1 GHP http://www.mediafire.com/i/?zva1j7a7wm16to3 2 3.1 NO KEY http://www.mediafire.com/?3402l66xto0g9mr 3 3.2 NO KEY http://www.mediafire.com/?d2ny64ij98ocmdc qua tao LINK HM TI CHNH http://www.giaiphapexcel.com/forum/showthread.php?

8426Excel-s-Financial-Function-C%C3%A1c-H%C3%A0m-T%C3%A0i-Ch %C3%ADnh/page6

Hm DDB() Tnh khu hao cho mt ti sn s dng phng php s d gim dn kp (double-declining balance method), hay gim dn theo mt t l no , trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. C php: = DDB(cost, salvage, life, period, factor) Cost : Gi tr ban u ca ti sn Salvage : Gi tr thu hi c ca ti sn (hay l gi tr ca ti sn sau khi khu hao) Life : Hn s dng ca ti sn. Period : K mun tnh khu hao. Period phi s dng cng mt n v tnh ton vi Life. Factor : T l gim dn s d (nu b qua, mc nh l 2, tc s dng phng php s d gim dn kp) Lu :

Phng php s d gim dn theo mt t l nh sn s tnh khu hao theo t sut tng dn, tc l khu hao cao nht k u, v gim dn cc k k tip theo t l c nh sn (gim dn kp l s dng t l gim dn = 2). DDB() dng cng thc sau y tnh khu hao trong mt k:

DDB = MIN((cost tng khu hao cc k trc) * (factor / life), (cost salvage tng khu hao cc k trc))

Hy thay i factor, nu khng mun s dng phng php s d gim dn kp. Tt c cc tham s phi l nhng s dng.

V d:

Vi mt ti sn c gi tr khi mua vo l $2,400, gi tr thu hi c ca sn phm khi ht hn s dng l $300, hn s dng l 10 nm, ta c nhng con s khu hao nh sau y:

Khu hao cho ngy u tin, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = DDB(2400, 300, 10*365, 1) = $1.32 Khu hao thng u tin, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = DDB(2400, 300, 10*12, 1) = $40 Khu hao nm u tin, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = DDB(2400, 300, 10, 1) = $480 Khu hao nm th 10, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = DDB(2400, 300, 10, 10) = $22.12 Khu hao nm th 2, dng phng php s d gim dn theo t l 1.5: = DDB(2400, 300, 10, 2, 1.5) = $306

Hm SLN() Tnh khu hao cho mt ti sn theo phng php ng thng (t l khu hao tri u trong sut thi hn s dng ca ti sn) trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. C php: = SLN(cost, salvage, life) Cost : Gi tr ban u ca ti sn Salvage : Gi tr thu hi c ca ti sn (hay l gi tr ca ti sn sau khi khu hao) Life : Hn s dng ca ti sn. SLN() dng cng thc sau y tnh khu hao:

V d:

Tnh khu hao bnh qun mi nm cho mt ti sn c gi tr ban u l $30,000, gi tr cn li sau khi khu hao l $7,500, c thi hn s dng 10 nm ?

= SLN(30000, 7500, 10) = $2,250

Hm SYD() Tnh khu hao cho mt ti sn theo gi tr cn li trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. C php: = SYD(cost, salvage, life, per) Cost : Gi tr ban u ca ti sn Salvage : Gi tr thu hi c ca ti sn (hay l gi tr ca ti sn sau khi khu hao) Life : Hn s dng ca ti sn. Per : K tnh khu hao, phi c cng n v tnh vi Life. SYD() dng cng thc sau y tnh khu hao:

V d:

Tnh khu hao ca nm u tin v nm cui cng ca mt ti sn c gi tr ban u l $30,000, gi tr cn li sau khi khu hao l $7,500, c thi hn s dng 10 nm ?

Nm u tin: = SYD(30000, 7500, 10, 1) = $4,090.91 Nm cui cng: = SYD(30000, 7500, 10, 10) = $409.09

Hm CUMIPMT() Tr v li tc tch ly phi tr i vi mt khon vay trong khong thi gian c ch nh (kt qu tr v s l mt s m, th hin s tin phi mt i do i vay). C php: = CUMIPMT(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, type) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn kim c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate. Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12.

V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pv : Gi tr hin ti ca s tin vay Start_period : K u tin trong nhng k mun tnh li tc tch ly phi tr (cc k tr li c nh s bt u t 1). End_period : K cui cng trong nhng k mun tnh li tc tch ly phi tr. Type : Cch thc tr li: = 0 : Tr li vo cui k = 1 : Tr li vo u k Lu :

Rate v Nper phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu tr li hng thng th dng 10%/12 cho rate v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu tr li hng nm th dng 10% cho rate v 4 cho nper. Nper, start_period, end_period, v type s c ct b phn l thp phn nu chng khng phi l s nguyn. Nu rate < 0, nper < 0, hay pv < 0, CUMIPMT() s tr v gi tr li #NUM! Nu start_period < 1, end_period < 1, hay start_period > end_period, CUMIPMT() s tr v gi tr li #NUM! Nu type khng phi l cc s 0 hay 1, CUMIPMT() s tr v gi tr li #NUM!

