Huong Dan Su Dung Surfer Geovn

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SURFER 8, GRAPHER 5 & MAPVIEWER 6

GOLDEN SOFTWARE
MC LC
MC LC .............................................................................................. 2 TNG QUAN ......................................................................................... 6 Nhng ni dung chnh ca Surfer....................................................... 6 Bn ng tr: Contour Maps .......................................................... 7 Cc yu t ca bn ng tr: Contour Map Features ..................... 7 Bn mt 3 chiu: 3D Surface Maps ............................................... 8 Bn khung 3 chiu: 3D Wireframe Maps ...................................... 9 Bn Vect: Vect Maps .............................................................. 10 Bn nh: Image Maps .................................................................. 12 Bn bng ni: Shaded Relief Maps ............................................. 13 Bn im: Post Maps ................................................................... 15 Bn nn: Base Maps .................................................................... 16 Chng lp bn : Map Overlays..................................................... 17 To li ni suy: Gridding ............................................................... 18 Variograms........................................................................................ 19 Cc t gy v cc ng gii hn: Faults and Breaklines ............. 20 T ng ho: Automation ................................................................. 22 Trang d liu: Worksheet ................................................................. 22 Qun l i tng: Object Manager ................................................. 22 Cc tin ch v tnh nng b sung ..................................................... 23 Yu cu h thng: System Requirements ......................................... 24 CC IM MI TRONG SURFER 8 ................................................ 25 3D Surface Maps .............................................................................. 25 Grid Mosaic ...................................................................................... 25 Cross Validation ............................................................................... 26 Grid Filter ......................................................................................... 27 Data Metrics...................................................................................... 27 Ci thin giao din tng cng tnh d s dng ............................... 28 Speedier ............................................................................................ 29 Bng tnh ln hn (Larger Worksheet)............................................. 29 Quay v nghing cc Bn Rastor................................................. 29 Cc phng php ni suy mi (New Gridding Methods) ................ 30 Cc m hnh Variogram mi ............................................................ 31 S dng M hnh s ca Cc a cht M....................................... 32 Gm cc nh dng d liu t nhin (USGS SDTS DEM v DLG Files) ................................................................................................. 32 Kch thc bn v c tng ti a .................................................. 32 Cp nht bn mi nht qua Internet.................................................. 32 NHP MN SURFER ......................................................................... 33 S dng Surfer .................................................................................. 33 I. To file d liu .............................................................................. 34 2
M mt file d liu c sn ....................................................... 34 To mt file D liu mi .............................................................. 35 Lu file D liu ............................................................................ 35 II. To mt file Grid.......................................................................... 36 III. To bn Contour .................................................................... 37 M hp cc thuc tnh ca bn ................................................ 37 Thay i cc ng ng mc ..................................................... 37 Thay i cc thuc tnh ca ng Contour ................................ 38 Thm ph mu gia cc ng Contour Lines ............................ 39 Thm, bt v dch chuyn nhn ca ng (Contour Labels ) .... 40 Thay i khung (Modifying an Axis ) .......................................... 40 Lu gi bn .............................................................................. 41 Xut cc ng contour 3D .......................................................... 42 IV. To bn v 3D Wireframe .......................................................... 42 To mt Wireframe mi ............................................................... 42 Thay i hng ca mt Wireframe ............................................ 43 Thay i t l ca mt Wireframe ................................................. 44 Thm vng mu vo Wireframe ................................................... 45 V. Posting im d liu v lm vic vi Overlays ........................... 46 To Post Maps .............................................................................. 46 Chng lp bn .......................................................................... 47 Thm nhn vo Post Map ............................................................. 49 VI. Gii thiu Surfaces ..................................................................... 50 To Surface ................................................................................... 50 Thm mt lp chng (Overlay ) ................................................... 50 Thm vo mt li (Mesh) ........................................................... 51 Thay i mu sc .......................................................................... 52 GRIDDING ........................................................................................... 53 V d Gridding .................................................................................. 53 Cc file Grid (Grid Files )................................................................. 55 GRD .............................................................................................. 55 DEM.............................................................................................. 55 D liu Grid ...................................................................................... 55 Grid Data Dialog............................................................................... 56 Data Columns (ct d liu)........................................................... 56 Filter Data (lc d liu) ................................................................ 56 View Data (Xem d liu) ............................................................. 56 Statistics (thng k) ...................................................................... 56 Grid Report (bo co grid)............................................................ 56 Gridding Method (Phng php gridding) ................................... 56 Cross Validate ............................................................................... 56 Grid Line Geometry ...................................................................... 57 Data Page (trang d liu) .................................................................. 57 3
Data Columns (Cc ct d liu) ................................................... 57 Duplicate Data (d liu trng) ...................................................... 57 Data Exclusion Filter (Lc b d liu) ......................................... 57 Statistics (Thng k) ..................................................................... 57 Data Filters (Lc d liu) ................................................................. 57 Duplicate Data (d liu trng) ...................................................... 58 Data Exclusion Filter .................................................................... 58 View Data (Xem d liu) ................................................................. 59 Grid Line Geometry (Cc tham s hnh hc ca grid) ................. 59 Weighted Averaging (Trung bnh trng s) ................................. 60 Gridding Methods (Cc phng php gridding) .............................. 60 General Gridding Recommendations (La chn cc phng php gridding) .................................................................................................. 61 Exact and Smoothing Interpolators (Ni suy chnh xc v ni suy trn) ......................................................................................................... 62 GRAPHER ............................................................................................ 63 I. To mt th Creating a Graph................................................... 63 II. Hin v sa cha d liu.............................................................. 64 III. Thay i cc thuc tnh ca th.............................................. 65 Cc thuc tnh ca i tng ........................................................ 65 Chn Line/Scatter Plot.................................................................. 65 Thay i cc thuc tnh ca th Line/Scatter ........................... 66 IV. Bin tp cc trc ca th ........................................................ 69 Thm tn cho cc trc ................................................................... 69 Thm mt tn trc ......................................................................... 69 Thay i khocg cch vch .......................................................... 70 V. B sung cc yu t vo th ...................................................... 70 Thm bn v mi .......................................................................... 70 Sa i cc thuc tnh ca bn v mi ......................................... 71 Thm, thay i v dch chuyn ch gii (Legend) ....................... 72 VI. Lu th ................................................................................... 73 VII. Xy dng th a trc............................................................. 73 To th th nht ........................................................................ 73 Thm mt th vo th c sn ............................................... 74 Cc sa i khc ........................................................................... 75 MAPVIEWER ...................................................................................... 76 I. MapViewer lm vic nh th no ................................................. 76 II. Cc file D liu (Data Files ) ....................................................... 77 M mt file d liu ....................................................................... 77 III. Cc file ranh gii (Boundary Files) ............................................ 78 IV. To bn chuyn (Thematic Map) ..................................... 78 Thu phng xem r hn ............................................................. 80 Thay i mu sc ca Hatch Map ................................................ 80 4
Thay i s lp ............................................................................. 81 Hin Primary IDs .......................................................................... 81 Xem d liu ca Hatch Map ......................................................... 82 Thay i kiu bn .................................................................... 82 V- Thm cc chi tit ca bn ....................................................... 83 M mt file bn tn ti ....................................................... 84 Thm ch gii ............................................................................... 84 To hai Thematic Maps trong mt Map Window ........................ 84 Creating a Pin Map ....................................................................... 85 Thm li ta hin h thng ta .................................... 86 VI. Lu v xut bn -Saving and Exporting the Map ................. 86 Lu bn .................................................................................... 87 S dng bn trong cc ng dng khc .................................... 87
TNG QUAN
Surfer l mt chng trnh thnh lp bn ng tr v mt 3 chiu trong mi trng Microsoft Windows. Chng trnh cho php bin i nhanh v d dng d liu ca bn thnh cc bn ng tr, mt, s khi, vect, nh, bn bng v bn im. Hu nh mi kha cnh ca bn u c th tu bin to ra mt cch chnh xc biu din m bn mun. Khng c g d dng v nhanh hn sn sinh ra cc xut bn phm bn cht lng.
The link ed image canno t be display ed. The file may hav e been mo v ed, renamed, o r deleted. Verify that the link po ints to the co rrect file and lo catio n.
Surfer d dng to ra v s kiu bn th hin d liu ca bn. Hng trn t tri qua phi: Bn b mt, bn ng tr Hng di: bn bng, bn nh, wireframe map
Nhng ni dung chnh ca Surfer

Contour Maps : Bn ng tr 3D Surface Maps : Bn mt 3 chiu 3D Wireframe Maps : Bn 3 chiu Vect Maps : Bn vect Image Maps : Bn dng nh Shaded Relief Maps : Bn bng Post Maps : Bn im Base Maps : bn nn Map Overlays : Chng lp bn Gridding : To li ni suy Variograms : Variogram Faults and Breaklines : t gy v ng gii hn 6
USGS DEM Files : File m hnh s cao ca S a cht M Digitize Boundaries : S ho cc ranh gii Active X Automation Worksheet : Trang tnh Object Manager : Qun l i tng Additional Utilities and Features : Nhng tin ch v tnh nng b sung System Requirements : Yu cu h thng
Bn ng tr: Contour Maps Surfer contour maps cho bn kim sot hon ton mi tham s ca bn . Bn c th chp nhn cc mc nh thng minh ca Surfer to ra bn ng tr hoc ch cn nhy kp vo mt bn c th thay i cc yu t ca n. Th hin bn ng tr trn bt k phm vi v bc nhy no hoc ch ra chnh xc cc cp no bn mun th hin trn bn . v vi Surfer bn c th ph thm mu vo gia cc ng ng tr to ra cc th hin k diu cho cc bn ca bn to ra mt ph mu theo t l xm to ra cc bn in en trng n tng.
A USGS DEM of the Morrison, CO Quadrangle was used to create the above contour map. The right half is an enlarged portion of the DEM.
Cc yu t ca bn ng tr: Contour Map Features

T ng hoc ngi s dng xc nh cc khong v phm vi ca ng ng tr Kim sot ton b qui cch nhn, font ch, tn xut, v tr v khong cch trn cc ng ng tr Chuyn nhn ng n v tr chnh xc m bn mun Mu t ng hoc xc nh cho cc ng contours 7
Ph mu gi cc contours, c th t xc nh hoc mt ph mu t n do bn chn Lu gi v tm kim li cc kiu ng v ph mu cho bn ng tr Kim sot hon ton cc nt chi (hachures ) iu chnh trn ca cc ng contours nh hnh li cc ng contour Lm trng cc ng contour trong din tch bn khng mun th hin bt k d liu no Ch nh mu cho vng trng Quay v nghing bn ng tr bt k mt gc no Thm vo thanh t l mu v khong cch T l c lp chiu X v Y Kim sot ton b trn nhn, khong cch cc vch trn cc trc, li vung v tiu C th to ra mt s lng bt k cc bn ng tr trn mt trang In bn dng en trng hoc mu ton b Chng ghp cc bn nn, vect, bng, nh, im ln cc bn ng tr Ph cc bn contour ln cc b mt ba chiu to ra cc biu din n tng Xut cc contours thnh dng 3D DXF format
Bn mt 3 chiu: 3D Surface Maps Bn mt 3 chiu s dng bng v mu nhn mnh cc c im d liu. Thay i sng, gc th hin v nghing vi ch mt nhy chut. Chng ghp mt s bn mt sinh ra s khi c thng tin.
This series of overlaid surface maps illustrates the geology of the Great Lake Ladoga on the margin of the Baltic (Fennoscandian) Shield.
Cc yu t ca bn mt 3 chiu: 3D Surface Map Features

Xc nh cp mu, sng bng, ph nn v mu ng Kim sot tn xut ng ca mng li, mu sc, kiu, khong cch t cc gc sng dc v ngang, cc tnh cht phn chiu, khc x v vin bao Chng ghp cc contour maps, image maps, post maps, shaded relief maps, raster v vect base maps, v other surface maps to ra cc biu din ngon mc La chon phng php ti hin v phn gii, iu chnh mu ca b mt v cc lp xp chng Thay i nghing, gc quay, khong cch nhn, php chiu trc quan hoc vung gc t t l XYZ trong n v bn hoc di trang, chn t l XY ng b hoc c lp S dng gii hn XY hoc xc nh tp con ca bn Kim sot ph nn v mu sc, kiu ng Thm thc t l mu gii thch s tng ng gi tr d liu vi mu. Tt th hin cc nt trng hoc v vng trng cao Z xc nh To ra bo co ch tit s liu thng k ca li statistics Thay th mt li ni suy mi vo mt bn tn ti
Bn khung 3 chiu: 3D Wireframe Maps Surfer wireframe maps cung cp mt biu din 3 chiu n tng d liu ca bn. S dng cc vng mu, t l X, Y, Z c lp, cc php chiu vung gc hoc trc quan ti bt k nghing hoc gc quay no v cc t hp khc nhau ca X, Y v Z to ra mt cch chnh xc b mt m bn mun. Tri bn contour ph mu ln mt bn wireframe to ra cc biu din mu hoc en trng n tng nht cho cc d liu ca bn. Cc kh nng l v hn.
A wireframe map can be used to display any combination of X,Y, and Z lines. A USGS SDTS DEM file was used to create this map and color zones were defined for the X and Y lines.
Cc yu t ca bn khung 3 chiu: 3D Wireframe Map Features

Th hin bt k t hp no ca cc ng X, Y v Z S dung cc vng mu t ng hoc xc nh lm ni bt cc mc Z khc nhau. Xp chng bt k s lng mt ba chiu no trn cng mt trang giy Tu chn loi b cc ng khut Chng bt k t hp no cc bn contour, filled contour, base, post, v classed post maps ln mt b mt Cc tm nhn trn nh, di y hoc c hai Ly t l X, Y v Z ng b hoc c lp Kim sot ton b du v nhn cc vch trn cc trc Thm nn vi cc ng nn ng tu chn Th hin b mt bng bt k ng nghing v gc quay no
Bn Vect: Vect Maps C th to ngay c bn vect trong Surfer biu din hng v ln ca d liu ti cc im trn mt bn . Bn c th to ra cc bn vect t thng tin trong mt grid hoc 2 grid phn bit. Hai thnh phn ca bn vect, hng v ln, c sinh ra mt cch t ng t mt grid n bng cch tnh dc (gradient) ca mt biu din. Ti bt k mt nt li cho trc, hng ca cc mi tn ch theo hng dc nhanh nht. ln ca mi tn thay i ph thuc vo dc ca s h thp. Bn vect hai li s dng hai file grid phn bit xc nh hng v ln ca vect. Cc grids c th bao gm d liu cc hoc cc. Vi cc d liu -cc, mt grid cha d liu thnh phn X v li kia cha d liu thnh phn Y. Vi d liu cc, mt li bao gm thng tin v gc v li kia cha thng tin v di. 10
Chng ghp cc bn vect ln cc bn contour hoc wireframe tng cng kh nng biu din.
A vect map of Mt. St. Helens overlaid on a contour map. Use a color scale bar or legend to indicate the magnitude of the arrows.
Cc yu t ca bn vect: Vect Map Features

nh ngha kiu, mu v tn xut mi tn Mu k hiu c th c nh hoc da trn ln ca vect Th hin cc t l bn , thc t l mu v ch gii t l vect. T l di cn, u v rng ca mi tn 11
Kim sot gc k hiu vect Chn cc phng php t l tuyn tch, logarit hoc cn bc hai
Bn nh: Image Maps Bn nh Surfer (image maps) s dng cc mu khc nhau biu din cc mc cao ca mt file grid. To bn nh s dng bt k inh dng grid no: GRD, DEM, SDTS DDF, GTOP30 HDR. Surfer t ng pha trn mu gia cc gi tr phn trm sao cho bn c th cui cng c c s tim tin mu sc trn tru trn bn . Bn c th thm cc im nhn mu tu theo bt k im no trong khong t 0 n 100. Mi im neo c th c gn mt mu duy nht v cc mu s c t ng tim tin gi hai im neo cnh nhau. iu cho php bn to ra cc bn mu s dng bt k t hp mu no. Bt k ph mu no m bn chn cho mt bn nh c th s dng vi bt k bn nh no khc thm ch cc fille grid lin quan ph gii hn gi tr Z hon ton khc bit. Bn nh c th c to mt cch c lp vi cc bn khc hoc c th t hp vi cc bn khc. Chng c th c thay i t l, kch thc, gii hn v dch chuyn.
Add color to your image map to customize it.
Cc yu t ca bn nh: Image Map Features

