cng hay cp cng an ton. Tnh ton trong vic h thy tu mi. Mi tu hay th h tu bin u phi th hin mn nc (ti a) ca tu, y l ch tiu k thut rt quan trng v cn thit ca tu bin:

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January 10, 2012

Th h tu container Feeder nh Feeder Panamax Post-panamax Suezmax Post-suezmax (Malaccamax)

Mn nc (m) < 9,0 ~9,2-12,0 ~11,8-12,2 ~12,5-13,6 ~14,6 ~15,7-21,0

Bng : Cc th h tu container th gii t nm 1956 n nm 2010 Ngun: Tng hp t Frans, W. & Niko, W. (2001) v MAN B&W (2010) Bn cnh , mi cng bin u c ch s mn nc cho cc lung lch Chng hn, mt s cng Vit Nam nh: Cng Cm Ph l 9.5m, Cng on X 8,4m , Cng Ca Cm 8.6 m, Cng Nng 12 m, Tn Cng Saigon 11.5 m, Cng Si Gn 10.5 m bn TP.HCM v 12.5 m bn B Ra- Vng Tu 9. Trng lng ca tu- Displacement Tonnage (cn gi l lng r nc ca tu): Di y l mt cch tnh Trng lng ca tu: Trong : D = M/35

D: trng lng ca tu (Long ton) M: th tch nc m tu chim ch (cubic feet)

Bng trng lng khi nc b phn chm ca tu chim ch tnh bng tn.

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n v tnh: long ton ( long ton = 2240 , Lbs=1016 kg) Trng lng nh - Light Displacemnt (LD): l trng lng m tu cha ch hng bao gm: trng lng v tu, my m c thit b trn tu, ni hi, nc trong ni hi, ph tung, thuyn vin v hnh l ca h. Trng lng nng- Heavy Displacement (HD): l trng lng tu khi ch hng bao gm trng lng nh, trng lng hng h a thng mi v trng lng cc vt phm cn thit cung ng cho mt hnh trnh m tu c th ch c mn nc ti a.

HD=LD+ DP Hay HD = LD + hng h a + vt phm . Trong HD:trng lng nng ; LD: trng lng nh ; DP:bao gm hng h a v trng lng cc vt phm cung ng khc 10. Trng ti ca tu- (Deadweight Tonnage- DWT): L sc ch ca tu tnh bng tn di, mn nc ti a v ma ng, ma h hoc vng bin c lin quan, ty tng trng hp. bao gm 2 ch tiu: Trng ti ton phn- Deadweight All Told (DWT): bng hiu s gia trng lng tu y hng vi trng lng tu khng hng. DWC = HD LD = DP = hng h a + vt phm Hay: Trng ti (DWT) = Sc ch hng ca tu + Trng lng thuyn vin, hnh l, thc phm, nc ngt, du m, nc dn tu.

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Trng ti tnh- Deadweight Cargo (DWC): trng ti thc dng hay trng ti hng h a thc t m tu c th ch c. Trng ti tnh bng trng ti ton phn tr i trng lng cc vt phm cn thit cung ng cho hnh trnh DWC = DWT vt phm = hng ha

Thng thng trng ti tnh nh hn trng ti ton phn t 10-25% V d: Tu c trng ti 5.000 tn ti bt k thi im c hiu l tng khi lng tu c th ch c bao gm: hng h a, nhin liu, nc dn, lng thc thc phm, trng lng hnh khch, thuyn vin, ph tng thay th ti a l 5.000 tn. 11. Dung tch ng k- Register Tonnage (RT) L s o dung tch ca ton b cc khng gian kn trn tu, bao gm c th tch ca ng kh i. RT ca tu l c s tnh cc ph hng hi nh ph hoa tiu, ph ng k, ph bo him v lm c s p dng cho cc cng c hng hi khc. C 2 loi dung tch ng k: Dung tch ng k ton phn- Gross Register Tonnage (GRT): bao gm ton b dung tch cc khoang trng khp kn trn tu, tnh t boong trn cng tr xung bao gm : khoang cha hng , khoang cha nc, bung my, khoang cha nhin liu , phng n ca s quan thy th .Ch tiu ny dng thng k lc lng tu bun. Dung tch ng k tnh- Net Register Tonnage (NRT): dung tch ng k thc dng. L dung tch cc khoang trng dng cha hng Ch tiu ny dng tnh cng ph , ph qua knh o quc t,.. Hai loi dung tch trn c th c th hin bng hnh v: GRT l c t xanh, bao gm: hm hng, cc kt y i v 2 kt mi li, bung my, ca bin, cc kho mi v li, cc monkey islands (khoang pha trn mt boong

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chnh b tr cc ti cu hng) v ct tu Ships masts. Trn hnh v minh ha c mt monkey island. Th tch ng kh i khng c gp vo GT. NRT bao gm: hm hng, cc kt y i v 2 kt mi li, bung my. Khng bao gm: ca bin, cc kho mi v li, v ct tu.

