CHNG ST VAN NG DY L G?

1. GII THIU
Cc yu cu v tin cy ca h thng in ngy cng tng v v th, cc nh cung cp dch v lun tm kim cc bin php em n nhng ci thin . Mt bin php lm gim cc s c lin quan n st trn ng dy l ng dng chin lc chng st. T nhng nm u thp nin 90 th chng st van ng dy vi gi c cnh tranh v khi lng nh c lp t trn ng dy truyn ti. Chng st van cng l mt bin php hiu qu cho vic kim sot chi ph trn ng dy khi chng c s dng trong vic kim sot qu in p thao tc, trong cc d n nng cp in p ng dy hoc xy dng ng dy kiu kn. Tp ch ArresterFacts ny a ra cc nguyn l c bn ca chng st van ng dy (TLAs).

Chng st van ng dy truyn ti Chng st van phn phi

2. NH NGHA
nh ngha v chng st van ng dy khng xut hin trong Hnh 1. Hai kiu chng st : Truyn ti v bt k tiu chun IEEE hay IEC phn phi. no lin quan n chng st. Thut ng chng st van ng dy c xut hin vn bn IEEE C62.22-1997 nhng khng c tm thy bt k tiu chun IEC hin c no.

3. CHNG ST VAN NG DY
Chng st van c s dng trn ng dy ca h thng in nhm gim ri ro chc thng cch in trong qu trnh phng in st. Mt chng st van ng dy thng khng dng bo v thit b. Chng st bo v trm cng nh chng st

van phn phi c dng bo v cho ng dy v trong trng hp ny n c coi nh chng st van ng dy.

4. CHNG ST VAN NG DY TRUYN TI

L loi chng st van c s dng trn ng dy truyn ti (xem hnh 1)

5. CHNG ST VAN C KHE H NGOI (EGLA)

l loi chng st van ng dy thit k vi mt khe h ngoi ni tip vi mt phn SVU ch bo v phn cch in khi st do qu in p b mt tc nhanh, iu ny c thc hin bng cch tng cp phng in ca khe h ngoi vt ngng qu in p tn s cng nghip v trng hp xu nht l qu in p b mt tc chm do ng ct v cc trng hp s c c th xy ra trn ng dy c lp chng st .

6. PHNG IN NGC
Phng in ngc l hin tng xut hin h quang bt u t u cc hoc ct in ni t vng qua cch in ti dy pha mang in (xem hnh 2). Hin tng ny c th xut hin khi st nh vo dy chng st trn khng v ni c tng tr t tng i cao. N c bit n nh hin tng phng h quang ngc bi v n c chiu ngc vi h quang c tin hnh trong iu kin phng th nghim. Hin tng phng in ngc thng km theo chc thng cch in tn s cng nghip. Trong trng hp ny, my ct phi hot ng loi tr s c.

Hnh 2 Phng in ngc

7. DAO NI T (GLD)
L thit b gn gia t vi u ni t ca chng st van cch ly chng khi t trong trng hp chng st b hng. Thnh thong thit b ny cng c gn gia chng st van vi ng dy. Tuy nhin n vn c xem nh mt GLD.

8. TC DNG CA CHNG ST VAN NG DY

C hai l do c bn lp t chng st van ng dy. Mc ch thng dng nht l lm gim Hnh 3. Phng in xui tn s cng nghip hoc loi tr cc s c lin quan n qu in p kh quyn do b chc thng cch in. Mc ch th hai t thng dng hn l loi tr chc thng cch in do qu in p thao tc. Trong c hai, mc tiu l gim hoc loi tr s chc thng cch in. Trong c hai trng hp, cn phi nghin cu c h thng xc nh v tr tt nht t chng st nhm t c kt qu mong mun. i vi vic kim sot qu in p thao tc, chng st van ch cn t ni m qu in p thao tc vt qu in p chu ng ca s cch in. c th l mt vi v tr chy dc theo sut ng dy. i vi vic kim sot qu in p kh quyn, vng bo v t khi vt qu mt khong ct tnh t chng st van. Do cc chng st van cn t gn nh ti tt c cc ct v v i khi trn mi dy pha.