Cc bn im hoc cc nh c lm trn Lm nho bitmaps nu cn thit To thc t l mu lin kt To ra cc file ph mu ring s dng cho bt k bn nh v bng no Chng bn nh vi cc bn contour, post, hoc base maps Cc file ph mu c lp d liu 12
Xc nh mu cho cc d liu b thiu Thay i gc nghing v quay
Bn bng ni: Shaded Relief Maps Surfer Shaded Relief maps to ra bn bng t file grid [.GRD] hoc USGS DEM. Nhng bn ny s dng cc mu khc nhau xc nh dc b mt v hng dc lin quan ti hng sng xc nh. Surfer xc nh hng ca mi mt grid trn b mt v gn mt mu duy nht cho mi . Cc mu trn bn bng ng vi phn x nh sng ln b mt. Ngun sng c coi nh l mt tri chiu sng ln b mt a hnh. Surfer t ng pha trn mu gia cc gi tr phn trm sao cho bn c th cui cng c c s tim tin mu sc trn tru trn bn . Bn c th thm cc im nhn mu tu theo bt k im no trong khong t 0 n 100. Mi im neo c th c gn mt mu duy nht v cc mu s c t ng tim tin gi hai im neo cnh nhau. iu cho php bn to ra cc bn mu s dng bt k t hp mu no. Bt k ph mu no m bn chn cho mt bn nh c th s dng vi bt k bn nh no khc thm ch cc fille grid lin quan ph gii hn gi tr Z hon ton khc bit. Bn bng c th c to mt cch c lp vi cc bn khc hoc c th t hp vi cc bn khc (s dng lnh Overlay Maps). Bn bng c th c thay i t l, kch thc, gii hn v dch chuyn cng mt cch vi cc kiu bn khc.
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Combine a shaded relief map with contour and base map features.
Cc yu t ca bn bng ni: Shaded Relief Map Features

To bn ni cht lng nh t cc file grid Kim sot v tr ngun sng, dc lin quan v lm bng S dng cc file ph mu xc nh cho mt th hin mong mun chnh xc Chng lp vi cc bn contour, vect, post, or base maps c cc th hin hiu qu cao. Tnh ton bng da trn mt s phng php lm bng bao gm xp x Simple, Peucker's, phn x Lambertian, v lut Lommel-Seeliger. t tham s ni s dng cc phng php tim cn sai phn trung tm v sai phn gia Xc nh mu cho cc vng thiu d liu Thay i gc nghing v quay
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Bn im: Post Maps Post maps th hin v tr X, Y vi cc k hiu c kch thc c nh hoc t l vi mu bt k. To bn im c lp vi cc bn khc trn mt trang hoc chng post maps ln cc bn base, contour, vect, hoc surface map. Vi mi mt im, xc nh k hiu v kiu nhn, kch thc v gc quay. C th to bn im c phn lp xc nh cc khong khc nhau ca d liu bng cch gn t ng k hiu hoc mu khc nhau cho mi khong. t v tr cc im d liu gc ln bn contour th hin s phn b cc im d liu trn bn v minh ho chnh xc ca phng php ni suy m bn s dng.
Use post maps to display the location of your XY data.

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Different symbols are used to display different ranges of data in classed post maps. Here, a classed post map is overlaid on a wireframe map and 3D label lines have been added to lift the symbols up off the map surface.
Cc yu t ca bn im: Post Map Features

To ra bt k s lng post maps no trn cng mt trang Post t bt k s lng file no S dng k hiu c kch thc c nh hoc t l Kim sot hon ton kiu, mu, tn xut k hiu t im d liu ln cc bn contour, vect, surface, or base maps t tt c cc im hoc m s im theo qui c Quay v nghing post maps vi bt k mt gc no To Classed Post Map ln cc k hiu khc nhau cho cc khong gi tr xc nh. Tao ch gii cho classed post legend th hin k hiu v khong gi tr Xc nh cc k hiu ring t trong cc file worksheet Thm nhn t file d liu v iu chnh gc quay ca nhn v v tr nhn xut hin Thay i cc file d liu khng lm thay i cc tham s ca post map v classed post map.
Bn nn: Base Maps Surfer c th nhp cc bn nhiu nh dng khc nhau th hin cc thng tin a l. Bn c th t hp cc bn nn vi cc bn khc trong map overlays hoc c th to cc bn nn ring r c lp vi cc bn khc trn cng mt trang. Bn c th ti bt k s lng no cc bn nn ln mt trang. Cc bn nn c th c nhp t cc nh dng DXF, GSI, BLN, SHP, LGO, BNA, GSB, DLG, LGS, MIF, E00, USGS SDTS DLG DDF, EMF, WMF, TIF, PCX, BMP, PLT, CLP, TGA, PCX, JPG, PNG, DCX, WPG, PCT v cc nh dng khc na. Bn cng d dng chng lp mt bn nn ln mt bn contour hoc bn surface wireframe, cho php th hin thng tin a l trong mt t hp vi cc d liu 3 chiu
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Display your base maps in Surfer alone or overlay them on other maps.
Cc yu t ca bn nn: Base Map Features

To bt k s lng bn nn no ln cung mt trang To cc bn nn c lp hoc chng lp cc bn nn ln cc kiu bn khc Bin tp cc thuc tnh ca ng, ph, vn bn v k hiu cho cc nh dng ca bn vect Xc nh to thc cho cc file nh dng TIF, JPG, GIF, v cc loi file raster khc Thay i t l c lp theo cc chiu X v Y Quay v nghing bn nn theo bt k gc no
Chng lp bn : Map Overlays Map overlays cho php bn mt phng thc t hp bt k s lng no cc bn contour, wireframe, vect, base, and post maps. Vic tri mt bn contour ph mu ln mt bn wireframe to ra mt th hin n tng nht c th ca d liu 3 chiu. V v bn c th chng lp bt k mt s lng cc bn no nn bn c th biu din bt k khi lng d liu no trn cng mt bn .
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This map was created by overlaying two contour maps, a basemap, and a wireframe map in order to display contaminate spread.
To li ni suy: Gridding Cc phng php to li ni suy trong Surfer cho php bn to ra cc bn contour, surface, wireframe, vect, image, and shaded relief tin cy t cc d liu XYZ ca bn. Cc d liu c th phn b mt cch ngu nhin trn din tch bn , v vic to li ni suy s ni suy d liu ca bn vo trong mt li. Bn c v s cc phng php to li la chn v v th bn c th to ra chnh xc bn mnh mun. Vi mi mt phng php ni suy bn kim sot hon ton cc tham s ni suy. Nu d liu ca bn c thu thp trn mt mng ch nht thng thng th bn c th to ra ngay bn trc tip t d liu . My tnh sinh ra bn contour tin cy hn bt k cch no khc. Cc yu t ca Gridding: Gridding Features

Ni suy n 1 t im d liu XYZ (gii hn bi b nh) To cc li ti 100 triu nt. Xc nh cc t gy v ng gii hn khi to li ni suy Chn mt trong cc phng php ni suy mnh : Inverse Distance, Kriging, Minimum Curvature, Polynomial Regression, Triangulation, Nearest Neighbor, Shepard's Method, Radial Basis Functions, Natural Neighbor, Moving Average, and Local Polynomial Xc nh t trng ng hng hoc d hng Kim sot hon ton mng hnh hc ca li bao gm gii hn, khong cch v s ng ca li. Thay i cc tu chn tm kim d liu da trn tham s sector d liu uc xc nh 18
Xc nh cc elip tm kim ti bt k hng v t l no S dng lvic lm trn ng cong v lc li thay i file grid S dng grid math thc hin cc php ton gia cc file grid S dng Nearest Neighbor to cc file grid khng cn ni suy S dng Triangulation t c tin cy vi cc tp d liu ln nhanh hn Phn hng b mt s dung Polynomial Regression, sinh ra cc h s hi qui trong mt bo co v tnh ton sai s m hnh S dng b lc loi b cc d liu khng mong mun S dng cc k thut x l cc d liu lp To li cc lch chun Kriging Xc nh im hoc khi Kriging Sinh bo co thng k li ni suy v cc tham s bao gm c cc thng k hi qui ANOVA Xc nh t l v phm vi i vi mi m hnh variogram Trch xut cc tp con ca li ni suy hoc DEM da trn cc hng v ct Bin i, dch chuyn, t l, quay v i xng cc grid Tnh o hm bc nht v bc hai theo cc hng xc nh Tnh cc ton t tch phn v vi phn s dng cc ton t gradient, Laplacian, biharmonic, v th tch tch phn Phn tch d liu vi cc phn tch ph v Fourier vi Correlograms v Periodogram To li ni suy t cc hm hai bin xc nh To li ni suy vi cc tham bin khng gian ca d liu bao gm: s lng im trong mi mt elip tm kim, khong cch n ngi lng ging gn nht v xa nht, trung im, trung bnh khong lch n cc im trong elip tm kim Kim tra cho xc nhn tnh ph hp ca cc phng php to li ni suy i vi tp d liu c th
Variograms S dung h thng m hnh ho variogram xc nh mt cch nh lng tnh lin tc khng gian ca d liu. Variograms c th c s dng la chn m hnh variogram thch hp nht khi to li ni suy vi thut ton Krigging. Surfer s dng li ni suy variogram nh l mt biu din d liu ni ti c bn v khi li ni suy c xy dng cc variogram th nghim s c tnh ton lp tc.
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Instantly create variograms in Surfer to quantitatively assess the spatial continuity of your data.
Cc yu t ca Variogram: Variogram Features

Khng hn ch kch thc tp d liu Th hin c variogram th nghim v mohnh variogram Xc nh kiu c lng: variogram, variogram chun ho, auto covariance, or auto correlation Xc nh cc thnh phn ca m hnh variogram: exponential, Gaussian, linear, logarithmic, nugget effect, power, quadratic, rational quadratic, spherical, wave, pentaspherical, and cubic models Bin i variogram th hin cc k hiu, phng sai v s cp Xut d liu variogram th nghim
Cc t gy v cc ng gii hn: Faults and Breaklines Xc nh cc t gy v cc ng gii hn khi ni suy d liu. Cc d liu mt bn ca t gy khng s dng trc tip tnh ton gi tr cho cc nt pha bn kia. Khi thut ton ni suy nhn thy ng gii hn, bt k cc im d liu no nm trn ng gii hn c ly quyn u tin trn mt gi tr ni suy. S dng ng gii hn xc nh cc dng chy, sng ni hoc cc ng phn dc khc. Khng ging nh t gy, ng gii hn khng chn dng thng tin v thut ton ni suy c th vt qua ng gii hn s dng cc im d liu pha bn kia. Cc phng php ni suy h tr t gy bao gm: Inverse Distance to a Power, Minimum Curvature, Nearest Neighbor, and Data Metrics. ng gii hn gm: Inverse Distance
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to a Power, Kriging, Minimum Curvature, Nearest Neighbor, Radial Basis Function, Moving Average, Data Metrics, v Local Polynomial.
A contour map that features a fault is displayed here. Faults and breaklines are specified when gridding your data
Cc file m hnh s cao ca S a cht M: USGS Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Files

S dng cc file DEM vi bt k lnh no m s dung GRD files S dng trc tip nh dng SDTS DEM dng gc Th hin thng tin v DEM To bn contour, vect, shaded relief, image, and wireframe t cc file DEM
S ho cc ranh gii: Digitize Boundaries

Xc nh ton XY T ng ghi to vo file d liu ASCII T ng lu cc ranh gii s ho nh l cc file BLN To cc file ranh gii s dng vi cc bn khc Th hin cc thuc tnh khc nhau ca cc yu t bn nn
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T ng ho: Automation Tt c cc thao tc m bn thc hin trc tip c th kim sot bng vic s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh t ng ho tng thch nh l Visual Basic, C++, hoc Perl. Surfer c GS Scripter - mt mi trng lp trnh tng thch Visual Basic cho php bn vit, bin tp sa li v thc hin cc kch bn. Vi cch nh vy bn c th t ng ho cc cng vic lp i lp li, Trang d liu: Worksheet Surfer c trang tnh y to, m, sa cha v lu cc file d liu. File d liu c th n mt t hng, ph thuc vo b nh. Bn c th dng cc chc nng ca Windows Clipboard Cut, Copy, v Paste d liu trong trang tnh Surfer hoc gia cc ng dng khc. Cc yu t ca trang tnh: Worksheet Features

Nhp cc file t nh dng DAT, TXT, SLK, XLS, WKx, WRx, CSV, BNA, hoc BLN Tnh ton thng k Thc hin bin i d liu s dng cc hm ton hc nng cao Sp xp d liu theo cc ct chnh v ph In trang d liu Lu d liu cc nh dng khc nh: XLS, SLK, CSV, TXT, DAT, BLN, v BNA
Qun l i tng: Object Manager Qun l i tng lm cho vic bin tp i tng tr ln n gin. N th hin ton b cc i tng trong mt ti liu theo mt cch sp xp cy phn cp s dng. La chn cc i tng trong Object Manager bin tp, hin v n chng mt cch d dng.
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Use the object manager to easily access and edit all the objects that appear in your plot window.
Cc tin ch v tnh nng b sung
Xut bn sang cc nh dng: DXF, SHP, BNA, BLN, MIF, GSI, GSB, EMF, WMF, CLP, CGM, TIF, BMP, JPG, TGA, PNG, PCX, DCX, WPG, PCT Windows Clipboard h tr vic sao chp cc bn sang cc ng dng khc T hp bt k s lng bn no trn cng mt trang giy S dng chut thay i kch thc i tng trn mn hnh Xc nh cc tham chiu mc nh Xc nh cc kiu v mu ng, lu s dng cho cc bn khc Thm bt k mt s lng cc khi vn bn ti bt k v tr no trn bn s dng TrueType fonts C th bao gm c ch s trn, di k t Hi Lp hoc cc k t khc trong vn bn Tnh ton th tch, din tch phng v din tch mt Tnh ton sai s d d liu v m hnh In trn bt k my in h tr Windows D dng ct dn cc ranh gii v cc im ln mt bn Hin v in mt phn ca bn hon chnh, vi b khung hon chnh Th cc u mi tn vo cc dng iu chnh s ln undo levels S dng cng c ti to hnh bin tp cc din tch v ng cong. Cc thanh cng c ni 23
Yu cu h thng: System Requirements

