1

MC LC
trang
DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT..........................3
DANH MC CC BNG........................................................................7
DANH MC CC HNH V , TH.................................................8
LI NI U...........................................................................................10
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN...................................................................11
1.1 Yu cu v mc tiu ca ti.........................................................11
1.2 Gii thiu thit b chuyn i in p..............................................12
1.3 Chuyn i AC AC.......................................................................12
1.3.1 Gii thiu v my bin p........................................................12
1.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p.....................................13
1.4 Chuyn i AC DC.......................................................................15
1.4.1 Mch chnh lu na chu k......................................................15
1.4.2 Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k...................................................16
1.5 Chuyn i DC DC.......................................................................17
CHNG 2 H THNG NGHCH LU...........................................18
2.1 Tng quan v h thng nghch lu...................................................18
2.2 Nghch lu ph thuc......................................................................18
2.3 Nghch lu c lp..........................................................................18
2.3.1 Nghch lu song song v ni tip.............................................19
2.3.2 Nghch lu dng v ngun p..................................................21
2.4 Cc mch nghch lu in hnh........................................................22
2.4.1 Nghch lu dng dao ng a hi...........................................22
2.4.2 Nghch lu dng dao ng Blocking......................................24
2.4.3 Nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p mt chiu...................25
CHNG 3 CC LINH KIN S DNG TRONG B NGHCH LU
3.1 Gii thiu tng quan AVR...............................................................28

2
3.1.1 Vi iu khin ATmega16........................................................29
3.1.2 Mt s modul ca Atmega16..................................................31
3.2 Gii thiu mn hnh hin th LCD..................................................47
3.2.1 Hot ng LCD.......................................................................47
3.2.2 Chc nng cc chn ca LCD................................................47
3.3 IC n p 7805..................................................................................50
3.4 IRF 3205..........................................................................................51
3.5 Bin p............................................................................................52
CHNG 4 THIT K V THI CNG
4.1 S khi ca b nghch lu..........................................................57
4.1.1 S khi...............................................................................57
4.1.2 Chc nng cc khi.................................................................57
4.2 S mch nguyn l.....................................................................58
4.3 S mch in...................................................................................63
4.4 Lu thut ton s l ca b nghch lu.......................................66
4.4.1 Lu chng trnh chnh.......................................................66
4.4.2 Lu chng trnh phm n..................................................67
4.4.3 Lu chng trnh nghch lu.............................................68
4.4.4 Lu chng trnh np.........................................................69
4.5 Nguyn l hoat ng ca b nghch lu..........................................70
4.6 Chng trnh iu khin...................................................................72
KT LUN................................................................................................89
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................90

DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT

A
AC

Alternating6 Current

in xoay chiu

ADC

Analog to Digital

Chuyn i tng t sang s

Converter
ADCD

ADC Data Register

Thanh ghi d liu

ADCSR

ADC control and status

Thanh ghi iu khin v lu

ADEN
ADIE
ADMUX

register
ADC enable
ADC interrupt Flag
Multiplexer select

trng thi ca ADC

Cho php ADC hot dng
C ngt ADC
Thanh ghi dng la chn

ADPS

register
ADC Prescaler Select

knh u vo cho ADC

La chn xung nhp

Bits
ADRR

ADC Free Running

Chn chuyn i t do

ADSC

select
ADC start conversion

Bt u chuyn i ADC

B
BJT

Bipolar junction

Transitor lng cc

transistor

C
CPU

Central Processing Unit

n v s l trung tm

D
DC

in mt chiu

E
EEPROM

Electrically Erasable

b nh khng mt d liu khi

Programmable Read-

ngng cung cp in

Only Memory

4
I/O
ISR

IN/OUT

Vo/Ra
Chng trnh qun l ngt

L
LCD
LED

Liquid Crystal Display

Light Emitting Diode

Mn hnh hin th tinh th lng

it pht quang

H
Hz

Hetz

n v tn s

M
MOSFET

MUX

Metal oxit

transistor hiu ng trng Oxit

semiconductor field

Kim loi - Bn dn

Effect transistor
ADC Multiplexer select

Thanh ghi chn knh u vo

register

cho ADC

O
OCF
OCR

Output Compare

C so snh
Thanh ghi so snh u ra

PWM

Registers
Pulse-width

iu bin rng xung

modulation

R
R/W
RTC

Read/Write
real timer clock

c/Ghi
ng h m thi gian thc

S
SCR

Silicon controlled

Linh kin chnh lu iu khin

SPI

rectifiers
Serial Peripheral

Giao din ni tip ngoi vi

SRAM

Interface
Static random-access

B nh truy cp ngu nhin

memory

T
TCCR

Timer/counter Control

Thanh ghi iu khin

Register0

Timer/counter

5
TCNT
TEMP
TIFR
TIMSK

Timer/counter

Thanh ghi gi tr

Timer Interrupt Flag

Thanh ghi c ngt

Register
Timer Interrupt Mask

Thanh ghi dng k ngt

Register
TOV

C trn

U
USART

Universal Synchronous

Truyn thng ni tip tc

and Asynchronous

cao

serial Receiver and

Transmitter

V
VCC
VK

+ 5V
Vi iu khin

VEE

Cp ngun iu khin tng

VSS

phn
t

DANH MC CC BNG
Trang
Bng 3.1 Vect ngt ca Atmega 16...........................................................43
Bng 3.2 Bng trng thi ca cc bt ADPS2-ADPS0................................46
Bng 3.3 M t cc chn ca LCD..............................................................49
Bng 3.4 Cc m lnh LCD.........................................................................50
Bng 3.5 Quan h Ch theo S2.......................................................................55
Bng 3.6 Quan h gia J theo S2.................................................................56
Bng 3.7 Tm tt kt qu tnh ton.............................................................56

DANH MC CC HNH V, TH
Trang
Hnh 1.1 Cu to ca my bin p...............................................................13
Hnh 1.2 Hot ng my bin p.................................................................14
Hnh 1.3 Mch chnh lu na chu k..........................................................16
Hnh 1.4 Chnh lu 2 na chu k dng cu chnh lu................................16
Hnh 1.5 Chnh lu 2 na chu k dng bin p c im gia.....................16
Hnh 2.1 S nguyn l nghch lu song song........................................19
Hnh 2.2 Dng sng nghch lu song song.................................................19
Hnh 2.3 S nguyn l nghch lu ni tip...........................................20
Hnh 2.4 Dng song nghch lu ni tip.....................................................20
Hnh 2.5 S nguyn l v mch tng ng ca nghich lu ngun
dng..............................................................................................21
Hnh 2.6 S nguyn l v mch tng ng ca nghich lu ngun
p.................................................................................................22
Hnh 2.7 Nguyn l mch nghch lu dng dao ng a hi......................22
Hnh 2.8 Dng sng ca nghch lu dng dao ng a hi.........................23
Hnh 2.9 Nghch lu dng dao ng Blocking...........................................24
Hnh 2.10 Chuyn i DC-DC nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p
mt chiu......................................................................................25
Hnh 2.11 Chuyn i DC-AC nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p
mt chiu......................................................................................26
Hnh 2.12 Dng sng ra nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p
mt chiu.....................................................................................................26
Hnh 3.1 S chn Atmega 16.................................................................39
Hnh 3.2 Thanh ghi DDRA.........................................................................32
Hnh 3.3 Thanh ghi PORTA........................................................................32
Hnh 3.4 Thanh ghi PINA...........................................................................33
Hnh 3.5 S cu to Timer/counter0......................................................35

8
Hnh 3.6 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR0 ca Timer/counter0......................35
Hnh 3.7 Thanh ghi gi tr TCNT0 ca Timer/counter0............................36
Hnh 3.8 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR1A ca Timer/counter1..................37
Hnh 3.9 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR1B Timer/counter1..........................37
Hnh 3.10 Thanh ghi gi tr TCNT1 ca Timer/counter1...........................37
Hnh 3.11 Thanh ghi so snh OCR1A ca Timer/counter1........................38
Hnh 3.12 Thanh ghi so snh OCR1A ca Timer/counter1........................39
Hnh 3.13 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR2 ca Timer/counter2....................40
Hnh 3.14 Thanh ghi gi tr TCNT2 ca Timer/ counter2.........................40
Hnh 3.15 Thanh ghi so snh ng ra: OCR2...............................................41
Hnh 3.16 S khi b chuyn i ADC.................................................44
Hnh 3.17 Hnh dng LCD..........................................................................47
Hnh 3.18 th hin cc chn ca LCD16x2................................................48
Hnh 3.19 Hnh dng v cu to ca 7805..................................................50
Hnh 3.20 Hnh dng v cu to IRF3205...................................................51
Hnh 3.21 Hnh dng li thp......................................................................53
Hnh 3.22 S dy qun ca bin p........................................................54
Hnh 4.1 Khi ngun...................................................................................58
Hnh 4.2 Khi iu khin trung tm............................................................59
Hnh 4.3 Khi chuyn mch........................................................................59
Hnh 4.4 Khi hi tip.................................................................................60
Hnh 4.5 Khi cng sut..............................................................................60
Hnh 4.6 S ghp bin p vi khi cng sut.........................................61
Hnh 4.7 Khi hin th................................................................................61
Hnh 4.8 S nguyn l ca ton mch...................................................62
Hnh 4.9 V tr cc linh kin mch iu khin ............................................63
Hnh 4.10 S ng mch in mch iu khin......................................64
Hnh 4.11 V tr cc linh kin mch cng sut............................................65
Hnh 4.12 S ng mch in mch cng sut........................................65

LI NI U
Ngnh cng ngh bn dn ra i tng i mun so vi cc ngnh
khc, nhng hin nay ngnh cng ngh k thut in t c nhng bc
pht trin nhy vt vi nhiu thnh tu ng k. Cng vi s ra i v pht
trin ngy cng mnh ca vi mch t hp, k thut in t, digtal v ang
c nhng ng dng rng ri trong i sng. Cc thit b in cng nghip
cng nh nhng thit b in sinh hot trong gia nh rt pht trin t khi
cng ngh bn dn ra i. Tt c cc thit b ny hot ng c u phi s
dng mt ngun nng lng, l in nng. Trong thc t hin nay nhu cu
s dng v nng lng in thp sng v san xut ngy cng ln, nht l vo
gi cao im vt qu kh nng cung cp v phn phi in nng ca quc
gia, c bit ti cc vng nng thn, min ni th vn ct in lun phin
li thng xuyn xy ra.
khc phc vn ny, l sinh vin ang hc tp v nghin cu ti
trng, kt hp vi cc ti liu tham kho, thng qua bo tr, internet v
chuyn ngnh k thut in t, em mun a nhng kin thc hc vo
thc t m rng vn kin thc c ng thi m rng phm vi ng dng
ca ngnh cng ngh k thut in t trong i sng. Vi l do trn em
nghin cu ti vi ni dung Thit k v thi cng b nghch lu t
12VDC sang 220VAC/500W.
Di s hng dn ch bo nhit tnh ca c Nguyn Th Minh Tm
cng vi s c gng n lc ca mnh, em hon thnh xong n ca mnh.
Tuy nhin do thi gian v kin thc cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi thiu
st khi thc hin n ny. V vy em rt mong s nhn c nhiu kin
nh gi, gp ca thy c gio, cng bn b ti ca mnh c hon
thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

10

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

1.1 Yu cu v mc tiu ca ti

Nm c mt cch tng quan cng ngh nghch lu.

Tm hiu v cu trc v lp trnh cho b vi iu khin Atmega

16L.

Nm chc cch s dng v iu khin cc linh kin cng sut.

Tm hiu v cc mch nghch lu, hiu c nguyn l lm vic

ca mch nghch lu, cc phng php bin i t la chn mt phng

n ti u nht c p dng trn n ca mnh v ngoi thc tin.

C kh nng tnh ton, thit k v ch to b nghch lu in p

mt pha vi cng sut cho trc.

Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca b nghch lu
mt pha.

Phn tch nguyn l lm vic v tnh ton cc thng s trong b

nghch lu mt pha.
Thit k, ch to b nghch lu mt pha m bo yu cu:
+ in p u vo mt chiu U = 12V ly t c quy.
+ in p u ra dng cho cc thit b in xoay chiu U = 220V,
f=50Hz, P=500W.
+ Th nghim, kim tra sn phm, sn phm phi m bo yu cu
k thut, m thut.
gip sinh vin c th c th cng c kin thc, tng hp v nng cao

kin thc chuyn nghnh cng nh kin thc ngoi thc t. ti cn thit k
ch to m hnh cc sinh vin trong trng c bit l sinh vin khoa in
t tham kho. To tin ngun ti liu cho cc hc sinh, sinh vin kho sau
c thm ngun ti liu nghin cu v hc tp.
Nhng kt qu thu c sau khi hon thnh ti ny trc tin l s
gip em c th hiu su hn v cc b nghch lu, cc phng php bin i

11
in p. T s tch lu c kin thc cho cc nm hc sau v ra ngoi
thc t
1.2 Gii thiu thit b chuyn i in p
Thit b chuyn i in p l mt thit b bin nng. N cho php
chuyn i nng lng in di cc mc in p khc nhau vi bin v
tn s theo yu cu.
Cc phng php chuyn i in p thng dng hin nay:
+ Chuyn i AC AC
+ Chuyn i AC DC
+ Chuyn i DC DC
1.3 Chuyn i AC AC
L phng php chuyn i thng dng thng gp trong i sng
hng ngy. Thit b c trng cho phng php ny l my bin p. Hiu sut
ca my bin p thng l rt ln trn 90%.
My bin p hay my bin th c th chuyn i hiu in th ng vi
gi tr mong mun, v d t ng dy trung th 10 kV sang mc h th 230
V hay 400 V dng trong nh my. Ti cc nh my in, my bin th thng
chuyn hiu in th mc trung th t my pht in (10 kV n 50 kV) sang
mc cao th (110 kV n 500 kV hay cao hn) cho ng dy in cao th.
Trong truyn ti in nng vi khong cch xa, hiu in th cng cao th hao
ht cng t.
Ngoi ra cn c cc my bin th c cng sut nh hn, my bin p (n p)
dng n nh in p trong nh, hay cc cc bin th, cc xc, ... dng cho
cc thit b in vi hiu in th nh (230 V sang 24 V, 12 V, 3 V, ...).
1.3.1 Gii thiu v my bin p
My bin p hay my bin th l thit b in gm hai hoc nhiu cun
dy, hay 1 cun dy c u vo v u ra trong cng 1 t trng. Cu to c

12
bn ca my bin p thng l 2 hay nhiu cun dy ng cch in c
qun trn cng 1 li st hay st t ferit.
My bin p c th thay i hiu in th xoay chiu, tng p hoc h
p, u ra cho nhng cp in p tng ng vi nhu cu s dng. My bin
p ng vai tr rt quan trng trong truyn ti in nng. Hnh 2.1 m t cu
to ca my bin p.

Hnh 1.1 Cu to ca my bin p.

Dy qun: thng c ch to bng y ng hoc dy nhm, tit din
ca dy dn thng l hnh trn hoc hnh ch nht bn ngoi c bc lp cch
in. Dy qun ca bin p thng chia lm 2 cun l cun dy s cp v
cun dy th cp.
Li dng lm dn t thng trong my bin p, c ch to t nhng
vt liu dn t tt thng l l thp k thut in (bin p thng) hoc li st
bi ferit (bin p xung). Vi bin p thng li l nhng l thp mng ghp
li vi nhau (c cch in) trnh dng phuco.
1.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p
My bin p hot ng tun theo 2 hin tng vt l:
Dng in chy qua dy dn to ra t trng.

S bin thin t thng trong cun dy to ra 1 hiu in th cm

ng (cm ng in).
Dng in c to ra trong cun dy s cp khi ni vi hiu in th
s cp to ra t trng bin thin trong li st. T trng bin thin ny to ra

13
trong mch in th cp 1 hiu in th th cp c th hin trong hnh 1.2.
Nh vy hiu in th s cp c th thay i c hiu in th th cp thng
qua t trng. S bin i ny c th c iu chnh qua s vng qun trn
li st.

Hnh 1.2 Hot ng my bin p

nh lut Faraday ta c:
Up = NP v US = NS
Nu S = P th = ,
ngoi ra =
Vy = = (my bin th l tng).
Trong : NP, NN : S vng dy cun s cp v th cp.
UP, UN : Hiu in th cun s cp v th cp.
IP, IN

: Dng in cun dy s cp v th cp.

P, S : T thng trong mch in s cp v th cp.

Ta thy t s dng in cun s cp v dng in cun th cp t l
nghch o ca in p cun th s cp v cun th cp. Nn mt bin p tng
p th chnh l mt bin p h dng.
Hiu sut ca my bin p: Cc bin p thc hu ht u c tn tht nn
ngi ta a thng s hiu sut ca my bin p. Hiu sut ca my bin p
l hiu sut ca cng sut u ra so vi cng sut u vo tnh theo %
=

100% = * 100%

Trong :
P1

: Cng sut a vo cun s cp

P2

: Cng sut a vo cun th cp

14
Ploss

: Cng sut in mt mt do tn tht ca li v tn tht ca

dy ng

Mun gim tn hao nng lng trong my bin p ngi ta dng loi
li lm t cc l t mng cch in, dng dy ng c tit din ln.
1.4 Chuyn i AC DC
L phng php chuyn i t ngun in xoay chiu thnh ngun in
mt chiu. Thc cht l nhng mch chnh lu.
Mt mch chnh lu l mt mch in bao gm cc linh kin in - in
t, dng bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu. Mch
chnh lu c th c s dng trong cc b ngun cung cp dng in mt
chiu, hoc trong cc mch tch sng tn hiu v tuyn in trong cc thit b
v tuyn. Phn t tch cc trong mch chnh lu c th l cc iode bn dn,
cc n chnh lu thy ngn hoc cc linh kin khc.
Khi ch dng mt iode n l chnh lu dng in xoay chiu, bng
cch kha khng cho phn dng hoc phn m ca dng sng i qua mch
in th mch chnh lu c gi l chnh lu na chu k hay chnh lu na
sng. Trong cc b ngun mt chiu ngi ta hay s dng cc mch chnh lu
nhiu iode (2 hoc 4 diode) vi cc cch sp xp khc nhau c th bin
i t xoay chiu thnh mt chiu bng phng hn trng hp s dng mt
iode ring l. Trc khi cc iode bn dn pht trin, ngi ta cn dng cc
mch chnh lu s dng n in t chn khng, n chnh lu thy ngn, cc
dy bn dn a tinh th seleni.
1.4.1 Mch chnh lu na chu k
Mt mch chnh lu na chu k ch cho mt trong hai na chu k
dng hoc m c th d dng i ngang qua iode, trong khi na kia s b
kha, ty thuc vo chiu lp t ca iode. V ch c mt na chu k c
chnh lu, nn mch chnh lu na chu k c hiu sut rt thp. Mch chnh
lu na chu k c th lp bng ch mt iode bn dn trong cc mch ngun
mt pha. Hnh 1.3 l mch chnh lu na chu k.

15

Hnh 1.3 Mch chnh lu na chu k

1.4.2 Mch chnh lu hai na chu k
Mch chnh lu hai na chu k bin i c hai thnh phn cc tnh ca
dng sng u vo thnh mt chiu, do n c hiu sut cao hn.
Nu my bin p khng c im gia ngi ta s cn n 4 iode thay
v mt nh trong mch chnh lu na chu k. Cc iode dng cho kiu ni
ny gi l cu chnh lu. Hnh 1.4 l chnh lu 2 na chu k dng cu chnh
lu.

Hnh 1.4 Chnh lu 2 na chu k dng cu chnh lu

Nu dng bin p c im gia ch cn 2 iode ni u lng vi nhau
(ngha l anode-vi-anode hoc cathode-vi-cathode)c th thnh mt mch
chnh lu hai na chu k c th hin hnh 1.5.

Hnh 1.5 Chnh lu 2 na chu k dng bin p c im gia

16
1.5 Chuyn i DC-DC
L phng php chuyn i t ngun in mt chiu thnh cc ngun
mt chiu khc c gi tr in p khc nhau. Phng php chuyn i DC DC rt l quan trng trong cc thit b in t cm tay nh in thoi, laptop.
Cc thit b ny c cung cp ngun in ch yu t pin hoc c quy. Thit
b in t nh vy thng c cu to gm nhiu nhng vi mch nh, mi vi
mch nh thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau v s dng cc ngun in khc
nhau c cung cp bi pin hoc c quy. Nh vy m bo nhu cu v cc
ngun in khc nhau trong thit b cn s dng nhiu pin hoc nhiu cp c
quy. p ng nhu cu v ngun cung cp cho thit b phng php chuyn
i DC DC s p ng c nhng yu cu . Phng php DC DC c
kh nng t mt ngun mt chiu c th to ra nhiu ngun mt chiu khc
c in p ln hn hoc nh hn in p ban u ca pin hoc c quy, tit
kim c khng gian v chi ph do khng phi s dng nhiu pin.

17

CHNG 2: H THNG NGHCH LU

2.1 Tng quan v h thng nghch lu
Trong cng nghip, chng ta thng gp vn bin i in mt chiu
thnh in xoay chiu v ngc li bng cc thit b nn in. Chng hn vic
chuyn ti cng sut i xa ngi ta dng dng in mt chiu hp l hn
trong khi cng nghip ch yu sn xut v tiu th in xoay chiu. Do
ngi ta thng phi mc cc thit b bin i hai u dy chuyn ti
thc hin hai qu trnh bin i ngc nhau hai u. B bin i hai u
nh my in lm vic ch nn in tc l bin i in p xoay chiu
thnh in p mt chiu a ln ng dy, cn b bin i u ti lm
vic ch bin i in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu cung cp
cho cc ti.
Nh vy, nghch lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng mt chiu thnh
nng lng xoay chiu. Cc s nghch lu c th chia lm hai loi: s
nghch lu lm vic ch ph thuc vo li in xoay chiu v s
nghch lu lm vic ch c lp (vi cc ngun in c lp nh c quy,
my n).
2.2 Nghch lu ph thuc
Nghch lu lm vic ch ph thuc, tn s v in p nghch lu
ph thuc vo tn s v in p li in xoay chiu. Do vn t ra l
nu mt in li th cc thit b cng b mt ngun cung cp nn nghch lu
lm vic ch ph thuc c ng dng trong truyn ti m khng c
ng dng lm ngun d phng.
2.3 Nghch lu c lp
Nghch lu c lp lm nhim v bin i in p mt chiu t cc
ngun c lp (khng ph thuc vo li xoay chiu) thnh in p xoay
chiu vi tn s v bin tu .
S nghch lu c lp c chia lm hai loi c bn:

18

Nghch lu song song v ni tip

Nghich lu ngun dng v ngun p

2.3.1 Nghch lu song song v ni tip

L cc dng nghch lu s dng SCR cho ng ngt, v c s dng t
in mch ti m bo chuyn mch. Trong mch in gm R ti, T
cm L v in dung C ti thnh mch cng hng RLC, lm cho dng qua
SCR gim v 0 v SCR t tt.
a. Nghch lu song song

Hnh 2.1 S nguyn l nghch lu song song

Hnh 2.2 Dng sng nghch lu song song

Dng sng cc phn t trn s nguyn l hnh 2.1 c v trn hnh
2.2. Cc SCR1 v SCR4 c cng dng xung kch cng nh SCR2 v SCR3.

