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Lut hp ng Vit Nam Bn n v bnh lun bn n ( Vn i NXB Chnh tr Quc gia 2010 Ti bn ln hai)1
Mc ch ca ti liu ny l nghin cu, tham kho. Ti liu ny khng c to ra, s dng hay lu hnh v mc ch thng mi. thun tin cho vic nghin cu, tham kho, mt s ni dung trong cun bnh lun c tng hp, bin tp li. Nhng ni dung no trong ti liu ny cp n ngi tng hp th c ngha l nhng ni dung ny do ngi tng hp thm vo v chng khng c trong cun bnh lun gc. Mun tham kho chnh xc quan im ca tc gi, ngh tm c nguyn vn cun bnh lun ny.
MC LC Bn n s 1 Tp qun trong nc ........................................................................................3 Bn n s 2 v 3 Tp qun quc t.......................................................................................4 Bn n s 4 Ngun quc t v ngun quc gia....................................................................7 Bn n s 5 Ngun lut hnh s v dn s...........................................................................8 Bn n s 6 Im lng trong giao kt Hp ng......................................................................8 Bn n s 07 v 08 Giao kt hp ng c iu kin (Hp ng trong tng lai).............11 Bn n s 09 v 10 Hp ng do ngi mt nng lc hnh vi dn s xc lp..................13 Bn n s 11 v 12 i din trong giao kt hp ng.......................................................14 Bn n s 13 v 14 Nhm ln trong giao kt hp ng.....................................................15 Bn n s 17 Ngha v cung cp thng tin.........................................................................16 Bn n s 18 v 19 - Gi to trong giao kt hp ng..........................................................17 Bn n s 21- Li qu cao so vi quy nh............................................................................18 Bn n s 22 v 23 ng tn gim mua bt ng sn [cho ngi khng c quyn s hu nh ti Vit Nam]...................................................................................................................19 Bn n s 24 v 25 Hp ng vi phm iu cm (giao dch bng ngoi t tri php)......20 Bn n s 30 v 31 - Hp ng chnh/ph v hiu...............................................................21 Bn n s 32 - Hu qu hp ng v hiu.............................................................................23 Bn n s 42 - Thi im hp ng tng cho nh t c hiu lc........................................24 Bn n s 44 - Thanh ton tin li.........................................................................................25 Bn n s 47 - Bi thng thit hi do khng thc hin ng hp ng theo php lut thng mi..............................................................................................................................26 Bn n s 64 - Bi thng thit hi do khng thc hin ng hp ng v trch nhim hn ch tn tht theo php lut thng mi..................................................................................28 Bn n s 48 - Bi thng thit hi do khng thc hin ng hp ng theo php lut dn s.............................................................................................................................................29 Bn n s 49 - Li chm tr theo php lut dn s................................................................30 Bn n s 54 - Li chm tr theo tha thun ........................................................................32 Bn n s 58 - Hon/tm ngng thc hin hp ng do bn kia khng thc hin ng hp ng........................................................................................................................................33 Bn n s 59 v 60 - Hy b do khng thc hin ng hp ng........................................35 Bn n s 62 - Khng thc hin ng hp ng do s kin bt kh khng.........................38 Bn n s 65 - Vi phm hp ng trc thi hn.................................................................40 Bn n s 66 - Xung t php lut theo thi gian - Khng p dng hi t .........................42 Bn n s 66 bis - Xung t php lut theo thi gian - p dng hi t cc quy nh mi c tnh mm do hn cc quy nh c hiu lc vo thi im giao dch c xc lp. ..........45 Bn n s 68 - Chuyn giao ngha v theo tha thun..........................................................46 Bn n s 69 - Thi hiu khi kin tranh chp hp ng.....................................................49
Bn n s 1 Tp qun trong nc
Trch yu bn n s 1 (Quyt nh s 93/GT-DS ngy 27/05/2002 ca Ta dn s TANDTC): V quyn u tin khai thc im nh bt hi sn: y l vng bin xa b, php lut cha quy nh v quyn u tin khai thc nn quyn u tin phi c xc nh theo tp qun. Theo xc minh chnh quyn a phng v c quan chuyn mn (Ban Hi sn th trn Long Hi) th ti cng l ngi c quyn chn v cho ngi khc im nh bt; a im b b hn ba thng khng khai thc th c quyn khai thc. Nh vy, vic ng Thanh s dng im nh bt hi sn hin nay (a im tranh chp) l ph hp vi tp qun, khng tri php lut, khng vi phm quyn li hp php ca b Loan. Phn tch, bnh lun ca tc gi: a. Tha nhn tp qun l mt ngun ca lut Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HTP ngy 17/09/2005 ca Hi ng Thm phn TANDTC: Tp qun l thi quen thnh np trong i sng x hi, trong sn xut v sinh hot thng ngy, c cng ng ni c tp qun tha nhn v lm theo nh mt quy c chung ca cng ng. iu 3 BLDS 2005: Trong trng hp php lut khng quy nh v cc bn khng c tha thun th c th p dng tp qun; nu khng c tp qun th p dng quy nh tng t ca php lut. Tp qun v quy nh tng t ca php lut khng c tri vi nhng nguyn tc quy nh trong B lut ny. b. iu kin p dng tp qun Tp qun c coi l ngun ca lut vi mt s iu kin: Th nht, tp qun khng c p dng khi c php lut quy nh. Theo Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HTP ngy 17/09/2005 ca HTP TANDTC, i vi nhng vn m ng s vin dn tp qun nhng c vn bn quy phm php lut quy nh, th Ta n phi p dng quy nh ca vn bn quy phm php lut gii quyt m khng p dng tp qun. Th hai, tp qun cng khng c p dng khi cc bn c tha thun khc. VD: Quyt nh s 14/2003/HTP-KT ngy 26/12/2003 ca HTP TANDTC: theo thng l hp ng hp tc kinh doanh, li n, l chu, c th nu c li th c chia theo t l 80/20 theo tha thun, nhng b l th l ra mi bn cng phi gnh chu ri ro theo t l tng ng, nhng bn B t nguyn gnh chu ri ro v mnh, bo ton vn gc cho bn A l thin ch tt.. Nh vy, theo Ta n, y l hp ng hp tc kinh doanh v theo thng l th li n, l chu. C th l nu c li th li th c chia theo t l tha thun, cn nu b l th mi bn cng phi gnh chu ri ro theo t l tng ng. Thi quen ny, theo Ta n, c th p dng p dng iu chnh hp ng nhng do cc bn c tha thun khc nn tp qun ny cui cng khng c p dng. Th ba, tp qun ch c p dng khi khng tri vi nhng nguyn tc ca php lut. Theo Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HTP ngy 17/09/2005 ca HTP TANDTC, ch chp nhn tp qun khng tri php lut, o c x hi.
Bn n s 2 v 3 Tp qun quc t
Tm tt bn n s 02 (Bn n 02/2005/KT-ST ngy 22/08/2005 ca TAND tnh Khnh Ha): Tranh chp lin quan n L/C c pht hnh thc hin hp ng nhp dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut s v sinh cao cp gia Cng ty Nha Trang (Seaprodex) v Cng ty Sei Young tr gi 1.250.000 USD. iu khon trong hp ng bao gm vic m th tn dng khng hy ngang cho ngi th hng l cng ty Hn Quc. Ngn hng Korea Exchange Bank (KEB) tham gia vi vai tr ngn hng chit khu. KEB gi b chng t cho ngn hng pht hnh l Vietcombank yu cu thanh ton. Sau khi kim tra chng t, Ngn hng ngoi thng thng bo cho nh nhp khu rng tt c chng t th hin trn b mt ph hp vi cc quy nh ca th tn dng. Do , Seaprodex ng k hu hi phiu cho ngn hng chit khu. Tuy nhin, khi nhn hng Seaprodex pht hin rng hng ha c giao khng v khng ng b. Sau , ngi mua v ngi bn tha thun hy b th tn dng. Nh nhp khu Vit Nam thng bo cho ngn hng pht hnh v tha thun ny. Ngn hng lin lc vi ngn hng chit khu Hn Quc, ngh hy b th tn dng nhng khng c chp nhn. V l , Ngn hng ngoi thng phi thc hin ngha v thanh ton theo th tn dng cho ngn hng chit khu v yu cu ngi m th tn dng hon tr s tin thanh ton. Khi pht sinh tranh chp, TAND tnh Khnh Ha xt rng: Theo quy nh quc t v thc hin th tn dng ti im d, iu 9 UCP 500 th L/C khng hy ngang ch c sa i hoc hy b khi c s ng ca c 4 bn: Ngn hng pht hnh hi phiu, ngn hng bo lnh, ngi tr tin v ngi hng tin. Vn theo Ta n:Mc d VCB Nha Trang c ng hy L/C i chng na th L/C khng hy ngang cng khng c hy khi cha c s ng ca Ngn hng pht hnh (KEB). Do , khng th cho rng vic VCB Nha Trang ng cho hy L/C ng ngha vi vic chm dt ngha v thanh ton ca Cng ty Nha Trang2. Tm tt bn n s 03 (Bn n 16/2008/KDTM-PT ngy 14/01/2008 ca Ta phc thm TANDTC ti H Ni): Vo ngy 09/05/2006, Cng ty TNHH Jinyuan Qung Ty (bn bn) c k hp ng mua bn thp vi cng ty TNHH Thnh Long (bn mua). Theo hp ng bn bn giao hng cho bn mua 400 tn thp vi chng loi c quy nh c th ti iu 1 ca hp ng. iu khon thanh ton quy nh thanh ton ngay 100% gi tr hp ng theo ha n bng th tn dng khng hy ngang m ti Ngn hng hng 1 ti Vit Nam. Ngn hng thng bo L/C do bn bn ch nh l Ngn hng Cng thng Trung Quc Chi nhnh Qung Ty. Ngy 17/05/2006, theo yu cu ca Cng ty Thnh Long, Ngn hng ng Chi nhnh H Ni m th tn dng khng hy ngang cho ngi th hng l Cng ty Jinyuan Qung Ty. Th tn dng cng nu r vic th tn dng ny c iu chnh bi cc quy tc v thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t UCP 500. Sau khi nhn hng, Cng ty Thnh Long cho rng l hng khng t tiu chun theo hp ng nn Cng ty Thnh Long ngh Ngn hng ng ngng thanh ton cho Cng ty Jinyuan Qung Ty. Trn c s ngh ny, Ngn hng ng khng
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im d iu 9 UCP 500: Th tn dng khng hy ngang khng th c thay i, hy b khi khng c s ng ca ngn hng pht hnh hi phiu, ca ngn hng xc nhn (nu c) v ngi th hng.
thanh ton tr cho Cng ty Jinyuan Qung Ty. Cng ty Jinyuan Qung Ty khi kin ti Vit Nam, yu cu Ngn hng ng phi tr tin theo th tn dng v bi thng thit hi. Ta phc thm TANDTC ti H Ni nhn nh:Theo iu 3 UCP 500 c quy nh: v bn cht, tn dng chng t l nhng giao dch ring bit vi hp ng mua bn hoc cc hp ng khc m cc hp ng ny c th lm c s ca tn dng v cc ngn hng khng b lin quan n hoc b rng buc vo cc hp ng nh th, thm ch ngay c trong khi c bt k s dn chiu no n cc hp ng . Do s cam kt ca mt ngn hng tr tin, chp nhn v tr tin cc hi phiu hoc chit khu hoc thc hin bt c mt ngha v no khc ca mnh quy nh trong tn dng khng b rng buc bi cc khiu ni hoc s bo v no ca ngi xin m tn dng pht sinh t quan h ca h vi ngn hng pht hnh hoc vi ngi hng li V vy, c th thy th tn dng khi ra i hon ton c lp vi hp ng thng mi. Do , vic Ngn hng ng khng tin hnh thanh ton cho ngi th hng l Cng ty Jinyuan Qung Ty l khng ng.3 Phn tch, bnh lun: a. Tha nhn tp qun quc t Theo Khon 4 iu 799 BLSD 2005:Trong trng hp quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi khng c B lut ny, cc vn bn php lut khc ca Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, iu c quc t m Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin hoc hp ng dn s gia cc bn iu chnh th p dng tp qun quc t. Theo Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HTP ngy 17/09/2005 ca Hi ng Thm phn TANDTC, tp qun thng mi quc t l thng l, cch lm lp i, lp li nhiu ln trong bun bn quc t v c cc t chc quc t c lin quan tha nhn. b. UCP 500 l tp qun quc t thc cht UCP 500 l vit tt ca Uniform Customs and Practice (Bn quy tc v thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t) phin bn 500 do Phng Thng mi Quc t (Paris) n hnh. y l tuyn tp nhng thng l, tp qun iu chnh th tn dng quc t. Cn c vo Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HTP ngy 17/09/2005 ca Hi ng Thm phn TANDTC th UCP 500 l tp qun thng mi quc t4. Thc t hai bn n c trch dn cho thy Ta n Vit Nam cng tha nhn UCP 500 l mt loi tp qun quc t. Ti hai bn n va nu, Ta n Vit Nam p dng hai quy phm tp qun quan trng trong th tn dng quc t. Quy phm th nht l tnh khng hy ngang ca th tn dng. Th tn dng c th l th tn dng hy ngang v khng hy ngang. Loi th nht l th tn dng m bt c ch th no cng c th hy b. i vi th tn dng khng hy ngang, ngn hng pht hnh cng nh ngi yu cu m th tn dng khng th t hy b cam kt thanh ton dnh cho ngi th hng. Quy phm th hai l tnh c lp ca th
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iu 3 UCP 500: V bn cht, th tn dng c lp vi hp ng mua bn hay hp ng khc m t c th tn dng. 4 Cc b quy tc Incoterm v UCP 500 tha mn 2 iu kin nu ti Ngh quyt s 04/2005/NQ-HTP ngy 17/09/2005 ca HTP TANDTC. l nhng nguyn tc lp i, lp li trong thc t v c ICC tha nhn. Trong khi , B nguyn tc Unidroit v hp ng thng mi quc t hay B nguyn tc chu u v hp ng cha th coi l cc tp qun quc t. Bi v cc b nguyn tc ny khng phi l nhng nguyn tc c hnh thnh t thc tin v c lp i, lp li m l nhng quy phm do mt t chc phi chnh ph thit lp sau khi c thng lng ca cc trng phi lut khc nhau.