V d:

Vi mt khon vay $125,000 trong 30 nm vi li sut 9% mt nm, tr li hng thng vo cui k, dng CUMIPMT() ta s bit:

Li tc phi tr trong nm th 2 (t k th 13 ti k 24) l: = CUMIPMT(9%/12, 30*12, 125000, 13, 24, 0) = $11,135.23 Li tc phi tr trong thng u tin l: = CUMIPMT(9%/12, 30*12, 125000, 1, 1, 0) = $937.50 (nu ch tnh trong 1 thng th start_period end_period)

Hm FV() Tnh gi tr tng lai (Future Value) ca mt khon u t c li sut c nh v c chi tr c nh theo k vi cc khon bng nhau mi k. C php: = FV(rate, nper, pmt [, pv] [, type]) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn kim c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate. Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12. V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pmt : S tin chi tr (hoc gi thm vo) trong mi k. S tin ny s khng thay i theo s tin tr hng nm. Ni chung, pmt bao gm tin gc v tin li, khng bao gm l ph v thu. Nu pmt = 0 th bt buc phi c pv. Pv : Gi tr hin ti (hin gi), hoc l tng gi tr tng ng vi mt chui cc khon phi tr trong tng lai. Nu b qua pv, tr mc nh ca pv s l zero (0), v khi bt buc phi cung cp gi tr cho pmt (xem thm hm PV) Type : Hnh thc tnh li: = 0 : Tnh li vo cui mi k (mc nh) = 1 : Tnh li vo u mi k tip theo Lu :

Rate v Nper phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu tr li hng thng th dng 10%/12 cho rate v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu tr li hng nm th dng 10% cho rate v 4 cho nper. Tt c cc i s th hin s tin mt "mt i" (nh gi tit kim, mua tri phiu...) cn phi c nhp vi mt s m; cn cc i s th hin s tin "nhn c" (nh tin li rt trc, li tc nhn c...) cn c nhp vi s dng.

V d:

Mt ngi gi vo ngn hng $10,000 vi li sut 5% mt nm, v trong cc nm sau, mi nm gi thm vo $200, trong 10 nm. Vy khi o hn (10 nm sau), ngi s c c s tin l bao nhiu ?

= FV(5%, 10, -200, -10000, 1) = $18,930.30 ( y dng tham s type = 1, do mi nm gi thm, nn s li gp phi tnh vo u mi k tip theo th mi chnh xc)

Dng FV() d tnh cho tui v hu Khi trn y sc lc, c bao gi bn ngh n chuyn sinh sng cch no lc ngh hu? Liu tch ly thi tr c cho ta sng khi thi lm vic? i do, hi u m tnh! Con ngi ta c... s ht c. Ni chi th ni, bn vn nn dng bng tnh lp cho mnh mt... l s r rng. Ch tn mt cht hi thi. D nhin, phi bit tui mi chm s c. Trong bng tnh Excel (xem hnh minh ha di y),

Bn hy g Tui A2 v ghi tui ca bn B2, v d l 30. Ti A3, bn g Tui ngh hu v tm ghi 60 trong B3 k bn (bn mun chin u bao lu ty ). Ti A5, bn g Tin gi hin c v ghi s tin tit kim m bn ang gi ngn hng trong B5, 10 triu ng chng hn. Nu cha c, bn ng ngi, ch cn ghi 0 B5 nhng cn tnh ngay n chuyn gi tin vo ngn hng mi nm. Bn g Tin gi mi nm A6 v ghi s tin tit kim mi nm theo d nh ca bn, c cho l 2,500,000 i. Trong A7, bn g S ln gi v g = B3-B2 trong B7, tc l s nm tnh t nay cho n lc ngh hu. Ti A8 bn di, bn g Li sut nm v ghi li sut tit kim c nm m bn c bit, 8% chng hn.

Hin ti l th, ta bt u xem xt lc ngh hu.

Bn chn vng A10:B10, bm vo Merge and Center ri bm vo Bold trn thanh cng c v trang trng g tiu NGH HU. Ti A11, bn g Tin gi. Tip theo, bn g cng thc = FV(B8, B7, -B6, -B5, 0) trong B11. Hm FV (vit tt ca FUTURE VALUE) cho ta bit s tin tit kim c c vo lc ngh hu da vo cc yu t: li sut ( B8), s ln gi tin ( B7), tin gi mi

ln ( B6) v tin gi hin c ( B5). Theo quy c, cc khon tin ri tay bn (i vo ngn hng) c cung cp cho hm FV di dng tr m. i s cui cng ca hm FV (type) phi l 0 nu bn gi tin cui nm, l 1 nu bn gi tin u nm.

Bit rng s tin tch ly nm B11 v li sut B8, bn hy g Tin li hng thng trong A12 v g cng thc = B11*B8/12 trong B12 tnh ra tin li hng thng (tin li c nm chia cho 12 thng) m ta nhn c t lc ngh hu. Theo s liu gi nh c dng trong cc pha trn, tin li hng thng thu c l mt khon kha kh nu khng tnh n s trt gi v bin ng ca li sut. Bit ra sao ngy sau? C cho rng tin tiu hng thng lc ngh hu ln hn tin li nhn c (tin thuc men th, tin... l x cho con chu na chi!), bn g Tin tiu hng thng trong A13 v phng tay g 3 triu trong B13.

Cn lp bng theo di hu bao ca mnh qua tng nm t lc ngh hu.

Bn hy g Tui D2, Tin rt E2 v Tin cn F2. hng di, bn g = B3 (tui ngh hu) trong D3 v g = B11 (tin gi c c khi ngh hu) trong F3. hng tip theo, bn g = D3+1 trong D4 (tui 61), g = $B$13*12 trong E4 (tin tiu c nm) v g = (F3-E4)*(100% + $B$8) trong F4. Cng thc lng nhng ny nhm tnh ra tin cn ngn hng cng khon li thu c cui nm sau khi ta rt bt lc u nm chi tiu.

Chuyn tin nong tui 61 r.

xem xt nhng nm tip theo, bn hy chn vng D4:F4 v mnh dn ko tay nm gc di, bn phi ca vng c chn xung n tn hng 35 ng vi tui 92 (chc... ri nh!).