LU : cng c quc t ca T chc hng hi quc t (IMO) v o dung tch tu nm 1969 th tr tu chin v tu c chiu di nh hn 24 mt (79 feet), tt c cc tu bin u c phi giy chng nhn dung tch tu ca c quan ng kim. Ngy trc cn c hai khi nim Gross Register Tonnage (GRT) v Net Register Tonnage (NRT). IMO thay th GRT v NRT bng GT v NT. n v ca Dung tch theo cch gi thng thng l tn, nhng khc vi tn = 1.000kg, v khc vi n v tn c s dng trong Trng ti. 1 GT bng 100 feet khi hay bng 2,831 mt khi V d: Khi n i GRT ca tu l 1.599 tn th phi hiu l dung tch ton phn ca n l 1.599 tn dung tch ton phn hay con tu c dung tch GRT l 1.599 nhn vi 2,831m3 thnh 4526,77 m3..

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12. Dung tch cha hng- Cargo Space (CS) : L kh nng xp cc loi hng h a khc nhau trong hm tu ca con tu , bao gm: Dung tch cha hng ri- Grain Space (GS): l dung tch cha hng ca tu khi chuyn ch cc loi hng ri, l tng dung tch hm hng vn chuyn ng cc hay hng x/hng ri khc c th t chy nh than, ct... v lp kn c cc khong trng ca hm hng m hng ng bao, kin khng tn dng c. n v tnh dung tch thng l mt khi hoc pht (feet) khi Dung tch cha hng bao kin- Bale Space (BS) : l dung tch cha hng ca tu khi chuyn ch hng bao kin ,ty theo loi tu. l tng dung tch bng mt khi hoc pht (feet) khi ca hm hng c th cha cc loi hng c (solid) - loi hng khng th lp kn cc khong trng gia cc khng gian ca tudung tch cha hng ri thng ln hn dung tch cha hng bao kin khong 5-10% Ngoi ra cn c Oil space (dung tch cha du): Dung tch chim 98 phn trm tng dung tch ca kt cha du trn tu bin. S dung tch 2 phn trm cn li gi l lng vi (ullage) dng d phng cho vic gin n ca du khi cha trong kt. 13. H s xp hng ca tu- (Ships Stowage Factor- SSF): Biu th mi quan h t l gia dung tch cha hng v trng ti tnh ca tu, cn gi l t khi ca tu SSF=CS/DWC Cho bit mt tn trng ti tnh ca tu tng ng vi bao nhiu n v dung tch cha hng ca tu (m3 hoc cuft) , n cho php tnh ton gn ng s tn hng xp ln tu

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14. H s xp hng ca hng ha Cargo Stowage Factor (CSF): Mi quan h t l gia th tch v trng lng ca hng khi loi hng ny c xp trong hm tu. s dng ht ng thi trng ti v dung tch cha hng ca tu ta phi chn loi hng c h s th tch (CSF) tng ng vi h s xp hng (SSF) ca tu. Qui c: SF < 40 C.ft - hng nng (Deadweight Cargo). SF> 40 C.ft - hng nh (Measurement Cargo): SF > 70 C.ft - hng cng knh. SF < CL: khng tn dng ht dung tch ca tu SF > CL: khng tn dng ht trng ti ca tu c bit Cng 1 hng ha nhng c xut x khc nhau th h s cng khc nhau nh mt hng bng kin ( cotton bale) Australia : 3.62 n 3.76CBM / 1 ton China : 1.39 n 1.67 CBM / 1 ton Hng bch ho thng c h s cht xp l 2,5m3/T. Ngoi ra mi loi phn ho hc u c tnh cht ring ca n, cc loi phn ho hc khc nhau u c trng lng ring khc nhau, bin ng trong khong 0,9 n 1,2T/m3 V d: Mt tu c bale space l 18.500 M3 ch go ng bao t TP. H Ch Minh, c th xp c khong 12.759,62MT (h s xp hng - stowage factor - s/f khong 1.45). Nu ch go ri th c th ch c 15.000,00 MT (s/f khong 1.3). Thut ng ny cn gi l "bale" hoc bale capacity. Di y l bng Lit k h s hng ha ca mt s loi hng ha ( ri v theo kin)
Hng theo kin Hng ha Axit Citric Cn Quy cch ng gi Cases Drums H s xp d (m3/T) 1.331 1.982