9. NGUYN L HOT NG
Chng st van ng dy p dng bo v ng dy c nguyn l hot ng khc so vi hu ht cc kiu chng st khc. i vi chng st van ng y, dng in st c dn trn dy dn. i vi cc trng hp chng st khc, dng in st c cch ly khi ng dy. Nu khng c chng st van bo v, v xy ra st nh trc tip, dng st s i qua dy chng st xung cc gn nht ca dy dn pha di. Nu in th ca dy dn pha di ny tng vt qu kh nng chu ng ca cch in dy dn (xp x 85% CFO), c th xy ra hin tng phng in ngc trn cch in.

Hnh 4. ng dn dng st trong mt h thng c ng dy chng st v chng st van

Ngay lp tc, theo sau qu trnh phng in ngc l qu trnh phng in xui tn s cng nghip dc theo ng dn b ion ha (xem hnh 3). H quang tn s cng nghip ny ch c dp tt bng thit b bo v qu dng. iu ny gy nn mt nhp nhy thong qua trong h thng. Vi mt chng st van c lp trn pha ny, dng st chy n nh trn dy dn (xem hnh 4). Khng c h quang ion ha c to ra. Do s khng c s c tn s cng nghip v nhp nhy tc thi s khng tn ti. Trong mi trng hp, s dng chng st van ng dy s ngn chn chc thng cch in v do loi tr cc s c thong qua trong h thng

10. LA CHN CHNG ST VAN NG DY

Vic la chn chng st van ng dy ph thuc nhiu yu t, c th nh sau: - Mc ch lp chng st van: xung thao tc, xung st, hoc c hai. - in p danh nh ca h thng v gi tr qu in p tm thi

Dy chng st ca h thng: i vi h thng khng treo dy chng st, pha trn cng c s dng nh mt dy chng st th chng st trn cng s khc loi vi cc chng st khc. Mt st v / hoc s ln chc thng cch in trong qu kh. Cht lng ni t ct T l phng in mong mun Cng sut ngn mch h thng

la chn chng st van ng dy trong trng hp c th, xem chi tit trong hng dn la chn chng st van ng dy ti ArresterFact 017a.

11. CU TO CHNG ST VAN NG DY

C vi b phn c bn l chung cho tt c cc loi chng st van ng dy. Tuy nhin, mi chng st van ng dy li c mt cu hnh khc nhau v phi c thit k cho tng ng dng c th. Thm ch trong mt d n c th cn ti vi cu hnh khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr v phng thc u ni chng st. B phn kt ni v nh hng ca chng st phi c thit k cho tng v tr lp t c th. Kp mng: B phn ny ging nh b phn ni dy dn vi chui s. Khp ni mm: L b phn rt quan trng quyt nh tui th ca chng st, n loi tr ng lc trn chng st do chuyn ng ca dy dn gy ra. Shunt: B phn ny gip cho khp ni mm khng phi dn dng Thn chng st: Thn ca chng st c thit k hng lot. Cn xc nh r chng st ch dn xung st hoc c xung st v xung ng ct. Dao cch ly: Cc b phn ca dao Hnh 5. Cu to chng st van cch ly ch dng trong trng hp chng st van b s c. Khi chng st van tr thnh im ngn mch h thng, dao cch ly s hot ng cch ly chng st van vi t. Dy ni t: Dy ni t dng ni chng st van vi ni t ct. Vic kim tra dy ni t l quan trng chc chn rng dy ni t khng bao gi tip xc vi dy pha.

12. CC V TR T CHNG ST VAN

Vic xc nh v tr t chng st van nhm t c mt t l s c mong mun khng phi l n gin. Thc t, nu trn mt ng dy khng lp bt k mt chng st van no th kh nng chc thng cch in khi b st nh trc tip vo dy pha l 100%. Cng c mt thc t khc l nu lp chng st van trn tt c cc dy pha ca tt c cc ct th kh nng xy ra chc thng cch in khi st b nh trc tip vo dy chng st hay dy pha u l 0%. Bt k kiu lp CSV no khc nm gia 2 kiu trn u lm gim kh nng xy ra chc thng cch in. Tuy nhin, nu khng c nghin cu v vic hn ch dng st th kh nng b phng in chc thng l mt n s. Hu ht cc nh sn xut CSV ng dy u c th tnh c kh nng phng in h quang nu h c cung cp mt s c tnh (thng s) ca h thng. C th s dng cc phn mm kiu nh EMTP/ATP nghin cu v gim dng st. Mt s nh t vn/n v t vn c th cung cp dch v ny. Thng thng, vn bo v qu in p l mt quyt nh va kinh t va k thut. Bng sau a ra kt qu ca mt nghin cu nh hng ca st vi cc v tr t ca CSV. Kh nng chc thng cch in i vi cu trc ct ng, in p 230kV, in tr ni t 50 Ohm khi b st nh V tr t chng st Khng c dy CS v CSV CSV pha trn cng ca cc ct khc CSV trn tt c cc pha ca cc ct khc Khng c bt k CSV no, ch c DCS Cc CSV treo trn pha trn cng ca tt c cc ct Cc CSV treo trn tt c cc pha ca tt c cc ct Kh nng phng in 100% 88% 87% 21% 18% 0.00%