PC running Windows 98, Me, 2000, XP, or higher 25 MB of free hard disk space 32 MB RAM minimum, 64 MB or higher recommended 800 x 600 minimum monitor resolution
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CC IM MI TRONG SURFER 8
.
3D Surface Maps Surfer 8 to ra cc bn 3D rendered surface vi s iu khin y ca nh sng, bng, v tr, gc quay v nghing. Chng lp cc bn nn vect v rast, contour maps, image maps, shaded relief maps, post maps v vect maps xc nh s iu bin mu sc (Pha trn mu gia cc lp v mt).
Tri bn nn vect v rastow ln mt 3D
Grid Mosaic T hp cc file grid v DEM ca cc vng ln cn v giao nhau thnh mt file GRD n sinh ra mt bn n chung. Trong vng giao nhau, xc nh nt no c dng vi phng php trung bnh, u, cui, nh nht v ln nht. S dng cc nt li tn ti hoc to li grid mi bng cc phng php ni suy song tuyn, cun lp phng hoc ngi lng ging gn nht.
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Mt ny c to ra bi mt grid c sinh ra t vic t hp hai grid ca Montezuma v Mt Evans Colorado 7.5 minute DEM files. Cc ng dc nn biu din trt sinh bi s khc nhau gia ta UTM v ta kinh v.
Cross Validation La chn Cross Validate so snh gi tr Z ca cc dim d liu vi kt qu ni suy m khng cn c im . Ghi kt qu vo mt bo co v vo file d liu.
Xc nh s im cn xc nhn, bo co thng k v tn file d liu kt qu
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Grid Filter Ty chn Grid Matrix Smoothing c pht trin thm vi trn 60 b lc c nh ngha trc. Thm na c th t nh ngha cc tham s lc lm min file grid.
La chn t mt s ln cc b lc grid nh ngha trc hoc c th nh ngha cho ring mnh.
Data Metrics To file grid v bn minh ha bng cc thng k khng gian trong mt elip tm kim nh l s im d liu, mt gn ng, khong cch n im gn nht v xa nht, trung bnh, lch chun, phng sai v h s bin thin ca cc gi tr Z
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Use the Data Metrics gridding method to grid and map spatial variation of statistical parameters.
Ci thin giao din tng cng tnh d s dng Cc hp hi thoi Properties dialog thng c gi m v thay i mt cch tng tc phn nh ngay cc ty chn c th i vi mi i tng c chn Cng c 3D Trackball lm d dang cc thay i v nghing v gc quay cc i tng. Cng c Pan v Zoom thi gian thc nhanh chng thay i th hin n khu vc mong mun ca bn v.
The 3D Trackball tool lets you visually change the view of a 3D plot.
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Speedier Vic v li cc i tng cho kt qu nhanh hn vi giao din tt hn Qu trnh ni suy Gridding vi cc t gy c ti u thc hin tt hn Bng tnh ln hn (Larger Worksheet) c file d liu n hng t hng v ct(109) ty thuc vo b nh
Quay v nghing cc Bn Rastor Xem cc nh bitmap t gc tt nht, quay v nghing 3D cc bn shaded relief maps, image maps, v raster base maps.
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USGS DRG base maps and other raster maps can be rotated and tilted to any angle.
Cc phng php ni suy mi (New Gridding Methods) Cc phng php mi bao gm

Moving Average (trung bnh dch chuyn) Local Polynomial (a thc cc b) Cc tnh nng mi ca ni suy:
Xc nh cc sector tm kim mm do hn Xem worksheet t hp thoi Grid Data dialog Sp xp v kim tra s trng nhau sau khi ch ra cc tham s ni suy cho php ti nhanh hn cc file d liu ln Sinh ra bo co thng k m hnh v cc tham s bao gm c hi qui ANOVA Xut mng tam gic v tam gic Delauney ca ngi lng ging t nhin sang file rastor hoc file vect
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Xut mng tam gic v tam gi Delauney ca ngi lng ging t nhin sang file rastor hoc file vect to bn nn v chng vi cc im d liu
Cc m hnh Variogram mi Surfer 8 thm m hnh lp phng v ng phng vo phn tch variogram
Cc m hnh mi to cho bn thm la chn khi phn tch d liu.
H tr thm nhiu nh dng mi

Import Golden Software GSI, ESRI E00, Windows Enhanced Metafile EMF Export Golden Software GSI & GSB, MapInfo MIF, Windows EMF
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S dng M hnh s ca Cc a cht M Gm cc nh dng d liu t nhin (USGS SDTS DEM v DLG Files) S dng nh dng mi USGS SDTS Digital Elevation Model files (DDF) trong Surfer to contour, surface, wireframe, vect, shaded relief, v image maps. Kch thc bn v c tng ti a Gii hn trang c 32-inch (81 cm) page trong Windows 98 v Me b ph v. Trang mc nh ti a hin nay l 110 inches (279 cm), vi ty chn b sung c th tng kch thc ti a ln 2000 inches (5080 cm). Cp nht bn mi nht qua Internet Kim tra bn mi nht ca Surfer 8 s dng kt ni connection. Nu c bn mi hn s c ti v ci t t ng
Surfer 8 makes it easier than ever to stay up-to-date with the latest version of the software.
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NHP MN SURFER
Phn nhp mn ny c thit k gii thiu mt s tnh nng c bn ca Surfer. N l nhng bi c bn nht ca Surfer. Sau khi hon thnh phn nhp mn ny bn c th to m hnh v bn ca mnh. Ni dung c bn I. To file d liu XYZ ch cho bn lm th no nhp mt mt file d liu hoc to mt file d liu mi. II. To mt file Grid ch cho bn lm th no to ra file Grid, c s cho mi kiu bn trong Surfer. III. To bn Contour ch cho bn cch to bn Contour v thay i cc thuc tnh ca bn Contour. IV. To mt biu din 3D, Wireframe ch cho bn cch to mt biu din 4 chiu Wireframe v thit lp cc thuc tnh ca wireframe V. a cc im d liu ln bn v lm vic vi Overlay ch cho bn cch to ra PostMap v chng ln bn contour sao cho c hai bn cng chung mt khung. VI. Gii thiu v Surface ch cho bn mt s tnh nng lin kt vi bn Surface S dng Surfer ng dng chung nht ca Surfer l to ra cc bn da trn m hnh s t mt file d liu XYZ. Lnh Grid | Data s dung file d liu XYZ to ra mt file m hnh s (grid). File grid sau s c dung bi hu ht cc lnh trong Menu to ra bn . Ch c PostMap v BaseMap l khng dng file grid. S sau minh ha mi quan h gia file d liu XYZ data files, grid files, bn contour v wireframes.
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I. To file d liu Mt file d liu XYZ l mt file cha t nht 3 ct cc gi tr d liu. Hai ct th nht l ta X v Y ca cc im d liu. Ct th 3 l gi tr Z c gn cho im XY. Mc du khng yu cu nhng vic nhp ta X vo ct A, ta Y vo ct B v gi tr Z vo ct C l mt tng tt. Surfer tm kim ta trong nhng ct ny mt cch mc nh.
M mt file d liu c sn
xem v d ca mt file d liu XYZ bn c th m file TUTORWS2.DAT vo ca s worksheet: 1. Chn lnh File | Open hoc nhy phm chn file d liu. 2. Nhy kp vo th mc SAMPLES. Trong danh sch file, nhy TUTORWS2.DAT v click phm Open button hin file trong ca s worksheet. 3. Ch rng ta X (Easting) l ct A, ta Y (Northing) ct B, v gi tr Z (Elevation) ct C. Mc d khng bt buc, nhng tn ct (text trn dng 1) l c ngha khi xc nh kiu d liu trong ct, v thng tin ny c s dng trong hp thoi (dialog boxes) khi la chn cc ct trong bng tnh (worksheet).
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To mt file D liu mi
Bn tnh ca Surfer (worksheet) c th c s dng to mt file d liu. m mt ca s worksheet v bt u nhp d liu: 1. Chn lnh File | New hoc click phm 2. Click ty chn Worksheet trong New dialog v click OK hin mt ca s worksheet rng.
3. hin thi (active cell) c la chn bng cch click vo hoc s dng cc mi tn dch chuyn gia cc . hin thi c ch th bng khung dy v ni dung ca hin thi c th hin trong hp active cell edit box. 4. Khi c chn, nhp vo mt gi tr hoc text, v thng tin c hin trn c hai hin thi v active cell box. 5. Cc phm BACKSPACE v DELETE c th c s dng edit d liu khi bn g. 6. Nhn phm ENTER v d liu c a vo . 7. gi cc d liu c g vo trong hin thi, chuyn n mi. Chuyn n mi bng cch nhy vo mi, n mt trong cc phm mi tn hoc nhn ENTER.
Lu file D liu
Khi bn hon thnh vic vo ht d liu: 1. Chn lnh File | Save, hoc nhy phm . Save As dialog hin nu bn cha lu d liu. 2. Trong danh sch Save as type, chn ty chn Golden Software Data (*.DAT). 3. G tn file vo hp File name . 4. Nhy Save v mt hp thoi GSI Data Export Options m ra.
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5. Chp nhn mc nh trong GSI Data Export Options dialog bng cch nhy phm OK. File c lu khun dng d liu Golden Software Data [.DAT] vi tn file m bn xc nh. Tn ca file d liu xut hin trn nh ca ca s worksheet II. To mt file Grid Cc file Grid c yu cu to ra bn da trn m hnh s. Gridbased maps bao gm contour maps, image maps, shaded relief maps, 1-grid vect maps, 2-grid vect maps, wireframes, v surfaces. cc file Grid c to bi lnh Grid | Data. Lnh Data yu cu d liu trong 3 ct, mt ct cha d liu X, mt ct cha d liu Y v mmt ct cha d liu Z. Chng ta c file d liu mu XYZ (TUTORWS.DAT) vi Surfer bn xem n to ra file grid nh th no. Sau khi hon thnh bi ny nu bn cn c th to ra mt file d liu XYZ cc d liu phc v cng vic ca bn tao mt file grid t TUTORWS.DAT: 1. Nu ca s worksheet ang m, click vo Window menu v chn Plot1. Ngc li bn c th to mt bn v mi vi File | New (chn Plot Document v click OK). 2. Chn lnh Grid | Data. 3. Trong Open dialog, nhy file TUTORWS.DAT (lu trong th mc Surfer's SAMPLES). Tn xut hin trong hp File name pha di danh sch cc file d liu. 4. Nhy Open v Grid Data dialog xut hin. Ngc li bn c th nhy kp vo tn file d liu hin Grid Data dialog. 5. Grid Data dialog cho php bn kim sot cc tham s grid. Dnh mt cht thi gian xem cc ty chn khc nhau. Khng thay i g ln ny v cc tham s mc nh to ra mt file grid chp nhn c. 6. Nhy OK. thanh trng thi cui ca ca s th hin mt ch th tin trin ca qu trnh ni suy. Bng cch chp nhn mc nh, file grid s dung cng ng i, nhng file grid c phn m rng [.GRD] extension. 7. Mt cch mc nh, mt thng bo s xut hin sau qu trnh gridding. Click OK kt thc 8. Nu Grid Report c nh du, mt bo co s xut hin bn c th xem v ong li bo co ny. { Nhm Data Columns c dng ch ra cc ct cha ta X, Y v gi tr Z trong file d liu. { Nhm Grid Line Geometry xc nh gii hn li XY, kch thc li v s cc dng trong li. { Nhm Gridding Method xc nh phng php ni suy v cc tham s ni suy.
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Nhm Output Grid File xc nh ng dn v t tn cho file
grid. Nhm ty chn Grid Report dng xc nh c to ra mt bo co thng k cho d liu hay khng.
{
III. To bn Contour Lnh Map | Contour Map to bn contour da trn mt file grid. to mt bn contour ca file TUTORWS.GRD c to ra bi trc: 1. Chn lnh Map|Contour Map|New Contour Map hoc nhy phm 2. Hp thoi Open Grid dialog xut hin. File grid m bn va (TUTORWS.GRD) c t ng a vo hp File name. Nu file khng xut hin trong hp th la chn trong danh sch. 3. Nhy phm Open to bn contour. 4. Bn c to ra vi cc thuc tnh mc nh ca chong trnh. 5. Nu bn mun bn contour ph kn ca s th chn lnh View | Fit to Window.
M hp cc thuc tnh ca bn
Sau khi to ra bn bn c th thay i cc thuc tnh ca bn c mt s cch m n cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng. Cch ph bin nht l nhy kp vo i tng.
Thay i cc ng ng mc
Sau khi to ra bn contour, c th d dng thay i cc yu t ca bn . V d, mun thay i cc ng ng mc hin ln trn bn . thay i cc ng ng mc trn bn mi to ra: 1. t con tr bn trong gii hn ca bn v nhy kp hin ln hp thoi contour map properties. 2. Trong hp thoi properties, nhy vo trang Levels hin ln cc mc ca ng v cc thuc tnh ca ng contour. Trong v d ny cc mc contour bt u ti Z = 20. Nhy vo thanh trt bn phi trt xung y. Ta c th thy mc ti a ca contour l Z = 105 v khong cch gia cc contour l 5. 3. thay i gii hn v khong cch cc ng contour nhy phm Level v hp thoi Contour Levels xut hin. N ch ra cc mc Minimum v Maximum ca bn v khong cch gia cc contour trong bn . 4. Nhy kp hp Interval v g vo gi tr 10. Nhy phm OK v tng Levels c cp nht phn nh s thay i . 37
5. Nhy OK trong hp thoi contour map properties v bn c v li vi cc mc mi.
Thay i cc thuc tnh ca ng Contour
Bn c th nhy kp vo bt k phn t no trong trang Levels thay i cc thnh phn . V d c th nhy kp vo mt gi tr Z no v thay i gi tr ca n. Cng c th nhy kp vo line style thay i thuc tnh ng ca mc c la chn. iu ny cho ta mt cch nhn mnh mt s contour ring trn bn .
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thay i cc thuc tnh ca ng: 1. Nhy kp vo bn contour m n cc tnh cht ca bn . 2. trang Levels nhy kp vo mu ng Z=70 m hp thoi Line Properties. 3. C th chn mu, kiu, rng ca ng c chn trong hp thoi Line Properties. Trong hp Width, nhy mi tn trn v thay gi tr rng ln 0.030 in. ( rng 0.000 in tng ng vi 1 pixel) 4. Nhy OK trong Line Properties v trang Levels c cp nht phn nh s thay i. 5. Nhn OK trong map properties dialog v bn c v li. ng contour ti Z = 70 c v vi ng dy hn.
*******************************************************
Thm ph mu gia cc ng Contour Lines
Ph mu c th c gn cho cc mc ring r cng cch vi line properties. C th gn mu da trn ph gia hai mu. Trang Levels trong contour map properties dialog ch ra s tng ng gia mt ng level (di phm Level) v mt mu (di phm Fill). Cc mu c dng ph trong phm vi gia ng contour tng ng vi c mc trn.V d nu cc mc l 20, 30, 40, ..., etc., th mu tng ng vi mc 20 c dng ph ln ln phm vi gia ng 20 v 30. thay i ph mu: 1. Nhy kp vo bn contour m contour map properties dialog. 2. Nhy Fill Contours check box trn trang General. 3. Trong trang Levels, nhy phm Fill button m Fill dialog. 4. Nhy phm Foreground Color m Color Spectrum dialog. Hp thoi ny cho php chn mu v gn cho cc gi tr Z xc nh.Nhy vo nt im tri trn ca spectrum, nhy vo mu xanh trong bng mu v nhy OK. Nt Foreground Color c hin l gii mu t xanh n trng trong Fill dialog.
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5. Nhn OK v mu ph (fill colors) trong trang Levels c cp nht phn nh s thay i. 6. Nhn OK v bn contour c v li vi ph mu gia cc ng.
Thm, bt v dch chuyn nhn ca ng (Contour Labels )
V tr nhn c th thay i theo mt s c s. Nhn c th c thm, bt hoc dch chuyn thm, bt v dch chuyn nhn ca ng (Contour Labels ) 1. Nhn nt phi ca con tr trong vng bn contour map v chn Edit Contour Labels. C th sa i nhn ca mt bn contour c la chn bng cch s dng lnh Map | Contour Map | Edit Labels con tr s i sang mi tn en ch th rng bn ang trong edit mode. 2. loi b mt nhn, chn nhn v n phm DELETE trn bn phm. V d, chon nhn 70 v n phm DELETE trn bn phm. 3. thm nhn, n v gi phm CTRL v nhy con tr vo v tr ng contour m bn mun t nhn mi. Thm nhn ng 60 vo phn di ca bn . 4. dch chuyn nhn ng, chn nhn gi nt tri v ko nhn i. Chuyn nhn 70 n phn phi ca bn v hng bc. 5. ra khi Edit Contour Labels mode, nhn phm ESC.
Thay i khung (Modifying an Axis )
Mi mt bn c to ra vi 4 trc ca khung: y, phi, trn v tri (bottom, right, top, and left axes). Bn c th iu khin s xut hin ca mi trc mt cch c lp. Trong v d ny, chng ta thay i kch thc v thm nhn vo cc trc. thay i mt trc:
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1. Chuyn con tr dn trn mt nhn vch ca trc X v nhy tri con chut. thanh trng thi (status bar) y ca s, cc t "Map: Bottom Axis" c hin ln. N ch th rng ta chn trc y ca bn . 2. Nhy kp vo trc y v hp bottom axis properties xut hin. 3. Trong hp Title trang General, g "Bottom Axis" vo v nhy phm Apply. Cho php t tiu cho trc c chn. 4. Nu khng nhn thy tiu ca trc th chn View | Zoom | Selected. Ch rng bn khng c ng hp thoi properties dialog chn lnh trong menu, cc nt trn thanh cng c hoc i tng khc trong bn . 5. Nhy trang Scaling hin cc ty chn t l ca trc. Trong hp Major Interval, g vo gi tr 1.5 v n phm Apply. N s lm thay i khong cch gia cc vch chnh dc theo trc c chn. 6. Nhy vo trang General v nhy tip vo phm Label Format. Hp thoi Label Format dialog xut hin. 7. Trong hp Label Format dialog, chn Fixed trong nhm Type. nhy vo mi tn di trong hp Decimal Digits v i gi tr thnh 1. Ch th rng ch c mt s sau du chm thp phn i vi nhn ca cc vch trn trc. 8. Nhy OK tr li axis properties dialog. 9. Nhy OK trong axis properties dialog v bn c v li. Khong cch v nhn ca vch trn trc thay i v tiu ca trc c t phn di bn .
Lu gi bn
Khi bn hon thnh mt bn hoc bn v trong ca s plot, bn c th lu bn thnh file Surfer file [.SRF] cha cc thng tin cn thit sinh li bn . Khi bn lu bn tt c cc t l, khun dng v tnh cht ca bn c gi trong file. 41
lu bn : 1. Chn ln File | Save hoc nhy phm . Hp thoi Save As xut hin v bn cha c lu ln no trc . 2. Trong hp File name , g vo TUTORWS. 3. Nhy Save v file c lu vo th mc hin thivi phn m rng [.SRF]. Bn va c lu vn c m vi tn ca n c thay i trn thanh tiu
Xut cc ng contour 3D
Khi bn hon thnh vic to bn trong ca s plot, bn c th xut cc ng contour vi cc gi tr Z tng ng sang mt file AutoCAD DXF. xut cc ng contour: 1. Chn bn 2. Chn lnh Map | Contour Map | Export Contours. 3. Trong hp Save As dialog , g TUTORWS vo hp File name. 4. Nhy Save v file c xut vo th mc hin thi. To ra file vi tn l TUTORWS.DXF c th c m bi bt k chng trnh no c ty chn AutoCAD DXF import.
IV. To bn v 3D Wireframe Wireframes l biu din 3 chiu ca file grid. Wireframes l biu khi c sinh bi vic v cc ng biu din X, Y (hng v ct ca grid). Ti mi giao im ca hng v ct, cao ca mt c tng ng vi gi tr Z im . S hng v ct ca file grid xc nh s ng X, Y c v trong wireframe.
To mt Wireframe mi
to mt Wireframe mi 1. Chn lnh File | New, hoc nhy phm
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2. Chn Plot Document trong hp New dialog v nhy OK. Mt ca s plot trng c hin ln. 3. Chn lnh Map | Wireframe hoc nhy vo button. 4. Chn grid file TUTORWS.GRD trong danh sch file trong Open Grid dialog, nhy Open, v bn c to ra. (TUTORWS.GRD, to ra trong Bi 2)
Thay i hng ca mt Wireframe
Mc du v d ny s dng mt wireframe minh ha vic quay v nghing, bn c th s dng thao tc ny i vi bt k bn no ca Surfer. thay i gc quay v nghing: 1. Nhy vo bn mt ln chn. 2. Nhy lnh Map | Trackball hoc nhy button. 3. Nhy nt chut tri v gi n khi dch chuyn con chut sang tri hoc phi. N lm thay i gc quay ca bn wireframe. Gc qua c hin trong status bar. 4. Nhy tri v gi khi dch chuyn trn di. N lm thay i gc nghing ca bn . Gc nghing c hin trn status bar. 5. Sau khi ta quay v nghing bn , nhy phm ESC trn bn phm kt thc trackball mode. Thay i gc quay, nghing, tm nhn v php chiu c th c thc hin bng cch nhy kp vo wireframe v s dng ty chn trong trang View . 43
Thay i t l ca mt Wireframe
Bn c th thay i t l ca wireframes hoc surfaces theo 3 chiu. Trong v d ny t l Z b thay i. Thay i t l Z: 1. Nhy kp vo wireframe m map properties. 2. Nhy vo Scale page. Bn c th thit lp t l bng cch vo s n v bn trn mt inch hoc cm hoc bng cch cho vo di ca bn theo ta trang. 3. Trong hp Length ca nhm Z Scale, Thay gi tr bng 3. Gi tr Map units thay i phn nh s thay i mi lm. 4. Nhy OK v wireframe c v lai phng to theo chiu Z.
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Thm vng mu vo Wireframe
C th thay i mu ca ng ca bt k wireframe no bng cch p dng vng mu (color zones). Trong v d ny ta s thay i vng mu theo gii mu v mu ring r. thm vng mu vo wireframe: 1. Nhy kp vo wireframe, v hp thoi wireframe properties hin ln. 2. Nhy vo Color Zones page. 3. Nhy vo phm Line hin hp thoi Line Spectrum dialog. 4. Nhy vo phm Minimum Line Properties m Line Properties dialog. T y c th chn mu ng, kiu v dy. 5. Nhy phm Color v chn mu blue. 6. Nhy OK tr li Line Spectrum dialog. 7. Nhy vo phm Maximum Line Properties v thay i mu ng thnh mu red s dng nh bc trn. 8. Nhy OK trong Line Spectrum dialog tr li Color Zones page. 9. Trong wireframe propertiesdialog, nh du vo Apply Zones to Lines of Constant X v Y. 10. Nhy Apply v wireframe xut hin vi gii mu bin i theo bin Z. thay i thuc tnh ca mt gi tr Z c th: 1. Trong trang Color Zones page, nhy kp vo line sample i vi mc Z = 70. 2. Bn c th chn mu ng, kiu hoc rng trong cho ng c chn trong Line Properties dialog. Trong hp Width box, nhy mi tn l v thay i gi tr thnh 0.030 in. 3. Nhy OK trong Line Properties dialog v Color Zones page c cp nht phn nh s thay i. 4. Nhy OK trong wireframe properties dialog v bn c v li. Vng mu ti Z = 70 c v li vi ng dy hn , Mt im nhn trn bn .
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V. Posting im d liu v lm vic vi Overlays Post maps c to ra bi vic t cc im trn bn v gn nhn cho chng. Vic a cc im d liu vo bn c th c s dng xc nh s phn b ca cc im d liu cng nh vic t cc d liu v thng tin vn bn ti im xc nh trn bn . cc file d liu c th cha cc nhn lit kt vi mi im.
To Post Maps
Khi mt post map mi c to ra, n c lp vi bt k bn no trong ca s plot hin thi. Khi 2 bn c hin, ch rng c 2 b trc cng c hin, mi b cho mt bn . Khi s dng lnh Map | Overlay Maps, hai bn c t hp li thnh mt lp chng (overlay) bn n vi mt b trc (khung). to mt post map: 1. Chn File | Open hin Open dialog. Chn TUTORIAL.SRF trong th mc SAMPLES v nhy phm Open button. TUTORIAL.SRF m ra v cha contour map. 2. Chn lnh Map | Post Map | New Post Map command hoc nhy phm 3. Chn TUTORWS.DAT t danh sch cc file trong Open dialog. (TUTORWS.DAT c t trong th mc Surfer\SAMPLES 4. Nhy Open v post map c to ra s dng cc tnh cht mc nh. 46
Contour map v post map l 2 bn phn bit. thay i cc thuc tnh ca bn post map: 1. M Object Manager nu cha c m. 2. Nhy phi vo t "Post" trong Object Manager. 3. Chn Properties t context menu. 4. Trong post map properties dialog General page, nhy phm symbol m Symbol Properties dialog. 5. Chn k hiu vng trn ph en trong bn k hiu v nhy OK. K hiu c chn xut hin trn nt symbol. 6. Nhy Apply button v symbol xut hin ti cc im d liu c post trn bn . 7. Trong hp Fixed Size box (Symbol Size group), ch ra kch thc l 0.09 in. 8. Nhy OK v the post map c v li vi kch thc k hiu mi.
Chng lp bn
chng lp bn : 1. thy r 2 bn phn bit t con tr vo gia bn nhn v gi nt tri v dich chuyn con tr v bt k hng no. B nt chut v chng ta s thy hai bn v trt ra xa nhau 2. Nhy Edit | Select All chn c 2 bn . 3. Chn lnh Map | Overlay Maps t hp 2 bn thnh mt bn phc hp.
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La chn lp v gn tn (Object ID ) Sau khi to ra mt bn phc hp, bn vn c th thay i mt lp ring r trong bn . Chn bn . Mt lp ring r c th c chn trong mt bn phc hp bng cch nhy vo lp trong ca s plot hoc nhy vo lp trong Object Manager. Cch nht la chn mt lp trong mt bn t hp nhy chut vo tn lp Object Manager. Tuy nhin c th chn mt lp ngy trong mn hnh bng chut. Khi hai hoc nhiu hn mt i tng chim gi cng mt v tr trn mn hnh th s dng phm CTRL nt tri chut la chn i tng mong mun
i tn Post Map la chn lp v gn nh danh ID: 1. Chc chn Object Manager ang m. Nu Object Manager cha m, nhy View | Object Manager. 2. Nhy overlay name trong Object Manager. Trong trng hp ny, nhy t "Post." thanh trng thi s thng bo "Map: Post." 3. Chn Edit | Object ID. 4. Trong Object ID dialog, g tn "Tutorial Post Map" v nhy OK. Thanh trng thi, Object Manager, tn hp thoi tnh cht s thay i tng ng.
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Nu nhy kp vo Tutorial Post Map trong Object Manager, ch rng tn h thoi s thay i thnh: Tutorial Post Map Properties. Khi bn i tn mt i tng trong Surfer 8, Hp thoi object's properties dialog phn nh tn cng thay i bn d dng hn trong vic theo ri i tng m bn ang edit.
Thm nhn vo Post Map
Bn c th thm nhn cho cc dim d liu vo post maps. Post map c th c la chn bng mt s phng php khc nhau, chng hn nh thng qua Object Manager. thm nhn: 1. Nhy phi vo "Tutorial Post Map" trong Object Manager v Chn Properties. 2. Nhy vo Labels page. Trong Worksheet Column for Labels group, nhy vo mi tn xung v mt danh sch cc ct trong TUTORWS.DAT s hin ra. 3. Chn Column C: Elevation t danh sch 4. Nhy Format button m Label Format dialog. 5. Thay i Type thnh Fixed v gi tr Decimal Digits thnh 0. 6. Nhy OK tr li the post map properties dialog. 7. Nhy OK v lp ny s c v li vi cc nhn ti mi im d liu.
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VI. Gii thiu Surfaces

