CHNG 5

TNH GN NG O HM V TCH
PHN XC NH
t vn
Trong ton hc, c phng php tnh o hm v
tnh phn xc nh
Thc t, thng gp cc trng hp :
Hm y=f(x) ch c cho dng bng, cng thc
tng minh ca y l cha bit.
Hm f(x) bit, nhng phc tp
Hoc vit chng trnh my tnh tnh tch phn
xc nh.
Chn gii php: Tnh gn ng
Tnh gn ng o hm
p dng cng thc Taylor:

2
0
' '
0 0 0
) (
2
) (
) )( ( ' ) ( ) ( x x
f
x x x f x f x f + + =

t h = x-x
0
x=x
0
+h:
2
' '
0 0 0
2
) (
) ( ' ) ( ) ( h
f
h x f x f h x f

+ + = +
h
x f h x f
x f
) ( ) (
) (
0 0
0
'
+
=
Khi |h| kh b c th b qua s hng c h
2
. Khi
(5.1)
C th ly cng thc (5.1) tnh gn ng f(x
0
) khi |h|
kh b
Tnh gn ng o hm
Sai s:
h
M
h
f
x R
2 2
) (
) (
' '
0
s =

Vi |f(x)|<=M, x e[x
0
,x
0
+h]
V d: Cho f(x)=2x
4
+x-1. Tnh f(1)?
Gii: Chn h=0.001, ta c:
01 , 9
001 , 0
2 009 , 2
001 , 0
) 1 ( ) 001 , 0 1 (
) 1 ( ' =

=
+
~
f f
f
Sai s: Do |f(x)||f(1,001)|=24,05 xe[1;1,001]
012 , 0 001 , 0 .
2
05 , 24
| ) 1 ( | = s R
Tnh gn ng o hm
p dng a thc ni suy
Xp x f(x) bng a thc ni suy P
n
(x), vi n+1 mc
a=x
0
<x
1
<x
2
<<x
n
=b



f(x) ~ P
n
(x) vi xe[a,b]
Sai s:
'
0
) 1 (
) (
)! 1 (
) (
) ( '
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
[
=
+
n
i
i
n
x x
n
c f
x R
) ( ' ) ( ) ( '
'
x R x P x f
n
+ =
) ( ) ( ) ( x R x P x f
n
+ =
Tnh gn ng o hm
a thc ni suy Lagrange vi 2 mc ni suy:

; . ) (
0 1
0
1
1 0
1
0
x x
x x
y
x x
x x
y x P

= ) )( (
! 2
) ( ' '
) (
1 0
x x x x
c f
x R =
) (
! 2
) ( ' '
) ( R' ; ) (
0 1 0
0 1
0 1
0
'
x x
c f
x
x x
y y
x P =

=
) ( ' '
2
) R(
) (
0
0 1
0 1
0 1
0
'
c f
h
x
h
y y
x x
y y
x f
=

~
) ( ' '
2
) R(
) (
1 1
0 1
1
'
c f
h
x
h
y y
x f
=

~
Tnh gn ng o hm
a thc ni suy Newton vi cc mc cch u: x
i+1
-x
i
= h
0 0
2
0 0
!
) 1 )...( 1 (
...
! 2
) 1 (
! 1
) ( ) (
0
y
n
n t t t
y
t t
y
t
y x P x f
n
th x x n
A
+
+ + A

+ A + = ~
+ =
[
=
+
+

+
~
n
i
n
n
i t h
n
c f
x R
0
1
) 1 (
) (
)! 1 (
) (
) (
dt
dP
h dx
dt
dt
dP
dx
dP 1
. = =
Vi
) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( ' x R x P x f + =
Lu
Tnh gn ng o hm
Trng hp 3 mc: x
0
, x
1
, x
2
vi x
1
-x
0
=x
2
-x
1
= h

) ( ' ' '
3
) 3 4 (
2
1
) ( '
) ( ' '
6
) (
2
1
) ( '
) ( ' ' '
3
) 4 3 (
2
1
) ( '
2
2
2 1 0 2
1
2
2 0 1
0
2
2 1 0 0
c f
h
y y y
h
x f
c f
h
y y
h
x f
c f
h
y y y
h
x f
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
Tnh gn ng tch phn
Cn tnh

Nu hm f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] v c nguyn hm F(x),
cng thc Newton Lepnit:

Trng hp:
- f(x) ch c cho dng bng hoc f(x)
- Hoc f(x) bit nhng tnh ton phc tp
Thay v tnh ng, tnh gn ng s n gin hn

}
=
b
a
dx x f I ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( a F b F dx x f I
b
a
= =
}
Cng thc hnh thang
Phn hoch [a,b] thnh n on con bng nhau: x
0
=a<x
1
<<x
n
=b
} } } }