13. VN NI T
Khi mi lp t dy chng st, ngi ta c gng lm sao in tr ni t ca ct l thp nht c th. Tr khng ni t cao c th gy ra mt mc in p cm ng ng k trn dy pha di cng trong qu trnh st nh. Nguyn tc chung y l Tr khng ni t cng cao th nguy c phng in ngc vo chui s cng ln. Khi treo chng st van trn mt ct in, tnh quan trng ca vic ni t s bt i v c th coi nh b loi tr. Nu lp chng st van trn c ba pha, tr s tr khng ni t khng cn quan trng na. Vi in khng t cng ln, dng in st

cng b dn vo dy pha (v nh th cng tt hn) m li khng gy ra nh hng xu no i vi dy dn pha.

14. CU TRC KHNG TREO DY CHNG ST

Mt m hnh khc kh ph bin l chng st van c treo pha trn cng ca h thng khng treo dy chng st (xem hnh 6). Kiu ny p dng ph bin cho nhng ng dy lin kt ngn kiu kn. Trong m hnh ny, hai pha thp hn c th b phng in ngc nu khng c treo chng st. Ngoi ra, chng st van trn nh cn c mc hp th nng lng cao hn (energy rating) hoc kh nng mang dng ln hn v ton b dng st (100%) s dn qua chng st van trc khi n i vo t.

Hnh 6. Cu hnh khng treo dy chng st

15. CHNG ST VAN NG DY C KHE H NGOI (EGLA).

EGLA l loi chng st van ng dy pht trin ph bin trn th gii tr khu vc Bc M. Hin ti, loi chng st van ny ang c lp t gim tc hi ca st cho cc ng dy c bo v bng dy chng st. Nguyn tc hot ng ca n cng tng t nh loi chng st van khng khe h. Tuy nhin, khe h ni tip cn phi b phng in trc khi chng st van bt u dn dng st. Nu khe h ny c thit lp ln, chng st van s khng tc ng khi xy ra qu in p thao tc do ng ct (xem hnh 7). Cha c bng chng k thut no ni rng kiu chng st van ny li khng dung c vi qu in p thao tc. Tuy nhin ngi ta vn cha dng n vo vic bao gi.

16. TIU CHUN

Hin nay, khng c tiu chun c th no dnh cho chng st van ng dy m ch c th tham kho t mt vi ti liu hng dn c sn. Cc tiu chun m chng st loi ny phi tun theo trong thi im hin nay l: C62.11 IEEE MOV Arrester Test standard C62.11 IEEE MOV Arrester Application guide IEEE 1243. Guide on lightning improvement of Transmission lines

IEC 60099-4 Gappless MOV Test standard IEC 60099-5 Gappless MOV Application guide. (Sp bao ht cc kh nng) IEC 60099-8 EGLA (ang chnh sa)

17. XU HNG
S dng chng st van ng dy trn cc ng dy kn v cc d n nng cp in p mang li c hi ln cho ngnh cng nghip ny. Tuy nhin c hai vn trn u yu cu nhng ngi thit k ch r gii hn khe h thp hn nhng thit k c s dng trong 100 nm qua. Do c im bo th vn c ca nn cng nghip ny m n nay c hai vn trn vn cha c p dng.

Hnh 7. Chng st van c khe h ngoi

18. TNG KT
ng dng ca Chng st van ng dy vn l mt lnh vc hot ng tim nng trong ngnh cng nghip ch to chng st van cao p. L do cho s ph bin ny l trong thc t, chng st van ng dy c th v thc s ci thin tc hi do st gy ra. Tuy nhin, thm ch l ngy cng ph bin nh vy nhng thit b ny vn cha c hiu v p dng trong hu ht li in. Bi bo ny nhm mc ch b sung nhng hiu bit cn thiu st v vn . c hng dn nhiu hn v cch chn ng chng st van ng dy th c th tham kho ti ti liu ARRESTERFACTS 017a.