Trong nhy mt, Excel cho bn bit tin cn ngn hng (thng ku bng s d) trong tng nm ca tui vng. Bn ch , s d ca ta tr nn m tui 81. Nh vy, vi tc tiu tin nh, ta ch tin sng n nm 80 tui thi! Gim bt tin tiu hng thng mt t v tng tin gi mi nm mt cht, bn s thy tnh hnh tr nn sng sa hn hn.

Nu nh s tui ghi B2 nh hn 30 (bt u dnh dm trc khi nhi lp), bn c th hon ton yn tm, mai sau khng phi phin n my a nh (nu c).

Hm PV() Tnh gi tr hin ti (Present Value) ca mt khon u t. C php: = PV(rate, nper, pmt, fv, type) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn kim c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate. Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12. V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pmt : S tin phi tr (hoc gi thm vo) trong mi k. S tin ny s khng thay i trong sut nm. Ni chung, pmt bao gm tin gc v tin li, khng bao gm l ph v thu. V d, s tin phi tr hng thng l $10,000 cho khon vay mua xe trong 4 nm vi li sut 12% mt nm l $263.33; bn c th nhp -263.33 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho pmt. Nu pmt = 0 th bt buc phi c fv. Fv : Gi tr tng li. Vi mt khon vay, th n l s tin n gc cn li sau ln tr li sau cng; nu l mt khon u t, th n l s tin s c c khi o hn. Nu b qua fv, tr mc nh ca fv s l zero (0), v khi bt buc phi cung cp gi tr cho pmt (xem thm hm FV) V d, bn mun tit kim $50,000 tr cho mt d n trong 18 nm, th $50,000 l gi tr tng lai ny. Type : Hnh thc tnh li: = 0 : Tnh li vo cui mi k (mc nh) = 1 : Tnh li vo u mi k tip theo Lu :

Rate v Nper phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu tr li hng thng th dng 10%/12 cho rate v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu tr li hng nm th dng 10% cho rate v 4 cho nper.

C l nn ni mt cht v khi nim "nin kim" (annuities): Mt nin kim l mt lot cc t tr tin mt, c thc hin vo mi k lin nhau. V d, mt khon vay mua xe hi hay mt khon th chp, gi l mt nin kim. Bn nn tham kho thm cc hm sau, c p dng cho nin kim: CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), IPMT(), NPER(), PMT(), PPMT(), PV(), RATE(). Trong cc hm v nin kim k trn, tin mt c chi tr th hin bng s m, tin mt thu nhn c th hin bng s dng. V d, vic gi $1,000 vo ngn hng s th hin bng i s -1000 nu bn l ngi gi tin, v th hin bng s 1000 nu bn l ngn hng. Mt i s trong cc hm ti chnh thng ph thuc vo nhiu i s khc. Nu rate khc 0 th:

Nu rate bng 0 th:

V d:

Bn mun c mt s tin tit kim l $3,000,000 sau 10 nm, bit rng li sut ngn hng l 8% mt nm, vy t by gi bn phi gi vo ngn hng bao nhiu tin ?

= PV(8%, 10, 0, 3 000 000,0) = $1,389,580.46

Hm PMT() Tnh s tin c nh v phi tr nh k i vi mt khon vay c li sut khng i. Cng c th dng hm ny tnh s tin cn u t nh k (gi tit kim, chi bo him..) cui cng s c mt khon tin no . C php: = PMT(rate, nper, pv, fv, type) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn kim c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate.

Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12. V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pv : Gi tr hin ti (hin gi), hoc l tng gi tr tng ng vi mt chui cc khon phi tr trong tng lai; cng c th xem nh s vn ban u (xem thm hm PV) Fv : Gi tr tng li. Vi mt khon vay, th n l s tin n gc cn li sau ln tr li sau cng; nu l mt khon u t, th n l s tin s c c khi o hn. Nu b qua fv, tr mc nh ca fv s l zero (0) (xem thm hm FV) Type : Hnh thc chi tr: = 0 : Chi tr vo cui mi k (mc nh) = 1 : Chi tr vo u mi k tip theo Lu :

Rate v Nper phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu chi tr hng thng th dng 10%/12 cho rate v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu chi tr hng nm th dng 10% cho rate v 4 cho nper. Kt qu (s tin) do hm PMT() tr v bao gm tin gc v tin li, nhng khng bao gm thu v nhng khon l ph khc (nu c). Nu mun ch tnh s tin gc phi tr, ta dng hm PPMT(), cn nu mun ch tnh s tin li phi tr, dng lm IPMT().

V d:

Bn mua tr gp mt cn h vi gi $1,000,000,000, tr gp trong 30 nm, vi li sut khng i l 8% mt nm trong sut thi gian ny, vy mi thng bn phi tr cho ngi bn bao nhiu tin sau 30 nm th cn h thuc v quyn s hu ca bn ?

= PMT(8%/12, 30*12, 1000000000) = $7,337,645/74 cng thc trn, i s fv = 0, l do sau khi thanh ton xong khon tin cui cng, th bn khng cn n na. Nhng ng li, v nhm mt t, ta s thy mua tr gp.. thnh mua mc gp hn 2 ln ! Khng tin bn th ly p s nhn vi 12 thng nhn vi 30 xem..

Bn mun c mt s tin tit kim l $50,000,000 sau 10 nm, bit rng li sut (khng i) ca ngn hng l 12% mt nm, vy t by gi, hng thng bn phi gi vo ngn hng bao nhiu tin ?

= PMT(12%/12, 10*12, 0, 50000000) = $217,354.74 cng thc trn, i s pv = 0, l do ngay t u, bn khng c ng no trong ngn hng c.