tn dng v hp ng c bo m bi th tn dng. T quy nh ny, ngi yu cu m th tn dng khng th ngn cn ngn hng pht hnh thanh ton cho ngi th hng mt khi ngi ny xut trnh b chng t hp l vi cc iu kin v iu khon ca th tn dng, cho d hng ha giao trn thc t khng p ng yu cu ca hp ng. c. p dng tp qun quc t trn c s tha thun ca cc bn Theo php lut thc nh Vit Nam th tp qun quc t c th l ngun iu chnh quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi theo ch ca cc bn. Vic ny c th hin trong mt s vn bn: iu 4, khon 2 Lut thng mi 2005:Cc bn trong hp ng c tha thun p dng php lut nc ngoi, tp qun thng mi quc t nu php lut nc ngoi, tp qun thng mi quc t khng tri vi cc nguyn tc c bn ca php lut Vit Nam. iu 4, khon 2 B lut Hng hi 1990:Cc bn tham gia hp ng hng hi m trong c t nht mt bn l t chc hoc c nhn nc ngoi, th c quyn tha thun p dng lut hoc tp qun hng hi nc ngoi hoc quc t trong cc quan h hp ng. iu 769, khon 1 B lut Dn s 2005:Quyn v ngha v ca cc bn theo hp ng c xc nh theo php lut ca nc ni thc hin hp ng, nu khng c tha thun khc. Theo quan im ca tc gi ( Vn i), nu cc bn chn la chn tp qun quc t th vic ny c th c coi l tha thun khc v tp qun c la chn s iu chnh hp ng gia cc bn. Trong trng hp cc bn la chn tp qun quc t th c th coi tp qun c la chn l mt b phn ca hp ng. Do , Ta n c ngha v tn trng hp ng hp php th cng c ngha v tn trng nhng tp qun m cc bn la chn. d. p dng tp qun quc t trong trng hp cc bn khng c tha thun la chn Theo iu 759, khon 4 BLDS 2005:Trong trng hp quan h dn s c yu t nc ngoi khng c B lut ny, cc vn bn php lut khc ca Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, iu c quc t m Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin hoc hp ng dn s gia cc bn iu chnh th p dng tp qun quc t, nu vic p dng hoc hu qu ca vic p dng khng tri vi cc nguyn tc c bn ca php lut Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam. Vic p dng tp qun quc t y khng ng nhin m l c iu kin: Th nht, ch khi vn cn gii quyt khng c iu chnh bi BLDS, cc vn bn php lut khc ca Vit Nam, iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin. Th hai, vic p dng hoc hu qu ca vic p dng khng tri vi cc nguyn tc c bn ca php lut Vit Nam. Th ba, ch khi vn cn gii quyt khng c hp ng dn s gia cc bn iu chnh. e. Mt s vn vn cha r (i) Tp qun quc t c th loi tr quy phm xung t khng?
Trong thc t, quy phm xung t s khng p dng khi c quy phm thc cht thng nht (tc l loi quy phm iu chnh trc tip c thit lp trong iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin)5. UCP 500 l cc quy phm thc cht nhng khng phi l quy phm thc cht thng nht (khng phi l quy phm thc cht ca iu c quc t). Phi chng s tn ti ca tp qun quc t thc cht ny cng loi tr quy phm xung t nh trng hp ca quy phm thc cht thng nht? VD: nu cc bn khng c tha thun khc ti Khon 4 iu 759 BLDS th Ta n c cn phi kim tra xem php lut ni thc hin hp ng c iu chnh vn ang tranh chp khng v Ta n ch p dng UCP 500 trong trng hp php lut ni thc hin hp ng khng c quy nh v vn ang tranh chp? (ii) Nu cc bn khng c tha thun th tp qun quc t c th c p dng cho cc quan h dn s khng c yu t nc ngoi hay khng khi m php lut Vit Nam hay hp ng dn s gia cc bn khng c quy nh?
C th xy ra xung t gia cc quy phm xung t v cc quy nh thc cht thng nht v cng mt quan h hay mt vn . iu ny c gii quyt theo cch l cc quy phm thc cht thng nht c p dng gii quyt quan h ngay tc khc (m khng cn gii quyt xung t na). Bi l cc quc gia nht th ha cc quy phm thc cht l nhm mc tiu tng cng tnh hu hiu iu chnh ca php lut v lm cho vic thc thi php lut d dng hn. VD: Cc quy nh ca Cng c Vin 1980 v hp ng mua bn hng ha quc t l cc quy phm thc cht thng nht v cc quy nh ny s c thc thi trc tin trong quan h hp ng mua bn (Tham kho Bi Xun Nh - Tp ch Lut hc 02/2007). 6 Phn ngha bn n l do ngi tng hp rt ra trn c s nghin cu ni dung bn n v phn phn tch, bnh lun ca tc gi. Phn ny th hin cc gi tr m bn n mang li trong vic gii thch nhng vn m vn bn php lut cha r hay trong vic a ra nhng gii php nhm lp nhng l hng php l trong h thng php lut.
Trong thc t, Quy ch c thit lp thc hin iu c quc t m Vit Nam tham gia. Chng ta phi tn trng khng ch iu c m c Quy ch . Bi iu c v quy ch l mt khi thng nht. Tuy nhin, vic tun th ny ch c chp nhn vi iu kin l nhng quy nh c thit lp p dng iu c quc t c ni dung khng tri vi ni dung hay tinh thn ca iu c v c thit lp theo trnh t, th tc v ngi c thm quyn ph hp vi iu c. (Ni cch khc, nu Quy ch khng p ng hai iu kin ny th khng th coi quy ch c tnh iu c quc t v c u tin p dng so vi cc quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam).
khng th hin g trong qu trnh giao kt v cc bn khng c tha thun rng im lng c gi tr chp nhn hp ng. l vn php l th hin trong Quyt nh di y. Tm tt bn n s 6 (Quyt nh s 32/2003/HTP-DS ngy 4/11/2011 ca HTP TANDTC): V chng c o v c Mi sinh c 5 ngi con l cc ng b Lnh, Khi, Chin, Quang v Sm. Sinh thi, hai c to lp c mt ngi nh cp 4 trn din tch hn 500m2 t, mt nh ngi 5 gian trn din tch hn 500m2 t v mt ngi nh mi bng trn din tch hn 300m2 t. Ngy 13/05/1991, ng Sm k hp ng bn cho ng Phong ngi nh cp 4 trn din tch 237,9m2. Hp ng c ch k lm chng ca c Mi, ng Quang v c y ban nhn dn xc nhn. Nm 2000, cc bn xy ra tranh chp. ng Phong tr tin, nay khi kin yu cu giao tr nh t mua, cn ng Quang yu cu hy b hp ng. Ti Ta n cp s thm v phc thm ln hai, b Lnh, b Khi, ng Chin cho rng y l di sn tha k ca anh ch em nn ngh hy hp ng v ng b khng bit g v vic mua bn. V vn ny, Hi ng thm phn xt rng:Do nh, t ng Sm bn cho ng Phong l mt phn ti sn thuc s hu chung ca v chng c o, c Mi. C o cht nm 1990 khng li di chc, nn ti sn ny l mt phn di sn tha k ca c o cha chia. Theo li khai ca b Lnh, b Khi, ng Chin th ti thi im c Mi cng ng Quang, ng Sm bn nh, t cc ng, b ny c bit nhng v l do tnh cm gia nh nn cc ng, b ny khng c kin g. Vic khng c kin ca cc ng, b ny cha c c s xc nh cc ng, b ny ng hay khng ng vi vic mua bn. V vy, xt thy cn phi hy Bn n dn s phc thm xt x phc thm li theo hng ti thi im c Mi, ng Quang, ng Sm bn nh, t cho ng Phong th b Lnh, b Khi v ng Chin ng hay khng ng vi vic c Mi, ng Quang v ng Sm bn nh, t cho ng Phong. Nu c c s xc nh nhng ngi ny ng vi vic mua bn, nhng do kh khn khch quan nn khng th hin bng vn bn th cng nhn hp ng. ngha ca bn n: Theo TANDTC, s im lng khng suy lun s ng hay khng ng chp nhn hp ng. Ta n s thm hay phc thm khng th kt lun ngay hp ng khng c gi tr php l khi cha xc nh r ch ca ngi gi im lng. nh gi s im lng trong thc tin: Theo thc tin php l Vit Nam, s im lng khng khng nh vic chp nhn hp ng. Tuy nhin, s im lng c th l mt biu hin ca s chp nhn nu tn ti yu t khc. Sau y l cc yu t cho php suy lun c s chp nhn hp ng: Yu t th nht c th l vic bn gi im lng trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng nhng sau yu cu bn kia thc hin hp ng. VD theo Quyt nh s 18/2003/HTPDS ngy 30/05/2003 ca HTP TANDTC, ng Lung l ch s hu din tch 120m2 nh trn din tch 1199m2 t. Vo ngy 24/09/1999, ng Lung tha thun bn cn nh trn cho v chng ng Th. Nm 2000, hai bn xy ra tranh chp. Khi s vic cha c gii quyt th ng Lung cht. Trong hp ng khng c ch k ca b Hin v ng Lung. Theo Vin kim st, y l vic bn nh thuc s hu ca v chng m cha c s ng ca b Hin. Nhng theo HTP:Mc d b Hin l v ng Lung khng k hp ng mua bn nh vi ng Th nhng b Hin khng nhng khng c kin phn i v cn yu cu 9
ng Th thc hin hp ng k vi ng Lung, nn khng c cn c cho rng ng Lung bn nh m khng c s ng ca b Hin nh lp lun trong khng ngh ca Vin Kim st. Nh vy, trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng, b Hin khng k vo hp ng v cng khng phn i g. iu c ngha l trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng, b Hin im lng. Mc d vy, theo HTP, b Hin ng chp nhn hp ng v iu c suy lun t vic b Hin yu cu thc hin hp ng. Yu t th hai c th l bn gi im lng trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng tip nhn vic thc hin hp ng ca bn kia v cng tin hnh thc hin hp ng t pha mnh. VD: theo Quyt nh s 38/GT-DS ngy 29/03/2004 ca Ta dn s TANDTC, vo ngy 03/01/2003, anh Nguyn k hp ng chuyn nhng quyn s dng t thuc s hu ca hai v chng anh cho v chng anh ch K, Lc. Theo TANDTC, vic Lp hp ng chuyn nhng din tch t trn tuy khng c mt ca ch B (v anh Nguyn) nhng cn c vo bin bn gim nh v li khai ca ch B th trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, ch B tham gia nhn tin hai ln. Mt khc, thng 06/2001, khi v chng ch B, anh Nguyn chuyn v tp HCM bn giao ton b nh, t v ti sn khc cho v chng ch K, anh Lc. Nh vy c c s khng nh ch B bit v cng ng chuyn nhng quyn s dng t trn cho v chng ch K, anh Lc. Yu t th ba c th l bn gi im lng trong qu trnh giao kt bit r vic thc hin hp ng nhng khng c phn i g. VD: theo Quyt nh s 27/2003/HTP-DS ngy 26/08/2003 ca HTP TANDTC, Nm 1991 v 1993, ng Quang bn ao, t vn. ng Khnh, b Vn, ng Tuyn v c Lc (ng tha k) c bit v c nhn tin bn t t ng Quang m khng c kin g. Nay cc ng, b ny yu cu c chia tha k li, Ta n cp phc thm chp nhn yu cu ca h l cha cn c. y, theo TANDTC, ngi gi im lng trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng bit hp ng v khng c kin g th c nhiu kh nng h ng chp nhn hp ng7. Yu t th t c th l da vo li khai ca bn gi im lng trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng khi li khai ny cho thy rng ngi gi im lng ng hp ng. VD, theo Bn n s 228/DSPT ngy 02/02/2005 ca TAND tp HCM, ng Xng k giy chuyn quyn s dng t cho v chng ng c, b Hnh nhng khng c ch k ca b Mung v ng Xng. Theo TAND tp HCM: Mc d b Mung khng k tn trn hp ng chuyn quyn s dng t cho ng c, b Hnh nhng ti t trnh ca ng Xng, b Mung lp ngy 15/01/2002 v ti cc bin bn li khai ca Ta n lp vo cc ngy 20/11/2002, ngy 25/09/2003 u th hin vic b Mung cng ng Xng ng chuyn quyn s dng t cho ng c, b Hnh, sau li i . Do , vic Ta n xc nh b Mung phi lin i cng ng Xng chu trch nhim v cc giao dch chuyn quyn s dng t i vi ng c, b Hnh l ph hp vi quy nh. Nh vy, da vo nhng li khai sau khi hp ng c giao kt m Ta n xc nh bn khng k vo hp ng chp nhn hp ng. Tham kho tham lun ca Ta DS TANDTC ti hi ngh tng kt ngnh ta n nm 2008: Trn thc t c nhiu trng hp ngi qun l ti sn chung (mt trong cc ng ch s hu) chuyn nhng ti sn thuc s hu chung nhng khng c cc ng ch s hu tham gia k kt vn bn chuyn nhng hoc s ng bng vn bn ca cc ch s hu chung khc. Tuy nhin, c cn c xc nh l nhng ch s hu chung ny
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Nhn xt ca ngi tng hp: dng nh nhn nh ny mu thun vi Bn n s 6 ang c bnh lun.