To Surface
to mt surface: 1. Chn File | New command, hoc nhy button. 2. Chn Plot Document, trong New dialog v nhy OK. 3. Chn Map | Surface command hoc nhy button. 4. Chn grid file TUTORWS.GRD t danh sch file trong Open Grid dialog, nhy Open, v surface c to ra s dng cc thit lp mc nh TUTORWS.GRD, to trong phn trn.
Thm mt lp chng (Overlay )
1-grid vect maps, v 2-grid vect maps ln surfaces. Tt c cc lp tr surfaces, c th bin i thnh kiu bitmap c bit nh l bn cu trc. Bn cu trc ny s c p dng cho surface bng cch co ko n khi cn thit. Khi cc bn c chng ln nhau, bn c c mt la chn x l bn cu trc nh th no. Bn c th dng mu ch ca mt lp, mt mt hoc pha trn mu ca lp v surface. V d bn c th to bn contour ph mu, chng ln mt surface, v dung mu ch bn contour. Khi nhiu surfaces ca cc cao khc nhau c chng ln nhau cc mt c th ct hoc giao nhau. Nu cc surfaces l ln cn nhau theo hng X hocY, cc surfaces s c v cnh nhau bng cch s dng Map | Overlay Maps. Trong v d ny chng ta s chng mt mt phng ln surface mi to ra u tin, to ra surface phng: 1. Chn Map | Surface command 2. Trong Open Grid dialog, m th mc SAMPLES v chn TUTORPL.GRD. 3. Nhy Open, v surface c to ra vi cc tham s mc nh. 4. Nhy phi vo upper 3D Surface trong Object Manager, Chn Object ID thm ch TUTORPL.GRD vo cui ca nhn 3D Surface lm d dng hn khi phn bit 2 mt surfaces trong Object Manager list. Tip theo, chng cc surfaces: 1. Nhy Edit | Select All chn c 2 surfaces. 2. Nhy Map | Overlay Maps chng cc surfaces.
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Thm vo mt li (Mesh)
Cc ng li c th p dng ln surfaces. thm mt li: 1. Nhy kp vo surface m surface properties. 2. Nhy Mesh page. 3. nh du hp X v Y. 4. Thay Frequency thnh 5 cho cc ng X v Y. 5. Nhy OK hoc Apply button thm li vo surface c chn. Ch rng mt li c p dng cho mt surface c chn trong bn t hp ch khng phi cho c 2 mt. Vi mi kiu bn bn ch c th thay i thuc tnh ca mt bn mt thi im. Cc thuc tnh c th p dng chung cho bn t hp l View, Scale, Limits, v Background.
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Thay i mu sc
Thay i bng mu trong surfaces tng t nh thay i mu trong cc loi bn khc nh image maps hoc contour maps. Hp thoi Color Spectrum dialog c s dng np cc bng mu c nh ngha trc v cng c s dng nu bn mun to ra bng mu ring. Trc khi th nghim vi mu, ta hy to ra mt bn surface mi. 1. Nhy File | New hoc nhy the button. 2. Trong New dialog, chn Plot Document v nhy OK. 3. Chn Map | Surface command hoc nhy the button. 4. Trong Open Grid dialog, m th mc SAMPLES v chn grid file [.GRD] bt k. HELENS2.GRD chng hn, rt tt cho th nghim mu 5. Nhy Open, v surface c to ra vi cc tham s mc nh. thay i mu vt liu ca surface: 1. Nhy kp vo surface m surface properties. 2. C mt nhm Material Color trong General page. Nhy Upper button. 3. Nhy Load button trong Color Spectrum dialog. 4. Bng mu c lu trong file ph mu vi phn m rng [.CLR]. Mc nh, Surfer m trong th mc SAMPLES, n bao gm rt nhiu ph nh ngha trc chn mt v m ra. 5. Ch rng cc mu v v tr nt c thay i Color Spectrum dialog. Nhy OK trong Color Spectrum dialog tr li surface map properties dialog. 6. Nhy Apply button trong surface map properties dialog xem s thay i. Bn c th tip tc th nghim vi mu bng cch nhy vo Upper button v ti vo cc file ph mu khc.
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GRIDDING
Bn ng tr, bn nh, bn bng, bn vect v bn khung 3 chiu u yu cu cc grid tao ra trong Surfer. Mt grid l mt mng hnh ch nht u cc gi tr. Lnh Grid | Data cung cp cho bn mt s phng php to ra file grid [.GRD] t cc d liu XYZ ca bn. Surfer cng c th s dng cc file USGS [.DEM], GTopo30 [.HDR], SDTS [.DDF], v m hnh cao s (Digital Terrain Elevation Model) (DTED) [.DT*] mt cch trc tip. C ngha l bn khong cn phi tri qua qu trnh gridding nu bn c ccc file [.DEM], [.HDR], [.DDF], [.DT*] Cc phng php Gridding to ra mt mng ch nht khong cch u cc gi tr Z t cc d liu XYZ khng u. C rrat nhiu l hng thiu d liu v qu trnh gridding ph kn n bng cch ngoi suy hoc ni suy gi tr Z ti nhng v tr ny ni khng c d liu. Mt grid l mt li ch nht bao gm cc hng v ct. Giao im ca hng v ct gi l nt grid. Cc hng cha cc nt c cng ta Y v cc ct cha cc nt c cng ta X. Gridding tao ra gi tr Z ti mi mt nt grid bng cch ni suy hoc ngoi suy cc gi tr d liu. Cc hng v ct ca Grid file i khi c gi l cc ng X v Y tng ng. Thc t, khi bn to ra mt bn khung 3D (wireframe) t mt file grid, cc ng ca li biu din cc ng X v Y tng ng. Giao im ca cc ng grid xc nh v tr ca cc nt li trn wireframe, v cao b mt ti mi nt tng ng vi gi tr Z c gn cho nt . Khi cc d liu XYZ c thu thp theo khong cch u c th to ra file grid m s dng trc tip gi tr Z m khng cn phi qua qu trnh griding. Vic ny s c trnh by trong phn Producing a Grid File from a Regular Array of XYZ Data. V d Gridding Kho st bi ton to bn ng tr su nc ti cc ging trong mt vng. V tr cc ging phn b khng u nhau trong vng nghin cu. Nu bn cung cp cho Surfer v tr ca cc ging (ta XY) v su ca nc (gi tr Z) dng file XYZ, Surfer c th to ra mt file grid v tip theo mt bn da trn grid ca cc gi tr ban u. Cc hnh sau y ch ra qua trnh bnh thng t mt file d liu n file grid ri n bn contour.
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y l file d liu ch v tr ca ging v su ca nc.
y l bn post map th hin v tr d liu. Vi tr ging khng u v c rt nhiu l hng khng c d liu.
Griddingni suy mt gi tr Z ti giao im ca mi hng v ct trong grid file, nh m ph cc l hng trong d liu. Cc hng v ct c biu din bi cc ng grid trn bn .
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Cc im d liu khng u ny c dng ni suy cc gi tr cc nt. Cc gi tr ni suy c ghi vo mt file grid. File grid c dng sinh ra bn contour. Hnh ny ch ra bn contour, cc im d liu Cc file Grid (Grid Files ) Ccgrid files m Surfer to ra, cn c goi l cc m hnh s cao (Digital Elevation Models DEM). Surfer s dung cc file grid USGS DEM [.DEM], GTopo30 [.HDR], SDTS [.DDF], v DTED [.DT*].
GRD
Cc Files vi ui [.GRD] l cc Surfer grid files. gi c cc thng tin v t gy a cht (faulting information) v s dung cc gi tr chnh xc kp trong Surfer, cn ghi grid Surfer 7 format. Nu bn cn s dng grid trong Surfer 5 hoc Surfer 6, save grid dng GS ASCII [.GRD] hoc GS Binary [.GRD]. Nh rng 2 format ny khng cha thng tin v t gy v k chnh xc kp
DEM
Cc file USGS DEM c thay th bi USGS SDTS files. Surfer vn c c cc file kiu c ny. ... D liu Grid Grid files cn thit cho vic tao ra cc kiu bn trong Surfer, bao gm contour, image, shaded relief, vect, surface, v wireframe maps. Cc file d liu l cc file vi v tr ngu nhin, v nhng d liu ny c bin i v cc grid u trc khi s dng rt nhiu tnh nng ca Surfer. Grid files c sinh ra bng cch s dng lnh Grid | Data. Khi to grid file bn thng chp nhn cc tham s gridding mc nh v to ra grid file biu d liu ca bn kh tt . Trong hu ht cc trng hp, phng php gridding vi variogram tuyn tnh c khuyn s dng. y l phng php gridding c chn mc nh v n cho kt qu tt i vi phn ln tp d liu. C mt s cc tham s bn cn phi thit lp khi sinh ra grid file. Tt c cc phng php gridding yu cu ti thiu 3 im d liu. Mt s phng php khc i hi nhiu hn. to grid file t mt XYZ data file: 1. To XYZ data file. D liu phi c t chc thnh ct d liu, tt c d liu X mt ct, tt c d liu Y ct khc v tt c gi tr ct th ba 2. Nhy chut vo ln Grid | Data hin ln Open dialog. 3. Ch ra tn ca XYZ data file, ri click OK.
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4. Trong Grid Data dialog, ch ra cc tham s cho kiu grid file m bn mun to ra. 5. Click OK v grid file c to ra. Trong qu trnh gridding, thanh trng thi di ca ca s Surfer cho bn bit thng tin ca qu trnh gridding. Grid Data Dialog
Data Columns (ct d liu)
Phi ch ra cc ct tng ng vi cc d liu X,Y, Z. Surfer mc nh cho X: Column A, Y: Column B, v Z: Column C. D liu ca bn c th bt k 3 ct no. Click mi tn xung ti mi box v la chn ct thch hp cho mi bin.
Filter Data (lc d liu)
Bn c th lc d liu trc khi gridding da vo b lc nh trc hoc bng phng trnh xc nh bng cch nhy nt Filter Data.
View Data (Xem d liu)
Nu bn cha chc chn nhng ct no cha d liu XYZ, click nt View Data xem data file worksheet format. Nu bn gp li Insufficient data (3 or more XYZ triplets required, s dng View Data chc chn rng 3 ct d liu c xp bn phi. Nu c mt ct xp tri d liu l dng text khng phi s.
Statistics (thng k)
Click nt Statistics hin cc kt qu thng k trn cc ct XYZ c chn