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Cn tinh khit (95%) u ng hp u nnh Bia Bia Chai l Chai (Coca hoc Pepsi) Cm Ng cc Xi mng Xi mng Ch C ph Np bn Bt bp X cotton Cotton Bt c Du c Tri cy ng hp Tri cy kh Nc tri cy Yn mch Bt yn mch B u phng Khoai ty Khoai ty Than c Than M Than Nht Cm go n Yn mch Than ch

Drums Cartons Bags Cases Cartons Bags Bags Bags Cartons Bags Marino Slings Drums Bags Cartons Bags Bales Pressed Bales Bags Drums Cartons Cartons Cartons Bags Bags Cartons Bulk Bulk Hng ri Bulk Bulk Bulk Bulk Bulk Bulk

1.84 1.416/1.557 1.585 1.869 1.699 2.492 1.982 2.832/3.394 6.796 0.651 0.793 0.679 2.832 2.265 1.585 3.568 2.407 1.699/1.840 1.699 1.132 1.359/1.557 1.557 1.84 2.548 1.699 2.882 2.265 1.22/1.33 1.30/1.42 1.27/1.33 1.76/1.84 1.47/1.56 0.57/0.99

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Trong trng hp trn 2 mt hng Khi xp hng xung hm tu, mun tn dng c ht trng ti v dung tch ca tu th nn la chn cc mt hng tha mn h phng trnh:

X1 + X2 + .+ Xn = DWC X1.CSF1 + X2.CSF2 + + Xn.SFn = CS

Trong X1, X2, Xn : l trng lng ca cc mt hng CSFx, y : l h s xp hng ca cc loi hng h a CS: dung tch cha hng ca tu DWC: trng ti tnh ca tu

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I.

CC N V O
Tn n v Tn ting Anh

nh ngha

V d

Hi l

Nautical mile

mt n v di c dng trong hoa tiu hng hi

1 hi l = 1,852 km

con tu c trng ti 131.000 DWT ngha l tu ny c kh nng an ton khi l n v o nng lc vn ti Deadweight chuyn ch 131.000 tn DWT an ton ca tu tnh bng tonnage trng lng tng cng ca tn. ton b thy th on, hnh khch, hng ha, nhin liu, nc ngt... trn tu 1 TEU (cont 20')c sc TEU l n v o ca hng cha ti a l 24 tn (bao h a c container ha Twentygm sc nng ca Cont v tng ng vi mt foot tn dng ht khng gian TEU container tiu chun 20 ft equivalent bn trong cont), 24 tn l (di) 8 ft (rng) 8,5 ft units khi cn dng cont mi, cn (cao) (khong 39 m th cont bnh thng th khong tch) 18 tn. Tn di hay tn Anh hoc tn gp, k hiu L/T l tn 1 L/T = 2240 pounds = gi ca mt n v trong h 1016,0469088 kg = 35 feet Tn di Long ton o lng Anglo-Saxon hay khi nc vi t trng ring h o lng Anh, oc s 1,025 g/m dng o trng long ca

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Tn ngn

Short ton

Cubic feet (hay feet khi)

Cubic met (hay met khoi) Tn dung tch

tu. Hin nay, n thay th bng tn ngn ti Hoa K v tn ca h SI ti nhng ni khc. Tn ngn hay tn M (k hiu S/T) l mt n v o khi lng Ft hay feet khi l mt n v o lng th tch thuc h o lng Anh-M (khng thuc h o lng quc t SI) c s dng ti Hoa K, Canada v Vng quc Anh. N c nh ngha nh l mt hnh khi c cc cnh di mt feet (0,3048 mt). Mt khi (mt khi, k hiu: m3) l n v SI ngun gc ca khi lng. y l khi lng ca mt khi lp phng c cnh di mt mt. L n v o dung tch khng gian kn trn tu bao gm c ng khi.

1 S/T = 2000 pounds = 907,18474 kg

1 cu ft = 0.028316846592 m3

Chuyn i t cubic met sang cubic feet 1 Cubic Meter = 35.3146667 Cubic Feet 1 cu ft = 0.028316846592 m3 1 tn dung tch = 100 feet khi = 2.831 met khi

II. Cc cng thc tnh trng ti, dung tch, h s xp hng


Trng lng tu khng hng : LD Trng Lng tu y hng: HD = LD + hng ha + vt phm Trng ti ton phn :

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DWC = HD LD = hng ha + vt phm Trng ti tnh : DWCC = DWC vt phm = hng ha Dung tch ng k ton phn: GRT Dung tch ng k tnh : NRT Dung tch cha hng: CS H s xp hng ca tu: CL = CS/DWCC Cng thc xp nhiu mt hng da vo h s xp hng X1 + X2 + .+ Xn = DWCC X1.SF1 + X2.SF2 + + Xn.SFn = CS Trong : X1, X2, , Xn l khi lng ca cc mt hng SF1, SF2, , SFn l h s xp hng tng ng ca cc mt hng trn

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