19
Khi SCR 1 v SCR4 dn in, t in C c np n in p c cc tnh nh
trn hnh v. in p ny s t in p m vo SCR1 v SCR4, lm tt
chng khi ta kch SCR2 v SCR3. T cm L u vo cch ly ngun v cu
chnh lu, lm cho dng in cung cp vo cu chnh lu khng thay i tc
thi, trnh kh nng chp mch tm thi qua SCR1 v SCR2 (hay SCR3 v
SCR4) khi cc SCR chuyn mch. Do c t cm gia b nghch lu v
ngun nn tr s v in p ng ra thay i theo t tnh ti. Trn hnh 3.3b p
ra khng cn dng xung vung v c th gn ging hnh sin khi ti c t cm
(ti RL).
b. Nghch lu ni tip

Hnh 2.3 S nguyn l nghch lu ni tip

Hnh 2.4 Dng song nghch lu ni tip

20
Mch in hnh 2.3 l dng n gin nht ca mch nghch lu ni tip,
c mch tng ng l LCR ni tip khi SCR dn in. V d nh khi SCR
1 c kch, dng qua mch s v khng khi p trn t i t gi tr cc i (
c du nh mch in) v SCR s t tt. V th mch cn gi l mch nghch
lu chuyn mch ti. Khi SCR2 c kch t in s phng qua n v dng
v khng, khi p trn t o cc tnh chun b cho chu k k tip dng sng
hnh 2.4.
Hai mch nghch lu ny c dng lm mch ngun trung hay cao tn.
V nh vy ngoi nhim v tt ( chuyn mch) SCR, cc t in trong hai
mch nghch lu ny cn l mt phn ca ti, gp phn vo vic ci thin h
s cng sut ca mch.
2.3.2 Nghch lu dng v ngun p
a. Nghch lu ngun dng:
L mch nghch lu c t cm L bng v cng ng vo, lm cho tng
tr ca mch ngun c gi tr ln: ti lm vic vi ngun dng. Hnh 2.5 trnh
by s nguyn l v mch tng ng ca nghch lu ngun dng mt
pha RL. Dng ngun iN phng khng i mt gi tr ti c ng ct thnh
dng AC cung cp cho ti. S1, S4 ng: i0 > 0; S2, S3 ng: i0 < 0. Vy ti
nhn c dng in AC l nhng xung vung c bin ph thuc ti.

Hnh 2.5 S nguyn l v mch tng ng

ca nghich lu ngun dng
b. Nghch lu ngun p:

21
c trng ca nghch lu ngun p l c tng tr trong bng khng
c th cung cp hay nhn dng ti. Mt c trng khc l ngt in lun c
iode song song ngc nng lng t ti c th t do tr v ngun. Hnh
2.6 l s nguyn l v mch tng ng ca nghch lu ngun p.
p ngun mt chiu c ng ct thnh nhng xung p hnh vung c
bin chnh xc cung cp cho ti.

Hnh 2.6 S nguyn l v mch tng ng ca nghich lu ngun p

2.4 Cc mch nghch lu in hnh
2.4.1 Nghch lu dng dao ng a hi
Hnh 2.7 l s nguyn l ca mch nghch lu dng dao ng a hi.

Hnh 2.7 Nguyn l mch nghch lu dng dao ng a hi

Vi R1=R4=50, R2=R3=3k, C1=C2=4,7F, R5=10
Transistor T1, T2 chn C828. T3, T4 chn 2N3055
Nguyn l hot ng :

22
T1,T2 dao ng a hi pht ra tn hiu ng m. T3,T4 l hai BJT cng
sut lm vic theo cch y ko do tn hiu ly t mch dao ng c hiu
sut cao, dng in qua bin p i chiu cm ng qua bn th cp mt in
p mt chiu. Hnh 2.8 l dng sng ra ca mch nghch lu dng dao ng
a hi.

Hnh 2.8 Dng sng ca nghch lu dng dao ng a hi

Trong :
Vi : Phn in p thiu ca sng vung so vi sng sin
Ve : Phn in p d tha ca sng vung
Vi vic mt i phn nh sin Vi. Kh nng p ng i vi ti c thnh
phn cm khng ca nghch lu sng vung l rt km. Do khng cng
sut v thng gy ra hin tng ku .
u im:
n gin, r tin, d lp rp, tn s n nh.
Khuyt im: ch cho ra dng sng vung.
- Hiu sut thp do tn hao phn nng lng to ra in p Ve
- Cng sut to nhit ln cc van ln
- Dng sng ra vung ln ch c th chy c ti thun tr, cc
thit b khng yu cu kht khe v ngun cp. Khi s dng cho
cc ti cm th ng c chng b h hng.

23
2.4.2 Nghch lu dng dao ng Blocking
Hnh 2.9 l s nguyn l mch nghch lu dng dao ng Blocking

Hnh 2.9 Nghch lu dng dao ng Blocking

Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi mch c cp in thng qua Rb, BJT ly dng in ib v dng ic
qua cun N1 gy ra s bin i t thng lm pht sinh in th cm ng
cun N2 gy ra tc ng hi tip mch lm BJT chuyn nhanh vo trng thi
bo ha tc lm cho ng xung ca xung rt dc. Lc ny dng ic tip tc
tng in th Eb cun N1 c np vo t Cb lm dng ib gim dn n khi
ib=ic th BJT that khi trng thi bo ha lc ny ib gim lm ic gim theo
in th ng cun N2 i du, dn n lm cho BJT rt nhanh vo trng thi
ngng dn. Mt khc do hi tip m mnh nn ng ln ca xung rt dc,
nng lng ca cun N2 pht ra in th nghch iode dn ghim mc xung
N1. T Cb duy tr in p m trn cc B ca BJT gi cho BJT tip tc ngng
dn cho n khi Cb phng ht in qua R v ngun, thng qua R, BJT li tr
v trng thi dn v trnh t li tip tc nh trn, mch s t dao ng.
Khi BJT ngng dn cun N1 tc ng nh ni tt, Cb phng in qua r
v ngun vi thi gian l t = Cb.R t x t -6v n 6v lc ny BJT tr li trng
thi dn in. thi gian ngng dn ca BJT c xc nh theo h thc sau:
Toff = RbCbln(1+Vc(0)/Vcc) = RbCbln(1+N2/N1)

24
Chu k qua tn hiu l: t = ton + toff
Do c im ca mch dao ng Blocking thi gian bo ha rt ngn nn:
T ~ toff = RbCb ln(1+N2/N1)
Trong mch trn ng vi Rb = 33K, Cb = 3000p, N2/N1 = 1/2 th t = 40ms.
2.4.3 Nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p mt chiu
Mt phng php ci tin t b nghch lu n gin l to ra u
ra nhiu cp in p mt chiu khc nhau, nhm to ln dng in p ra l
dng sng kiu bc thang. Sau s dng b lc LC bin ng cong bc
thang thnh ng cong gn ging sin. Vi u ra ca bin p cng nhiu
cp in p khc nhau th cht lng u ra ca b nghch lu cng c ci
thin. Phng php ny l tng hp ca 2 php chuyn i DC-DC v DCAC.
Bc u ta dng php chuyn i DC-DC () to ra nhiu cp in
p mt chiu khc nhau, hu ht php chuyn i ny thng dng bin p
xung. V dng bin p xung s tit kim v mt kinh t, nh gn v lm vic
tn s cao ln in p ra sau chnh lu rt n nh. u ra ca bin p xung
c chnh lu bng iode xung v c lc cc xung nhiu cao tn nh cc
t C1 n C4. Sau chuyn i DC AC s dng 3 b cu H bin i 3
mc in p thu c thnh in p bc thang ng ra c th hin hnh 2.11.
Nh b lc LC m in p ng ra c mm ha a v dng gn ging
hnh sin hnh 2.12.

25
Hnh 2.10 Chuyn i DC-DC nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p mt
chiu

Hnh 2.11 Chuyn i DC-AC nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p mt

chiu

Hnh 2.12 Dng sng ra nghch lu s dng nhiu cp in p mt chiu

Nguyn l hot ng:
Xung tn s cao t b iu khin c a ti 2 Cc iu khin ca 2
MOSFET Q1, Q2 cp ngun cho bin p hot ng. cc u ra ca bin sau
khi chnh lu bng diode xung cho ra cc in p ln lt l: 0 V, 98 V,
230 V, 310V. Cc in p ny c a n cc b cu H nh hnh 2.10

26
thc hin chuyn i DC AC. Cc b cu H c iu khin bng tn hiu
h1, h2, h3, l1, l2, l3 t khi diu khin:
-

Vi tn hiu h1 thc hin cho dng in chy t

98V - Q1A - L1 Tai L2 Q1B 0V.

- Vi tn hiu h2 thc hin cho dng in chy t

230V Q3A L1 - Tai L2 Q3B 0V.
- Vi tn hiu h3 thc hin cho dng in chy t
310V Q5A L1 - Tai L2 Q5B 0V.
- Vi tn hiu l1 thc hin cho dng in chy t
98V Q2A L1 - Tai L2 Q2B 0V.
- Vi tn hiu l2 thc hin cho dng in chy t
230V Q4A L1 - Tai L2 Q4B 0V.
- Vi tn hiu l3 thc hin cho dng in chy t
310V Q6A L1 - Tai L2 Q6B 0V.
Vi cng nhiu cp in p rng cc bc thang cng b li, cht lng
sng ra cng c nng cao hn, hiu sut cng tng ln. n khi t mc l
tng vi n cp in p ( n ) th sng ra s c dng hnh sin. Nhng rt
kh thc hin c iu . V cng tng cp in p th tnh phc tp ca
mch cng cao, cc tn hiu iu khin i hi tng ln. V vy cc mc in
p ch c th tng n mt gi tr nht nh.
u im:
Do sng ra sau khi qua b lc tng i ging sng sin v vy
c kh nng s dng cc ti cm nh qut, my bm, cc ng c nh.
Hiu sut cao hn so vi 2 loi trc.
Nhc im:
Gi thnh tng i cao, mch tng i phc tp i hi phi c kin
thc chc mi c th tm hiu v thi cng lp rp c.

27

CHNG 3: CC LINH KIN S DNG TRONG B

NGHCH LU
3.1 Gii thiu tng quan AVR
Vi iu khin AVR do hng Atmel ( hoa k ) sn xut c gii thiu
ln u tin nm 1996. AVR c rt nhiu dng khc nhau bao gm dng Tiny
( nh At tiny13, At tiny22) c kch thc b nh nh, t b phn ngoi vi ,
ri n dng AVR ( chng hn AT90S8535, AT90S8515) c kch thc b
nh vo loi trung bnh v mnh hn l dng Mega ( nh ATmega16,
Atmega32, ATmega128..) vi b nh c kch thc vi Kbyte n vi
trm Kbyte cng vi b ngoi vi a dng c tch hp trn chip. Tc ca
dng Mega cng cao hn so vi cc dng khc. S khc nhau c bn gia
cc ng chnh l cu trc ngoi vi, cn nhn th vn nh nhau.
ATmega16 l mt lai Vi iu khin c nhu tnh nng c bit thch
hp cho vic gii quyt nhng bi ton iu khin trn nn vi x l.
Cc c im dng Vi iu Khin AVR
Cc lai vi iu khin AVR rt ph bin trn th trng Vit Nam nn
khng kh khn trong vic thay th v sa cha h thng lc cn.
Cc phn mm lp trnh v m ngun m c th tm kim kh d dng
trn mng. Cc thit k demo nhiu nn c nhiu gi tt cho ngi thit k
h thng.
ATmega16 l vi iu khin 8bit da trn kin trc RISC. Vi kh nng
thc hin mi lnh trong vng mt chu k xung clock, atmega16 c th t
c tc 1MIPS trn mi MHz( 1triu lnh/s/MHz), cc lnh c x l
nhanh hn, tiu th nng lng thp.

28
3.1.1 Vi iu khin ATmega16
Hnh 3.1 l S chn ca Atmega16.