Grid Report (bo co grid)
nh du vo hp Grid Report to ra bo co gridding bao gm cc tham s gridding s dng to grid. Bo co ny cng bao gm c cc kt qu thng k
Gridding Method (Phng php gridding)
Chn gridding method v ty chn (nt Advanced Options) trong nhm Grid Method.
Cross Validate
Click nt Cross Validate thc hin cross validation cc d liu. Output Grid File (to file grid) Chn ng dn v tn file cho grid trong nhm Output Grid File.
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Grid Line Geometry
Grid line geometry xc nh gii hn v mt ca grid. Gii hn ca Grid limits l minimum v maximum ca X v Y. Mt ca Grid thng c xc nh bi s hng v ct trong grid. The # of Lines in the X Direction l s ct, v # of Lines in the Y Direction l s hng. Bng cch xc nh gii hn v s hng s ct ca grid, gi tr Spacing c t ng xc nh nh l khong cch ca cc hng v ct cnh nhau. Data Page (trang d liu) Bn c th chn d liu cho mt variogram mi trn trang Data trong hp hi thoi New Variogram.
Data Columns (Cc ct d liu)
Bn c th ch ra cc ct d liu X, Y, Z trong nhm Data Columns group. Surfer mc nh cho X: Column A, Y: Column B, v Z: Column C.
Duplicate Data (d liu trng)
Bn c th chn kiu cho duplicate data s dng trong qu trnh variogram gridding t danh sch To Keep. Cc hp X Tolerance v Y Tolerance t khong cch, n v d liu m n xc nh d liu c b trng hay khng. Nu d liu khng trng nhau v ta nhng bn mun coi nhng im gn nhau l trng th cn s dng thit lp ny.
Data Exclusion Filter (Lc b d liu)
thit lp qui tc loi b d liu khi gridding, s dng Data Exclusion Filter.
Statistics (Thng k)
y hp thoi th hin cc s liu thng k v d liu. Nu bn thay i bt k tham s no trong hp thoi, click nt Update Statistics hin cc tham s thng k trn c s thng tin b thay i. Data Filters (Lc d liu) Hp thoi Filter cung cp cc phng php lc d liu v n c m ra khi nhn vo phm Filter Data trong hp thoi Grid Data. Qu trnh lc cng c trong trang Data trong hp thoi New Variogram. Bn c th lc d liu bng cch s dng mt trong nhng phng php lc d liu xc nh trc (danh sch To Keep), hoc bn c th sinh ra phng php lc mi vi Data Exclusion Filter. Khi lc d liu, Data Exclusion Filter c p dng trc ri mi n phng php Duplicate Data c p dng.
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Duplicate Data (d liu trng)
Nhm Duplicate Data group c cc phng php xc nh v x l cc im d liu trng nhau. D liu trng l 2 hoc nhiu hn cc im c ta XY gn trng nhau (cc gi tr Z c th khc nhau ti cc ta XY ny). D liu trng nhau l mt vn ca mt s cc phng php gridding bao gm Kriging, Natural Neighbor, Radial Basis Function, v Triangulation with Linear Interpolation.
Ngoi ty chn To Keep cn c ty chn X Tolerance v Y Tolerance. V d 2 im A v B l trng nhau nu:
Bng nh ngha ny c th im A v B trng nhau, im B v C trng nhau nhng A v khng trng nhau.
Data Exclusion Filter
Data Exclusion Filter cho php bn dng biu thc lgic ch ra cch loi b d liu. V d:
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X=-999 hoc Y=-999 hoc Z=-999 loi b bt k b 3 no vi trng 999 X<10 hoc X>20 hoc Y<10 hoc Y>20 loi b tt c cc d liu ngoi phm vi 10 n 20 Z < 0.0 loi b bt k b ba no vi Z < 0.0 View Data (Xem d liu) Click phm View Data trong hp thoi Grid Data xem file d liu c grid. Bn c th s dng data view chn cc ct X, Y v Z thch hp.
Grid Line Geometry (Cc tham s hnh hc ca grid)
Tham s hnh hc ca grid c thit lp trong Grid Data. Grid line geometry xc nh gii hn v mt ca grid. Grid limits l minimum v maximum ca ta X v Y. Grid density thng c xc nh bi s hng v ct trong grid. # of Lines trong X Direction l s cc ct ca grid, v # of Lines in the Y Direction l s cc hng ca grid. Gi tr Spacing c xc nh mt cch t ng nh l khong cch gia cc hnh v ct lin k Surfer tnh cc gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca t file d liu XYZ. Nhng gi tr ny c dng l gi tr mc nh nh nht v ln nht ca grid. Hng c chiu di ln hn thng c gn mc nh l 100 hng. S hng ca hng kia c tnh ton sao cho khong cch hai hng l xp x. Grid Limits (gii hn ca Grid) Grid limits xc nh gii hn ca bn contour, image, shaded relief, vect, wireframes, v surfaces to t cc grid files. Khi to ra mt grid file, t gii hn m rng bn mun cho bn . Mt khi grid file c to ra bn khng th to ra mt bn da vo file grid m li ln hn gii hn ca grid. Grid Density (mt ca grid) Mt ca Grid l s hng v ct trong grid file, v l o s cc nt grid trong mt grid. Mt grid cng cao th cng tng trn ca bn . Tuy nhhin vic tng s nt ca grid ko theo s tng thi gian ni suy, thi gian v v kch thc file ln hn. Mt grid ln hn lm trn bn . Cc ng contour v cc ng XY xc nh mt wireframe l mt lot cc on ng thng. Nhiu ng X v ng Y dn n cc on ngn hn i vi bn contours v wireframe. Mc du cc file grid mt cao c th c to ra, nhng thi gian v khng gian li gii hn chng trong mt s lng nt bn mun to ra trong mt grid file. Gii hn mt ca grid da vo b nh ca my tnh v kch thc file bn mun to ra. B nh gii hn, cc file d liu rt ln, cc grid mt cao hoc bt k t hp no ca cc yu t trn lm tng thi gian gridding
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Weighted Averaging (Trung bnh trng s)
Cc phng php gridding trong Surfer s dung cc thut ton ni suy trung bnh trng s. iu c ngha l, vi tt c cc yu t khc c coi l nh nhau th im gn nt li hn c trng s ln hn khi tham gia vo xc dng gi tr Z ca nt . S khc nhau gia cc phng php grid l yu t trng ss c tnh v p dng cho cc im nh th no trong qu trnh ni suy nt li. hiu cc trung bnh trng s c p dng nh th no chng ta hy xem phng trnh di y. cc gi tr N cho: gi tr ni suy ti bt k nt grid no (for example, tnh trung bnh trng s ca cc gi tr: ) c th c
trong G l gi tr ni suy ti nt j; N l s im c dng ni suy cho mi nt. Z l gi tr Z ti im th i ; v wij l trng s kt hp vi gi tr d liu th