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ng vic chuyn nhng , sau ny do gi tr ti sn tng ln hoc v mt l do no , nn nhng ch s hu chung ny v c ngi trc tip giao kt hp ng chuyn nhng ti sn li dng vic khi chuyn nhng ti sn khng c s ng bng vn bn ca cc ch s hu chung khc yu cu tuyn b giao dch v hiu. Trong trng hp ny, Ta dn s cho rng cn phi xc nh c s thng nht ch ca cc ng ch s hu v vic chuyn nhng nn hp ng khng v hiu do vi phm iu kin v ch ca cc ng ch s hu. Qua thc t xt x, Ta dn s thy cn chp nhn nhng cn c xc nh c s ng ca ng ch s hu l: Nhng ch s hu chung ny bit vic chuyn nhng v khng phn i; Nhng ch s hu chung ny c tham gia vo mt giai on no ca vic chuyn nhng nh tham gia nhn tin, Tuy khi chuyn nhng, nhng ch s hu chung ny khng bit nhng sau khi bit c vic chuyn nhng s dng chung tin chuyn nhng hoc c ngi chuyn nhng chia tin chuyn nhng ti sn.
bn ng tn ch quyn nh. Khi bn bn c ng tn ch quyn nh th bn mua phi giao vng, bn bn s giao giy t nh v k cc giy t sang tn nh cho bn mua. Ngoi ra, hai bn tha thun trong thi gian thc hin hp ng nu khi bn bn c giy ch quyn nh m bn bn khng bn na th bn bn bi thng cho bn mua gp i s vng m bn bn nhn c t bn mua. Thc t, bn bn nhn c 160 lng vng. Tuy nhin, sau khi bn bn c c giy ch quyn nh th bn bn li thay i gi vi yu cu l 750 lng. Ta gim c thm cho rng y l giao dch c iu kin. Ta gim c thm cho rng vic Ta s thm xc nh giao dch mua bn nh v hiu v buc v chng ng Dng phi bi thng thit hi cho ng Hng 401,5 lng vng l khng c cn c v khng ng. Theo Ta gim c thm, trong trng hp ny phi xc nh v chng ng Dng n phng chm dt hp ng. Do , theo tha thun th v chng ng Dng phi bi thng cho ng Hng gp i s vng nhn l 320 lng vng. Tm tt Bn n s 8 (Quyt nh s 26/2007/DS-GT ngy 12/07/2007 ca HTP TANDTC): Vo ngy 27/08/2000, b Tao k hp ng mua bn ngi nh s 36 Nguyn Th Diu vi v chng ng Phng vi gi 900 lng vng. ng Phng giao cho b Tao 800 lng vng, cn li 100 lng vng, hai bn tha thun iu kin l sau khi b Tao hon thnh cc th tc mua ha gi nh v c cp giy chng nhn quyn s hu nh th hai bn s lm th tc mua bn nh ti Phng cng chng. Ngoi ra, cc bn cn tha thun ti iu 6 Hp ng rng nu sau khi b Tao nhn tin ca ng Phng m b Tao i khng bn cho ng Phng th b Tao phi n b gp i s vng nhn ca ng Phng. Khi tranh chp xy ra, HTP TANDTC nht tr vi quan im ca ta s thm v phc thm cho rng Hp ng gia b Tao v v chng ng Phng l giao dch dn s c iu kin nhng khi iu kin xy ra, b Tao khng thc hin (khng i cng chng, chng thc hp ng) nn lm hp ng v hiu v mt hnh thc v vic hp ng b v hiu l hon ton do li ca b Tao. Do vy, b Tao phi bi thng ton b thit hi do hp ng v hiu gy ra. ngha ca bn n: Nu cc bn tha thun v vic giao dch mua bn ch pht sinh khi bn bn c cp giy chng nhn quyn s hu th giao dch gia cc bn c th c coi l giao dch c iu kin. Bnh lun ca tc gi: Khi iu kin c tha mn th giao dch dn s ch mi pht sinh thi. Cn vic giao dch pht sinh c hiu lc hay khng th hng gii quyt ti hai bn n trn l khc nhau. Theo Ta Dn s ti bn n 07 th hp ng khng nhng hnh thnh m cn c gi tr php l, tc l hnh thnh v tha mn nhng iu kin c hiu lc. Do vy, Ta dn s coi hp ng mua bn pht sinh hiu lc v vic bn bn yu cu gi bn khc l mt biu hin ca n phng chm dt hp ng. Theo HTP ti bn n 08, Khi iu kin xy ra, b Tao khng thc hin (khng i cng chng, chng thc theo tha thun). Do b Tao khng thc hin nn lm cho hp ng b v hiu v mt hnh thc. y, giao dch hnh thnh khi iu kin pht sinh nhng cha c hiu lc v cn phi tun th hnh thc bt buc. Ni cch khc, sau khi
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iu kin pht sinh th hp ng mi tn ti thi v c hiu lc th cn phi tha mn nhng iu kin v hnh thc v ni dung. Theo tc gi th cch gii quyt ca HTP l hp l hn. Hu qu ca bi c: Thng thng khi xc lp hp ng c iu kin, bn mua thng a cho bn bn mt khon tin. Trong trng hp cc bn tha thun trong hp ng v vic khi iu kin xy ra m bn bn khng bn na th bn bn phi bi thng mt khon tin bng hoc gp i khon tin m bn mua tr trc th bn cht ca khon tin tr trc ny l tin t cc. Khi , vic bi thng tin t cc vn c p dng k c khi hp ng mua bn (hp ng c iu kin) b v hiu8.
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Quy nh php lut c lin quan: Theo mc 2, phn II Ngh quyt s 04/2003/NQ-HTP, c coi l bit m khng phn i khi thuc mt trong cc trng hp sau y: a. Sau khi hp ng kinh t c k kt, c y cn c chng minh rng ngi k kt hp ng kinh t bo co vi ngi c thm quyn bit hp ng kinh t c k kt (vic bo co c th hin trong bin bn hp giao ban ca Ban gim c, bin bn cuc hp ca Hi ng thnh vin hay Hi ng qun tr, c nhiu ngi khai thng nht v vic bo co l c tht). b. Ngi c thm quyn thng qua cc chng t, ti liu v k ton, thng k bit c hp ng kinh t c k kt v ang c thc hin ( k trn ha n, phiu xut kho, cc khon thu chi ca vic thc hin hp ng kinh t hoc trn s sch k ton ca php nhn). c. Ngi c thm quyn c nhng hnh vi chng minh c tham gia thc hin quyn v ngha v pht sinh theo tha thun ca hp ng kinh t (k cc vn bn xin gia hn thi gian thanh ton, cam kt s thc hin ngha v theo hp ng, k cc vn bn duyt thu, chi hay quyt ton i chiu cng n lin quan n vic thc hin hp ng kinh t) d. Ngi c thm quyn trc tip s dng cc ti sn, li nhun c c do vic k kt, thc hin hp ng kinh t m c (s dng xe t i li, kinh doanh m bit do vic k kt, thc hin hp ng kinh t m c; s dng tr s lm vic do vic k kt, thc hin hp ng kinh t thu ti sn).
nhng vn k vo giy vay th b Ha cng c mt phn li lm b Oanh nhm tng m cho vay nn y l giao dch dn s v hiu do b nhm ln v b Ha phi c mt phn trch nhim, c th l b Ha phi tr gi tr khon n cho b Oanh theo quy nh ti iu 131, 137 BLDS 2005. Bnh lun ca tc gi: Bn n s 13 lin quan n vic nhm ln khng do li ca cc bn v quy nh khi qut v nhm ln ti iu 141 BLDS 1995 cung cp c s php l gii quyt vn ny9. Tuy nhin, vi vic ch quy nh hai nguyn nhn ca s nhm ln (bao gm li v v li c ca mt bn lm cho bn kia b nhm ln) ti iu 131 BLDS 2005 th trong trng hp c p dng, BLDS 2005 s khng cung cp c s php l cho nhng v vic tng t nh bn n s 1310. Ch nh giao dch dn s v hiu do nhm ln ti BLDS 1995 v 2005 ch cp n nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch dn s nhng thc t xt x ca Ta n (m bn n s 14 l mt v d) cho thy Ta n p dng ch nh ny cho c trng hp nhm ln v ch th tham gia giao dch dn s. C th l trong bn n s 14, b Oanh tin l mnh ang cho hai v chng ng Dn v b Ha vay nhng trn thc t ng Dn v b Ha ly hn v ch c ng Dn l ngi ng ra vay. y, b Oanh nhm ln v ch th k hp ng vay vi mnh v Ta n p dng cc quy nh v nhm ln ca BLDS tuyn b giao dch v hiu.
iu 141 BLDS 1995:1- Khi mt bn do nhm ln v ni dung ch yu ca giao dch m xc lp giao dch th c quyn yu cu bn kia thay i ni dung giao dch ; nu bn kia khng chp nhn yu cu thay i ca bn b nhm ln, th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu Ta n tuyn b giao dch v hiu. 2Khi giao dch dn s v hiu do b nhm ln th bn c li trong vic xy ra nhm ln phi bi thng thit hi. 10 iu 131 BLDS 2005:Khi mt bn c li v lm cho bn kia nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch dn s m xc lp giao dch th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu bn kia thay i ni dng ca giao dch , nu bn kia khng chp nhn th bn b nhm ln c quyn yu cu Ta n tuyn b giao dch v hiu. Trong trng hp mt bn do li c lm cho bn kia nhm ln v ni dung ca giao dch th c gii quyt theo quy nh ti iu 132 ca B lut ny. [tc l trong trng hp li c lm bn kia nhm ln th gii quyt nh ch nh v hiu do la di].
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ng v nu bn mua xin hy hp ng th bn bn ch tr tin cc. Qua xc minh, Ta n nhn thy k t nm 1996 bn bn bit v vic thay i mc ch s dng 10.000 m2 t nhng khi giao kt hp ng li khng thng bo cho bn mua bit. Theo HTP, hnh vi ca bn bn l hnh vi gian di khi khng thng bo r tnh trng t cho bn mua. HTP p dng iu 142 BLDS 1995 (giao dch dn s v hiu do b la di) tuyn b hp ng v hiu v buc bn bn phi bi thng thit hi cho bn mua. Cng theo HTP, nu bn mua khng chng minh c thit hi no khc th thit hi ca bn mua s c tnh theo li sut n qu hn trn s tin cc do Ngn hng Nh nc quy nh. ngha ca bn n: Vic khng cung cp thng tin quan trng m mnh bit c lin quan n i tng ca hp ng l mt hnh vi la di. Nh vy, hnh vi la di c th l hnh ng hoc khng hnh ng. Hu qu ca hnh vi ny l hp ng c th b tuyn v hiu v bn khng cung cp thng tin b coi l c li v phi bi thng thit hi pht sinh cho bn kia.