Hnh 3.1 S chn Atmega 16

Atmega16 c cu trc RISC vi:
+ 131 lnh, hu ht c thc thi trong 1 chu k xung nhp.
+ 32x8 thanh ghi a dng.
+ Tc lm vic 16MPIS vi thch anh 16MHz.
+ Trong chp c hai chc nng h tr: g ri v lp trnh chng
trnh.
B nh:
+ 16 Kbyte ISP Flash vi kh nng 10.000 ln ghi/xa.
+ 512 Byte EEROM.
+ 1 Kbyte SRAM ngoi.
Giao tip JTAG:
+ Kh nng qut ton din theo chun JTAG.

29
+ H tr kh nng g ri.
+ H tr lp trnh Flash,EEROM,fuse
+ Lock bit qua giao tip JTAG.
Ngoi vi:
+ 2 timer/counter 8 bit vi cc ch so snh v chia tn s.
+ 1 timer/counter 16 bit vi cc ch so snh, chia tn s v
PWM.
+ 1 timer thi gian thc vi b dao ng ring bit.
+ 4 knh PWM(hc nhiu hn trong cc VK khc thuc h
ny).
+ 8 knh bin i ADC 10bit.
+ H tr giao tip I2C.
+ B giao giao tip ni tip lp trnh c USART.
+ Giao tip SPI.
+ Watch_dog timer vi b dao ng on-chip ring bit.
I/O port:
+ 32 chn I/O (Atmega16) v 21 chn I/O (Atmega8) lp trnh
c.
+ V 40 chn (Atmega16) ,28 chn(Atmega8).
Ngun cp:
+ 2,7 - 5.5 V vi ATmega16L.
+ 4.5 - 5.5V vi ATmega16.
Tiu th nng lng:
+ Khi hat ng tiu th dng 1,1mA.
+ mode Idle tiu th dng 0.35mA.
+ ch Power_down tiu th dng nh hn 1uA.
Cc phn mm lp trnh cho AVR:

30
+ AVRStuido, Code Vision. Cc phn mm ny c h tr phn
mm np v debug on chip.
3.1.2 Mt s modul ca Atmega16
Cng vo ra I/O

Vi iu khin ATmega16 c 32 ng vo ra chia lm bn nhm 8 bit

mt. Cc cng vo ra ca AVR l cng vo ra 2 chiu c th nh hng, tc
c th chn hng ca cng l hng vo (input) hay hng ra (out put). Tt
c cc cng vo ra ca AVR u c tnh nng c- Chnh sa- Ghi (ReadModify-Write) khi s dng chng nh l cc cng vo ra s thng thng.
iu ny c ngha l khi tt hay i hng ca 1 chn no th n khng
nh hng ti hng ca cc chn khc, Tt c cc chn ca cc cng (Port)
u c in tr ko ln ngun Vcc (Pull-up) ring, ta c th cho php hay
khng cho php in tr ko ln ny hot ng.
in tr ko ln (pull- up): l 1 in tr c dng khi thit k cc
mch in t logic. N c 1 u c ni vi ngun in p dng (thng l
Vcc hoc Vdd) v u cn li c ni vi tn hiu li vo/ra ca 1 mch
logic chc nng. in tr ko ln c th c lp t ti cc li vo ra ca cc
khi mch logic thit lp mc logic ca khi mch khi khng c thit b
ngoi ni vi li vo. in tr ko ln cng c th lp t ti cc giao tip
gia 2 khi mch logic khng cng loi logic, c bit l khi 2 khi mch ny
c cp ngun khc nhau.
Khi kho st cc cng nh l cc cng vo ra s thng thng th tnh
cht ca cc cng (Port A, PortB, PortC) l tng t nhau, nn ta ch cn kho
st 1 cng no trong 3 cng ca vi iu khin l .
Mi mt cng vo ra ca vi iu khin c lin kt vi 3 thanh ghi:
PORTx, DDRx, PINx ( y x l thay th cho A, B, C). Ba thanh ghi ny s
c phi hp vi nhau iu khin hot ng ca cng, chng hn thit lp
cng thnh li vo c s dng in tr pull-up Sau y l vai tr ca 3
thanh ghi trn.

31
Thanh ghi DDRx y l thanh ghi 8bit( ta c th c v ghi cc
thanh ghi ny) c tc dng iu khin hng cng PORTx( tc l cng vo
hay cng ra). Nu nh mt bit trong thanh ghi ny c set th bit tng ng
trn PORTx c nh ngha nh mt cng ra. Ngc li nu nh bit
khng c set th bit tng ng trn PORTx c nh ngha l cng vo.
Bit

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
DDA7 DDA6 DDA5 DDA4 DDA3 DDA2 DDA1 DDA0
Read/Write R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
Initial Value 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hnh 3.2 Thanh ghi DDRA
+ Thanh ghi PORTx
y cng l thanh ghi 8bit ( cc bit c th c v c ghi) n l thanh
ghi d liu ca cng Px v trong trng hp nu cng c nh ngha l
cng ra th khi ta ghi 1 ln mt bit ca thanh ghi ny th chn tng ng trn
PORT cng c mc logic 1. Trong trng hp m cng c nh
ngha l cng vo th thanh ghi ny mang d liu iu khin cng. C th l
nu bit no ca thanh ghi ny c set ( a ln mc 1) th in tr ko ln
pullup ca chn tng ng ca port s c kch hot. Ngc li n s
trng thi treo ( khng c in tr ko ln). Thanh ghi ny sau khi khi ng
Vi iu khin s mc nh gi tr l 0x00
Bit

Read/
Write
Initial
Value

PORT7

PORT

PORT PORT PORT PORT PORT PORT

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Hnh 3.3 Thanh ghi PORT

+ Thanh ghi PINx

32
y l thanh ghi 8bit cha d liu vo ca PORTx ( trong trng hp PORTx
c thit lp l cng vo) v n ch c th c m khng ghi vo c.
Bit
Read/
Write
Initial
Value

7
PINA7

6
PIN 6

5
PIN 5

4
PIN 4

3
PIN 3

2
PIN 2

1
PIN 1

0
PIN 0

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Hnh 3.4 Thanh ghi PINA

B nh Atmega16
AVR c 2 khng gian b nh chnh l b nh d liu v b nh
chng trnh. Ngoi ra Atmega16 cn c thm b nh EEPROM lu tr
d liu.
+ B nh chng trnh( b nh Flash)

B nh Flash 16Kb ca ATmega16 dng lu tr chng trnh. Do

cc lnh ca AVR c di 16 hoc 32 bit nn b nh Flash c sp xp
theo kiu 8Kx16. B nh Flash c chia lm 2 phn, phn dnh cho chng
trnh boot v phn dnh cho chng trinh ng dng.
+ B nh d liu SRAM

1024 nh d liu inh a ch cho file thanh ghi, b nh I/O v

b nh d liu SRAM ni. Trong 96 nh u tin nh a ch cho
file thanh ghi v b nh I/O v 1024 nh tip theo nh a ch cho b nh
SRAM ngoi.
+ B nh d liu EEPROM
y l b nh d liu c th ghi xo ngay trong lc vi iu khin hot ng
v khng b mt d liu khi ngun in cung cp b mt. C th v b nh d
liu EEPROM ging nh cng ca my tnh. Vi vi iu khin Atmega16
cha b nh d liu EEPROM dung lng 512byte, v c sp xp theo
tng byte, cho php cc thao tc c/ ghi tng byte mt. EEPROM c xem

33
nh l 1 b nh vo ra c nh a ch c lp vi SRAM, iu ny c
ngha ta cn s dng cc lnh in, out.
B nh thi ( Timer/ Counter)

Vi iu khin Atmega16 c tt c ba timer/counter khc nhau gm: hai

b timer/counter 8 bit v mt b timer/counter 16 bit. Timer/counter2 c th
c chn ngun clock khng ng b t dao ng bn ngoi. Dao ng ny
c ti u ho khi s dng thch anh ng h 32.768 Khz, khi
Timer/counter2 c s dng nh mt ng h thi gian thc (RTC : real
timer clock). Timer/counter 0 v 1 c b chia tn s ring, n c th chia tn
s gn nh mt b chia tn s 10bit. Timer/counter2 th c mt b chia ring
ca n. C ba Timer/counter ny c th c s dng nh mt b nh thi
(timer) vi nn xung clock bn trong ca h thng hoc c th s dng nh
b m (counter) vi ngun xung kch (trigger) bn ngoi.
+ Hot ng nh thi
+ So snh ng ra.
+ iu ch rng xung.
Timer/counter0:
Timer/counter0 l Timer/counter 8 bit, c th chn ngun xung clock t
CK, b chia tn s CK hoc t mt chn bn ngoi. Ta cng c th cho dng
Timer/counter0 nh bng miu t chc nng ca thanh ghi iu khin
Timer/counter0 TCCR0. C trng thi trn Timer/counter0 th c th tm
thy trong thanh ghi TIFR. Tn hiu iu khin Timer/counter0 ta c th thit
lp trong thanh ghi TCCR0. thit lp ngt trong Timer/counter0 ta c th
thit lp cc bit trong thanh ghi TIMSK.
Khi Timer/counter0 ly ngun clock t bn ngoi, tn hiu bn ngoi ny
s c ng b vi tn s ca CPU. m bo s ly mu chnh xc tn
hiu bn ngoi, tn s xung clock ti a bn ngoi l CK/2. Tn hiu xung
clock bn ngoi c ly mu cnh ln ca xung clock CPU.

34
Timer/counter0 l Timer/counter n gin nht trong ba Timer/counter
bi v n khng c chc nng no khc ngoi vic nh thi v m xung. S
cu to Timer/counter0 c th hin hnh 3.5.

Hnh 3.5 S cu to Timer/counter0

Hnh 3.6 l Thanh ghi iu khin ca Timer/counter0: TCCR0
( Timer/counter0 control Register)
Bit
Read/
Write
Initial

CS02

CS01

CS00

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Value
Hnh 3.6 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR0 ca Timer/counter0.

Bit

35
MSB
Read/
Write
Initial

LSB

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Value
Hnh 3.7 Thanh ghi gi tr TCNT0 ca Timer/counter0
Thanh ghi TCNT0 l thanh ghi cha gi tr ca Timer/counter0 c m
t hnh 3.7. Timer/counter0 c xem nh mt b m ln vi s truy cp
c/vit. Nu Timer/counter0 c vit mt gi tr no v ngun clock
c chn (TCCR0 khc 0), Timer/counter0 s tip tc m ln cho n khi
n n gi tr max_val=0xff v n s b trn v gi tr Timer/counter0 b reset
v 0x00 (khi c TOV0 s c set).
Timer/counter1 (Timer/counter 16 bit):
L Timer/counter phc tp v kh s dng nht trong ba Timer/counter.
Timer/counter1 c th chn ngun clock t CK, b chia tn s CK hoc t
mt chn bn ngoi. Khi ta c th dng Timer/counter1 nh miu t chc
nng trong hai thanh ghi iu khin TCCR1A v TCCR1B ca
Timer/counter1 (hnh 3.8 v hnh 3.9). Cc c trng thi khc nhau (c trn
TOV1 c so snh OCF1A, OCF1B) c th tm thy trong thanh ghi TIFR. Tn
hiu iu khin Timer/counter1 c th c thit lp trong TCCR1A v
TCCR1B. thit lp cc ngt cho Timer/counter1 ta thit lp cc bit trong
thanh ghi TIMSK.
Khi Timer/counter1 s dng ngun clock bn ngoi m bo s ly
mu chnh xc, tn s ti a ca ngun clock bn ngoi l CK/2.
Timer/counter1 h tr hai chc nng so snh ng ra s dng thanh ghi
OCR1A v OCR1B nh ngun d liu so snh vi ni dung cha trong
thanh ghi TCNT1 (gm TCNT1H v TCNT1L). Hnh 3.10 l thanh ghi
TCNT1.
Bit