j th
i khi tnh Gj Gridding Methods (Cc phng php gridding) Cc tham s ca phng php Grid kim sot qu trnh ni suy. Khi bn to ra mt grid file, bn thng chp nhn phng php ni suy mc nh v sinh ra mt bn chp nhn c. Cc phng php grid khc nhau cho cc biu din khc nhau ca d liu v mi mt phng php tnh gi tr ca nt grid bng thut ton khc nhau. Nu bn khng cm thy tha mn vi bn sinh ra bn c th to thm cc file grid bng cc phng php khc v so snh kt qu. V bn Surfer c to t cc d liu ni suy, d liu gc khng cn c ch trng na trong file grid. Khi bn cc im d liu ln bn mt s ng ng tr c th i sai so vi d liu gc. iu xy ra v v tr ca ng contour c xc nh ch bi gi tr cc nt grid ni suy v khng trc tip t cc d liu gc. Mt s phng php tt hn cc phng php khc khi tn trng d liu gc v v th i khi mt s php th l cn thit trc khi xc nh c phng php tt nht cho d liu ca bn. Cc phng php ni suy bao gm Inverse Distance to a Power (nghch o khong cch ln mt ly tha), Kriging, Minimum Curvature (ng cong ti thiu), Modified Shepard's Method (Phng php Shepard's bin i), Natural Neighbor (Ngi lng ging t nhin), Nearest Neighbor (ngi lng ging gn nht), Polynomial Regression (Hi qui a thc), Radial Basis Function, Triangulation with Linear Interpolation (Li tam gic vi ni suy
th
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tuyn tnh), Moving Average (Trung bnh dch chuyn), Data Metrics, v Local Polynomial.
General Gridding Recommendations (La chn cc phng php gridding)
Di y l danh sch cc phng php v mt s u nhc im chnh trong vic la chn v so snh gia cc phng php. Nghch o khong cch ln mt ly tha rt nhanh nhng hay c xu hng to ra nhng "mt tru" ti nhng ng contour tp trung quang cc im d liu. Inverse Distance to a Power khng ngoi suy cc gi tr Z vt trn phm vi d liu Kriging l phng php mm do hn v thng c s dng vi hu ht cc kiu d liu. Vi hu ht cc tp d liu, Kriging vi variogram tuyn tnh mc nh l rt hiu qu. Ni chung bn c khuyn l nn dng phng php ny. Kriging l phng php ni suy mc nh v n sinh ra bn tt vi hu ht cc tp d liu. i vi cc tp d liu ln, Kriging c th hi chm. Kriging c th ni suy ra cc gi tr grid vt qua gii hn Z. ng cong ti thiu to ra mt trn v nhanh vi hu ht cc tp d liu nhng n cc gi tr ln ngay trong nhng vng khng c d liu. Minimum Curvature c th ni suy cc gi tr vt ln gii hn ca Z. Natural Neighbor to ra cc ng contour tt t cc tp d liu cha d liu dy trong mt s vng no v v d liu tha tht vng khc. N khng sinh ra d liu nhng vng khng c d liu. Natural Neighbor khng th ni suy ra cc gi tr grid vt qua gii hn Z. Nearest Neighbor thng c dng hiu qu bin i cc file d liu XYZ u (hoc gn u) thnh file grid. Khi cc quan trc ca bn phn b gn nh grid vi mt t l hng. Phng php ny thng c dng ph vo cc l hng hoc to ra cc file grid vi cc gi tr trng (blanking value) c gn vo ch khng c d liu. Nearest Neighbor khng th ni suy ra cc gi tr grid vt qua gii hn Z. Hi qui a thc x l d liu ch r c cc trend. N c dng phn tch mt trend. Polynomial Regression rt nhanh i vi bt k mt tp d liu no nhng cc chi tit cc b trong d liu s b mt trong grid c sinh ra. Phng php ny c th ni suy ra cc gi tr grid vt qua gii hn Z. Radial Basis Function hon ton mm do. N c so snh vi Kriging khi n sinh ra, biu din tt nht i vi hu ht cc tp d liu. Phng php ny to ra kt qu tng t nh Kriging. Modified Shepard's Method tng t nh Inverse Distance to a Power nhng khng sinh ra "mt tru", c bit khi yu t lm trn c s dng. Modified Shepard's Method c th ni suy ra cc gi tr grid vt qua gii hn Z. 61
Li tam gic vi ni suy tuyn tnh rt nhanh. Khi bn dng mt tp d liu nh, Triangulation with Linear Interpolation to ra cc tam gic gia cc dim d liu. Triangulation with Linear Interpolation Khng th ni suy ra cc gi tr grid vt qua gii hn Z. z Moving Average (Trung bnh dch chuyn) thng c p dng cho cc tp d liu ln v rt ln. Moving Average trch xut cc trends v variations trung bnh t cc tp d liu ln, ln xn v n rt nhanh thm ch vi tp d liu ln. Phng php ni suy ny l hp l thay th Nearest Neighbor to ra cc grids t cc tp d liu ln v u z Data Metrics c s dng to ra cc li thng tin ca d liu. z Local Polynomial c p dng cho cc tp d liu trn cc b. Tc tnh ton ca phng php khng r rt lm khi so vi kch thc d liu.
Exact and Smoothing Interpolators (Ni suy chnh xc v ni suy trn)
Cc phng php ni suy trong Surfer c chia lm 2 loi chnh xc v loi lm trn. Mt s ni suy chnh xc kt hp vi yu t lm trn lm cho n tr thnh ni suy trn Ni suy chnh xc tn trng cc im d liu mt cch chnh xc khi im ny trng vi im ca nt li ang c to ra. Thm ch kh dng cc ni suy chnh xc, c th file grid khng tn trng cc im d liu c th nu im d liu khng trng mt cch tuyt i tng s ging nhau m liu c tn trng bn c th tng s hng X, Y trong grid. iu ny tng c hi trng nhau ca nt grid vi im d liu v nh vy tng c hi cc gi tr d liu c p dng trc tip vo file grid Cc phng php sau l cc ni suy chnh xc Inverse Distance to a Power khi khng ch ra yu t lm trn Kriging Khi khng c hiu ng t sinh Nearest Neighbor trong mi hon cnh Radial Basis Function Khi khng xc nh gi tr R Modified Shepard's Method khi khng ch ra yu t lm trn Triangulation with Linear Interpolation Natural Neighbor Cc phng php sau l cc ni suy lm trn: Inverse Distance to a Power khi ch ra yu t lm trn Kriging Khi khng c hiu ng t sinh Polynomial Regression Radial Basis Function khi xc nh R Modified Shepard's Method khi ch ra yu t lm trn Local Polynomial Moving Average
2 2
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GRAPHER
Ti liu ny hng dn s dung cc tinh nng c bn ca Grapher, bao gm cc ni dung chnh trnh by phn tip theo. Tun theo hng dn ny cc bn c th t to c th cho ring mnh. Phn 1. To mt th - ch cho bn bit cch to th Phn 2. Xem v sa cha d liu - ch cho bn cc hin th v thay i cc d liu trong th Phn 3. Thay i cc thuc tnh ca th Modifying Graph Properties - ch cho bn cch m vo phn cc thuc tnh ca th v thay i cc c tnh c bn ca bn v Phn 4 - Bin tp cc trc ca th Adding Axis Titles t tn cho trc Changing the Tick Mark Spacing Thay i khong cch vch ca trc. Phn 5. B sung cc yu t vo th Adding New Plots cch thm mt bn v vo th. Editing the New Plot Properties sa cha cc thuc tnh ca bn v mi. Adding, Editing, and Moving a Legend thm, sa v dch chuyn ch gii. Graphing with Multiple Axes . Creating the First Plot to th u trong th a trc Adding a Plot to an Existing Graph thm th vo th c sn. Other Editing tm tt mt s sa i khc trong th Phn 6 - Lu th Saving a Graph - Cch lu gi mt th Phn 7 - Xy dng th a trc I. To mt th Creating a Graph Bn c th to th bng nhiu cch khc nhau trong Grapher. Cc th c th c tao: T menu to th trong ca s plot, Vi graph wizard, T trang tnh worksheet, v t cc mu templates. to mt th ng/im ri rc (line/scatter graph): 1. Nhy vo ln Graph | 2D Graphs | Line/Scatter hoc nhy button. 2. Hp thoi Open Worksheet dialog s m ra. Hin th mc SAMPLES s dng danh sch Look in . V tr ca th mc ny khc nhau ty thuc v phn mm c ci t u. Nu phn mm c ci t th 63
mc mc nh, th ng Software\Grapher5\Samples.
dn
\Program
Files\Golden
3. Nhy kp vo TUTORIAL.DAT file trong th mc SAMPLES m n ra. Hoc c th nhy vo TUTORIAL.DAT mt ln v nhn nt Open. Mt th line/scatter c to ra s dng cc tham s mc nh
Your line/scatter graph should be similar to this graph.
Mc nh, Grapher s s dng 2 ct u cha cc d liu dng s hoc ngy thng trong file d liu. Vi file ny th X tng ng vi ct B v Y tng ng vi ct C. II. Hin v sa cha d liu Nu th bn sinh ra khng ging nh ci m bn mong i hoc bn mun sa cha d liu, bn c th m file d liu trong Grapher. C mt s cch hin th d liu. Cch ph bin nht l s dng Worksheet Manager. Worksheet Manager c th c nhn y ca ca s Grapher. Nu bn khng nhn thy th c th nhy View | Managers | Worksheet Manager. Nhy v TUTORIAL.DAT cui ca Worksheet Manager hin d liu s dng trong bn v line/scatter.
Nhy the Tutorial.dat tab hin d liu trong bn v .
Worksheet Manager l mt cch thun tin xem, vo v kim tra d liu, nu bn nhy phi trong Worksheet Manager, s c tt c cc cu lnh trong menu lm vic vi trang tnh. Worksheet Manager l cng c
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tt nu th khng xut hin nh bn mun. Chng hn khi c sai st trong vic g d liu bn c th sa cha chng trong Worksheet Manager. sa d liu: 1. Nhy vo C2 ch ra hnh trc. 2. La chn 45.2 trong hin thi
Highlight the active cell edit box contents by dragging the cursor over the number.
3. Nhp vo 15 trong hin thi 4. Nhn ENTER t bn phm. Ch rng d liu trong C2 s c cp nht. V cng ch rng th cng s thay i phn nh cp nht
Thay i d liu trong Worksheet Manager Cng lm thay i th
III. Thay i cc thuc tnh ca th Khi bn to ra c th, bn cng c th thay i cc thuc tnh ca th. Bn c th thay i kch thc cc trc, khong cch cc vch, mu ng v hoc bt c ci g bn nhn thy trong th.
Cc thuc tnh ca i tng
thay i cc thuc tnh ca mt i tng, m cc thuc tnh bng cch la chn i tng v thay i cc thuc tnh trong Property Inspector. Thay i cc thuc tnh ca th Line/Scatter trong v d ny, gi s chng ta i th ng va to ra (line graph) thnh th im (scatter plot).
Chn Line/Scatter Plot
Object Manager l cch d nht chn chnh xc i tng bn mun, v th phng php ny c s dng ph bin. th ca phn trc phi c sn trong ca s trc khi lm cc bc tip theo. chn line/scatter plot: 65
1. Chc chn rmg Object Manager ang c m. Nu khng thy th c th nhy View | Managers | Object Manager. Du la chn c hin ra cnh visible managers. 2. Nhy vo tn Line/Scatter Plot 1. Line/scatter plot c chn v m ra cc thuc tnh ca line/scatter plot trong Property Inspector.
Nhy vo tn ca i tng Line/Scatter Plot 1 chn bn v.

Thay i cc thuc tnh ca th Line/Scatter
Sau khi th line/scatter c chn v cc thuc tnh ca chng hin ra trong Property Inspector. thay i t line plot thnh scatter plot: 1. Property Inspector cha tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng c chn. Property Inspector c th c m sut thi gian lm vic d dng truy nhp. Mt th line/scatter bao gm thuc tnh bn v, thuc tnh chia ct, cc thanh li, nhn bn v, thuc tnh ng v ph . Nhy vo du + bn cnh phn tn m phn ny. Trong v d ny nhy vo du + cnh Plot Properties m phn Plot Properties (Phn ny c m nu c du bn cnh tn) 2. Trt xung phn Symbol frequency. Bi en s 0, g vo s 1, v n ENTER t bn phm. Bn c th nhy vo m tn ln (up arrow) mt ln sau khi chn trng s
Cc thuc tnh ca line/scatter plot. Thay i Symbol frequency thnh 1 th hin k hiu cho tt c cc im d liu. 3. Nhy vo du + cnh Symbol m cc thuc tnh ca symbol. Mt danh sch cc thuc tnh symbol xut hin.
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4. K hiu hin thi c t cnh Symbol. Nhy vo k hiu hin thi, l du thp . Nhy vo k hiu hin thi hin ln bng k hiu. Nhy vo vung n dng th 3, bng k hiu ng li v s v k hiu mi
Nhy vo k hiu hin thi m bng k hiu 5. Tip theo, Trt xung phn Line Properties v nhy du cng m cc thuc tnh ng. 6. Nhy vo kiu ng hin thi cnh Style, n s l ng lin nt (solid line). Bng kiu ng s m ra. Nhy vo invisible line style, n l phn t th 2 trong bng. Khi nhy vo invisible line style, bng ng li v th thay i thnh scatter plot.
Nhy vo kiu ng hin thi m bng kiu ng. th s xut hin tng t nh y:
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Mt th scatter plot c to ra bi s dng invisible line style (kiu ng v hnh).
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IV. Bin tp cc trc ca th