Bn n s 18 v 19 - Gi to trong giao kt hp ng
Tm tt bn n s 18 (Quyt nh s 81/GT-DS ngy 29/04/2003 ca Ta Dn s TANDTC): V chng ng Khoan b Nh nh ng Nn mua nh s 1A V Th Su, thnh ph Nha Trang. V chng ng Khoan b Nh cng nh ng Nn ng tn mua cn nh ny. Do vy, vo ngy 10/03/1990, ng Nn v v k hp ng mua nh 1A V Th Su t v chng ng Thi. Sau , v chng ng Khoan b Nh v n nh ti cn nh ny t nm 1990. Khi xy ra tranh chp, Ta Dn s TANDTC nhn nh hp ng mua bn nh gia v chng ng Nn vi v chng ng Thi ch mang tnh hnh thc v ng Nn ng tn gim, mua nh cho v chng ng Khoan b Nh. Do vy, Ta n tuyn v hiu hp ng gia v chng ng Nn v v chng ng Thi do gi to, ng thi cng nhn vic mua bn cn nh trn gia v chng ng Khoan b Nh vi v chng ng Thi. Tm tt bn n s 19 (Quyt nh s 105/GT-DS ngy 20/06/2002 ca Ta Dn s TANDTC): Vo ngy 19/09/2000, b Hnh v ng Qu k hp ng mua bn nh vi gi 110 lng vng (khong 550 triu ng). Sau , vo ngy 13/10/2000, b Hnh v ng Qu li k mt hp ng mua bn chnh cn nh ny vi gi 200 triu ng. Khi tranh chp xy ra, trn c s xc minh, Ta n nhn nh hp ng k ngy 13/10/2000 ch l gi cch, khng phn nh ch tht s ca cc bn k kt nn hp ng ny v hiu. Tip theo, Ta n cng nhn nh rng hp ng u tin k ngy 19/09/2000 cng khng m bo iu kin c hiu lc do hp ng ny cha c xc nhn ca c quan c thm quyn v v ni dung c vi phm l k kt mua bn nh khi nh cn ang b th chp. V vy, hp ng ngy 19/09/2000 cng l v hiu, cc tha thun ca hp ng ny (bao gm c vic t cc) khng lm pht sinh quyn v ngha v ca cc bn tham gia. Bnh lun ca tc gi:
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Theo quy nh ti iu 129 BLDS 2005 th c gi to th cn c hai giao dch: mt giao dch b ngoi v mt giao dch b che giu. Hnh thc gi to kh a dng, c th c chia thnh cc nhm sau: Loi gi to th nht lin quan n ch th tham gia giao dch. VD l bn n s 18. v n ny, b ngoi hp ng l hp ng mua bn gia bn mua l v chng ng Nn v bn bn l v chng ng Thi. Tuy nhin, thc cht y l hp ng mua bn gia bn bn l v chng ng Thi v bn mua l v chng ng Khoan b Nh. Hai hp ng ny c ni dung ging nhau nhng khc nhau v ch th. Loi gi to th hai c th l khng lin quan n ch th m lin quan n chnh hp ng. Cc bn c th thay i bn cht hp ng, tc l hp ng b ngoi v hp ng thc t c bn cht khc nhau nh v d hp ng mua bn che giu hp ng tng cho, hp ng thu t che giu hp ng chuyn nhng Ngoi ra, cc bn c th thay i ni dung hp ng. Chng hn, hai bn thng nht chuyn nhng mt ti sn nhng lp hai hp ng. Hp ng b ngoi c cng chng ghi gi l 500 triu ng nhng thc t gia hai bn c mt hp ng ring vi gi 700 triu ng. Bn n s 19 l mt minh ha cho loi gi to ny.
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li sut c bn th bn cho vay khng ngn ngi p buc bn vay khon li cao hn (VD 300% li sut c bn) v nu ra Ta th Ta n cng ch gim xung 150% li sut c bn. VD: A v B u cho C vay tin c li sut. A v B u bit php lut khng cho php vt qu 150% li sut c bn. A c thc tn trng php lut nn ch tnh li l 145% li sut c bn. B khng c thc tn trng nn buc C phi chu 200% li sut c bn. Khi xy ra tranh chp, p dng gii php trn ca Ta n th B s c p dng li sut 150% li sut c bn, trong khi A vn ch c hng 145% li sut c bn nh tha thun. Phng hng hon thin l hp ng vay nng li khng c hiu lc i vi li sut tha thun v thay vo l li sut thp nht ca Ngn hng Nh nc.
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ng sn . Khi s nh gi bt ng sn. Nu gi nh gi (Gg) cao hn s tin m ngi nh mua chuyn v cho ngi ng tn (Tcv) th ngi ng tn phi hon tr cho ngi nh mua s tin Tcv v khon tin chnh lch gia Gg v Tcv. Nu Gg thp hn Tcv th ngi ng tn ch phi hon tr cho ngi nh mua mt khon tin ng bng Gg11. Trong trng hp ngi ng tn trong hp ng chuyn nhng bt ng sn khng c nhu cu s hu bt ng sn th s tin hnh pht mi bt ng sn. Hin ti php lut hin hnh hay n l khng c quy nh c th v vn ny nhng theo tc gi th phng hng x l cng tng t nh trn. Theo , nu s tin thu c t pht mi (Tpm) ln hn Tcv th ngi nh mua c nhn Tcv v tin chnh lnh gia Tpm v Tcv; ngi ng tn c hng tin chnh lch gia Tpm v Tcv. Nu Tpm nh hn Tcv th ngi nh mua ch nhn c ng s tin Tpm.
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Nhn xt ca ngi tng hp (NTH): Theo phng hng ny th hp ng chuyn nhng bt ng sn khng b tuyn v hiu. Cch x l trong bn n ny c khc bit so vi cch x l trong bn n s 18. V vic trong bn n s 18 cng l mt dng ng tn gim mua bt ng sn nhng ngi nh mua c quyn s hu bt ng sn v Ta n xc nh hp ng mua bn bt ng sn l gi to, b tuyn v hiu; ng thi Ta n cng nhn vic mua bn gia bn bn v bn nh mua.
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10/6/2006 v vic gii p cc vn nghip v). Hin ti, theo BLDS 2005 hin hnh th vn cha c hng dn c th v vic c tch thu khon li tr hay khng. Lu : nu hp ng c tha thun bng ngoi t v thanh ton cng bng ngoi t th khng c gi tr, cn hp ng c tha thun tnh ton bng ngoi t nhng thanh ton bng tin Vit Nam th li hp php (Xem Ngh quyt s 04/2003/NQ-HTP ngy 27/05/2003).
Bn n s 30 v 31 - Hp ng chnh/ph v hiu
Tm tt bn n s 30 (bn n s 112/2007/DSPT ngy 21/05/2007 ca TAND tp H Ni): Vo ngy 13/06/2006, ng Cm c cho v chng anh Tun vay 400.000.000 ng c th chp l cn nh thuc quyn s hu ca v chng anh Tun. Ngoi ra, m bo cho vic tr n, ng Cm v v chng anh Tun cn lp ra mt hp ng mua bn nh v mt giy y quyn. Theo hp ng mua bn nh th v chng anh Tun bn cho ng Cm cn nh thuc quyn s hu ca v chng anh Tun vi gi 400.000.000 ng. Theo giy y quyn th v chng anh Tun y quyn cho ng Cm c ton quyn mua bn, sang tn cn nh. Ta n xc nh vic th chp khng c c quan c thm quyn xc nhn v cha c ng k giao dch bo m nn v hiu. Ngoi ra, Ta n cng xc nh hp ng mua bn v y quyn l gi to nn cng v hiu. Tuy vy, Ta n cng nhn vic vay n gia ng Cm v v chng anh Tun v buc v chng anh Tun phi tr n gc v li ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut. Tm tt bn n s 31 (bn n s 132/2006/KTPT ngy 06/07/2006 ca Ta Phc thm TANDTC): Ngy 22/09/1997, ng t k hp ng tn dng vay Ngn hng Hng hi 600 triu ng trong thi hn 12 thng, li sut 1%/thng u t, ci to khun vin ao c ti Qung B, H Ni. Ti sn bo m cho khon vay l ngi nh ti s 1 ph ng Tc do v chng ng Khanh b Hng ng ra bo lnh theo hp ng bo lnh th chp ti sn vay vn ngn hng ngy 18/09/1997 (hp ng th chp cha c cng chng). V hp ng tn dng, do c mt s vn cha r rng nn Ta phc thm hy mt phn bn n s thm Ta s thm iu tra, xt x li. V hp ng bo lnh th chp, Ta phc thm cho rng hp ng th chp khng c cng chng l khng ng vi quy nh ti iu 347 BLDS 1995 (iu 343 BLDS 2005). Ngoi ra, trn c s xc minh, Ta phc thm nhn thy v chng ng Khanh b Hng khng phi l ch s hu hp php duy nht i vi ngi nh ti s 1 ph ng Tc. V ti sn th chp khng thuc quyn s hu ca ngi th chp v hp ng th chp khng c cng chng nn Ta phc thm tuyn hp ng bo lnh th chp v hiu. T , Ta bc yu cu ca bn cho vay v vic k bin, pht mi ngi nh s 1 ph ng Tc. ngha bn n s 30: S v hiu ca hp ng th chp (hp ng ph) khng ng nhin lm v hiu hp ng cho vay (hp ng chnh) (khng nh quy nh ti Khon 3 iu 410 BLDS 2005). ngha bn n s 31: i vi hp ng bo lnh th chp bng ti sn, s v hiu ca hp ng th chp ng ngha vi s v hiu ca ngha v bo lnh. Tuy vy, s v 21
hiu ca hp ng bo lnh th chp ti sn (hp ng ph) khng ng nhin lm v hiu hp ng vay vn (hp ng chnh). Lu : Hp ng chnh v hp ng ph c th c hnh thnh gia hai ch th; cc bn trong hp ng chnh cng l cc bn trong hp ng ph. VD: trong h thng phn phi sn phm: C v k hp ng nguyn tc phn phi mt sn phm. i vi tng t phn phi sn phm s c nhng hp ng c th. y cng l quan h chnh/ph gia hai hp ng. Hp ng chnh v hp ng ph c th tn ti gia cc ch th khc nhau. VD: hp ng bo lnh l hp ng ph cho hp ng vay. S v hiu ca hp ng ph khng lm chm dt hp ng chnh tr trng hp cc bn tha thun hp ng ph l mt phn khng th tch ri ca hp ng chnh. Nh vy, hp ng chnh c th b chm dt nu cc bn c tha thun rng y l hai phn khng th tch ri.12 S v hiu ca hp ng chnh lm chm dt hp ng ph ch khng lm hp ng ph v hiu. Chm dt v v hiu l hai khi nim khc nhau: v hiu buc cc bn khi phc li tnh trng ban u cn chm dt ch trit tiu hp ng trong tng lai, cc bn khng phi khi phc li tnh trng ban u. S v hiu ca hp ng chnh khng lm chm dt cc bin php bo m thc hin ngha v dn s13. Bnh lun b sung ca tc gi i vi bn n s 31: Bo lnh th chp ti sn vay vn ngn hng nhn b ngoi th c hai hp ng l vay v th chp nhng thc t tn ti ba hp ng: hp ng th nht l hp ng vay gia ng t v ngn hng, hp ng th hai l hp ng bo lnh ca v chng ng Khanh b Hng vi ngn hng (hp ng ny lm pht sinh ngha v bo lnh), hp ng th ba l hp ng th chp gia gia v chng ng Khanh b Hng vi ngn hng bo m thc hin ngha v bo lnh14. Nh vy, hp ng th chp nhm bo m ngha v bo lnh, hp ng bo lnh nhm m bo ngha v hon tr tin vay. Trong ti sn bo m l bo m cho ngha v bo lnh. Hp ng th chp bt ng sn c th phi cng chng v ng k giao dch bo m th mi c hiu lc trong khi hp ng bo lnh
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Xem thm Ngh quyt s 01/2003/NQ-HTP ngy 16/04/2003: trong trng hp cc bn c tha thun iu kin nu t cc b v hiu l hp ng cng v hiu th hp ng ng nhin b v hiu khi t cc b v hiu. 13 Xem thm iu 15 Ngh nh 163/2006/N-CP v giao dch bo m: Quan h gia giao dch bo m v hp ng c ngha v c bo m: 1- Hp ng c ngha v c bo m b v hiu m cc bn cha thc hin hp ng th giao dch bo m chm dt; nu thc hin mt phn hoc ton b hp ng c ngha v c m bo th giao dch bo m khng chm dt, tr trng hp c tha thun khc; 2Giao dch bo m v hiu khng lm chm dt hp ng c ngha v c bo m, tr trng hp c tha thun khc; 3- Hp ng c ngha v c bo m b hy b hoc n phng chm dt thc hin m cc bn cha thc hin hp ng th giao dch bo m chm dt; nu thc hin mt phn hoc ton b hp ng c ngha v c bo m th giao dch bo m khng chm dt, tr trng hp c tha thun khc; 4- Giao dch bo m b hy b hoc n phng chm dt thc hin khng lm chm dt hp ng c ngha v c bo m, tr trng hp c tha thun khc. 14 Xem thm iu 44 Ngh nh 163/2006/N-CP: Cc bn c th tha thun v vic xc lp giao dch bo m thc hin ngha v bo lnh, ngha v ca bn c bo lnh i vi bn bo lnh theo quy nh ca B lut Dn s, Ngh nh ny v cc vn bn quy phm php lut c lin quan.
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ch cn phi lp bng vn bn l . Do , khi hp ng th chp v hiu do vi phm iu kin v hnh thc (nh khng cng chng hay khng ng k) hay iu kin v ni dung (nh khng c s ng ca cc ch s hu) th khng nh hng n hp ng bo lnh (bi th chp ch l hp ng ph ca hp ng bo lnh v s v hiu ca hp ng ph khng lm chm dt hp ng chnh). Do vy, vic Ta n tuyn b v hiu c hp ng bo lnh l khng thuyt phc. Trong trng hp ny, ngi bo lnh vn phi thc hin ngha v bo lnh v y l dng ngha v khng c ti sn bo m m thi.