36
COM1A COM1A COM1B COM1B

PWM

PWM

11

10

Read/
Write

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Initial
Value

Hnh 3.8 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR1A ca Timer/counter1

Bit

ICNC1

ICES1

CTC1

CS12

CS11

CS10

Read/
Write

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Initial
Value

Hnh 3.9 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR1B Timer/counter1

Hnh 3.11 l Thanh ghi gi tr TCNT1 ca Timer/counter1 (TCNT1
gm TCNT1H v TCNT1L).
Bit

15

TCNT1H

MSB

14

13

12

11

10

TCNT1L

8
LSB

Read/
Write

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Initial
Value

Hnh 3.10 Thanh ghi gi tr TCNT1 ca Timer/counter1

Thanh ghi TCNT1 l thanh ghi 16 bit cha gi tr ca Timer/counter1.
m bo c byte cao v byte thp c c v ghi ng thi khi CPU truy
cp n nhng thanh ghi ny, s truy cp c thc thi nh vo vic s dng
mt thanh ghi tm TEMP 8 bit. Thanh ghi TEMP ny cng c s dng khi

37
truy cp cc thanh ghi OCR1A, OCR1B v ICR1. Nu chng trnh chnh v
chng trnh ngt cng thc hin s truy cp n nhng thanh ghi c s dng
thanh ghi TEMP th cc ngt phi b cm trong sut qu trnh truy cp t
chng trnh chnh ( v t chng trnh ngt nu ngt c cho php t trong
chng ngt).
iu ch rng xung ( ch PWM ):
Timer/counter1 c xem nh l mt m ln hoc b m ln/xung
vi s truy cp c v vit. Nu Timer/counter1 c np gi tr v ngun
xung clock c chn, Timer/counter1 s tip tc m t gi tr np trong
Timer/counter1 ti chu k xung clock cung cp cho timer sau .
Hnh 3.11 l thanh ghi so snh OCR1A ng ra ca Timer/counter1
(OCR1AH, OCR1AL)
Bit

15

OCR1AH

MSB

14

13

12

11

10

OCR1AL

8
LSB

Read/
Write

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Initial
Value

Hnh 3.11 Thanh ghi so snh OCR1A ca Timer/counter1

Hnh 3.12 l thanh ghi so snh OCR1B ng ra ca Timer/counter1

(OCR1BH, OCR1BL)
Bit
OCR1BH

15

14

13

12

11

10

MSB

OCR1BL

LSB
7

38
Read/
Write

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Initial
Value

Hnh 3.12 Thanh ghi so snh OCR1A ca Timer/counter1

Nhng thanh ghi so snh ng ra l thanh ghi 16 bits c th c/vit.
Thanh ghi so snh ng ra cha ni dung c so snh vi gi tr
Timer/counter1. Tc ng ca chn so snh c xc nh trong cc thanh ghi
iu khin v thanh ghi trng thi ca Timer/counter1. Chn so snh ch vn
hnh khi Timer/counter1 m n gi tr cha trong thanh ghi OCR1. Khi
trong phn mm ta vit gi tr ca Timer/counter1 v gi tr OCR1A (hoc
OCR1B) bng nhau, th chn so snh s khng c pht sinh (xy ra).
Chn so snh s set c ngt so snh vo chu k xung clock CPU tip
theo sau s kin so snh. Khi np gi tr vo cc thanh ghi so snh ny th ta
phi np gi tr ca byte cao (OCR1AH hoc OCR1BH) trc. Ngc li, khi
c gi tr ca nhng thanh ghi so snh ny th byte thp (OCR1AL hoc
OCR1BL) phi c c trc. Tm li, s truy nhp n cc thanh ghi
OCRx tng t s truy cp thanh ghi TCNT1.
Timer/counter2 (Timer/counter 8bit):
Timer/counter2 c th chn ngun clock t PCK2 (mc nh ni vi
CK ca h thng), hoc b chia PCK2. N c th c dng nh miu t
trong bng chc nng ca thanh ghi iu khin Timer/counter2 (TCCR2).
Trng thi ca c trn TOV2, c so snh OCF2 c tm trong thanh ghi c
ngt Timer/counter (TIFR). Tn hiu iu khin c thit lp trong thanh ghi
TCCR2. S cho php/khng cho php ngt do Timer/counter2 c tm thy
trong thanh ghi TIMSK.
Timer/counter2 h tr mt chc nng so snh ng ra s dng thanh ghi
so snh OCR2 nh ngun d liu c so snh vi ni dung Timer/counter2.

39
Chc nng so snh ng ra c th cho php ta xo b m khi c chng trnh
so snh, v tc ng ln chn ng ra PD7 (OC2) khi c chng trnh so snh.
Timer/counter2 c th s dng nh mt b iu ch rng xung 8-bit.
Khi Timer/counter2 v thanh ghi so snh ng ra OCR2 c phc v cho
ch PWM.
Thanh ghi iu khin l TCCR2 Timer/counter2: (Timer/counter
Control Register)
Bit

PWM2 COM21 COM20 CTC2 CS22

CS21

CS20

Read/
Write

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Initial
Value

Hnh 3.13 Thanh ghi iu khin TCCR2 ca Timer/counter2

Hnh 3.14 l thanh ghi gi tr TCNT2 ca Timer/ counter2;
Bit

MSB

0
LSB

Read/
Write

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Initial
Value

Hnh 3.14 Thanh ghi gi tr TCNT2 ca Timer/ counter2

Thanh ghi 8-bit ny cha ng gi tr ca Timer/counter2. Thanh ghi
Timer/counter2 c xem nh mt b m ln hoc m ln/xung (trong
ch PWM) c th truy cp c/vit. Nu Timer/counter2 c np gi tr
v ngun xung clock c chn n s tip tc m ln t gi tr c m.
Hnh 3.15 l thanh ghi so snh ng ra: OCR2
Bit

40
MSB
Read/
Write
Initial

LSB

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

R/W

Value
Hnh 3.15 Thanh ghi so snh ng ra: OCR2
Thanh ghi so snh ng ra OCR2 l mt thanh ghi c /vit 8 bit. Thanh
ghi OCR2 cha d liu so snh lin tc vi Timer/counter2. Tc ng ca
chng trnh so snh c quy nh trong thanh ghi TCCR2. Mt chng
trnh so snh ch xy ra nu Timer/counter2 m n gi tr so snh cha
trong thanh ghi OCR2. Nu trong phn mm, ta vit gi tr ca
Timer/counter2 bng gi tr ca OCR2 th s khng pht sinh s kin so snh
no c. Mt chng trnh so snh s set c ngt so snh OCF2 vo chu k
xung lock CPU tip theo sau s kin so snh c pht hin.
Timer/counter2 trong ch iu ch rng xung ( PWM) :
Khi ch PWM c chn, thanh ghi Timer/counter2 v thanh ghi OCR2
c s dng to xung PWM trn chn ng ra OC2 (PD7). Timer/counter2
hot ng nh mt b m ln/xung. m ln t gi tr 0x00 n 0xFF, ti
ni ny n s quay v v m xung 0x00. Khi gi tr b m bng gi tr so
snh cha trong OCR2, chn OC2 s c set hoc xo tu theo cch thit lp
cc bit COM21/COM20 trong thanh ghi iu khin Timer/counter2 TCCR2.

Ngt ( Interrup)
Khi nim v ngt :

Ngt l s kin bn trong hay bn ngoi lm ngt b vi iu khin bo cho

n bit rng thit b cn dch v ca n.
Mt b vi iu khin c th phc v mt vi thit b, c 2 cch thc
hin iu ny l s dng cc ngt Interrup v thm d ( polling). Trong
phng php s dng cc ngt th mi khi c thit b bt k cn n dch v

41
ca n th n bo cho b vi iu khin bng cch gi 1 tn hiu ngt. Khi nhn
c tn hiu ngt th b vi iu khin ngt tt c nhng g n ang thc hin
chuyn sang phc v thit b. Chng trnh i cng ngt c gi l dch
v ngt ISR hay cn gi l chng trnh qun l ngt. Cn trong phng php
thm d th b vi iu khin hin th lin tc tnh trng ca 1 thit b cho
v iu khin tha mn th n phc v thit b. Sau chuyn sang hin th
tnh trng ca thit b k tip cho n khi tt c u c phc v
im mnh ca phng php ngt l b vi iu khin l phc v rt
nhiu thit b( khng cng ti mt thi im).

Trnh phc v ngt

i vi mi ngt th phi c 1 trnh phc v ngt ISR hay trnh ngt.

Khi 1 ngt c gi th b vi iu khin phc v ngt. i vi mi ngt th c

1 v tr c nh trong b nh gia a ch ISR ca n. Nhm cc v tr nh
c dnh ring gi cc a ch ca cc ISR c gi l bng vect ngt.
Khi kch hot 1 ngt b vi iu khin thc hin cc bc sau :
+ Vi iu khin kt thc lnh ang thc hin v lu tr ia ch ca
lnh k tip ( PC ) vo ngn xp.
+ N nhy n 1 v tr c nh trong b nh c gi l bng vect
ngt ni lu gi a ch ca 1 trnh phc v ngt.
+ B vi iu khin nhn a ch ISR t bng vect ngt v nhy ti
. N bt u thc hin trnh phc v ngt cho n lnh cui
cng ca ISR v RETI ( tr v t ngt).
+ Khi thc hin lnh RETI b vi iu khin quay tr v ni n
b ngt. Trc ht n nhn a ch ca b m chng trnh PC t
ngn xp bng cch ko 2 byte trn nh ca ngn xp vo PC.
Sau bt u thc hin cc lnh t a ch .
Cc vect ngt ca Atmega16 c th hin trong bng 3.1
Bng 3.1 Cc vect ngt ca Atmega16

42
Program
Address

Source

Interrupt Definition

$000

RESET

External Pin, Power-on Reset, Brownout Reset, Watchdog Reset, and

JTAG AVR Reset

$002

INT0

External Interrupt Request 0

$004

INT1

External Interrupt Request 1

$006

INT2

External Interrupt Request 2

$008

$00A

$00C

$00E

$010

10

$012

11

$014

12

$016

13

$018

14

$01A

USART, RXC USART, Rx Complete

15

$01C

16

$01E

USART,
USART Data Register Empty
UDRE
USART, TXC USART, Tx Complete

17

$020

ADC

18

$022

EE_RDY

19

$024

20

$026

TWI

21

$028

SPM_RDY

Vector No.

TIMER2
Timer/Counter2 Compare Match
COMP
TIMER2 OVF Timer/Counter2 Overflow
TIMER1
CAPT
TIMER1
COMPA
TIMER1
COMPB
TIMER1 OVF

Timer/Counter1 Capture Event

Timer/Counter1 Compare Match A
Timer/Counter1 Compare Match B
Timer/Counter1 Overflow

TIMER0
Timer/Counter0 Compare Match
COMP
TIMER0 OVF Timer/Counter0 Overflow
SPI, STC

Serial Transfer Complete

ADC Conversion Complete

EEPROM Ready

ANA_COMP Analog Comparator

Two-wire Serial Interface
Store Program Memory Ready

Chuyn i ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

Cc c trng c bn ca b chuyn i ADC:

+

phn gii 10-bit.

43
+

chnh xc tuyt i: 2 LSB.

Thi gian chuyn i 13 - 260 s.

Ln ti 15 kSPS khi phn gii cao nht.

Phm vi in p u vo: 0 - V CC.

+ in p tham chiu 2.56V c th la chn.

Ngt khi chuyn i hon thnh.

+ Loi b nhiu trong ch ng.