Hm IPMT() Tnh s tin li phi tr ti mt k hn no i vi mt khon vay c li sut khng i v thanh ton theo nh k vi cc khon thanh ton bng nhau mi k. C php: = IPMT(rate, per, nper, pv, fv, type) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn kim c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate. Per : S th t ca k cn tnh li. Per phi l mt con s t 1 n nper v phi c cng n v tnh nht qun vi nper. Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12. V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pv : Gi tr hin ti (hin gi), hoc l tng gi tr tng ng vi mt chui cc khon phi tr trong tng lai; cng c th xem nh s vn ban u (xem thm hm PV) Fv : Gi tr tng li. Vi mt khon vay, th n l s tin n gc cn li sau ln tr li sau cng; nu l mt khon u t, th n l s tin s c c khi o hn. Nu b qua fv, tr mc nh ca fv s l zero (0) (xem thm hm FV) Type : Hnh thc tnh li: = 0 : Tnh li vo cui mi k (mc nh) = 1 : Tnh li vo u mi k tip theo Lu :

Rate v Nper phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu chi tr hng thng th dng 10%/12 cho rate v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu chi tr hng nm th dng 10% cho rate v 4 cho nper.

Kt qu (s tin) do hm PMT() tr v bao gm tin gc v tin li. Nu mun ch tnh s tin gc phi tr, ta dng hm PPMT(), cn nu mun ch tnh s tin li phi tr, dng lm IPMT().

V d:

C mt khon vay nh sau: S tin vay l $200,000, vay trong 8 nm vi li sut khng i l 10% mt nm, tr li nh k theo tng thng. Cho bit s tin li phi thanh ton trong thng u tin? V s tin li phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng ?

S tin li phi thanh ton trong thng u tin = s tin li phi thanh ton trong k th 1: = IPMT(10%/12, 1, 8*12, 200000) = $1,666.67 S tin li phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng: = IPMT(10%, 8, 8, 200000) = $3,408.07

Hm PPMT() Tnh s tin n gc phi tr ti mt k hn no i vi mt khon vay c li sut khng i v thanh ton theo nh k vi cc khon thanh ton bng nhau mi k. C php: = PPMT(rate, per, nper, pv, fv, type) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn kim c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate. Per : S th t ca k cn tnh li. Per phi l mt con s t 1 n nper v phi c cng n v tnh nht qun vi nper. Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12. V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pv : Gi tr hin ti (hin gi), hoc l tng gi tr tng ng vi mt chui cc khon phi tr trong tng lai; cng c th xem nh s vn ban u (xem thm hm PV) Fv : Gi tr tng li. Vi mt khon vay, th n l s tin n gc cn li sau ln tr li sau cng; nu l mt khon u t, th n l s tin s c c khi o hn. Nu b qua fv, tr mc nh ca fv s l zero (0) (xem thm hm FV)

Type : Hnh thc tnh li: = 0 : Tnh li vo cui mi k (mc nh) = 1 : Tnh li vo u mi k tip theo Lu :

Rate v Nper phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu chi tr hng thng th dng 10%/12 cho rate v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu chi tr hng nm th dng 10% cho rate v 4 cho nper. Kt qu (s tin) do hm PMT() tr v bao gm tin n gc v tin li. Nu mun ch tnh s tin n gc phi tr, ta dng hm PPMT(), cn nu mun ch tnh s tin li phi tr, dng lm IPMT().

V d:

C mt khon vay nh sau: S tin vay l $200,000, vay trong 8 nm vi li sut khng i l 10% mt nm, tr li nh k theo tng thng. Cho bit s n gc phi thanh ton trong thng u tin ca nm th hai? V s n gc phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng ?

S n gc phi thanh ton trong thng u tin ca nm th hai = s vn phi thanh ton trong k th 13: = PPMT(10%/12, 13, 8*12, 200000) = $1,511.43 S n gc phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng: = PPMT(10%, 8, 8, 200000) = $34,080.73 Test:

Th kim tra li kt qu gia cc hm PMT(), IPMT() v PPMT()

S tin (c n gc ln li) phi thanh ton trong tng nm vi khon vay v d trn y l: = PMT(10%, 8, 200000) = $37,488,80 S tin n gc phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng vi khon vay v d trn y l: = PPMT(10%, 8, 200000) = $34,080.73 S tin li phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng vi khon vay v d trn y l (xem v d hm IPMT): = IPMT(10%, 8, 200000) = $3,408.07 R rng l: S tin n gc phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng ($34,080.73) + S tin li phi thanh ton trong nm cui cng ($3,408.07) = S tin (c n gc ln li) phi thanh ton trong tng nm ($37,488,80)

Hm RATE() Tnh li sut ca mi k trong mt nin kim (annuity), hay l tnh li sut ca mi k ca mt khon vay. RATE() c tnh bi php lp v c th c mt hay nhiu kt qu. Nu cc kt qu ca RATE() khng th hi t vo trong 0.0000001 sau 20 ln lp, RATE() s tr v gi tr li #VALUE! C php: = RATE(nper, pmt, pv, fv, type, guess) Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12. V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pmt : S tin phi tr trong mi k. S tin ny s khng thay i trong sut nm. Pmt bao gm c tin gc v tin li (khng bao gm l ph v thu). V d, s tin phi tr hng thng l $10,000 cho khon vay mua xe trong 4 nm vi li sut 12% mt nm l $263.33; bn c th nhp -263.33 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho pmt. Nu b qua pmt th bt buc phi c fv. Pv : Gi tr hin ti (hin gi), hoc l tng gi tr tng ng vi mt chui cc khon phi tr trong tng lai. Fv : Gi tr tng li. Vi mt khon vay, th n l s tin n gc cn li sau ln tr li sau cng; nu l mt khon u t, th n l s tin s c c khi o hn. Nu b qua fv, tr mc nh ca fv s l zero (v d, sau khi bn thanh ton ht khon vay th s n ca bn s bng 0). Type : Hnh thc tnh li: = 0 : Tnh li vo cui mi k (mc nh) = 1 : Tnh li vo u mi k tip theo Guess : Gi tr ca li sut hng nm (rate), do bn d on. Nu b qua, Excel s mc nh cho guess = 10%. Lu :

Nu RATE() bo li #VALUE! (do khng hi t), hy th vi cc gi tr khc cho guess. Nper v Guess phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu chi tr hng thng th dng 10%/12

cho guess v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu chi tr hng nm th dng 10% cho guess v 4 cho nper.