Bn n s 32 - Hu qu hp ng v hiu
Tm tt bn n s 32 (Quyt nh s 04/2004/HTP-KT ngy 27/04/2004 ca HTP TANDTC): Ngy 04/09/1997, Cng ty c ph EASIM v Cng ty t c Lc cng nhau k kt hp ng kinh t s 39/HKT. Theo hp ng, Cng ty t c Lc nhn ch to h thng ch bin c ph cho Cng ty c ph; tng gi tr hp ng l 948.000.000 . Hai bn k bin bn nghim thu bn giao cng trnh; Cng ty c ph thanh ton 821.376.000 v hin cn n Cng ty t c Lc 126.600.000 . Cc bn c tranh chp v Ta n tuyn hp ng v hiu vi l do vo thi im k hp ng, cng nh trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng v n trc thi im pht sinh tranh chp, Cng ty c kh t c Lc vn cha c ng k kinh doanh thc hin cng vic tha thun trong hp ng. Tuy nhin, khi x l hu qu v hiu, Ta ti cao nhn nh hai dy chuyn c ph c Cng ty EASIM a vo khai thc, s dng v ch bin c c ph xut bn. Do vy, Cng ty t c Lc khng phi tr li tin v nhn li thit b; cng ty c ph c gi li thit b nhng phi thanh ton 126.600.000 cn thiu cho cng ty t c Lc. Cng ty c ph khng phi tr li qu hn cho vic thanh ton chm 126.000.000 cho cng ty t c Lc. ngha bn n: Trong mt s trng hp, nu ti sn c bn mua a vo khai thc, s dng th cc bn khng phi hon tr li cho nhau ti sn c giao nhn mc d hp ng b tuyn b v hiu. Ngoi ra, nu bn mua cha thanh ton tin cho bn bn theo hp ng th bn mua phi thanh ton tip s tin cn thiu v khng phi tr li cho khon chm tr ny15. Lu : Trn thc t, i vi cc hp ng thu ti sn b v hiu do vi phm quy nh v hnh thc (hoc thm ch vi phm quy nh v ni dung nh vi phm quy nh v qun l ngoi hi, vi phm quy nh v ng k kinh doanh ) Ta n vn buc bn thu phi tr tin thu theo hp ng cho khong thi gian thc t thu ti sn v bn cho thu c nhn s tin (nu tin thu bng ngoi t th Ta n s quy i sang tin Vit theo t gi ca Ngn hng Nh nc p dng vo ngy xc lp giao dch).
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Xem thm im b.1 mc 1 phn II Ngh quyt s 04/2003/NQ-HTP ca Hi ng thm phn TANDTC hng dn p dng mt s quy nh ca php lut trong vic gii quyt cc v n kinh t: nu ti sn nhn c t vic thc hin hp ng kinh t c a vo khai thc, s dng, b mt mt, h hng th khng tin hnh hon tr ti sn . Trong trng hp ny, bn mua ch phi thanh ton bng tin cho bn bn theo gi c cc bn tha thun.
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Bnh lun thm: Nhn nhn mt cch tng th th hp ng b tuyn b v hiu thuc hai hon cnh sau. Th nht, hp ng b tuyn b v hiu v bn thn hp ng khng em li cho t nht mt bn li ch m bn ny mong i t hp ng. Trng hp hp ng v hiu do mt bn b la di hay b nhm ln thuc hon cnh th nht ny. Th hai, hp ng b tuyn b v hiu bi mt l do khng lm nh hng n li ch m cc bn mong i t hp ng. Trng hp hp ng b tuyn b v hiu do mt bn khng c ng k kinh doanh hay do vi phm nhng quy nh v hnh thc thuc hon cnh ny. i vi hon cnh th nht th vic khi phc tnh trng ban u l cn thit em li s cng bng cho bn khng t c li ch mong i. i vi trng hp th hai, cc bn u t c li ch mong i nn khng cn thit khi phc li tnh trng ban u. Thc ra vic buc cc bn khi phc tnh trng ban u c mc ch chnh l trnh nhng bt cng pht sinh t hp ng trong khi i vi trng hp th hai th s bt cng khng tn ti. Bi v nh nu, cc bn u t c li ch mong i. Nh vy, khi hp ng mang li li ch hp php m cc bn mong i th nn cng nhn hp ng i vi nhng g din ra gia cc bn nu vic cng nhn ny khng lm nh hng n li ch ca ngi th ba hay x hi.
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nc c thm quyn, nu theo quy nh ca php lut bt ng sn phi ng k quyn s hu. Hp ng tng cho bt ng sn c hiu lc k t thi im ng k, nu bt ng sn khng phi ng k quyn s hu th hp ng tng cho c hiu lc k t thi im nhn ti sn) gii quyt v vic. Quy nh trn y ca BLDS mu thun vi Lut Nh . Theo Khon 5 iu 93 Lut nh 2005: Quyn s hu nh c chuyn cho bn mua, bn nhn tng cho, bn thu mua, bn nhn i nh k t thi im hp ng c cng chng i vi giao dch v nh gia c nhn vi c nhn. Theo Khon 2 iu 64 Ngh nh s 71/2010/N-CP ngy 23/06/2010 quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh lut nh :Thi im chuyn quyn s hu nh i vi trng hp tng cho nh c tnh t ngy hp ng tng cho nh c cng chng hoc chng thc. Nu cn c vo Lut Nh 2005 th hp ng tng cho nh t gia c L v ng Long c hiu lc php lut sau khi c cng chng v k t tr i c L khng c quyn hy hp ng tng cho ny.
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tn. Tn tht v li nhun l khon li nhun m ng l bn c quyn c c nu nh hp ng c thc hin mt cch nghim chnh. y, theo Ta n, bn cung cp dch v (Bn B) b mt khon li (hng thng) ng l c hng bng chnh gi tr hp ng ca mt thng: 5.775.000 ng. Vic xc nh ny l khng thuyt phc. Bi l, hng thng, bn cung cp dch v ch c nhn 5.775.000 ng theo hp ng v c c khon tin ny th bn cung cp dch v phi cung cp dch v cam kt trong hp ng nn phi tr lng nhn vin, chi ph i li ca nhn vin, chi ph iu hnh Khi hp ng khng c tip tc th nhng chi ph ny c th hn ch hay khng tn ti. V th, khon li ng l c hng hng thng khng phi l gi tha thun trong hp ng m bng gi ny tr i chi ph thc hin hp ng. Ta n tnh khong thi gian Bn A (bn thu dch v) phi tr khon li ng l c hng cho Bn B (bn cung cp dch v) l 8 thng. Nhn t gc quan h nhn qu th hng gii quyt ny khng thuyt phc. Theo khon 1 iu 525 BLDS, Trong trng hp vic tip tc thc hin cng vic khng c li cho bn thu dch v th bn thu dch v c quyn n phng chm dt thc hin hp ng, nhng phi bo cho bn cung ng dch v bit trc mt thi gian hp l. Vi quy nh ny, bn thu dch v c th chm dt hp ng nhng phi bo trc mt thi gian hp l. Do , trong v vic ny, bn thu dch v (Bn A) ch phi chu thc hin hp ng i vi khong thi gian hp l theo quy nh ca iu 525 BLDS; sau khong thi gian ny, bn thu dch v khng cn trch nhim na. iu c ngha l bn cung cp dch v ch c hng khon li ng l c hng trong thi gian hp l theo quy nh ca iu 525 BLDS (khong thi gian ny khng th l thi gian cn li hp ng nh Ta n nu). Khon thit hi sau thi gian hp l khng c quan h nhn qu vi vic vi phm hp ng ca bn thu dch v [nn bn thu dch v khng phi bi thng cho khon thit hi ny]. Bnh lut b sung ca ngi tng hp: Di gc trch nhim gim thiu thit hi (xem thm bn n 64), vic Ta n tnh khong thi gian bn thu dch v phi tr khon li ng l c hng cho bn cung cp dch v l khong thi gian cn li ca hp ng cng khng hp l. Sau khi b Bn A chm dt hp ng tri php lut, Bn B s phi i tm i tc khc cung ng dch v. Bn A ch phi bi thng cho khong thi gian hp l Bn B cha tm c i tc khc cung ng dch v. Lin quan n khon pht do chm thanh ton, cho d coi l pht vi phm hay l li tr chm th u vt mc ti a m php lut cho php. C th l, nu coi l pht vi phm th khon tin ny tr gi 150% phn gi tr ngha v b vi phm; cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi mc 8% lut nh. Nu coi l li chm tr theo tha thun th khon tin ny tng ng vi 150%/thng hay 1800%/nm, cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi mc 150% li sut c bn do Ngn hng nh nc cng b (Khon 1 iu 476 BLDS 2005) (xem thm bn n s 54 v li chm tr theo tha thun).
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Bn n s 64 - Bi thng thit hi do khng thc hin ng hp ng v trch nhim hn ch tn tht theo php lut thng mi.
Tm tt bn n (Bn n s 214/2007/KTPT ngy 05/11/2007 ca Ta phc thm TANDTC ti H Ni): Cng ty Dng Giang (bn cho thu) cho Cng ty CP pht trin cng nghip (bn thu) thu 2 u my NB2010 v NB2172 thc hin lai dt tu bin. Hp ng c thi hn n ht thng 12/2006. Bn thu chu chi ph du, nht cho hai phng tin hot ng v phi tr nguyn n tin thu phng tin 50.000.000 ng/1 phng tin/1 thng; bn cho thu c trch nhim cung cp phng tin, nhn lc s dng phng tin v tr lng cho nhn lc s dng phng tin. Do khng c nhu cu na nn vo ngy 17/08/2006, bn thu gi vn bn thng bo cho Cng ty Dng Giang v vic thanh l hp ng vi ni dung khng nh: t ngy 20/08/2006, Cng ty c phn pht trin cng nghip khng c nhu cu thu 2 u my ca Cng ty TNHH Dng Giang na. Tranh chp xy ra, Ta phc thm p dng lut thng mi 2005 gii quyt. Theo Ta, vic bn thu n phng chm dt hp ng r rng l mt hnh vi vi phm hp ng. Hnh vi ny cho php bn cho thu yu cu bn thu bi thng thit hi. V mc thit hi m bn cho thu c th yu cu bi thng, theo Ta phc thm, gi tr bi thng thit hi bao gm tn tht thc t v trc tip do hnh vi vi phm ca b n gy ra v khon li trc tip m nguyn n ng l c hng nu khng c hnh vi vi phm ca b n. Vic khng tip tc thu phng tin ca b n khng gy ra tn tht thc t v trc tip no cho nguyn n. Theo iu 304 Lut thng mi, nguyn n ch c quyn i bi thng khon li trc tip m nguyn n ng l c hng, l khon thu 100.000.000 ng/thng/2 phng tin trong khong thi gian cn li ca hp ng t 20/8 n 31/12/2006 cha tr i chi ph tr lng cho s ngi vn hnh v cc chi ph khc nguyn n phi b ra. Tuy nhin, theo Ta phc thm, iu 305 Lut thng mi cng quy nh rng bn b vi phm hp ng phi p dng cc bin php hp l hn ch tn tht, k c i vi khon li ng l c hng. Nu khng p dng cc bin php th bn vi phm hp ng c quyn yu cu gim bt gi tr bi thng thit hi bng mc tn tht ng l c th hn ch c. ng l t ngy 20/08/2006 nguyn n a phng tin ca mnh i tm cng vic khc th c th hn ch thit hi i vi khon li ng l c hng th mi hp l theo quy nh ca php lut. Tuy nhin, nguyn n khng thc hin vic m c phng tin ti hin trng n ht ngy 31/12/2006 l s lng ph c , khng c hnh vi hn ch tn tht. T , Ta phc thm cho rng vic Ta s thm ch chp nhn mt phn yu cu ca nguyn n, buc b n bi thng thit hi cho nguyn n mt khon tin tng ng vi gi tr 1 thng thc hin hp ng l tng ng vi khong thi gian hp l nguyn n khc phc cc tn tht tip theo v khon li ng l c hng cha tr lng nhn vin, ph qun l, khu hao v sa cha phng tin l c cn c, hp l. ngha bn n: i vi hp ng thu ti sn, trong trng hp bn thu n phng chm dt hp ng trc thi hn tri php lut th bn thu ch phi bi thng thit hi tng ng 28
vi khon tin thu trong khong thi gian hp l m bn cho thu ti sn tm kim ngi thu mi thay th. Bnh lun ca tc gi: Lut thng mi c quy nh chung v trch nhim hn ch thit hi ca bn b vi phm v thc tin vn dng quy nh ny. BLDS hin hnh c quy nh v trch nhim hn ch tn tht trong mt s giao dch c th m khng c phm vi iu chnh chung. VD: iu 448.2 BLDS: bn bn c gim mc bi thng thit hi nu bn mua khng p dng cc bin php cn thit m kh nng cho php nhm ngn chn, hn ch thit hi; iu 575.1 BLDS: khi xy ra s kin bo him, bn mua bo him hoc bn c bo him phi bo ngay cho bn bo him v phi thc hin mi bin php cn thit m kh nng cho php ngn chn, hn ch thit hi. Nh vy, cc quy nh v trch nhim hn ch tn tht ch tn ti trong mt vi trng hp c bit ca php lut dn s. Chng ta cha c quy nh iu chnh chung cho tt c cc hp ng dn s. Trong khi cha sa i c BLDS, chng ta cng nn tha nhn trch nhim hn ch tn tht bng cch s dng mt s nguyn tc, quy nh ca php lut v hp ng nh: (i) khi c kh nng hn ch tn tht m bn c quyn khng hn ch th thit hi ng l c hn ch khng c mi quan h nhn qu vi vic khng thc hin hp ng, do bn c quyn khng c bi thng; hoc (ii) trch nhim hn ch tn tht l mt b phn ca nguyn tc thin ch, trung thc trong vic xc lp, thc hin quyn, ngha v dn s (theo iu 6 BLDS), bn c quyn c kh nng hn ch thit hi nhng khng lm l khng thin ch nn h khng c quyn yu cu bi thng thit hi ng l h hn ch c.