S khi b chuyn i ADC c nu trong hnh 3.16:

Hnh 3.16: S khi b chuyn i ADC

T s khi ta c th thy:
Tm u vo ca ADC l tm chn ca PORTA v chng c chn
thng qua mt MUX.
iu khin hot ng vo ra d liu ca ADC v CPU chng ta c 3
thanh ghi: ADMUX, ADCSR v ADCD.
ADMUX (Multiplexer select register): y l thanh ghi iu khin 8 bit
dng la chn knh u vo cho ADC: Vi 3 bit c nh ngha l:

44
MUX2, MUX1 v MUX0. ng vi cc t hp logic ta c th chn knh u
vo.
Ch : Nu nh ta thay i knh trong thi im m ADC ang chuyn
i th khi qu trnh chuyn i hon thnh th knh vo mi c thay
i.
ADCSR (ADC control and status register): y l thanh ghi iu khin
v lu trng thi ca ADC:
Bit 7-ADEN:ADC enable
y l bit iu khin hot ng ca ADC. Khi bit ny c set 1 th
ADC c th hot ng v ngc li. Nu nh ta ngng hot ng ca ADC
trong khi n ang chuyn i th n s kt thc qu trnh chuyn i. Mc d
cha chuyn i xong.
Bit 6-ADSC: ADC start conversion
Trong ch chuyn i n th bit ny phi c set ln 1 bt u
chuyn i. Trong ch chuyn i t do th bit ny cn c set ln 1
bt u ln chuyn i u tin. Bit ny c gi st trong qu trnh chuyn
i v c xa khi m chuyn i xong.
Bit 5-ADRR :ADC Free Running select
Khi bit ny c set th ADC hot ng theo ch chuyn i t do.
y l ch m ADC t ng ly mu v chuyn i ( khi n c php
chuyn i) t mt knh nh sn. Khi xa bit ny th ch ny lp tc
ngng hot ng.
Bit 4-ADIF:ADC interrupt Flag
Bit ny c set ln 1 bi phn cng khi m qu trnh chuyn i
hon thnh v thanh ghi d liu c update. Bit ny c xa bng phn
cng nu nh ngt ny c php v c phc v hoc n c th c xa
bng cch ghi gi tr logic 0 vo c ny. C th khi ngt b cm ta c th s
dng cc lnh sbit v cbit tc dng ln bit ny.
Bit 3-ADIE:ACD interrupt Enable

45
Nu bit ny set 1 v ngt ton cc c cho php th ngt ny c
php phc v ( Khi chuyn i xong d liu).V nu b xa th ngc li.
Bit 2.1.0-ADPS2ADPS0
Bit la chn xung nhp (Tc ). Ngun xung c ly t ngun xung
ca VK ( XTAL)v c chia tn thng qua b chia tn: Cc bit ADSP c
nhim v chn s chia cho b chia tn theo bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2: Bng trng thi ca cc bt ADPS2ADPS0
ADPS2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

ADPS1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

ADPS0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

Division Factor
2
2
4
8
16
32
64
128

ACDDR (Thanh ghi d liu): y l thanh ghi 16 bit v ta c th truy

nhp chng nh hai thanh ghi 8 bit vi a ch v cc bit tng ng. Khi khi
to chng c gi tr 0. Sau khi chuyn i th d liu s c a vo thanh
ghi ny.

46
3.2 Gii thiu mn hnh hin th LCD
Hnh 3.17 l hnh dng ca LCD

Hnh 3.17 Hnh dng LCD

3.2.1 Hot ng LCD
Trong nhng nm gn y LCD ngy cng c s dng nhiu hn
thay th dn cho cc n LED (cc n LED 7 on hay nhiu on). l v
cc nguyn nhn sau:
+

Cc LCD c gi thnh h.

Kh nng hin th cc s, cc k t v ho tt hn nhiu so

vi cc n LED (v cc n LED ch hin th c cc s v mt s k t).

+

Nh kt hp mt b iu khin lm ti vo LCD lm gii phng

cho CPU cng vic lm ti LCD. Trong khi n LED phi c lm ti

bng CPU (hoc bng cch no ) duy tr vic hin th d liu.
+

D dng lp trnh cho cc k t v ho.

3.2.2 Chc nng cc chn ca LCD

Cc chn ca LCD16x2 c th hin hnh 3.18

47

Hnh 3.18 th hin cc chn ca LCD16x2

Chc nng cc chn c m t trong bng 3.3.
+

Chn VCC cp ngun dng 5V cho LCD.

Chn VSS cp ngun GND.

Chn VEE cp in p iu chnh tng phn.

Chn chn thanh ghi RS (Register Select). C hai thanh ghi rt

quan trng bn trong LCD, chn RS c dng chn cc thanh ghi ny

nh sau: Nu RS = 0 th thanh ghi m lnh c chn cho php ngi
dng gi mt lnh chng hn nh xo mn hnh, a con tr v u
dng v.v Nu RS = 1 th thanh ghi d liu c chn cho php ngi
dng gi d liu cn hin th trn LCD.
+

Chn c/ ghi (R/W). u vo c/ ghi cho php ngi dng

c/ ghi thng tin ln LCD khi R/W = 0 hoc c thng tin t n khi R/W =
1.
+

Chn cho php E (Enable). Chn cho php E c s dng bi

LCD cht thng tin hin hu trn chn d liu ca n. Khi d liu c
cp n chn d liu th mt xung mc cao xung thp phi c p n
chn ny LCD cht d liu trn cc chn d liu. Xung ny phi rng ti
thiu l 450ns.
+

Chn D0 - D7. y l 8 chn d liu 8 bt, c dng gi

thng tin ln LCD hoc c ni dung ca cc thanh ghi trong LCD.

hin th cc ch ci v cc con s chng ta gi cc m ASCII ca cc
ch ci t A n Z, a n f v cc con s t 0 - 9 n cc chn ny khi bt RS

48
= 1. Cng c cc m lnh m c th c gi n LCD xo mn hnh hoc
a con tr v u dng hoc nhp nhy con tr. Bng 4.4 lit k cc m lnh.
Chng ta cng s dng RS = 0 kim tra bit c bn xem LCD c sn sng
nhn thng tin. C bn l D7 v c th c c khi R/W = 1 v RS = 0 nh
sau: Nu R/W = 1, RS = 0 khi D7 = 1 (c bn 1) th LCD bn bi cc cng vic
bn trong v s khng nhn bt k thng tin mi no. Khi D7 = 0 th LCD sn
sng nhn thng tin mi. Lu chng ta nn kim tra c bn trc khi ghi bt
k d liu no ln LCD. M lnh ca LCD c th hin trong bng 3.4
Bng 3.3 M t chc nng cc chn ca LCD.
Chn

K hiu

I/O

M t

VSS

VCC

Dng ngun 5v

VEE

Cp ngun iu khin phn

RS

R/W

RS = 0 chn thanh ghi lnh. RS = 1

chn
thanh d liu
R/W = 1 c d liu. R/W = 0 ghi

I/O

Cho php

DB0

I/O

Cc bt d liu

DB1

I/O

Cc bt d liu

DB2

I/O

Cc bt d liu

10

DB3

I/O

Cc bt d liu

11

DB4

I/O

Cc bt d liu

12

DB5

I/O

Cc bt d liu

13

DB6

I/O

Cc bt d liu

14

DB7

I/O

Cc bt d liu

Bng 3.4 Cc m lnh LCD.

M (Hex)

Lnh n thanh ghi ca LCD

49
1

Xo mn hnh hin th

Tr v u dng

Gi con tr (dch con tr sang tri)

Tng con tr (dch con tr sang phi)

Dch hin th sang phi

Dch hin th sang tri

Tt con tr, tt hin th

Tt hin th, bt con tr

Bt hin th, tt con tr

Bt hin th, nhp nhy con tr

Tt con tr, nhp nhy con tr

10

Dch v tr con tr sang tri

14

Dch v tr con tr sang phi

18

Dch ton b hin th sang tri

1C

Dch ton b hin th sang phi

80

p con tr V u dng th nht

C0

p con tr V u dng th hai

38

Hai dng v ma trn 5 x 7

3.3 IC n p ngun 7805

Hnh dng v cu to ca 7805 c th hin trong hnh 3.19

Hnh 3.19 hnh dng v cu to ca 7805

50
+ Chn 1 : ng vo
+ Chn 2: GND (mass)
+ Chn 3: ng ra n p
Hnh 4.25 l hnh dng v cu to ca IC7805. 7805 l IC n p c Ng
ra OUT lun n nh 5V d in p t ngun cung cp. in p ra c th
thay i ty theo tng loi IC 78xx.
3.4 IRF 3205
IRF3205 l Linh kin bn dn MOSFET ( Metal oxit semiconductor
field Effect transistor), c thit k bi hng International Rectifier. S
cu to MOSFET3205 hnh 3.20.

Hnh 3.20 hnh dng v cu to IRF3205

Cc chn ca IRF3205:
+ G ( Gate) : Cc ca.
+ D ( Drain) : Cc mng.

+ S ( Source) : Cc ngun.
c tnh k thut:
+ in p chu ng ln nht gia cc D v S l VDS =55V.
+ in tr ni khi n l RDS(on) = 8.0 m.
+ Dng ID

Ti Tc=25oC v VGS = 10V th ID(max) = 110 A.

Ti Tc=100oC v VGS = 10V th ID(max) = 80 A.

51
ch xung
+ Nhit hot ng

ID(Max) = 390 A.
t -55oC n 175oC

3.5 Bin p
Tnh ton bin p theo cc thng s sau:
in p u vo Uvo = 12VDC, in p u ra Ura = 220VAC, cng
sut P=500W.
Bc 1: Xc nh cc thng s ban u khi tnh ton:
Cng sut u ra P2=500W
Ta c

P2= Kp* P1

Suy ra:

P1 = = = 625W ly P1 =650 (W).

Trong : P1: Cng sut u vo ca bin p.

P2: Cng sut u ra ca bin p.
KP : H s truyn t cng sut, thng KP= 0,8.
Dng in trong cc cun dy.
Cun s cp:
I1 = = = 54 (A).
Cun th cp:
I2 = = = 2.28 (A).
Trong : I1: Dng in cun s cp.
I2: Dng in cun th cp.
U1: in p cun s cp, ly U1 = 12(VDC).
U2: in p cun th cp, ly U2 = 220 (VDC).
Bc 2: Tnh ton chn li thp cho ph hp
Xc nh thit din ca li thp:
Pdm = ( )2

vi Pdm>P1

S0 >

S0 >

S0 > 28 (cm2)

Trong : Pdm
S0

: Cng sut nh mc ca bin p c th cp.

: Tit in thc ca li thp

52
T tit din S0 ta c th tnh:
amax = = =5.2 (cm).
amin = = = 4.3 (cm).
t cc thng s trn ta chn bin p vi cc thng s sau:
a = 4.5 (cm), b = 7.5, b dy l thp l 0.5 mm.
trong :

a: rng ca bn
b: Chiu dy xp tn

Hnh 3.21 th hin hnh dng li thp hnh ch E s dng cho bin p:

Hnh 3.21 Hnh dng li thp

Thit din ca li thp: S = a*b = 4,5*7,5 = 33.75( cm2).
Thit din thc ca li thp:
S0 = k * S = 0,9*33.75 = 30.375 (cm2).
Trong : k= 0,90 nu b dy l st efe =0,35(mm).
k=0,93 nu b dy l st efe =0,50(mm).
K=0,8 nu l st b r st,li lm.
S: tit din tr thp.
Bc 3: Xc nh s vng dy ca cc cun trong bin p.
+ S vng to ra 1 vn sc in ng cm ng.
T cng thc: E= 4,44 x f x B x S0 x W , vi f =50Hz, E =1V.
Ta c: W = ( vng/vn).
Vi S0 = 30,375, B=1.1 (Wb/mm2)
W = = 1,35 ( vng/ vn).