C l nn ni mt cht v khi nim "nin kim" (annuities): Mt nin kim l mt lot cc t tr tin mt, c thc hin vo mi k lin nhau. V d, mt khon vay mua xe hi hay mt khon th chp, gi l mt nin kim. Bn nn tham kho thm cc hm sau, c p dng cho nin kim: CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), IPMT(), NPER(), PMT(), PPMT(), PV(), RATE(). Trong cc hm v nin kim k trn, tin mt c chi tr th hin bng s m, tin mt thu nhn c th hin bng s dng. V d, vic gi $1,000 vo ngn hng s th hin bng i s -1000 nu bn l ngi gi tin, v th hin bng s 1000 nu bn l ngn hng. Mt i s trong cc hm ti chnh thng ph thuc vo nhiu i s khc. Nu rate khc 0 th:

Nu rate bng 0 th:

V d:

Gi s bn mun vay tr gp $8,000,000 trong 4 nm, nhn vin ngn hng sau mt hi tnh ton, phn rng mi thng bn phi tr c gc ln li l $200,000. Vy ngn hng tnh li sut hng thng (hoc li sut hng nm) cho bn l bao nhiu ?

Li sut hng thng (d on li sut l 10%/nm): = RATE(4*12, -200000, 8000000) = 1% Li sut hng nm (d on li sut l 10%/nm): = RATE(4*12, -200000, 8000000)*12 = 9.24%

Tnh li sut mi nm cho mt khon vay $1,000 trong 2 nm, mi nm phi tr $100, khi o hn phi tr c gc ln li l $1,200 ?

= RATE(2, -100, 1000, -1200) = 19%

Hm NPER()

Tnh s k hn tr mt khon vay c li sut khng i v thanh ton theo nh k vi cc khon thanh ton bng nhau mi k. Cng c th dng hm ny tnh s k hn gi vo cho mt khon u t c li sut khng i, tnh li theo nh k v s tin gi vo bng nhau mi k (Vd: u t vo vic mua bo him nhn th ca Prudential chng hn) C php: = NPER(rate, pmt, pv, fv, type) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate. Pmt : S tin phi tr trong mi k. S tin ny s khng thay i trong sut nm. Pmt bao gm c tin gc v tin li (khng bao gm l ph v thu). V d, s tin phi tr hng thng l $10,000 cho khon vay mua xe trong 4 nm vi li sut 12% mt nm l $263.33; bn c th nhp -263.33 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho pmt. Nu pmt = 0 th bt buc phi c fv. Pv : Gi tr hin ti (hin gi), hoc l tng gi tr tng ng vi mt chui cc khon phi tr trong tng lai. Fv : Gi tr tng li. Vi mt khon vay, th n l s tin n gc cn li sau ln tr li sau cng; nu l mt khon u t, th n l s tin s c c khi o hn. Nu b qua fv, tr mc nh ca fv s l zero (v d, sau khi bn thanh ton ht khon vay th s n ca bn s bng 0). Type : Hnh thc tnh li: = 0 : Tnh li vo cui mi k (mc nh) = 1 : Tnh li vo u mi k tip theo V d:

C mt cn h bn tr gp theo hnh thc sau: Gi tr ca cn h l $500,000,000, tr trc 30%, s cn li c tr gp $3,000,000 mi thng (bao gm c tin n gc v li), bit li sut l 12% mt nm, vy bn phi tr trong bao nhiu nm th mi xong ?

Ta i tm cc i s cho hm NPER: Gi tr cn h = $500,000,000 = fv Tr trc 30% = - $500,000,000*30% = pv S tin tr gp hng thng = - $3,000,000 = pmt Li sut = 12%/nm, do s tin tr gp l hng thng nn phi quy li sut ra thng, tc rate = 12%/12 Vy ta c cng thc: = NPER(12%/12, -3000000, -500000000*30%, 500000000) = 58 (thng) hay l 4.82 nm

Th kim tra li vi hm PMT, ngha l coi nh cha bit mi thng phi tr gp bao nhiu tin, nhng bit l phi tr trong 58 thng: = PMT(12%/12, 58, -500000000*30%, 500000000) = $2,982,004 p s khng th chnh xc = $3,000,000 v con s 58 (thng) trn l con s lm trn. Nu bn ly p s ca cng thc NPER (cha lm trn) trn lm tham s nper cho hm PMT di, bn s c p s chnh xc l $3,000,000

Hm ISPMT() Tnh s tin li tr ti mt k no i vi mt khon vay c li sut khng i, sau khi tr s tin gc phi tr cho k . V d, bn vay mt khon tin $3,000 trong 3 nm vi li sut 10%/nm, mi nm thanh ton li cng gc mt ln. Sau nm th nht, bn tr bt 1/3 s tin gc, bn ch cn n li $2,000, v ISPMT() s cho bit s tin li tr ca nm th nht trn s tin $2,000 ny, l bng $200. V theo nh ngha ny, d thy rng kt qu ca ISPMT() cho k cui cng bao gi cng l 0. C php: = ISPMT(rate, per, nper, pv) Rate : Li sut ca mi k (tnh theo nm). Nu tr li hng thng th bn chia li sut cho 12. V d, nu bn kim c mt khon vay vi li sut 10% mi nm, tr li hng thng, th li sut hng thng s l 10%/12, hay 0.83%; bn c th nhp 10%/12, hay 0.83%, hay 0.0083 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho rate. Per : S th t ca k cn tnh li. Per phi l mt con s t 1 n nper v phi c cng n v tnh nht qun vi nper. Nper : Tng s k phi tr li (tnh theo nm). Nu s k tr li l hng thng, bn phi nhn n vi 12. V d, bn mua mt ci xe vi khon tr gp 4 nm v phi tr li hng thng, th s k tr li s l 4*12 = 48 k; bn c th nhp 48 vo cng thc lm gi tr cho nper. Pv : Gi tr hin ti (hin gi), hoc l tng gi tr tng ng vi mt chui cc khon phi tr trong tng lai. Lu :