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Anh Hng trnh by phn thit hi v thu nhp b mt ca mnh l 30.000 /ngy trong thi gian 10 thng nhng anh Hng khng cho bit ti sao ra c cc con s ny. V pha mnh, Ta n chp nhn mt phn yu cu ny v quy i thit hi bng mt thu nhp ca anh Hng trong vng 5 thng v mi ngy b mt 30.000 nhng cng khng cho bit r ti sao li c cch quy i ny. Php lut hin hnh cha c quy nh hay nh hng c th cho vic quy i thit hi thnh tin nn thc tin xt x c v lng tng. Theo iu 307 BLDS: thit hi vt cht c th c bi thng bao gm tn tht v ti sn, chi ph hp l ngn chn, hn ch, khc phc thit hi, thu nhp thc t b mt hoc b gim st. Theo khon 2 iu 302 Lut thng mi: gi tr bi thng thit hi bao gm gi tr tn tht thc t, trc tip m bn b vi phm phi chu do bn vi phm gy ra v khon li trc tip m bn b vi phm ng l c hng nu khng c hnh vi vi phm. BLDS hin hnh khng r c th coi khon li trc tip m bn b vi phm ng l c hng theo lut thng mi l mt dng thu nhp thc t b mt hoc b gim st theo BLDS.
Ta phc thm nu r k t ngy ng i c n yu cu thi hnh n, nu ng Hng cha thi hnh th hng thng ng Hng cn phi chu khon tin li theo mc li sut c bn do Ngn hng quy nh tng vi s tin v thi gian thi hnh n. Bnh lun ca tc gi: Li chm tr trong trng hp chm thanh ton tin (ngoi quan h cho vay khng li) pht sinh ngay c khi cc bn khng c tha thun v vn ny. Lu im khc bit trong quan h cho vay khng li. Bi theo khon 4 iu 476 BLDS 2005: Trong trng hp vay khng c li m khi n hn bn vay khng tr n hoc tr khng y th bn vay phi tr li i vi khon n chm tr theo li sut c bn do Ngn hng Nh nc cng b tng ng vi thi hn chm tr ti thi im tr n, nu c tha thun. Ni cch khc, trong quan h cho vay khng li, li chm tr ch pht sinh khi cc bn c tha thun v vn ny. Bn c quyn khng phi chng minh b thit hi khi yu cu li chm tr; Bn c quyn c th yu cu kt hp li chm tr v bi thng thit hi v cc l do sau: (i) khng c quy nh php lut hin hnh no cm vic kt hp ny; (ii) chu li chm tr v bi thng thit hi c quy nh hai ch nh khc nhau. Khi nhng iu kin ca bi thng thit hi c tha mn th khng c l do g m khng chp nhn p dng kt hp. Thi im bt u pht sinh li chm tr l thi im ngay sau thi hn thc hin ngha v ht. Nu cc bn c tha thun v thi hn thanh ton th chng ta cn c vo thi hn ny (tha thun ny c th c trc khi c tranh chp hay sau khi c tranh chp v c th c th hin trong qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp). Nu cc bn khng c tha thun m php lut c quy nh ngy thc hin, ngy thanh ton th chng ta s dng thi im ny tnh thi im bt u. VD, theo iu 438.1 BLDS: Nu khng c tha thun th phi tr tin vo thi im v ti a im giao ti sn. Trong bn n s 49, Ta n cho rng li sut pht sinh do chm tr tnh t thng 09/2006. Ti sao l t thng 09/2006? Trong bn n c chi tit v vic ng Hng cng ng tr s n trn v li pht sinh t thng 09/2006. Nh vy dng nh cc bn thng nht vi nhau v thi im bt u pht sinh li chm tr v s thng nht ny thuc quyn nh ot ca cc ng s. Theo bn n ny, thi im cui cng chu li l tnh n ngy xt x s thm. Tuy vy, trong mt s bn n khc th Ta n xc nh tnh li chm tr l thi im gim c thm hoc ln xt x cui cng. Nh vy, thc tin xt x khng thc s thng nht v ngy cui cng pht sinh li chm tr. Ngoi ra, trong bn n ny, k t ngy ng i c n yu cu thi hnh n nu ng Hng cha thi hnh n th hng thng ng Hng cn phi chu khon tin li theo mc li sut c bn do Ngn hng quy nh tng ng vi s tin v thi gian cha thi hnh n. Vi hng ny th sau khi xt x n khi thi hnh n, chng ta khng c li chm tr v t khi c n thi hnh n th li li pht sinh. y c mt khong thi gian khon tin ny nm cht khng pht sinh li. Hng gii quyt ny l khng thuyt phc di gc vn bn. Bi theo iu 306 Lut thng mi, bn c ngha v thanh ton chu li chm tr tng ng vi thi gian chm tr v theo iu 305 BLDS, bn c ngha v chu li chm tr tng ng vi thi gian chm tr. Nh vy, chng no khon tin phi tr cha c thanh ton th khon tin ny pht sinh li sut. T khi kt thc xt x n khi thi hnh n,
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khon tin cn phi tr cha c thanh ton vn pht sinh li. Do , bo m quyn li cho bn c thi hnh n v hn ch vic bn phi thi hnh c tnh dy da, khng thi hnh n, gii php hp l c l l bt bn c ngha v phi chu li sut cho n khi thanh ton ht. Thi im ny khng phi l thi im xt x m mun hn v ph thuc vo thc ca bn c ngha v.
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vi hp ng th hai ny. H qu l mc li sut chm thanh ton theo tha thun s khng c vt 150% li sut c bn tng ng do Ngn hng nh nc cng b. Tuy nhin, cn lu l c Ta n p dng cc quy nh v pht vi phm i vi tha thun v li chm thanh ton ny. Theo cc ta ny, li chm thanh ton l ch ti cho vic vi phm ngha v thanh ton v ch ti ny l mt khon tin theo tha thun ca cc bn. Khon tin ny c tr khi c vic chm thanh ton. Do vy, tha thun ny c y cc yu t ca pht vi phm hp ng. H qu l theo php lut thng mi th tng li tr chm theo tha thun s khng c vt qu 8 % phn gi tr ngha v b vi phm. Tuy vy, nu hp ng chu s chi phi ca php lut dn s th s khng c gii hn cho li tr chm theo tha thun. Thc tin xt x cho thy cng mt loi tha thun, lc th chng ta coi l tha thun pht vi phm, lc th chng ta li coi y l mt dng ca tha thun v li cho vay vi nhng h qu php l rt khc nhau. Chng ta nn c s thng nht v bn cht ca loi tha thun ny. C l, chng ta nn coi y l mt dng tha thun v li cho vay nn chu s iu chnh ca cc quy nh v chng vay nng li. V v cc quy nh v chng cho vay nng li nm trong B lut dn s nn c p dng cho hp ng dn s cng nh hp ng thng mi (v Lut thng mi khng c quy nh khc). Bnh lun b sung ca ngi tng hp: Nu nhn nhn tha thun v li tr chm l mt dng ca tha thun v li sut cho vay v chu s iu chnh ca ch nh chng vay nng li th bn c quyn c th p dng kt hp li tr chm theo tha thun (cho d b khng ch mc 150% li sut c bn) vi pht vi phm (nu c tha thun trong hp ng) v bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ca php lut.
iu kin hon thc hin hp ng theo khon 2 iu 415 BLDS 2005 l: (i) quan h gia cc ch th phi l quan h hp ng song v; (ii) khi bn c ngha v thc hin trc cha thc hin ngha v ca mnh khi n hn. Php lut dn s Vit Nam cha c quy nh v hon thc hin i vi ngha v ca cng hai bn nhng xut pht t hai hp ng khc nhau. Tng t, chng ta cha c quy nh v vic hon thc hin trong trng hp cc bn phi thc hin ngha v hon tr do hp ng b tuyn b v hiu hay do hp ng b hy b. i vi nhng trng hp ny, c l chng ta nn p dng nguyn tc tng t php lut theo iu 3 BLDS v do vic hon thc hin khng gii hn quan h hp ng song v. Theo khon 2 iu 415 BLDS th bn c quyn c hon thc hin khi bn thc hin ngha v trc cha thc hin ngha v ca mnh. Vic quy nh nh trn l cha thuyt phc. VD, A bn cho B mt ti sn. A giao ti sn v B cha tr tin v cha n hn. Tuy nhin, sau khi nhn ti sn, B pht hin ti sn ny c khim khuyt so vi hp ng. Nu theo ng khon 2 iu 415 BLDS th B khng c quyn hon. Tuy nhin, nu lm theo phng hng ny th khng hp l. Gii php hp l y l B vn c quyn hon cho n khi A giao ti sn ng vi tha thun. Do vy nn thay thut ng cha thnh cm thut ng khng thc hin ng ngha v. Trong bn n ny, bn bn cha thc hin ngha v thay th gh c bng gh mi. Tuy nhin, c th p dng ng khon 2 iu 415 BLDS (cho php bn mua c quyn hon thc hin ngha v ca mnh) th ngha v ca bn bn v thay th gh phi l ngha v thc hin trc. Khng c c s no trong bn n khng nh bn bn phi thay th gh trc ri mi n lt bn mua thc hin ngha v mua c ph. Bn cnh , theo khon 2 iu 414 BLDS 2005: Trong trng hp cc bn khng tha thun bn no thc hin ngha v trc th cc bn phi ng thi thc hin ngha v i vi nhau Vi quy nh ny th chng ta c th suy lun quan h gia cc bn trong v vic ny thuc trng hp phi ng thi thc hin ngha v i vi nhau khng? Nu l trng hp ng thi thc hin ngha v th vic p dng khon 2 iu 415 l khng ph hp bi p dng iu khon ny th gia cc bn phi l quan h ngha v trc v sau. Nh vy, php lut Vit Nam v hon thc hin cha d liu c tnh hung c hai ngha v ng thi phi c thc hin trong khi nhiu h thng php lut cho php p dng hon thc hin hp ng khi mt bn khng sn sng thc hin ngha v trong trng hp cc bn phi thc hin ngha v cng thi im. VD iu 9:201 B nguyn tc chu u v hp ng: Mt bn phi thc hin cng lc vi bn kia c th hon thc hin ngha v ca mnh khi i tc cha sn sng thc hin ngha v ca h. Ta phc thm xc nh hp ng ny chu s iu chnh ca Lut thng mi 2005 nhng i vi quyn hon thc hin hp ng ca bn mua, Ta phc thm li p dng khon 2 iu 415 BLDS 2005 trong khi Lut thng mi 2005 cng c quy nh v hon thc hin hp ng v s dng thut ng l tm ngng thc hin hp ng ti iu 308 v 309. Mc d u cho php mt bn khng thc hin ngha v hp ng khi n hn nhng Lut thng mi v BLDS a ra nhng iu kin rt khc nhau. Theo Lut thng mi, mt bn ch c tm ngng thc hin phn ca mnh khi bn kia vi phm c bn hp ng (khon 2 iu 308). Nh vy, nhng vi phm nh khng cho php bn b vi phm p dng bin php hon/tm ngng thc hin hp ng. Quy nh tng t khng tn ti trong php lut dn s nn vi phm nh hay vi phm nghim trng u cho php p dng
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vic hon thc hin hp ng16. Nu p dng Lut thng mi 2005 th rt kh tha nhn quyn hon ca bn mua trong v vic c bnh lun. Bi l, rt kh khng nh vic bn bn khng thay th gh c l vi phm c bn hp ng. Ngc li, iu kin ny khng tn ti trong php lut dn s nn vic p dng php lut dn s thun li hn cho bn mun thc hin quyn hon. Theo Lut thng mi 2005, tm ngng thc hin hp ng c p dng tr cc trng hp min trch nhim quy nh ti iu 294 ca lut ny. Trong khi , theo iu 294 Lut thng mi 2005, bn vi phm hp ng c min trch nhim trong mt s trng hp bao gm trng hp xy ra s kin bt kh khng. Nh vy, theo lut thng mi Vit Nam hin hnh, nu mt bn khng th thc hin ngha v ca mnh do bt kh khng th bn kia khng c quyn hon/tm ngng thc hin cc ngha v tng ng ca mnh17. Quy nh tng t khng tn ti trong php lut dn s Vit Nam hin hnh. ngha ca quyn hon/tm ngng thc hin hp ng: vi quyn ny, bn c ngha v n hn ng l phi thc hin th h c php khng thc hin v vic ny khng ko theo cc ch ti thng thng vn c p dng khi xy ra vic khng thc hin ng hp ng nh pht vi phm, bi thng thit hi, li chm tr v.v
Vic vn dng ch nh ny c th dn ti lm dng. Do , chng ta cn kt hp hon thc hin hp ng vi nguyn tc thin ch trong thc hin hp ng (iu 6 BLDS). 17 Tuy vy, php lut ca Php cho php theo hng ngc li. Theo , khi A khng giao ti sn do s kin bt kh khng th B c quyn hon thc hin ngha v thanh ton ca mnh.