Thm tn cho cc trc
Cc trc ca Grapher c th c thay i cho ph hp vi yu cu thit k. T l trc, di trc, khong cch vch, nhn vch, tn trc, mu sc, ... c th c thay i. cc tn ca trc cho php bn xc nh cc bin c biu din bi mi trc. Chn cc trc Chn trc m cc thuc tnh ca trc. chn trc: 1. Kim tra Object Manager c m khng. nu cha nhy View | Managers | Object Manager. 2. Nhy tn Y Axis 1. chn trc v m cc thuc tnh ca trc trong Property Inspector.
Thm mt tn trc
Khi trc c la chn, cc thuc tnh ca trc c hin ln trong Property Inspector. Cc trc tiu chun c cc phn Axis Properties, Grid Lines, Tick Marks, Tick Labels, Break Axis, Line Properties . Tn trc l nm trong phn Axis Properties. 1. Nhy du cng cnh Axis Properties m phn Axis Properties. 2. Nhy du cng cnh Axis title m tu chn Axis title. 3. Nhy vo t <Click here to edit text> cnh Title. S m Text Editor. 4. Trong Text Editor, g t "Temperature" (khng c du"). 5. Tip theo, ta thay i cc thuc tnh ca tn trc. Trong Text Editor dialog, chon t "Temperature" v thay i kch thc ca font ln 20 points. 6. Nhy OK button ng Text Editor dialog v lu li thay i font size. T "Temperature" by gi xut hin dc theo trc Y. Lm tng t v thm tn "Month" vo trc X.
Axis titles are added by selecting the axis and then adding the title trong Property Inspector.
Thay i khocg cch vch
Du vch l cch ch th n v o, v thng thng l khong cch u nh cc ng trong mt ci thc k. Cc du vch l cc ng vung gc vi cc trc. Du vch di hn thng c coi l du vch chnh v vch ngn hn gia chng gi l vch ph. Trong th trn, vch chnh trc Y l 10 n v (ngha l 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, v 70). Trong phn sau khong cch vch thay i thnh 2 n v. thay i khong cch vch: 1. Nhy vo tn Y Axis 1 trong Object Manager. 2. Trong Property Inspector, nhy du cng cnh phn Tick Marks m tick mark properties. 3. Nhy u cng cnh Major ticks m major tick mark properties. 4. Chn Custom t danh sch Spacing. 5. Trong Spacing value box, g 2 vo hp v nhn ENTER. Khong cch vch ca trc Y i thnh 2 trong th. Lm tng t vi trc X v i khong cch t 4 thnh 1.
You can customize the axes by changing the tick mark spacing.
V. B sung cc yu t vo th Bn c th thm vo mt vi bn v khc vo trong mt th trong Grapher. Trong file TUTORIAL.DAT, cc ct C n J u cha d liu Y, lm d dng vic thm cc bn v vo th.
Thm bn v mi
thm mt bn v : 1. Trong Object Manager, nhy vo i tng Line/Scatter Plot 1. M ra cc thuc tnh ca th line/scatter trong Property Inspector. 2. Nhy du cng cnh Plot Properties v trt xung y ca danh sch. 3. Nhy vo t <Click here to add a new plot> cnh New plot. 70
Khi <Click here to add a new plot> c nhy, Tn Property Inspector thay i thnh Properties -Line/Scatter Plot 2 v Y column i thnh Column D: Site B. Ch rng by gi c 2 bn v trong th. Bn v mi dng cng cc trc ca plot trc
Sa i cc thuc tnh ca bn v mi
Khi to thm cc bn v. Bn v tng ct Y v s dng cc thuc tnh ca bn v c. Ton b d liu phi c cha trong mt file s dng tnh nng New plot. Mt khc khng phi tt c cc kiu bn v u c tnh nng ny. Sa i cc thuc tnh ca bn v mi gip phn bit cc bn v, chng hn chng ta hy b cc k hiu v thm ng vo bn v mi. thay i cc thuc tnh ca bn v line/scatter th 2: 1. Trt n Symbol frequency trong phn Plot Properties v g 0. nhn ENTER thay i. 2. Trt n phn Line Properties v nhy du cng m line properties. 3. Nhy vo Invisible cnh Style v nhy Solid (u tin trong danh sch). Sa i khong cch vch trc Y Thm mt bn v mi lm khong cch vch ca trc Y qu gn nhau. iu c th thay i d dng bng cch sa i cc thuc tnh trc nh trong phn Thay i khong cch du vch. 1. Nhy vo tn Y Axis 1 trong Object Manager. Cc thuc tnh ca trc Y c m trong Property Inspector. 2. Trong Property Inspector, nhy du cng cnh Tick Marks m tick mark properties. 3. Trong Spacing value, g s 10 v nhn ENTER.
A second plot can be added to the existing plot with the New plot feature.
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Thm, thay i v dch chuyn ch gii (Legend)
Cc ch gii cung cp thng tin lun gii mt th. Thm mt ch gii thm mt ch gii: 1. Trong Object Manager, chn bt k phn no trong th bng cch nhy vo mt i trung trong th, chng hn Y Axis 1, Line/Scatter Plot 2. 2. Nhy lnh Graph | Add to Graph | Legend. Mt ch gii c to ra cho th s dng cc thuc tnh mc nh. cc thuc tnh mc nh ny c th thay i. Hin ti ch gii s hin Graph 1 lm tn v Line/Scatter Plot 1 v 2 s l tn bn v. Chng ta s thay i cc tn ny phn nh d liu. Sa i tn ch gii sa i tn ch gii: 1. Nhy Legend 1 trong Object Manager. Cc thuc tnh ch gii s m ra trong Property Inspector. 2. Nhy du cng m phn Legend Properties. 3. Nhy t <Click here to edit text> cnh Title m Text Editor v sa i tn ch gii. 4. Trong Text Editor, bi en Graph 1 v g tn "Research Results 1". V nhy OK. Sa i tn bn v sa i tn bn v: 1. Trong Legend Properties section, nhy <Click here to edit entries> cnh Entries. Hp Legend Entries dialog s m ra. 2. Trong Legend Entries dialog, nhy Line/Scatter Plot 1 di ct Name, v nhy Rename button. M ra Text Editor v bn c th i tn. 3. Trong v d ny, th line/scatter plot 1 s dng ct gn nhn Site A, v th i tn thnh Site A bng cch bi n Line/Scatter Plot 1 trong Text Editor v g "Site A". 4. Nhy OK button ng Text Editor. 5. Lm tng t i tn cho Line/Scatter Plot 2 thnh Site B. 6. Nhy OK button ng Legend Entries dialog v v ch gii vi cc tn c thay i. Dch chuyn ch gii Bn c th dch chuyn ch gii bng cch nhy vo Legend 1 trong Object Manager, t v tr con tr vo ch gii trong bn v gi nhn nt tri ca con chut v ko ch gii n v tr mi.
Legends can be added to most graphs.
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VI. Lu th Khi bn hon thnh th trong plot window, bn c th ct gi th vo mt file Grapher [.GRF] hoc mt Grapher project file [.GPJ] cha cc thng tin cn thit to li th. Khi bn lu mt th tt c cc t l, nh dng v tham s ca th c gi trong file. S khc nhau gia [.GRF] file v [.GPJ] file l ch cc [.GPJ] file cha d liu v [.GRF] file lu lin kt n gi liu nhng khng cha d liu bn trong file. Nu mt file th cn gi cho ngi khc th cn phi chuyn c cc file d liu cng vi [.GRF] file. lu th: 1. Chn lnh File | Save command, hoc nhy button. Save As dialog hin ra v trc th cha c lu. 2. Trong File name box, g TUTOR. 3. Trong Save as type list, chn Grapher File (*.GRF) hoc Grapher Project (*.GPJ). 4. Nhy Save v file c lu trong th mc hin thi. th va lu vn m v thanh Grapher title bar thay i phn nh s i tn VII. Xy dng th a trc y l mt tu chn, advanced topic trong Grapher s ch ra cch to th nhiu trc nh th no.
i khi, cn phi v nhiu th m dng chung mt trc. Mt cch thng thng s dng lnh Graph | Add to Graph | Plot. Lp th a trc yu cu To th th nht v Thm bn v cho mt th c sn
To th th nht
th to ra y bao gm mt th bar chart v mt th line/scatter. Ta s to ra th bar chart trc theo cc bc sau mc d n l tng t i vi mi bn v. to th bar chart: 73
1. M ca s v mi vi lnh File | New. Chn Plot trong New dialog v nhy OK 2. Chn Graph | 2D Graphs | Bar Chart hoc nhy button. 3. Chn TUTORIAL-BAR.DAT trong Open Worksheet dialog v nhy Open button. TUTORIAL-BAR.DAT nm trong th mc Grapher's SAMPLES. Mt th 2D bar chart c to ra s dng X Axis 1 v Y Axis 1 l cc trc.
Thm mt th vo th c sn
th th 2 c th l bt k kiu no c lit k trong Select Plot Type dialog. V th th nht l 2D bar chart, nn ch c cc th 2D l c th c thm vo trong th. Cc th 2D khng th t hp vi cc th 3D; Cc th vung gc khng th thm vo cc th cc, ... thm th ng: 1. Chn bt k phn no trong th. Bn c th s dng Object Manager hoc nhy vo mt phn trong th. 2. Chn Graph | Add to Graph | Plot. 3. Chn Line/Scatter Plot trong Select Plot Type dialog v nhy OK button. 4. Trong Choose Axes dialog, chn X Axis 1 cho trc X, v chn Create new axis cho trc Y. Nhy mi tn di trong Y Axis chn Create new axis. 5. Sau khi Create new axis c chn, nhy Position button trong Y Axis group. 6. Trong Position New Axis dialog, chn At the right of. 7. nh du vo hp Flip tick marks and labels. 8. Nhy the OK button ng Position New Axis dialog. 9. Nhy the OK button trong Choose Axes dialog. 10. Chn TUTORIAL-LINE.DAT trong Open Worksheet dialog v nhy Open button. File d liu ny khng cn thit phi l cng vi file d liu trong th u. th line/scatter plot c to ra dng cc trc X Axis 1 v Y Axis 2.
You can create multiple plots on a graph that do not share both axes.
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Cc sa i khc
Bn c th sa i cc c tnh khc ca th nh l: khong cch du vch s dng phn Tick Marks gii hn du vch trong Axis limits trong phn Axis Properties tn trc trong phn Axis Properties cc du vch chnh u v cui trong phn Tick Marks rng ca width trong bar chart Plot Properties rng ca ng trong line/scatter Plot Properties Ngoi ra bn c th edit nhiu c tnh khc na, thm mt legend, v thm graph title. Chng hn th sau:
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MAPVIEWER
Ti liu ny hng dn s dng cc tnh nng c bn ca MapViewer, bao gm cc ni dung chnh trnh by phn tip theo. Tun theo hng dn ny cc bn c th t to c bn cho ring mnh. Phn I. Gii thiu v MapViewer Phn II.Data Files - cc file d liu Phn III. Boundary Files - cc file ranh gii. Phn IV. Creating a Thematic Map - to bn chuyn Phn V. Adding Map Accessories - B sung cc thnh phn ca bn . Phn VI. Saving v Exporting the Map - Lu v xut bn I. MapViewer lm vic nh th no Trc khi lm vic vi phn mm ny chng ta hy xem xt cc thnh phn ca mt bn chuyn MapViewer. to ra bn chuyn trong MapViewer, bn cn c mt bn nn cha cc ranh gii v mt file d liu cha cc d liu bn mun biu din trn bn . Vi hai thnh phn ny bn c th to ra bt k bn no trong cc kiu bn chuyn (thematic map types). Base maps bao gm cc din tch (areas), cc ng cong (curves) v cc im (points). Cc din tch, ng cong, cc im cng c tham chiu ti nh l cc i tng ranh gii (boundary objects). Cc din tch (polygons) l hnh khp kn c th hin ln mt kiu ph no . ng cong (polylines) l tp hp lin kt cc im lp thnh cc ng thng hoc cong. Cc im bao gm k hiu (symbol) nh du mt v tr to XY. Cc bn chuyn MapViewer lin kt d liu vi cc din tch, cc ng cong hoc cc im trn bn . Cc din tch, cc ng cong v cc im c lin kt vi d liu bng mt th ta gi l primary IDs. Mt primary ID l mt nh danh duy nht lin kt vi mi mt din tch, ng cong hoc im c biu din trn bn chuyn . Primary ID ny cng c thy trong d liu tng ng. D liu cha primary IDs v cc thng tin v mi mt din tch, ng cong hoc im m bn mun biu din v mt a l trn bn . Mi dng trong d liu cha primary ID v cc bin (d liu) i vi mt i tng ranh gii trn bn . Mi dng c cc d liu xc nh cho cc i tng lin kt v mi ct cha cc bin d liu khc nhau. V d ct A trong file d liu cha danh sch cc primary IDs cho mi vng trn bn v ct C c th cha d liu v dn s cho mi i tng trn bn . Hnh v y ch ra mi lin h gia cc ranh gii bn vi mt trang tnh d liu.
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Hnh ny cng minh ho mi quan h gia bn nn v d liu khi to ra bn chuyn trong MapViewer. Mi din tch trn bn ch ra primary ID (2 ch ci). Nhng primary IDs ny c cha trong ct A ca file d liu. Cc d liu c lin kt vi cc din tch trn bn to ra bn dn s dng hatch ch ra trong v d. II. Cc file D liu (Data Files ) Mt file d liu MapViewer phi bao gm mt primary ID (PID) t nht mt bin lp bn . Mi hng cha mt PID lin kt n mt i tng ca bn . Cc ct cha cc bin chng hn dn s. Nu d liu c trong file, bn khng cn phi hin ln trong ca s worksheet. Tuy nhin, nu d liu cha c trong file, u tin bn phi to ra file d liu trc khi to ra bn .
M mt file d liu
xem mt v d v file d liu, m TUTORIAL.XLS trong worksheet window. 1. Chn File | Open command. 2. Trong Open dialog, chn Excel Spreadsheet (*.xls) t danh sch Files of type. 3. Trong th mc MapViewer's SAMPLES, nhy TUTORIAL.XLS v nhy Open button. Mc d khng yu cu nhng tn ct (text hng 1) c ngha h tr cho vic xc nh kiu d liu trong ct, v thng tin ny c dng trong cc hp thoi khi chn cc ct d liu.
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III. Cc file ranh gii (Boundary Files) MapViewer cha cc file boundary trong th mc SAMPLES. Cng vi nhng boundary files ny, bn c th to ra cc boundaries hoc nhp chng vo t cc ngun khc. Mi bn u phi c cc PID gn cho cc i tng (areas, curves, v points). Nu bn nhp cc boundaries t cc ngun khc, nh rng cc file sau Atlas Boundary [.BNA], ESRI ArcInfo Export Format [.E00], MapInfo Interchange [.MIF], v ESRI Shapefiles [.SHP] c cha primary IDs. nhp (import) mt boundary file: 1. Chn File | New command hoc nhy button. Nhy Map option trong New dialog. Nhy OK button hin mt ca s bn trng mi. 2. Chn Map | Base Map command, hoc nhy button hin Import Boundary File dialog. N cho php boundary file hin trong map window. 3. Trong Import Boundary File dialog, duyt th mc SAMPLES folder. Tip theo, nhy mi tn xung trong trng Files of type, v chn All Recognized Types. Trong danh sch cc files, nhy TUTORIAL.GSB v tn xut hin trong File name box. nh du cc hp Append image v Specify import options boxes v nhy Open button. 4. Trong GS Boundary Import Options dialog, chc chn rng Areas to Curves box khng c nh du v nhy OK button. 5. Trong Import Options dialog, bn c th xc nh ID columns cho primary ID, secondary ID, thuc tnh 1, thuc tnh 2, v hyperlink. v d ny , t PID l Primary v SID l Secondary. B du Create Attribute 1, Create Attribute 2, v Create Hyperlink boxes. Nhy OK button v boundary map c hin trong trong map window. Nu file m bn nhp vo khng c IDs, v d AutoCAD Drawing [.DXF] files, bn c th gn IDs cho bn bng cch chn boundary object (v d, nhy vo mt area) v g ID vo ct PID ca Object Manager hoc g PID vo Property Inspector. IV. To bn chuyn (Thematic Map) Trong v d u chng ta to ta mt mt bn hatch map. Mt hatch map dng mu hoc patterns biu din cc gii hn d liu. l cch chung nht hin thng tin trn bn v n cung cp mt biu din trc quan d hiu ca d liu. Trn mt hatch map, tt c cc gi tr d liu c gn vo mt lp c th hoc phm vi d liu. Mi lp c gn mt mu ph khc nhau n l gii gia 2 hoc nhiu hn cc mu. Cc lp trung gian c gn gii mu tu thuc vo n ri vo ch no trong phm vi d liu.
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Nh cp, cc bn chuyn yu cu c bn nn v file d liu. Khi chn mt lnh thematic map, bn c yu cu chn mt file ranh gii v mt file d liu bn mun s dng. bt u to mt thematic map, mt cch n gin chn lnh map bn mun s dng t Map menu. M mt ca s bn mi u tin, m mt ca s bn mi bng cch chn File | New command hoc nhy button. Nhy Map option trong New dialog v nhy the OK button hin mt ca s bn trng, mi. Chn kiu bn bt u to mt hatch map, chn Map | Thematic Maps | Hatch Map command hoc nhy button hin Import Boundary File dialog. nhp mt Boundary File: 1. Trong Import Boundary File dialog, duyt th mc SAMPLES folder. 2. Tip theo, nhy mi tn xung trong trng Files of type, v chn All Recognized Types nu cha c chn. 3. Trong danh sch files, nhy TUTORIAL.GSB v tn s xut hin trong File name box. 4. nh du cc hp Append image v Specify import options boxes v nhy Open button. Specify import options l hp nh du quan trng nu bn ang nhp mt kiu vi rt nhiu ty chn, chng hn ESRI Shapefiles [.SHP]. Khi hp Specify import options box c nh du trong Import Boundary File dialog, GS Boundary Import Options dialog xut hin. Khng nh du hp Areas to Curves trong GS Boundary Import Options dialog, v nhy OK button. Ty chn Areas to Curve option l khng cn thit trong hu ht cc tnh hung v th bn khng cn nh du mc ny. Trong Import Options dialog, bn c th xc nh boundary IDs. Trong v d ny, cc la chn ct mc nh l kh tt. V khng c siu lin kt no vi cc i tng boundary, b nh du hp Create Hyperlink box v nhy OK button. Tip theo m file d liu, Open Data File dialog c hin, nhc bn v file d liu c dng. Chn All Recognized Types t danh sch Files of type, v nhy kp vo file TUTORIAL.XLS trong th mc SAMPLES folder. Cc thuc tnh ca Hatch Map Hatch Map dialog c hin sau khi boundary file v file d liu c chn. Ch rng trong phn Data source v columns ca Hatch Map dialog trng PID (Primary ID) c t ct A: Primary ID, v trng Variable c t ct B: Dn s (1000s). Bt k khi no bn to mt thematic map, bn phi xc nh cc ct cha primary ID v bin c biu din trn bn
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. Tuy nhin, MapViewer t ng nhn vo ct A tm primary ID, v trong ct tip theo cha d liu s tm bin c biu din. Nhy OK button trong Hatch Map dialog v mt hatch map dn s c to ra.
Mu sc ca bn c th khc nhau ty thuc vo thit lp ca bn. Thay i mu sc s c ni ti phn sau.