Rate v Nper phi s dng n v tnh ton nht qun vi nhau. V d: Vi khon vay trong 4 nm, li sut hng nm l 10%, nu chi tr hng thng th dng 10%/12 cho rate v 4*12 cho nper; cn nu chi tr hng nm th dng 10% cho rate v 4 cho nper.

V d:

S tin li tr cho vic chi tr hng thng ca thng u tin ca khon vay $8,000,000, vay trong 3 nm vi li sut khng i l 10% mt nm, c tnh theo cng thc sau:

= ISPMT(10%/12, 1, 3*12, 8000000) = - $64,818.82

Hm NPV() Tnh hin gi rng ca mt khon u t bng cch s dng t l chit khu vi cc khon chi tr (hoc thu nhp) theo nhng k hn u n. Nu cc k hn khng u n, dng hm XNPV(). Hm ny thng c dng nh gi tnh kh thi v mt ti chnh ca mt d n u t v l thuyt cng nh thc tin. Nu kt qu ca NPV() 0 th d n mang tnh kh thi; cn ngc li, nu kt qu ca NPV() < 0 th d n khng mang tnh kh thi. C php: = NPV(rate, value1, value2, ...) Rate : T sut chit khu trong sut thi gian sng ca khon u t (sut thi gian thc hin d n chng hn). T sut ny c th th hin t l lm pht hoc li sut u t lm pht. Value1, value2, ... : Cc khon chi tr hoc thu nhp trong cc k hn ca khon u t. C th dng t 1 n 254 gi tr (vi Excel 2003 tr v trc th con s ny ch l 29) - Cc tr value1, value2, ... phi cch u nhau v thi gian v phi xut hin cui mi k. - NPV() s dng th t cc gi tr value1, value2, ... nh l th t lu ng tin mt. Do cn cn thn cc th t chi tr hoc thu nhp lun c nhp ng. - Nu value1, value2, ... l rng, s c xem nh = 0; nhng gi tr logic, hoc cc chui th hin s liu cng s c s dng vi gi tr ca n; ring cc i s l cc gi tr li, hay text, hoc khng th dch thnh s, th s c b qua. - Nu value1, value2, ... l cc mng hoc tham chiu, th ch c cc gi tr s bn trong cc mng hoc tham chiu mi c s dng tnh ton; cn cc rng, cc gi tr logic, text hoc cc gi tr li u s b b qua. Lu :

NPV() ch tnh ton vi k bt u vo trc ngy ca lu ng tin mt value1 v kt thc bng lu ng tin mt cui cng trong sanh sch. Vic tnh ton ca

NPV() da trn c s lu ng tin mt k hn, do , nu lu ng tin mt u tin xut hin u k th nht (vn ban u chng hn), th n phi c cng thm vo kt qu ca hm NPV(), ch khng c xem l i s value1.

Nu coi n l s lu ng tin mt trong danh sch cc value, th hm NPV() tnh ton theo cng thc sau y:

Hm NPV() cng lm vic tng t hm PV(), l hm tnh gi tr hin ti, ch khc l PV() cho php cc lu ng tin mt c bt u u k hay cui k cng c, cn NPV() th cc lu ng tin mt lun cui k; v cc lu ng tin mt trong hm PV() th khng thay i trong sut thi gian u t, nhng cc lu ng tin mt trong hm NPV() th c th thay i. Hm NPV() c lin quan mt thit vi hm IRR(), l hm tnh t sut lu hnh ni b, hay t sut hon vn ni b, hoc cn gi l hm tnh li sut ni hm. IRR() l li sut ni hm m NPV() bng 0: NPV(IRR(...), ...) = 0

V d:

Tnh NPV cho mt d n u t c vn ban u l 1 t ng, doanh thu hng nm l 0,5 t, chi ph hng nm l 0,2 t, thi gian thc hin l 4 nm, vi li sut chit khu l 8%/nm ?

Vn ban u 1 t ng c trc khi c doanh thu ca nm th nht, nn s khng tnh vo cng thc. V do y l vn b ra, nn n s th hin l s m. Gi tr lu ng tin mt s bng doanh thu tr i chi ph, bng 0,3 t, l mt s dng. Theo bi ny, value1 = value2 = value3 = value4 = 0.3 = NPV(8%, 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.3) - 1 = -0.006 Do NPV < 0 nn d n theo bi cho ra l khng kh thi.

Tnh NPV cho mt d n u t c vn ban u l $40,000, li sut chit khu l 8%/nm, doanh thu trong 5 nm u ln lt l $8,000, $9,200, $10,000, $12,000 v $14,500, n nm th su th l $9,000 ?

Hin gi rng (NPV) ca d n ni trn trong 5 nm u l kh thi v: = NPV(8%, 8000, 9200, 10000, 12000, 14500) - 40000 = 1,922.06 > 0 Nhng n nm th su th li mt tnh kh thi v: = NPV(8%, 8000, 9200, 10000, 12000, 14500, -9000) - 40000 = -3,749.47 > 0

Tnh NPV cho mt d n u t 4 nm c chi ph ban u l $10,000 tnh t ngy hm nay, li sut chit khu l 10%/nm, doanh thu trong 3 nm tip theo ln lt l $3,000, $4,200, v $6,800 ?