+ + + = =
n
n
x
x
b
a
x
x
x
x
dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f I
1
2
1
1
0
) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) (
x
0
=a
b=x
n
f(x)
x
1
x
2
x
i
X
i+1
h=x
i+1
-x
i
=1/n
Cng thc hnh thang
Trn on [x
i
, x
i+1
], xp x f(x) bi a thc (bc 1) P
1
(x)

} } }
+ + +
+
+ = ~ =
1 1 1
]) , [ ) ( ( ) ( ) (
1 1
i
i
i
i
i
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
i i i i i
dx x x f x x y x P dx x f I
) (
2
1
)
2
1
.( ) . ( ) (
1
1
0
2
1
0
1
+
+ =
A + = A + ~
} }
+
i i
i i i i
x
x
y y h
t y t y h dt y t y h dx x f
i
i
t x = x
i
+th dx = hdt. Vi x e [x
i
, x
i+1
] t e [0,1]
sai s: Vi ce[x
i
, x
i
+h]
) (
12
) (
2
3
c f
h
h r
i
=
Cng thc hnh thang
I
i
gn bng din tch hnh thang x
i
ABx
i+1
x
i
x
i+1
f(x)
h
y
i+1
y
i
r
i
(h)
A
B
) (
2
1
) (
1
1
+
+ ~ =
}
+
i i
x
x
i
y y h dx x f I
i
i
Cng thc hnh thang
Cng thc hnh thang tng qut:

) ...
2
( ) (
2
) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
1 1
+

=
+ + + +
+
= + =
+ + + = =

} } } }

n
n
i
n
i
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
b
a
y y y
y y
h y y
h
dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f I
n
n
Sai s ton phn:

Vi M = sup|f(x)| , xe[a,b]
12
| ) ( |
3
h
nM h r s
Cng thc hnh thang
V d: Tnh gn ng cc tch phn sau bng cng thc hnh thang

} }
+
= =
1
0
2
5
1
1
)
1
)
x
dx
I b dx
x
I a
Vi phn hoch [1,5] thnh 4 phn bng nhau. nh gi sai
s

Cng thc Simpson
Phn hoch [a,b] thnh 2n an con bng nhau: a=x
0
<x
1
<<x
2n
=b
n
a b
x x h
i i
2
) (
1

= =
+
x
0
=a
b=x
2n
f(x)
x
1
x
2
n i ih x x
i
2 ,..., 1 , 0 ,
0
= + =
} } } }

+ + + = =
b
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
n
n
dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f I
2
0
4
2
2
2 2
) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) (
Cng thc Simpson
Xt on kp [x
i
, x
i+2
]. Xp x f(x) bi a thc ni suy bc 2 P
2
(x):
} }

~ =
i
i
i
i
x
x
x
x
x
i
dx x P dx x f I
2
2 2
2
2 2
) ( ) (
x
i
X
i+1
X
i+2
f(x)
P
2
(x)
Cng thc Simpson
] , [ c ); (
90
) (
2 i
) 4 (
5
+
e =
i i i i
x x c f
h
h r
0
2
] )
2 3
(
2
1
2
[
2
2 3 2
=
=
A + A + =
t
t
y
t t
y
t
t y h
i i i
Sai s:
Nu |f
(4)
(x)| M, x e [x
i
, x
i+2
] th:
90
) (
5
Mh
h r
i
s
t x = x
i
+ th, dx = hdt; x =x
i
t=0; x = x
i+2
t=2
}
A

+ A + ~
2
0
2
]
2
) 1 (
[ dt y
t t
y t y h I
i i i i
=
) 4 (
3
2 1 + +
+ +
i i i
y y y
h
Cng thc Simpson ton phn
)] .. ( 2 ) ... ( 4 ) [(
3
) 4 (
3
... ) 4 (
3
) 4 (
3
) ( ... ) ( ) ( ) (
2 4 2 1 2 3 1 2 0
2 1 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 1 0
2
2 2
4
2
2
0
n n n
n n n
x
x
x
x
x
x
b
a
y y y y y y y y
h
y y y
h
y y y
h
y y y
h
dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f I
n
n
+ + + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + + + =
+ + + ~ =

} } } }

Sai s tan phn:
90
) ( ; ) ( ) (
5
1
nMh
h r h r h r
i
n
i
i
s =

=
Vi M tha: |f
(4)
(x)| M xe[a,b]
V d v bi tp
Dng 1: Cho trc phn hoch on [a,b]. Tnh gn
ng tch phn v nh gi sai s
Dng 2:
Bng cch phn hoch on [0,1] thnh 4 on bng nhau, tnh gn
ng tch phn trn theo cng thc Simpson
V d v bi tp
}
+
=
1
0
2
1 x
dx
I
1. Cho tch phn:
2. Cho tch phn:
}
=
1
0
sin
dx
x
x
I
a) Bng cch phn hoch [0,1] thnh 6 on bng nhau. Tnh gn
ng tch phn cho bng cng thc hnh thang v cng thc
Simpson nh gi sai s?
b) Tnh gn ng tch phn trn bng cng thc hnh thang vi sai
s khng qu 3.10
-4