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hy hp ng mua bn nh, nu v chng ng Khot ng tr cho ch Hng khon tin ph trc b th chp nhn. Tm tt bn n s 60 (Bn n s 451/2006/DSPT ngy 29/09/2006 ca TAND tnh Vnh Long): Vo nm 2004, ng ip v ng Anh, b Chi k hp ng chuyn nhng quyn s dng t vi gi 130 triu ng. Vic chuyn nhng c UBND huyn chp nhn. Tuy nhin, qua xc minh th bn mua l ng ip cha tr ton b tin mua. Theo Ta n, do ng ip khng hon thnh ngha v thanh ton theo hp ng cam kt nn ng Anh ngh hy b hp ng chuyn nhng quyn s dng t l c cn c php lut theo khon 1 iu 425 BLDS. ngha ca hai bn n: i vi hp ng mua bn theo php lut dn s, nu bn mua khng thc hin ngha v thanh ton th bn bn c quyn hy b hp ng. Bnh lun ca tc gi: BLDS 2005 c mt s quy nh v kh nng hy b hp ng do mt bn khng thc hin ng ngha v ca mnh. Trong phn chung lin quan n hp ng, theo iu 417 BLDS 2005 (tng ng vi iu 413 BLDS 1995): Trong hp ng song v, khi mt bn khng thc hin ngha v ca mnh do li ca bn kia th c quyn yu cu bn kia vn phi thc hin ngha v i vi mnh hoc hy b hp ng v yu cu bi thng thit hi. Nh vy, mt bn c th hy b hp ng song v nhng phi vi mt s iu kin. Th nht, y l hp ng song v v c hai bn n ny u l hp ng chuyn nhng c n b nn iu kin ny c tha mn. Th hai, mt bn khng thc hin do li bn kia th bn khng thc hin c c quyn hy b hp ng. bn n s 59, v chng ng Khot mun hy b hp ng. Nh vy, p dng iu khon ny, chng ta phi chng minh l v chng ng Khot khng thc hin c ngha v ca mnh do li ca v chng ch Hng. Tuy nhin, y l hp ng mua bn m bn bn giao ti sn nn iu kin th hai khng tha mn. Nh vy, iu 417 khng c p dng i vi hon cnh ca ng Khot m chng ta ang nghin cu. Trong phn hp ng thng dng, BLDS cng c nhng quy nh cho php hy b hp ng khi mt bn vi phm ngha v ca mnh. Chng hn, theo khon 3 iu 550 v hp ng gia cng:Trong trng hp sn phm khng m bo cht lng m bn t gia cng ng nhn sn phm v yu cu sa cha nhng bn nhn gia cng khng th sa cha c trong thi hn tha thun th bn t gia cng c quyn hy b hp ng v yu cu bi thng thit hi. Tuy nhin, i vi hp ng mua bn, iu ng ch l lut khng tha nhn quyn hy hp ng ca ngi bn trong trng hp ngi mua khng tr tin mua18. Trong phn chung lin quan n hp ng, BLDS cn mt quy nh cho php mt bn hy b hp ng khi bn kia c vi phm. l khon 1 iu 425 BLDS nm 2005 (tc khon 1 iu 429 BLDS 1995). C th l: Mt bn c quyn hy b hp ng v
18
Nguyn Ngc in, Bnh lun cc hp ng thng dng trong lut dn s, Nxb. Tr tp H Ch Minh, 2005, tr. 183.
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khng phi bi thng thit hi khi bn kia vi phm hp ng l iu kin hy b m cc bn tha thun hoc php lut c quy nh. Nh vy, mt bn c th hy b hp ng khi tha mn mt s iu kin. Th nht, bn kia vi phm hp ng. Trong hai bn n ang c xem xt, Ta n u xc nh bn mua cha thc hin ton b ngha v thanh ton, do vy iu kin ny tha mn. Th hai, vi phm hp ng l iu kin hy b m cc bn tha thun hoc php lut c quy nh. Trong hai bn n ny, chng ta khng thy th hin cc bn tha thun v vic hy b v chng ta cng khng nh rng php lut dn s hin hnh khng c quy nh v trng hp bn bn c hy b hp ng khi bn mua khng thc hin ngha v thanh ton. Nh vy, nhn t gc vn bn, chng ta khng c c s hy b hai hp ng trong hai v vic trn. Cch iu chnh trn ca BLDS v vn hy b hp ng biu l mt s bt cp: Th nht, trong phn chuyn bit v mt s hp ng thng dng, BLDS c quy nh nhng trng hp c php hy b hp ng. Song, nhng quy phm ny khng y , mt s vi phm c th dn n hy hp ng nhng khng c quy nh nh trng hp bn mua khng thc hin ngha v thanh ton nh chng ta ang nghin cu. y, trn gc vn bn, chng ta khng th cho php hy b hp ng v i vi nhng vi phm hp ng ny, vic hy b khng c quy nh ca php lut. Th hai, BLDS ch c nhng quy nh cho php hy b i vi mt s hp ng dn s thng dng. i vi hp ng dn s khng thng dng, chng ta cng khng c quy phm c th cho php hy b hp ng. Do vy, chng ta cng khng th hy nhng hp ng ny v theo BLDS, ch c hy b hp ng khi php lut c quy nh. Chng ta thy cch iu chnh ny ca BLDS to ra l hng hay im trng php l i vi mt s trng hp vi phm hp ng. Tuy nhin, mc d cc bn khng c tha thun v khng c quy nh c th v vic hy b hp ng dn s, trong thc t, Ta n vn chp nhn hy b khi c vi phm. Hai bn n c nu y khng phi l hai bn n duy nht chp nhn cho hy b hp ng dn s khi bn mua khng thc hin y ngha v thanh ton cho d cc bn khng c tha thun v php lut khng quy nh c th v vic hy b ny. Lut thng mi 2005 c quy nh v hy b hp ng nhng cch quy nh vic cho php hy b hp ng rt khc php lut dn s. Theo khon 4, iu 312 Lut thng mi 2005:Tr cc trng hp min trch nhim quy nh ti iu 294 ca Lut ny, ch ti hy b hp ng c p dng trong cc trng hp sau y: a) Xy ra hnh vi vi phm m cc bn tha thun l iu kin hy b hp ng; b) Mt bn vi phm c bn ngha v hp ng. T quy nh trn, chng ta c mt s nhn xt sau: Cn c hy b hp ng p dng cho tt c cc hp ng thng mi ch khng gii hn mt hp ng thng mi thng dng no; ch cn mt bn vi phm c bn hp ng l bn kia c quyn hy b hp ng thng mi cho d hp ng ny l hp ng g. Cch quy nh ny rt khc php lut dn s: Php lut dn s ch a ra cn c hy b hp ng trong mt s trng hp chuyn bit cn Lut thng mi a ra cn c hy b hp ng vi tnh khi qut cao nn cho php hy b bt k hp ng no. Cch iu chnh ny s cho php hy b, chm dt hp ng khi cc quy phm iu chnh hp ng thng
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dng khng y hoc khi hp ng b vi phm khng phi l hp ng thng dng m php lut c cp. Cch quy nh c tnh khi qut cao ca Lut thng mi nn c p dng i vi php lut dn s. Nh vy, vi hng i nh trn ca thc tin xt x m chng ta c th coi tr thnh n l, Ta n lm cho php lut dn s Vit Nam gn gi vi php lut thng mi Vit Nam v vi mt s h thng php lut hin i lin quan n vic hy b hp ng khi c vi phm nghim trng. n l nn c chp nhn do hn ch ca hot ng xy dng php lut khi iu chnh vn hy hp ng do c vi phm. Trong tng lai, khi sa i BLDS th nn lut ha n l ny thc tin c c s vn bn php l nhm gii quyt vn hy b hp ng do c vi phm.
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ngha bn n: Tha thun gia cc bn v vic bn c ngha v vn phi bi thng thit hi trong trng hp khng thc hin ng ngha v do s kin bt kh khng c hiu lc php lut v rng buc c bn bo him cho bn c ngha v , ngoi tr trng hp bn bo him nu r trong hp ng bo him v vic loi tr trch nhim bo him khi xy ra s kin bt kh khng. Bnh lun ca tc gi: Cn c Khon 1 iu 161 BLDS 200519, l mt trng hp bt kh khng th phi c ba iu kin20: Th nht, y phi l s kin xy ra mt cch khch quan. S kin ny c th l s kin t nhin nh thin tai, nhng cng c th l do con ngi gy ra nh hnh ng ca mt ngi th ba. Tuy vy, khi doanh nghip khng th thc hin c hp ng i vi i tc ca mnh do cng nhn ca doanh nghip nh cng th khng c coi l mt s kin xy ra mt cch khch quan. Th hai, y phi l s kin khng th lng trc c. Nu cn c theo Lut thng mi 1997 th s kin ny phi khng th lng c ti thi im giao kt hp ng nhng xy ra sau thi im giao kt hp ng. Trong trng hp cc bn khng lng trc c s kin ti thi im giao kt hp ng nhng s kin ny xy ra vo thi im giao kt hp ng th chng ta khng p dng ch nh bt kh khng m vn dng nhng quy nh lin quan n giao kt hp ng21. VD, cng ty A nhn vn chuyn mt l hng cho Cng ty B bng tu C. Ti thi im giao kt hp ng, tu C ang c s dng ngoi khi v b m chm nhng vic ny cha c thng bo v cho cng ty A. Nh vy, A v B khng lng c s kin lm cn tr vic thc hin hp ng nhng s kin ny xy ra ti thi im giao kt hp ng. Th ba, s vic xy ra khng th khc phc c mc d p dng mi bin php cn thit v kh nng cho php.
V nguyn tc, khi ngha v hp ng khng th thc hin c v l do bt kh khng th bn c ngha v khng c trch nhim bi thng bi theo iu 302.2 BLDS 2005 (tng ng iu 308.2 BLDS 1995):Trong trng hp bn c ngha v khng th thc hin c ngha v dn s do s kin bt kh khng th khng phi chu trch nhim dn s, tr trng hp c tha thun khc. Tuy vy, iu lut ny cng cho php cc bn tha thun khc i. Tng t nh vy, iu 546.3 BLDS quy nh: Trong trng hp bt kh khng dn n ti sn vn chuyn b mt mt, h hng hoc b hy hoi trong qu trnh vn chuyn th bn vn chuyn khng phi chu trch nhim bi thng thit hi, tr trng hp c tha thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc.
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Phn nh ngha bt kh khng trong BLDS 2005 khng nm trong phn hp ng m trong phn thi hiu, c th l xc nh thi gian khng tnh vo thi hiu khi kin v n dn s. 20 Lut thng mi 2005 khng a ra nh ngha v bt kh khng. Theo khon 2 iu 77 Lut thng mi 1997 th : Trng hp bt kh khng l trng hp xy ra sau khi k kt hp ng, do nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng xy ra m cc bn khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c. 21 Chng hn, theo khon 1 iu 411 BLDS 2005:Trong trng hp ngay t khi k kt, hp ng c i tng khng th thc hin c v l do khch quan th hp ng ny b v hiu.
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Trong thc t khng him trng hp trc hoc sau khi s kin bt kh khng xy ra, cc bn tha thun l bn c ngha v bi thng cho bn c quyn v tha thun ny c Ta n cng nhn. Trong bn n ny, ng Khm l ch tu chuyn vn chuyn hng ha. ng ra, theo nhng quy nh trch dn phn trn, ng Khm khng c ngha v bi thng. Nhng ng Khm tha thun vi bn c quyn l ng chu trch nhim bi thng. Tha thun bi thng ny ph hp vi quy nh ca BLDS v khi tranh chp xy ra, Ta n cng tha nhn gi tr php l ca tha thun. Trong trng hp bn c ngha v v bn c quyn t nguyn tha thun v vic bn c ngha v vn bi thng cho bn c quyn khi xy ra s kin bt kh khng th bn c ngha v c quyn yu cu bn bo him thc hin ngha v bo him theo hp ng bo him khng? Trong bn n ny, Ta dn s cng nhn tha thun bi thng ca bn c ngha v v buc bn bo him phi thc hin trch nhim bi thng ca mnh. Ta n da vo cc cn c sau a ra kt lun ny: Cn c vo nhng quy nh v hp ng bo him trong BLDS, ni dung ca hp ng bo him; Cn c vo quy nh v tha thun bi thng khi xy ra s kin bt kh khng trong ch nh hp ng vn chuyn ti sn; Ta n bc b lp lun ca Bo Vit cho rng theo iu 30 Th l vn chuyn v xp d hng ha thy ni a th bn vn chuyn c min bi thng trong trng hp thin tai, ch ha hay bt kh khng. Bi v th l ny cha hn cm cc bn c tha thun v bi thng thit hi trong trng hp bt kh khng. Mt khc, y khng hn l mt phn ni dung ca hp ng bo him. Do , th l ny khng c hiu lc i vi cc bn trong hp ng bo him. Theo tha thun ca cc bn trong hp ng bo him v nhng loi tr trong bo him trch nhim dn s ch tu th khng c tha thun no v vic Bo Vit c t chi trch nhim do tai nn tu b chm v gi bo.