Thu phng xem r hn
View menu cha mt s cc lnh hu ch m n kim sot cc mc chi tit c biu din trn bn . V d, ca s bn c th rt rng v bn th nh v th c nhiu ch trng, chn lnh hoc nhy button. iu ny lm bn to ra n mc c th trong map window trong khi vn cho php ton b bn vn c xem.
Thay i mu sc ca Hatch Map
Sau khi to ra bn bn c th thay i cch bn c hin. Trong hu ht trng hp cc mc nh ca MapViewer l to ra cc hatch map hp l, nhng cng c lc bn mun thay i bn . Chng hn, bn mun thay i mu sc cho ph ca hatch map. iu ny ko theo vic m n cc thuc tnh ca hatch map. m cc thuc tnh ca mt bn c: z nhy Map | Thematic Map menu command v kiu bn bn to ra (trong trng hp ny l Hatch Map), z nhy vo phm kiu bn trn thanh cng c bn (trong trng hp ny l ) z chn Map | Map Properties, hoc z nhy button. thay mu ph: 1. M Hatch Map properties bng mt trong cc phng php trn. 2. Trong Hatch Map dialog, nhy Fill button trong Objects in classes hin Color Spectrum dialog. 3. Trong Color Spectrum dialog, nhy Foreground Colors button xem cc gii mu hin c. Chn gii mu Flame (vng n ).
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4. Nhy OK button trong Color Spectrum dialog v s thay i c phn nh trong Hatch Map dialog. 5. Nhy OK button trong Hatch Map dialog v bn c hin trong bng t vng n . Bn c th chn bt k t hp mu no to ra bt k kiu th hin no bn mun. Bn c th i cc mu ring bit trong hatch map bng cch nhy kp mu lp trong ct Fill trong Hatch Map dialog.
Thay i s lp
Bn c th thay i s lp trong hatch map. V d, nu bn mun hin ch hai lp: mt na cc bang vi s dn ln hn, v mt na vi s dn nh hn. thay i s lp: 1. M thuc tnh hatch map bng cch chn Map | Map Properties command hoc nhy vo button. 2. Trong Hatch Map dialog, nhy mi tn xung cho n khi s l "2" trong trng Number of classes. Ch rng danh sch Objects in classes c cp nht hin thnh hai lp. 3. Nhy OK button v bn c hin vi hai lp.
Hin Primary IDs
Primary ID l lin kt gia map boundaries v d liu. Nhng bn cng lu rng primary IDs khng c hin trn bn . Mc nh, ch hin primary IDs tt. Nhng nu bn mun hin chng ti mi mt map boundaries, tht d dng hin chng. hin IDs: 1. Chn View | Show Objects command v Show Objects dialog c hin. 2. Nhy Primary ID option. 3. Nhy OK button trong Show Objects dialog. Primary ID text c th c chn v ko ti v tr mi nu bn mun chuyn mt s IDs. Nu bn dch chuyn mt bang sai, s dng Edit | Undo chuyn n v v tr chnh xc. Nu bn thch chn bang hn l ID (cc bang c hin nh l Area trong status bar), nhn gi phm CTRL v nhy vo ID cho n khi n c chn. Nu bn chn PID, PID c hin trong status bar.
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The primary IDs can be displayed on all the map boundaries. On the tutorial map, the states use the two-letter designations as primary IDs.
Xem d liu ca Hatch Map
Khi bn chuyn c to, bn c yu cu m file d liu cho bn . Ca s worksheet c t ng to ra cha file d liu xc nh. Nu bn mun xem d liu lin kt vi bn , bn c th m worksheet window nh sau: 1. Chn File | Worksheet command, hoc nhy button. Mt worksheet window c m v hin cc d liu ca thematic map. Ch rng primary IDs c cha trong ct A v cc ct khc cha cc bin d liu hin trong bn . 2. tr li bn , chn Window | Map1 hoc nhy Map1 tab di toolbars.
Thay i kiu bn
Mc du cc hatch maps l rt hiu qu th hin phn b d liu, bn cn xem xt mt vi kiu bn chuyn khc ca MapViewer's hin cng mt d liu. Tht l n gin thay i gia cc kiu bn th hin cng mt d liu trn bn . V d, xem xt bi tp ngn sau trong bn to bn k hiu v mt bn mt ca cng d liu. Trc khi to nhng bn ny, bn c th s dng lnh View | Show Objects command b kch hot vic hin primary IDs. Trong Show Objects dialog, b kch hot ty chn Primary ID . Hatch map vn trong ca s bn . i Hatch Map thnh Symbol Map i hatch map thnh symbol map: 1. Chn Map | Thematic Maps | Symbol Map command hoc nhy the button. 2. Trong Symbol Map dialog, nhy Symbol button (trn Origin button) m cc thuc tnh ca symbol. 3. Trong Symbol Properties dialog, chn symbol s dng trong bn . Trong Color group, chc chn rng mu Line v Fill l 2 mu khc nhau. 4. Nhy OK button trong Symbol Properties dialog tr li Symbol Map dialog.
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5. Nhy OK button trong Symbol Map dialog v symbol map c v biu din cng d liu nh hatch map. Trn symbol map ny, kch thc ca symbols tng ng vi dn s, v th symbol ln hn, th dn s cng ln hn.
Symbol maps display variables according to symbol size.
Thay i Symbol Map thnh Density Map thay i symbol map thnh density map: 1. Chn the Map | Thematic Maps | Density Map command hoc nhy button. 2. Nhy OK button trong Density Map dialog v mt density map c v tng ng vi cng d liu. Trong trng hp ny, mt dn s cao hn (s ngi trn mt din tch) c biu din bi s ln hn cc im.
Density maps display a greater number of symbols in areas with higher data values.
Bn c th th nghim vi bt k tham s no ca cc kiu bn bn to ra. im quan trng nht cn nh l v tr ca ct PID trong d liu l tham s duy nht khng th thay i trn bn . Nu bn lm thay i, lin kt gia map boundaries v d liu b b gy cho n khi bn i li ct d liu ng. V- Thm cc chi tit ca bn MapViewer cho bn rt nhiu cng c v v thnh lp bn cho php bn tng cng bn ca bn. Rt nhiu ccc chi tit ny t trong menu Draw v Map. V d, bn c th thm text vo bn vi Draw | Text, thm thanh t l vo bn vi Map | Scale Bar, etc.
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M mt file bn tn ti
Khi bn hon thnh mt bn , n c th c lu trong MapViewer [.GSM] file. [.GSM] files gi ton b bn vi cc tnh cht ca n. Sau , khi bn mun nhn file, bn c th dng File | Open command. m mt [.GSM] file: 1. Chn File | Open command. 2. Trong Open dialog, chuyn n MapViewer SAMPLES folder. File TUTORIAL.GSM s c lit k trong danh sch. 3. Nhy kp file trong danh sch v n c m trong mt new map window. ay l hatch map ca dn s M
Thm ch gii
Khi bn to mt thematic map, n h tr cung cch gii thch no cch m trong d liu c biu din trn bn . Bn c th d dng thm ch gii vo bt k kiu no ca thematic map. Ch gii MapViewer cho bn thng tin nh lng v bn chuyn . 1. Chn the Map | Legend command hoc nhy button hin Top-Level Legend dialog. 2. Bn c th thm mt tn nh United States Population, bng nhy kp vo Legend of Layer #1 trong ct Title v Font. Xa b text Legend of Layer #1 v thay th vi United States Population. Nhy the OK button trong Text dialog. 3. Trong Top-Level Legend dialog, nhy Frame line/ fill button v chn mu 10% Black l mu Foreground trong Fill Properties group. Nhy OK button trong Line v Fill Properties dialog tr li Top-Level Legend dialog. 4. Nhy the OK button trong Top-Level Legend dialog. 5. Con tr bin i thnh cross hair. Nhy v tr bn mun ch gii t trn bn 6. Bn c th nhy vo legend v drag n n bt k im no trong trong bn sau khi n c v.
Legends display information about the map.
To hai Thematic Maps trong mt Map Window
Mt trong nhng im mnh ca MapViewer's l kh nng thm cc lp (layer) vo bn . Mi khi bn m mt new map window, Layer #1 c 84
to ra t ng v n l active layer, sn sng nhn bt k kiu nhp no nh l cc boundary files c nhp, drawing objects, ... Cc lp ging nh cc transparencies trong bn c th nhn xuyn qua mi layer cho n cc layers nm di. Layer hin thi c ch th phn phi ca status bar y ca MapViewer window. Nu bn khng nhn thy ton b status bar, nhy the button trong phn phi trn ca ca s MapViewer Qun l cc lp (Layer Manager ) Layer Manager cng hin thng tin lp trong MapViewer. Bn c th i tn lp, i trt t cc lp, lm layer active, thm vo mt lp, kha cc lp, v b cc layers qua Layer Manager. Active layer c ch ra vi mt bt ch trn th ca bn . To mt Thematic Map th hai trong lp mi Chng ta s thm mt bn chuyn vo hatch map, to ra mt pin map chng ln trn ca hatch map. Pin maps hin v tr im bng cch v mt k hiu ti mi im th hin trn bn . S dng Map | Pin Map command ch ra mt s thnh ph trn nh ca hatch map. to mt lp mi : 1. Chn Map | Layers command hoc nhy the button, v Layers dialog c hin. Trong Layers dialog, ch rng ch c mt layer c lit k trong dnh sch layer, v n c tn l Hatch Map. 2. Nhy New Layer button trong Layers dialog, v mt layer mi tn Layer #1 c thm vo dnh sch cc layer. Bn c th i tn layer bng cch nhy kp tn layer v g vo tn mi. G tn Pin Map cho lp mi v nhn Enter.
Highlight the name trong box to rename a layer.
3. Nhy OK trong Layers dialog v bn tr li bn . Nhy kp vo layer name trong Layer dialog hoc Layer Manager lm cho layer tr thnh active layer.
Creating a Pin Map
By gi bn to pin map trn layer mi: 1. Chn Map | Pin Map command hoc nhy button v bn c hi m data file. Trong th mc MapViewer SAMPLES folder, nhy kp vo file USCITY.XLS. 2. Trong Pin Map dialog, chc chn rng Locating method c t Coordinate trong trang General. n v ta Coordinate units phi t l Lat/Lon.
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3. Trong trng PID (primary ID), chn Column A: Cities. i vi trng X coordinate chn Column B: Longitude, v Y coordinate chn Column C: Latitude. 4. Nhy Classes tab. t Pin method l Use uniform symbol. 5. Nhy kp vo k hiu th hin Symbol column trong Data points in classes m symbol properties. Trong Symbol Properties dialog, t kch thc Size l 0.10. Bn cng c th ch ra k hiu cn dng bng cch chn n t bng k hiu. Chn bt k mu no bn thch cho Fill v Line bng cch nhy vo cc nt m cc bng mu. 6. Nhy the nt OK tr v hp thoi Pin Map . 7. By gi nhy Labels tab. Nhy Show label box v chn Column A: Cities l nhn Label trong Data source column. S thm tn thnh ph vo cnh cc im trn bn . 8. Nhy nt OK v cc thnh ph c v trn bn vi tn l cc nhn.
Thm li ta hin h thng ta
Cc ng li (graticule) bao gm cc ng grid m n ch th h thng ta ca bn . Cc ng li ni chung da vo h thng ta kinh v, nhng n cng c th ch th bt k h thng ta no. thm mt li: 1. Chn the Map | Graticule command hoc nhy button v Graticule dialog c hin. 2. Trong Graticules page, lu rng li c xc nh bi c Longitude (X) (lines of constant X) v Latitude (Y) (lines of constant Y). MapViewer chns im u Start, im cui End, v khong cch Increment cho li sao cho c th m rng n ton b bn vi khong cch ng thch hp. 3. Nu khng c hp check mark cnh Place graticules under ma, nhy vo hp kch hot ty chn ny. Place graticules under map c dng chuyn li di cc ranh gii vo cc i tng khc trong lp bn . 4. Nu khng c hp check mark cnh Place graticule on another layer, nhy vo hp kch hot ty chn ny v chn Hatch Map layer t danh sch i y. 5. Nhy Labels v Ticks page. thay i cc thuc tnh ca nhn v vch 6. Nhy OK button trong Graticule dialog v li ta s c v trn bn . VI. Lu v xut bn -Saving and Exporting the Map Khi bn c hon thnh bn cn lu c th truy nhp sau ny thay i. Bn c lu trong MapViewer [.GSM] format. [.GSM] 86
format ch c nhn bit bi MapViewer, v format ny bo qun bn chnh xc nh n c hin ln mn hnh.

Lu bn
lu trong [.GSM] format: z S dng File | Save As command. Cho php bn lu bn tn mi hoc ch ra mt tn cho ton b bn . n gin l g tn vo hp File name box v nhy OK button. Bn s c lu vi phn m rng l [.GSM]. z Khi m [.GSM] file v thay i, bn c th lu li vi cng tn bng cch chn File | Save command. V d: 1. Chn File | Save As command. 2. Trong Save As dialog, g tn My Map vo File name box. 3. Nhy OK button v file My Map.gsm c lu trong th mc hin thi.
S dng bn trong cc ng dng khc
Khi hon thnh bn bn c th mun s dng bn cc ng dng khc. V d bn c th ghp bn vo trong bo co s dng chng trnh x l vn bn. Trong trng hp ny bn c th xem xt s dung b m v cc lnh Windows clipboard sao bn v dn vo cc ng dng khc> Lm vic mt cch d nht l s dng lnh Edit | Copy All Layers command. N s sao tt c cc i tng boundary t mi lp k c li ta vo b m Windows clipboard. Trong chng trnh son tho vn bn ca bn bn dng cu lnh Edit | Paste command dn bn sao ca bn vo ti liu.. Ngoi ra, c mt s formats c th s dng bng lnh File | Export command. Khi bn mun bn c lu file c th c c ng dng khc bn cn chn mt trong rt nhiu cc format c th xut c.
87

Huong Dan Su Dung Surfer Geovn

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Huong Dan Su Dung Surfer Geovn

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6

SURFER 8, GRAPHER 5 & MAPVIEWER 6

Nhng ni dung chnh ca Surfer

Cc yu t ca bn ng tr: Contour Map Features

Cc yu t ca bn mt 3 chiu: 3D Surface Map Features

Cc yu t ca bn khung 3 chiu: 3D Wireframe Map Features

Cc yu t ca bn vect: Vect Map Features

Add color to your image map to customize it.

Cc yu t ca bn nh: Image Map Features

Xc nh mu cho cc d liu b thiu Thay i gc nghing v quay

Cc yu t ca bn bng ni: Shaded Relief Map Features

Use post maps to display the location of your XY data.

Cc yu t ca bn im: Post Map Features

Cc yu t ca bn nn: Base Map Features

Cc yu t ca Variogram: Variogram Features

S ho cc ranh gii: Digitize Boundaries

Cc tin ch v tnh nng b sung

Yu cu h thng: System Requirements

Tri bn nn vect v rastow ln mt 3D

Xc nh s im cn xc nhn, bo co thng k v tn file d liu kt qu

La chn t mt s ln cc b lc grid nh ngha trc hoc c th nh ngha cho ring mnh.

Cc phng php ni suy mi (New Gridding Methods) Cc phng php mi bao gm

Cc m hnh mi to cho bn thm la chn khi phn tch d liu.

H tr thm nhiu nh dng mi

Nhm Output Grid File xc nh ng dn v t tn cho file

5. Nhy OK trong hp thoi contour map properties v bn c v li vi cc mc mi.

Thay i cc thuc tnh ca ng Contour

Thay i khung (Modifying an Axis )

to mt Wireframe mi 1. Chn lnh File | New, hoc nhy phm

Thay i hng ca mt Wireframe

Thm vng mu vo Wireframe

VI. Gii thiu Surfaces

y l file d liu ch v tr ca ging v su ca nc.

Click nt Statistics hin cc kt qu thng k trn cc ct XYZ c chn

Grid Line Geometry

Duplicate Data (d liu trng)

Ngoi ty chn To Keep cn c ty chn X Tolerance v Y Tolerance. V d 2 im A v B l trng nhau nu:

Weighted Averaging (Trung bnh trng s)

trong G l gi tr ni suy ti nt j; N l s im c dng ni suy cho mi nt. Z l gi tr Z ti im th i ; v wij l trng s kt hp vi gi tr d liu th

Exact and Smoothing Interpolators (Ni suy chnh xc v ni suy trn)

Your line/scatter graph should be similar to this graph.

Nhy the Tutorial.dat tab hin d liu trong bn v .

Thay i d liu trong Worksheet Manager Cng lm thay i th

Nhy vo tn ca i tng Line/Scatter Plot 1 chn bn v.

Mt th scatter plot c to ra bi s dng invisible line style (kiu ng v hnh).

IV. Bin tp cc trc ca th

Thay i khocg cch vch

Thm, thay i v dch chuyn ch gii (Legend)

Legends can be added to most graphs.

Mu sc ca bn c th khc nhau ty thuc vo thit lp ca bn. Thay i mu sc s c ni ti phn sau.

Xem d liu ca Hatch Map

Symbol maps display variables according to symbol size.

Legends display information about the map.

To hai Thematic Maps trong mt Map Window

Highlight the name trong box to rename a layer.

format ch c nhn bit bi MapViewer, v format ny bo qun bn chnh xc nh n c hin ln mn hnh.

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