53
Trong : f : Tn s ngun in.
B: Mt t.
E: Sc in ng.
+ S vng dy cun s cp
Hnh 3.22 Th hin cc cun dy ca bin p

Hnh 3.22: s dy qun ca bin p

Cun s cp gm 2 cun dy W11 v W12 ni chung mt u to thnh
bin p im gia hnh 3.22.
W11 = W12 = W*U1 = 1,35*12 = 16,2 ( vng/vn).
+ S vng dy cun th cp
Cun th cp gm 3 cun dy W21, W22, W23 cho ra cc in p 0V,
220V, 230V, 270V c th hin hnh 4.7
Cun dy W21 cho ra mc in p l U21 = 220 - 0 = 220V.
Cun dy W22 cho ra mc in p l U22 = 230 - 220 = 10V.
Cun dy W23 cho ra mc in p l U23 = 270 - 230 = 40V.
Mun xc nh s vng dy cun th cp cn xc nh gi tr in p
th cp lc khng ti.
S2 = U2 * I2 = 220 * 2,28 = 501 VA. Theo quan h Ch cho dy th cp:
Bng 3.5 Quan h Ch theo S2
S2(VA)

Ch%

S2(VA)

Ch %

S2(VA)

Ch %

S2(VA)

Ch%

54
5

1.35

50

1.12

180

1.06

700

1.032

7.5

1.28

60

1.11

200

1.058

800

1.03

10

1.25

70

1.1

250

1.052

900

1.028

15

1.22

80

1.09

300

1.048

1000

1.025

20

1.18

90

1.085

350

1.045

1500

1.02

25

1.16

100

1.08

400

1.042

2000

1.016

30

1.14

120

1.075

500

1.038

3000

1.009

40

1.13

150

1.065

600

1.035

p dng bng trn ta suy ra h s Ch cho dy qun pha th cp l

Ch = 1,038 (%)
Suy ra gi tr in p th cp lc khng ti l:
Cun dy W21:
U210 = U21 * Ch = 220 * 1,038 = 228,36 (V).
Cun dy W22:
U220 = U22 * Ch = 10 * 1,038 = 10,38 (V).
Cun dy W23:
U230 = U23 * Ch = 40 * 1,038 = 41,52 (V).
S vng dy cun th cp:
Cun dy W21
W21 = U210*W = 228,36*1,35 = 308,3 (Vng).
Cun dy W22
W22 = U220*W = 10,38*1,35 = 14,0 ( Vng).
Cun dy W23
W23 = U230*W = 41,52*1,35 = 56,0 (Vng).
Bc 4: Tnh tit din ca dy dn
Vi I1=54( A), I2= 2,28( A) v S2= 501 (VA).
Bng 3.6 Quan h gia J theo S2
S2(VA)

0/50

50/100

100/200

200/500

500/1000

J(A/mm)

6/5

5.5/4.5

5/4

4.5/3.5

4/3

55
Vi S2=501(VA) nn ta chn J = 3,5 A/mm2
I1 = 54A suy ra d1 = 1,128 x = 1,128 x = 4,43 (mm)
I2 = 2,28A suy ra d2 = 1,128 x = 1,128 x = 0,91 (mm)
Chn ng knh dy s cp l 4,43 mm, th cp l 0,91 mm.
Bng 3.7 Tm tt kt qu tnh ton
Dy qun

S vng

ng knh
(mm)

ng knh c cch in
(mm)

12V
0V-220V
220V-230V

16
308
14

4,43
0.91
0.91

4.48
0,96
0,96

230V-270V

56

0.91

0,96

56

CHNG 4: THIT K V THI CNG

4.1 S khi ca b nghch lu
4.1.1 S khi
Hin th v
Phm n

Ngun

B iu khin
trung tm

Hi tip

Chuyn
Mch

c quy

Ti

Cng sut
220 VAC
in li
4.1.2 Chc nng cc khi

Ngun
+ To ra ngun n p 5 VDC cp cho khi iu khin trung tm.
+ Hn ch dng in t c quy cp cho khi chuyn mch
B iu khin trung tm.
+ To dao ng 50Hz a ti iu khin khi chuyn i DCAC.
+ Nhn tn hiu t phm iu khin v truyn d liu cn hin th

ti LCD (gi tr in p ca c quy, gi tr in p khi nghch

lu, gi tr in p ngun in khi np, ch hin hnh).
+ M ha d liu nhn v t khi hi tip.
+ iu khin khi chuyn mch.

Khi Hin th v phm n

57
Khi thc hin giao tip gi b nghch lu v ngi s dng, khi ny
cho ngi s dng bit v cc thng s hot ng ca b nghch lu. Nhn
cc yu cu iu khin ca ngi s dng sau truyn v b s l trung tm
thc hin yu cu .
Khi cng sut

Thc hin ng m cc van cng sut cp in t c quy ti bin

p thc hin vic nghch lu
Khi chuyn mch
Thc hin chuyn mch bng cc Role thc hin thay i ca
cc qu trnh nghch lu hoc np in.
Khi hi tip
Thc hin ly mu in p nghch lu v in p t ngun in
a v khi s l trung tm.
4.2 S mch nguyn l

Khi ngun

Khi ngun c th hin trong hnh 4.1

Hnh 4.1 Khi ngun

58

Khi iu khin trung tm

Khi iu khin trung tm c th hin trong hnh 4.2

Hnh 4.2 Khi iu khin trung tm

Khi chuyn mch

Khi chuyn mch c th hin trong hnh 4.3

59

Hnh 4.3 Khi chuyn mch

Khi hi tip
Khi hi tip c th hin trong hnh 4.4

Hnh 4.4 Khi hi tip

Khi cng sut

Khi cng sut c th hin trong hnh 4.5

60

Hnh 4.5 Khi cng sut

S ghp bin p vi khi cng sut c th hin trong hnh 4.6

Hnh 4.6 S ghp bin p vi khi cng sut

61

Khi hin th
Khi hin th c th hin trong hnh 4.7

Hnh 4.7 Khi hin th

S nguyn l ca ton mch c th hin trong hnh 4.8

62

Hnh 4.8 S nguyn l ca ton mch

4.3 S mch in

63
Mch iu khin bao gm cc khi: Khi ngun, khi iu khin trung

tm, khi hi tip v khi chuyn mch c th hin trong hnh 4.9.

Hnh 4.9 V tr cc linh kin mch iu khin

S ng mch in

64
S ng mch in mch iu khin c th hin trong hnh 4.10

Hnh 4.10 S ng mch in mch iu khin

Mch cng sut

65
V tr cc linh kin mch cng sut c th hin trong hnh 4.11

Hnh 4.11 V tr cc linh kin mch cng sut

S ng mch in mch cng sut c th hin trong hnh 4.12

Hnh 4.12 S ng mch in mch cng sut

4.4 Lu tht ton s l ca chng trnh

66
4.4.1 Lu chng trnh chnh
Begin

Thit lp ban u

Chng trnh
Phm n

Mode
=0

Chng trnh
Dng

Mode
=1

Chng trnh
Nghch lu

Mode
=2

Chng trnh
Np

S
Chng trnh
Hin th

Trong :
end

4.4.2 Lu chng trnh phm n

Mode:

Bin kim sot ch

67
begin

Begin

Mode = 0

N_D = 0
To xung iu khin khi cng sut.
iu khin role cp ngun. S

AC N_NL
> 225V= 0
Mode = 0

Gim RX
Mode = 1

AC < 210V

Tng RX

N_NA = 0
Mode = 0
S

Mode = 2
S
RX >
RXMAX

end

Bo qu ti
Dng nghch lu

Trong :
N_D : Nt iu khin dng
N_NL
: Nt iu
Bokhin
thp pnghch lu
N_NA
: Nt Dng
iu khin
_AQ < 10V
nghch np
lu
4.4.3 Lu chng trnh nghch lu
S

End

Trong :
AC
RX
_AQ

: in p cp
: rng xung
: in p c quy

68

4.4.4 Lu chng trnh np

69
bigin

iu khin role cp ngun.

_AQ<
12,5V

Thc hin np p

Thc hin np dng

_AQ > 14V

S
Dng np

end

Trong :
_AQ : in p c quy

4.5 Nguyn l hoat ng ca b nghch lu

70
Khi mi c cp ngun b nghch lu c mc nh ch dng.
ch dng
Mch ch ch tn hiu iu khin thay i ch sang ch
nghch lu hoc np in. Chng trnh s qut lin tc cc phm n. Khi c
tn hiu t phm n v b iu khin, b iu khin gi m v thc hin yu
cu .
ch dng th mn LCD s hin th gi tr in p hin thi ca c
quy v dng ch BO NGHICH LUU
ch nghch lu
+ Cho php timer0 hot ng to dao ng cp cho khi cng
sut.
+ iu khin rle chuyn ngun cp t bin p ti ti
+ Thc hin c gi tr in p cp cho ti v b iu khin
kim sot qu trnh nghch lu. Nu in p cp cho ti nh hn
gii hn in p di (200VAC) th b iu khin trung tm s
iu chnh tng rng xung iu khin ti khi cng sut. in
p cp cho ti c tng ln ln hn gii hn in p di. Khi
tng rng xung ti mt gi tr ti hn m in p ti ti vn
nh hn gii hn in p di th lc sy ra qu ti. b iu
khin trung tm s dng qu trnh nghch lu v thng bo li
qu ti ln mn hin th LCD.
+ Nu in p cp cho ti ln hn gii hn in p trn (230VAC)
th b iu khin trung tm s iu chnh gim rng xung iu
khin ti khi cng sut. in p cp cho ti c gim xung
nh hn gii hn in p trn.
ch nghch lu th mn LCD s hin th:
+ Gi tr in p hin thi ca c quy.
+ Gi tr in p nghch lu.
+ Hin th: NGHICH LUU.

71
+ T l rng xung.
ch np
B iu khin s kim tra in p ti c quy c th la chn phng
thc np vi dng cao hay thp v m bo qu trnh np theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Thc hin np dng.
Bc 2: Thc hin np p.
ch nghch lu th mn LCD s hin th:
+ Gi tr in p hin thi ca c quy.
+ Gi tr in p ngun np.
+ Hin th ch np
Trong qu trnh np b iu khin s lin tc kim tra in p ti c quy
kim sot c qu trnh. Khi c quy t n mc in p t trc khi
lp trnh th b iu khin trung tm s t ng kt thc qu trnh np.

4.6 Chng trnh iu khin

72
/*****************************************************
Project : NGHICH LUU TU 12VDC SANG 220VAC
Author : NGUYEN HUY HUNG
Company : lop Dien Tu 1K3
Chip type

: ATmega16L

Program type

: Application

Clock frequency

: 4.000000 MHz

Memory model

: Small

External RAM size : 0

Data Stack size

: 256

*****************************************************/
#include <mega16.h>
#include <delay.h>
#define Role_nghichluu PORTA.4
#define Role_nap

PORTA.5

#define Role_220V

PORTA.6

#define Role_240V

PORTA.7

#define Role_280V

PORTC.7

#define quat

PORTC.6

#define kenh1

PORTC.0

#define kenh2

PORTC.1

#define dk_kich

PIND.0

#define dk_dung

PIND.2

#define dk_nap

PIND.5

// Alphanumeric LCD Module functions

#asm
.equ __lcd_port=0x18 ;PORTB
#endasm

73
#include <lcd.h>
bit

k_nap=1;

bit

k_dung=1;

bit

k_kich=1;

bit

co_ht;

bit

co2=0;

bit

co_loi=0;

unsigned char

ma_loi=0;

unsigned char

MODE=0;

unsigned long int

dap_acquy=0;

unsigned long int

dap_nguon=0;

unsigned char

dap_acquy_max;

unsigned char

dap_acquy_min;

unsigned char

pwm=10;

unsigned char

bien_kiemtra=0;

unsigned char

giai_doan=1;

unsigned int

co_qua_tai=0;

unsigned char

co_qua_ap=0;

unsigned char

co_thap_ap=0;

long int

tgian1=0;

long int

tgian2=0;

// Timer 0 overflow interrupt service routine

interrupt [TIM0_OVF] void timer0_ovf_isr(void)
{
static unsigned char
TCNT0=0xE0;
// Place your code here

i_t=0;