Hin gi rng (NPV) ca d n ni trn l kh thi v: = NPV(10%, -10000, 3000, 4200, 6800) = 1,188.44 > 0 y, gi tr ban u $10,000 c xem l chi ph th nht v vic chi tr xy ra vo cui k th nht.

Hm IRR() Tnh li sut ni hm (hay cn gi l hm tnh t sut lu hnh ni b, hay t sut hon vn ni b) cho mt chui cc lu ng tin mt c th hin bi cc tr s. Cc lu ng tin mt ny c th khng bng nhau, nhng chng phi xut hin nhng khong thi gian bng nhau (hng thng, hng nm chng hn). Li sut thc t l li sut nhn c t mt khon u t gm cc khon chi tr (tr m) v cc khon thu nhp (tr dng) xut hin nhng k n nh. Li sut ni hm IRR (hay t sut hon vn ni b) l mc li sut m nu dng n lm sut chit khu tnh chuyn cc khon thu chi ca d n v cng mt bng thi gian hin ti th tng thu s cn bng vi tng chi, tc l NPV = 0. Nu IRR > li sut chit khu (xem hm NPV) th coi nh d n kh thi, cn ngc li th khng. C php: = IRR(values, guess) Values : L mt mng hoc cc tham chiu n cc c cha s liu cn cho vic tnh ton li sut thc t. - Values phi cha t nht 1 gi tr m v 1 gi tr dng. - IRR() s dng th t cc gi tr ca values nh l th t lu ng tin mt. Do cn cn thn cc th t chi tr hoc thu nhp lun c nhp ng. - IRR() ch tnh ton cc gi tr s bn trong cc mng hoc tham chiu ca values; cn cc rng, cc gi tr logic, text hoc cc gi tr li u s b b qua. Guess : Mt con s % c lng gn vi kt qu ca IRR(). Nu b qua, th mc nh guess = 10%. - Excel dng chc nng lp trong php tnh IRR. Bt u vi guess, IRR lp cho ti khi kt qu chnh xc trong khong 0.00001%. Nu IRR khng th a ra kt qu sau 20 ln lp, IRR s tr v gi tr li #NUM! - Trong trng hp IRR tr v gi tr li #NUM!, hoc nu kt qu khng xp x gi tr mong i, hy th li vi mt gi tr guess khc.

Lu :

IRR() c lin quan mt thit vi hm NPV(), l hm tnh hin gi rng ca mt khon u t. T sut do IRR tr v chnh l li sut rate sao cho NPV = 0.

V d:

Mt d n u t c chi ph tnh n thi im d n bt u i vo hot ng sn xut l 100 triu USD, doanh thu hng nm ca d n l 50 triu USD. Chi ph hng nm l 20 triu USD, i ca d n l 5 nm. Hy xc nh t sut hon vn ni b bit li sut vay di hn l 12%/nm.

= IRR({-100000000, 30000000, 30000000, 30000000, 30000000, 30000000}) = 15% Do 15% > 12% nn d n mang tnh kh thi.

Mt d n u t c chi ph tnh n thi im d n bt u i vo hot ng sn xut l 70 triu USD, li thc trong nm th nht l 12 triu USD, trong nm th hai l 15 triu USD, trong nm th ba l 18 triu USD, trong nm th t l 21 triu USD v trong nm th nm l 26 triu USD. Tnh IRR ca d n ny sau 2 nm, sau 4 nm, sau 5 nm ?

IRR sau 2 nm: = IRR({-70000000, 12000000, 15000000}, -10%) = -44% (nu khng cho guess = -10%, IRR s tr v li #NUM!) IRR sau 4 nm: = IRR({-70000000, 12000000, 15000000, 18000000, 21000000}) = -2% IRR sau 5 nm: IRR({-70000000, 12000000, 15000000, 18000000, 21000000, 26000000}) = 9% Khng cn bit li sut cho vay di hn thc hin d n, ta cng c th thy rng d n ny t nht phi sau 5 nm mi mang tnh kh thi.

Hm DB() Tnh khu hao cho mt ti sn s dng phng php s d gim dn theo mt mc c nh (fixed-declining balance method) trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. C php: = DB(cost, salvage, life, period, month) Cost : Gi tr ban u ca ti sn

Salvage : Gi tr thu hi c ca ti sn (hay l gi tr ca ti sn sau khi khu hao) Life : Hn s dng ca ti sn. Period : K mun tnh khu hao. Period phi s dng cng mt n v tnh ton vi Life. Month : S thng trong nm u tin (nu b qua, mc nh l 12) Lu :

Phng php s d gim dn theo mt mc c nh (fixed-declining balance method) s tnh khu hao theo mt t sut c nh. DB() dng cng thc sau y tnh khu hao trong mt k:

DB = (cost tng khu hao cc k trc) * rate Trong : rate = 1 ((salvage / cost) ^ (1 / life)), c lm trn ti 3 s l thp phn.

Khu hao k u v k cui l nhng trng hp c bit:

Vi k u, DB() s dng cng thc = cost * rate * month / 12 Vi k cui, DB() s dng cng thc = (cost tng khu hao cc k trc) * rate * (12 month) / 12 V d:

Tnh s tin khu hao trong tt c cc k ca mt ti sn c gi tr khi mua vo ngy 1/6/2008 l $1,000,000, gi tr thu hi c ca sn phm khi ht hn s dng 6 nm l $100,000 ?