74
if(i_t<pwm)
{

// thuc hien dieu khien IRF3205

if(co2==1)
{
kenh1=0;
kenh2=1;
};
if(co2==0)
{
kenh1=1;
kenh2=0;
};

}
else
{ // thuwc hien ngat IRF3205
kenh1=1;
kenh2=1;
};
i_t++;
if(i_t>19)
{
if(bien_kiemtra<29)bien_kiemtra++;
i_t=0;
co2=~co2;
if(dap_nguon>225)
{
co_qua_ap++;
if(co_qua_ap>5)
{

75
co_qua_ap=0;
pwm--;
if(pwm<11)pwm=11;
};
}
else
{
co_qua_ap=0;
};
if(dap_nguon<200)
{
co_thap_ap++;
if(co_thap_ap>20)
{
co_thap_ap=0;
pwm++;
if(pwm>19)
{
pwm=19;
co_qua_tai++;
if(co_qua_tai>150)
{
MODE=3;
ma_loi=2;
TIMSK=0x00;
kenh1=1;
kenh2=1;
bien_kiemtra

=0;

Role_nghichluu =1;

76
Role_nap

=1;

Role_220V

=1;

Role_240V

=1;

Role_280V

=1;

};
};
};
}
else
{
co_thap_ap=0;
co_qua_tai=0;
};
};
}
#define FIRST_ADC_INPUT 0
#define LAST_ADC_INPUT 1
unsigned char adc_data[LAST_ADC_INPUT-FIRST_ADC_INPUT+1];
#define ADC_VREF_TYPE 0x20
// ADC interrupt service routine
// with auto input scanning
interrupt [ADC_INT] void adc_isr(void)
{
static unsigned char input_index=0;
// Read the 8 most significant bits
// of the AD conversion result
adc_data[input_index]=ADCH;
// Select next ADC input

77
if (++input_index > (LAST_ADC_INPUT-FIRST_ADC_INPUT))
input_index=0;
ADMUX=(FIRST_ADC_INPUT | (ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff))
+input_index;
// Delay needed for the stabilization of the ADC input voltage
delay_us(10);
// Start the AD conversion
ADCSRA|=0x40;
}
// Declare your global variables here
void ct_nghich_luu(void);
void ct_dung(void);
void ct_nap(void);
void ct_kiem_tra(void);
void main(void)
{
// Declare your local variables here
// Input/Output Ports initialization
// Port A initialization
// Func7=Out Func6=Out Func5=Out Func4=Out Func3=In Func2=In
Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=1 State6=1 State5=1 State4=1 State3=T State2=T State1=T
State0=T
PORTA=0xF0;
DDRA=0xF0;
// Port B initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In
Func0=In

78
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T
State0=T
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x00;
// Port C initialization
// Func7=Out Func6=Out Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In
Func1=Out Func0=Out
// State7=1 State6=1 State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=1
State0=1
PORTC=0xC3;
DDRC=0xC3;
// Port D initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In
Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=P State4=T State3=T State2=P State1=T
State0=P
PORTD=0x25;
DDRD=0x00;
// Timer/Counter 0 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: 62.500 kHz
// Mode: Normal top=FFh
// OC0 output: Disconnected
TCCR0=0x03;
TCNT0=0xe0;
OCR0=0x00;

79

// Timer/Counter 1 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 1 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=FFFFh
// OC1A output: Discon.
// OC1B output: Discon.
// Noise Canceler: Off
// Input Capture on Falling Edge
// Timer 1 Overflow Interrupt: Off
// Input Capture Interrupt: Off
// Compare A Match Interrupt: Off
// Compare B Match Interrupt: Off
TCCR1A=0x00;
TCCR1B=0x00;
TCNT1H=0x00;
TCNT1L=0x00;
ICR1H=0x00;
ICR1L=0x00;
OCR1AH=0x00;
OCR1AL=0x00;
OCR1BH=0x00;
OCR1BL=0x00;
// Timer/Counter 2 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 2 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=FFh
// OC2 output: Disconnected

80
ASSR=0x00;
TCCR2=0x00;
TCNT2=0x00;
OCR2=0x00;
// External Interrupt(s) initialization
// INT0: Off
// INT1: Off
// INT2: Off
MCUCR=0x00;
MCUCSR=0x00;
// Timer(s)/Counter(s) Interrupt(s) initialization
TIMSK=0x00;
// Analog Comparator initialization
// Analog Comparator: Off
// Analog Comparator Input Capture by Timer/Counter 1: Off
ACSR=0x80;
SFIOR=0x00;
// ADC initialization
// ADC Clock frequency: 31.250 kHz
// ADC Voltage Reference: AREF pin
// ADC Auto Trigger Source: None
// Only the 8 most significant bits of
// the AD conversion result are used
ADMUX=FIRST_ADC_INPUT | (ADC_VREF_TYPE & 0xff);
ADCSRA=0xCF;

81
// Global enable interrupts
#asm("sei")
lcd_init(16);
Role_nghichluu=1;
Role_nap =1;
Role_220V=1;
Role_240V=1;
Role_280V=1;
quat=1;
k_nap=1;
k_dung=1;
k_kich=1;
co_ht=0;
pwm=13;
ma_loi=0;
dap_acquy_max=160;
dap_acquy_min=95;

// dien ap toi da la 16 V
// dien ap toi thieu la 9.5 V

MODE=0;
while (1)
{
ct_kiem_tra();
if(dk_kich==0&k_kich==1&ma_loi==0&MODE==0)
{
MODE=1;
co_ht=1;
delay_ms(200);
};
k_kich=dk_kich;
if(dk_dung==0&k_dung==1)

82
{
MODE=0;
giai_doan=1;
ma_loi=0;
co_loi=0;
co_ht=1;
delay_ms(200);
};
k_dung=dk_dung;
if(dk_nap==0&k_nap==1&MODE==0)
{
MODE=2;
co_ht=1;
delay_ms(200);
};
k_nap=dk_nap;
if(MODE==0)
{
ct_dung();
};
if(MODE==1)
{
ct_nghich_luu();
};
if(MODE==2)
{
ct_nap();
};
if(MODE==3)

83
{
if(co_loi==0)lcd_clear();
co_loi=1;
lcd_gotoxy(2,0);
lcd_putsf("BAO LOI");
lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
if(ma_loi==1) lcd_putsf("AC QUY YEU DIEN");
if(ma_loi==2) lcd_putsf(" QUA TAI");
if(ma_loi==3) lcd_putsf(" QUA AP");
};
if(MODE>3)MODE=0;
};
}
void ct_nghich_luu(void)
{
if(co_ht==1)lcd_clear();
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
lcd_putsf("NGHICH LUU P=");
lcd_gotoxy(13,0);
lcd_number(pwm*5,0);
lcd_putsf("%");
lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
lcd_number(dap_acquy,1);
lcd_putsf(" VDC");
lcd_gotoxy(9,1);
lcd_number(dap_nguon,0);
lcd_putsf(" VAC
if(co_ht==1)
{

");

84
quat=0;
TIMSK=0x01;
co_ht=0;
delay_ms(100);
Role_280V=0;
}
if(200<dap_nguon&dap_nguon<250)
{
Role_nghichluu=0;
};
if(dap_acquy<dap_acquy_min)
{
ma_loi=1;
MODE=3;
};
}
void ct_dung(void)
{
TIMSK=0x00;
kenh1=1;
kenh2=1;
bien_kiemtra

=0;

Role_nghichluu =1;
Role_nap

=1;

Role_220V =1;
Role_240V =1;
Role_280V =1;
quat

=1;

pwm

=13;

85
if(dap_acquy>dap_acquy_max)
{
MODE=3;
ma_loi=3;
};
if(co_ht==1)
{
lcd_clear();
delay_ms(100);
lcd_gotoxy(2,0);
lcd_putsf("BO NGHICH LUU");
lcd_gotoxy(4,1);
lcd_number(dap_acquy,1);
lcd_putsf(" VDC");
co_ht=0;
delay_ms(1000);
};
lcd_gotoxy(2,0);
lcd_putsf("BO NGHICH LUU");
lcd_gotoxy(4,1);
lcd_number(dap_acquy,1);
lcd_putsf(" VDC");
}
void ct_nap(void)
{
if(co_ht==1)lcd_clear();
quat

=0;

lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
lcd_number(dap_acquy,1);

86
lcd_putsf(" VDC");
lcd_gotoxy(9,1);
lcd_number(dap_nguon,0);
lcd_putsf(" VAC

");

Role_nap=0;
if(giai_doan==1)
{
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
lcd_putsf("NAP DONG......");
Role_240V=0;
if(co_ht==1)
{
delay_ms(4000);
co_ht=0;
};
if(dap_acquy>12.5)
{
Role_240V=1;
delay_ms(4000);
lcd_clear();
giai_doan=2;
co_ht=1;
};
};
if(giai_doan==2)
{
lcd_gotoxy(0,0);
lcd_putsf("NAP AP........");
Role_220V=0;

87
if(co_ht==1)
{
co_ht=0;
delay_ms(4000);
};
if(dap_acquy>140)
{
Role_220V=1;
Role_nap=1;
delay_ms(4000);
co_ht=1;
MODE=0;
};
};
}
void ct_kiem_tra(void)
{
static unsigned int

bien_tg1,du1,nguyen1;

static unsigned int

bien_tg2,du2,nguyen2;

static unsigned char

i_kt,tg_acquy,tg_nguon;

tgian1=adc_data[0];
tgian2=adc_data[1];
bien_tg1=bien_tg1+tgian1;
bien_tg2=bien_tg2+tgian2;
i_kt++;
if(i_kt==10)
{
nguyen1=bien_tg1/i_kt;
du1=bien_tg1%i_kt;

88
if( du1>8)tg_acquy=nguyen1+1;
else tg_acquy=nguyen1;
bien_tg1=0;
nguyen2=bien_tg2/i_kt;
du2=bien_tg2%i_kt;
if( du2>8)tg_nguon=nguyen2+1;
else tg_nguon=nguyen2;
bien_tg2=0;
i_kt=0;
};
dap_acquy=tg_acquy*28.75*10/384+16;
dap_nguon=tg_nguon*503.75/384;
}

89

KT LUN
Sau qu trnh thc hin bn n em thu c mt s kt qu nh sau:
V phn l thuyt:
+ Tm hiu c cc dng nghch lu v cc ng dng ca nghch
lu trong cng nghip v trong i sng hng ngy.
+ Tm hiu k hn cc loi MOSFET, u im ca MOSFET v
ng dng cc loi MOSFET vo thc t.
+ Tnh ton thit k my bin p.
V phn thit k thi cng
+ Xy dng s khi cho ton b h thng.
+ Xy dng lu thut ton cho b nghch lu.
+ Vit chng trnh.
Mt ln na em xin gi li cm n ti cc thy c trong khoa in T,
c bit l c Nguyn Th Minh Tm trc tip hng dn em trong vic
hon thnh n ny.
Do thi gian v trnh c hn ln ti ca em cn nhiu vn
thiu st, mong cc thy c v cc bn c cho kin b sung ti c
hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

90

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Nh Anh, Lu Phi Yn, Lu Ph.
K Thut in T. NXB i Hc Quc Gia TP.HCM.
[2] Phm Vn Bnh, L Vn Doanh.
Thit K My Bin p. NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut.
[3]. V Minh Chnh (ch bin), Phm Quc Hi, Trn Trng Minh.
in T Cng Sut. NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut.
[4] Quch Tun Ngc
Ngn Ng Lp Trnh C. NXB Thng K 2003
[5]. Nguyn Vn Nh.
in T Cng Sut 1. NXB i Hc Quc Gia TP.HCM 2002.
[6]. Xun Th (ch bin).
K Thut in T. NXB Gio Dc.
[7] www.datasheet.com
[8] http://www.hocavr.com
[9] http://tailieu.vn
[10] www.dientuvietnam.net