V mua vo thng 6, nn nm u tin ch tnh khu hao cho 7 thng, 5 thng cn li s tnh vo nm th 7. S tin khu hao trong cc nm nh sau: Nm u tin: = DB(1000000, 100000, 6, 1, 7) = $186,083.33 Nm th hai: = DB(1000000, 100000, 6, 2, 7) = $259,639.42 Nm th ba: = DB(1000000, 100000, 6, 3, 7) = $176,814.44 Nm th t: = DB(1000000, 100000, 6, 4, 7) = $120,410.64 Nm th nm: = DB(1000000, 100000, 5, 7) = $81,999.64 Nm th su: = DB(1000000, 100000, 6, 7) = $55,841.76

Nm cui cng: = DB(1000000, 100000, 7, 7) = $15,845.10

Hm MIRR() Tnh t sut doanh li ni ti (hay cn gi l ni sut thu hi vn bin - Marginal Internal Rate of Return) trong mt chui lun chuyn tin mt c th hin bi cc tr s. Cc lu ng tin mt ny c th khng bng nhau, nhng chng phi xut hin nhng khong thi gian bng nhau (hng thng, hng nm chng hn). bi vit v hm IRR(), ti c ni rng: "Li sut ni hm IRR (hay t sut hon vn ni b) l mc li sut m nu dng n lm sut chit khu tnh chuyn cc khon thu chi ca d n v cng mt bng thi gian hin ti th tng thu s cn bng vi tng chi, tc l NPV = 0. Nu IRR > li sut chit khu (xem hm NPV) th coi nh d n kh thi, cn ngc li th khng." Cch tnh MIRR cng gn tng t vi cch tnh IRR. Ch khc l: trc khi lm cho NPV = 0, th ngi ta quy i vn u t ban u v 0 v quy i cc khon thu nhp ca d n v nm cui cng (thi im kt thc d n), sau mi i tm mt t sut lm cn bng hai gi tr ny. T sut phi tm chnh l MIRR. C php: = MIRR(values, finance_rate, reinvest_rate) Values : L mt mng hoc cc tham chiu n cc c cha s liu cn cho vic tnh ton. - Values phi cha t nht 1 gi tr m v 1 gi tr dng. - MIRR() ch tnh ton cc gi tr s bn trong cc mng hoc tham chiu ca values; cn cc rng, cc gi tr logic, text hoc cc gi tr li u s b b qua. Finance_rate : Li sut phi tr cho khon tin vn ban u ca d n. Reinvest_rate : Li sut thu c da trn vic lun chuyn tin mt khi ti u t. Lu : Nu n l s vng lun chuyn tin mt ca cc values, th MIRR c tnh theo cng thc sau y:

V d:

Mt d n u t c s vn vay ban u l $120,000 (USD) vi li sut hng nm l 10%, c doanh thu t nm th nht n nm th 5 ln lt l: $39,000, $30,000, $21,000, $37,000 v $46,000. Bit li sut hng nm thu c vi khon li nhun ti u t l 12%, tnh MIRR ca d n sau 3 nm, sau 5 nm ?

MIRR sau 3 nm: = MIRR({-120000, 39000, 30000, 21000}, 10%, 12%) = -5% MIRR sau 5 nm: = MIRR({-120000, 39000, 30000, 21000, 37000, 46000}, 10%, 12%) = 13%

Hm VDB() Tnh khu hao cho mt ti sn s dng trong nhiu k bng phng php s d gim dn kp (double-declining balance method), hay bng phng php no khc c ch nh. C php: = VDB(cost, salvage, life, start_period, end_period, factor, no_switch) Cost : Gi tr ban u ca ti sn Salvage : Gi tr thu hi c ca ti sn (hay l gi tr ca ti sn sau khi khu hao) Life : S k tnh khu hao (hay cn gi l hn s dng ca ti sn). Start_period : K u tin mun tnh khu hao. Start_period phi s dng cng mt n v tnh ton vi Life. End_period : K cui cng mun tnh khu hao. End_period phi s dng cng mt n v tnh ton vi Life. Factor : T l gim dn s d (nu b qua, mc nh l 2, tc s dng phng php s d gim dn kp). bit thm v phng php s d gim dn kp, xem hm DDB(). No_switch : Mt gi tr logic cho bit c chuyn qua phng php tnh khu hao theo ng thng (straight-line depreciation method) khng, khi khu hao ln hn gim dn s d. Mc nh l FALSE. = TRUE : Excel s khng s dng phng php tnh khu hao theo ng thng, ngay c khi khu hao ln hn gim dn s d. = FALSE : Khi khu hao ln hn gim dn s d, Excel s t ng chuyn sang s dng phng php tnh khu hao theo ng thng. Lu :

Tt c cc tham s (ngoi tr no_switch) phi l nhng s dng.

V d:

Vi mt ti sn c gi tr khi mua vo l $2,400, gi tr thu hi c ca sn phm khi ht hn s dng l $300, hn s dng l 10 nm, v c s dng trong nhiu k, ta c nhng cc tnh khu hao theo tng khong thi gian nh sau:

Khu hao cho ngy u tin, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = VDB(2400, 300, 10*365, 0, 1) = $1.32 Khu hao thng u tin, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = VDB(2400, 300, 10*12, 0, 1) = $40 Khu hao nm u tin, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = VDB(2400, 300, 10, 0, 1) = $480 Khu hao gia thng th 6 v thng th 18, dng phng php s d gim dn kp: = VDB(2400, 300, 10*12, 6, 18) = $396.31 Khu hao gia thng th 6 v thng th 18, dng factor = 1.5 thay cho phng php s d gim dn kp: = VDB(2400, 300, 10*12, 6, 18, 1.5) = $311.81

Qua v d trn ta thy, hm VDB() ch hn hm DDB() ch VBD() tnh c khu hao t mt k no n mt k no (xem li cc v d ca hm DDB). Cn nu tnh khu hao ti mt k (thng th nht, nm th hai, v.v...) th VBD() cho ra kt qu tng t DDB().