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cam kt nn Cng ty sn xut bao b k hp ng bn cho Cng ty Thi Ha l giy m Cng ty sn xut bao b bn cho Cng ty H Thnh. Tranh chp xy ra, cn c vo lut thng mi 1997, Ta n cho rng Cng ty sn xut bao b vi phm Ph lc Hp ng. Nh vy, trc khi ht hn thc hin, khi bit chc rng bn mua khng thc hin ng hp ng, bn bn khng th t x l s hng v nu t x l th b coi l vi phm hp ng. Ngoi ra, Ta n cho rng hng ha giy Kraft khng thuc loi hng ha c th b h hng ngay v thi hn giao hng c quy nh ti Ph lc Hp ng tnh n ngy 20/05/2004 l cha ht nn vic Cng ty sn xut bao b nu l do do Cng ty H Thnh khng nhn ht s hng bin minh cho vic Cng ty sn xut bao b phi bn hng i trnh ri ro l khng c c s22. Bnh lun ca tc gi: V vic Ta n cho rng bn bn vi phm hp ng khi t x l s hng c tranh chp, chng ti cho rng vo thi im xt x, gii php ny l ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut. Bi v BLDS 1995 v Lut thng mi 1997 khng c quy nh cho php hy hp ng trong nhng trng hp nh vy. Tuy nhin, gii php ny khng thuyt phc, khng bo v tt cho bn vi phm. Trong v tranh chp ny, trc khi ht hn thc hin hp ng, bn mua th hin vic khng thc hin ng hp ng v vic khng thc hin ny thc s xy ra khi ht hn thc hin (Cng ty H Thnh trn thc t ch c th bn ht s giy theo hp ng vo ngy 14/01/2005). Mc d vy, vic bn bn t x l ti sn trc khi ht thi hn li b coi l vi phm hp ng. Tht l khng hp l v khng cng bng khi khng cho php mt bn hy hay chm dt hp ng trong khi bit chc l bn kia s khng thc hin hp ng. Bnh lun ca ngi tng hp: Nu v vic tng t xy ra v chu s chi phi ca BLDS 2005 v Lut thng mi 2005 th gii php c khc khng? V c bn, BLDS 2005 v Lut thng mi 2005 ch quy nh ch ti tm dng, nh ch hay hy b hp ng c p dng khi c vi phm thc t, tc l khi ht thi hn thc hin ngha v. Lut thng mi 2005 ch c mt quy nh cng nhn mt phn gii php ny ti khon 2 iu 313: Trng hp mt bn khng thc hin ngha v i vi mt ln giao hng, cung ng dch v l c s bn kia kt lun rng vi phm c bn s xy ra i vi nhng ln giao hng, cung ng dch v sau th bn b vi phm c quyn tuyn b hy b hp ng i vi nhng ln giao hng, cung ng dch v sau , vi iu kin l bn phi thc hin quyn ny trong thi gian hp l.
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C l Ta n vn dng iu 293 BLDS 1995 (tng ng vi iu 288 BLDS 2005) a ra nhn nh ny. Bi theo cc iu lut ny, Chm tip nhn vic thc hin ngha v dn s l khi n thi hn thc hin ngha v m ngi c ngha v thc hin ngha v theo tha thun, nhng ngi c quyn khng tip nhn vic thc hin ngha v i vi ti sn c nguy c b h hng, th ngi c ngha v c quyn bn ti sn v tr cho ngi c quyn khon tin thu c t vic bn ti sn sau khi tr i chi ph cn thit bo qun v bn ti sn .
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nh:Vic thc hin cc quyn ca cc t chc, h gia nh, c nhn c quy nh ti cc iu 78a, 78b, 78c v 78d ca Lut ny phi c lm th tc ti c quan nh nc c thm quyn theo quy nh ca php lut. Ngy 29/03/1999, Chnh Ph cn c Lut t ai sa i, b sung nm 1998, ban hnh Ngh nh s 17/1999/N-CP quy nh v th tc cho thu; cho thu li t i vi t chc (iu 19, 20, 21) l phi c hp ng thu t Nhng quy nh ny ban hnh v c hiu lc sau khi hp ng v cc ph lc hp ng c k kt. Lut t ai sa i, b sung nm 1998 v Ngh nh s 17/1999/N-CP khng quy nh i vi nhng hp ng cho thu k t trc khi Lut v Ngh nh nu trn c hiu lc m vn cn thi hn thc hin khi Lut v Ngh nh ny pht sinh hiu lc th phi lm th tc li theo quy nh ca Lut v Ngh nh ny. Do vy vic HTX Hng Quang k hp ng cho Cng ty Tn Hng thu 1.350 m2 nh xng hin c trn tng din tch t c s dng l 3.100 m2 l ph hp vi quy nh ti iu 476, 477 BLDS 1995, khng vi phm Lut t ai nm 1998 v Ngh nh s 17/1999/N-CP.
ngha bn n: Ta n c quyn t xc nh li bn cht hp ng t c th p dng nhng ch nh php lut ph hp. Ta n khng p dng php lut c hiu lc sau thi im giao kt hp ng tr phi cc quy nh php lut mi mm do hn cc quy nh c c hiu lc vo thi im giao kt hp ng23 hoc tr phi quy nh php lut mi khng c quy nh khc v vic chuyn tip. Khi khng c quy nh chuyn ngnh c th th Ta n p dng linh hot cc quy nh ca B lut Dn s nh mt ngun lut chung. Bnh lun ca tc gi: Vic Ta n c quyn t xc nh li bn cht thc ca hp ng/giao dch l cn thit v nhng l do sau: Th nht, mi loi hp ng/giao dch c mt ch nh ring. VD, hp ng thu ti sn c ch nh ring ca mnh v khc vi nhng quy nh iu chnh hp ng mua bn. Do vy, vic xc nh chnh xc bn cht hp ng/giao dch l cn thit p dng nhng quy nh ph hp v y, Ta n l c quan ph hp vi cng vic ny khi cc bn a tranh chp ra trc Ta. Th hai, do khng bit r php lut, cc bn c th nhm ln khi xc nh bn cht hp ng/giao dch, hoc, do hiu bit php lut, nn cc bn c tnh xc nh sai bn cht ca hp ng ln trnh php lut hay t c nhiu li ch hn khi h nu r bn cht thc ca hp ng. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, vic Ta n c quyn xc nh li bn cht thc ca hp ng l cn thit.
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Cch gii quyt ca Ta n v vic khng p dng hi t trong bn n c bnh lun l rt hp l v cn c chp nhn. Bi hp ng l tha thun ca cc bn nhm t c li ch hp php mong i. Nu p dng nhng quy nh c thit lp sau ngy cc bn k kt hp ng, chng ta s lm o ln nhng d tnh ca cc bn v do , lm nh hng n li ch hp php m h mong i khi giao kt hp ng. Ni cch khc, m bo li ch hp php m cc bn mong i t hp ng, nu khng c quy nh c th khc, chng ta khng nn p dng nhng quy nh c thit lp sau khi giao kt hp ng m phi p dng nhng quy nh c hiu lc ti thi im giao kt hp ng. V tranh chp ang nghin cu lin quan n Lut t ai nhng thit ngh gii php m Ta n a ra y c th c p dng i vi nhng vn bn khc khi vn php l tng t c t ra. Lu ch p dng php lut ti thi im giao kt hp ng khi vn bn mi khng c quy nh khc. iu c ngha l nu vn bn mi quy nh rng nhng hon cnh pht sinh trc chu s chi phi ca vn bn mi th phi p dng vn bn mi. iu ny cng phn no c th hin trong Quyt nh ang c bnh lun. Bi theo Hi ng thm phn, vic p dng lut ti thi im giao kt v Lut t ai sa i, b sung nm 1998 v Ngh nh s 17/1999/N-CP khng quy nh i vi nhng hp ng cho thu t trc khi Lut v Ngh nh nu trn c hiu lc m vn cn thi hn thc hin khi Lut v Ngh nh nu trn c hiu lc th phi lm th tc li theo quy nh hin hnh. Nh vy, nu lut mi quy nh iu chnh quan h pht sinh m vn cn thi hn thc hin th lut mi c p dng. Ngoi ra, VD theo iu 123 Lut doanh nghip nm 1999: i vi cng ty trch nhim hu hn, cng ty c phn c iu l khng ph hp vi quy nh ca Lut ny th cng ty phi sa i, b sung iu l trong thi hn hai nm, k t ngy Lut ny c hiu lc. Trng hp qu thi hn ny m iu l cng ty khng c sa i, b sung th iu l b coi l khng hp l. iu l thc ra l mt tha thun gia cc thnh vin sng lp cng ty. Nu theo nguyn tc trn ca Ta n th p dng nhng quy nh ti thi im iu l c thit lp. Nhng nguyn tc ny khng c p dng v Lut doanh nghip nm 1999 buc phi tun th nhng quy nh ca Lut mi ny i vi nhng iu l trc . Theo Hi ng thm phn:T thi im k hp ng kinh t s 1 ngy 29/08/1996 n thi im k ph lc hp ng s 02 ngy 10/01/1999, Lut t ai 1993 ang c hiu lc. Lut ny khng c quy nh v th tc thu t, thu ti sn gn lin vi quyn s dng t i vi t chc, c nhn Vit Nam. Nh vy, theo TANDTC, hp ng c tranh chp ng ra c chi phi bi Lut t ai nm 1993 nhng lut ny li khng c quy nh c th v th tc thu t, thu ti sn gn lin vi quyn s dng t. lp ch trng, Hi ng thm phn i chiu hp ng vi nhng quy nh ca B lut dn s c hiu lc ti thi im giao kt hp ng (tc l BLDS nm 1995). y l gii php cn c pht huy bi i vi nhng quan h c th nh kinh t, thng mi, mc d chng ta c vn bn quy nh nhng nhng quy nh ny thng khng y . Vic s dng BLDS nh trn cho php lp nhng ch trng ny.
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Bn n s 66 bis - Xung t php lut theo thi gian - p dng hi t cc quy nh mi c tnh mm do hn cc quy nh c hiu lc vo thi im giao dch c xc lp.
Tm tt bn n s 66 bis (Quyt nh s 23/2008/DS-GT ngy 28/08/2008 ca Hi ng Thm phn TANDTC): Vo nm 1994, Cng ty Xy dng v pht trin nh qun 4 k hp ng chuyn nhng nh t cho ng Thun. Vo thi im nm 1994, nhng hp ng chuyn nhng kiu ny phi c cng chng, chng thc nhng hp ng ny khng c cc bn cng chng, chng thc. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng hp ng tng t m p dng Lut kinh doanh bt ng sn nm 2007 th khng phi cng chng, chng thc. Nay cc bn c tranh chp th cn p dng quy nh php lut no? Theo Hi ng thm phn, mc d ti thi im giao kt hp ng chuyn nhng nh t nu trn khng c cng chng hoc chng thc ca c quan c thm quyn, nhng theo quy nh ti iu 67 Lut Kinh doanh bt ng sn c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/2007 th hp ng nu trn khng bt buc phi cng chng, chng thc (do bn bn l Cng ty c chc nng kinh doanh bt ng sn), nn hin nay hp ng sang nhng nh t gia Cng ty vi ng Thun khng vi phm v hnh thc v t Hi ng thm phn kt lun: hp ng gia Cng ty vi ng Thun khng tri php lut; hp ng chuyn nhng nh t gia Cng ty vi ng Thun ang c hiu lc nn v chng ng Thun phi c tip tc thc hin hp ng vi Cng ty. ngha ca bn n: Ta n p dng hi t cc quy nh php lut mi vi iu kin l cc quy nh ny c tnh cht mm do hn cc quy nh c c hiu lc vo thi im giao dch c thit lp. Bnh lun ca tc gi: Trong Lut kinh doanh bt ng sn, chng ta khng thy quy nh no cho php p dng Lut ny i vi cc hp ng v bt ng sn c k kt trc ngy Lut ny c hiu lc. iu c ngha l Hi ng thm phn p dng php lut c hiu lc sau khi hp ng c giao kt m khng c bt k quy nh no cho php p dng hi t Lut mi. Hng gii quyt ny ca Hi ng thm phn l rt thuyt phc bi php lut mi mm do hn, to iu kin cho hp ng pht huy hiu lc em li li ch cho cc bn nh mong mun th nn p dng php lut mi. Hp ng sinh ra khng b tuyn b v hiu hay hy b m em li cho cc bn nhng g mong i. Do , nu p dng php lut c lm trit tiu hp ng, cn p dng php lut mi lm cho hp ng pht huy ht hiu qu th nn p dng php lut mi. Tinh thn trn nn c m rng cho vic p dng php lut iu chnh hp ng ni chung mi khi c xung t php lut trong thi gian.
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ng mua bn, ngi mua c ngha v tr tin hng cho ngi bn. Ngi mua t tr, hoc chuyn ngha v tr tin sang ngi th ba, hoc c th y quyn cho ngi th ba thay mnh tr tin. Hnh vi c th ca Cng ty Hng Kng trong v tranh chp ny khng c coi l chuyn ngha v tr tin sang ngi th ba, bi v th nht, cha h c mt s tha thun thng nht gia ba bn: b n (Cng ty Hng Kng) l ngi mua, nguyn n (Cng ty Vit Nam) l ngi bn v ngi th ba l ngi mua li go v vic chuyn ngha v t b n sang ngi th ba. S ngm hiu m b n nu trong vn th ca mnh ch l s din gii n phng, khng c bng chng v khng th chp nhn c. Th hai, trc khi LC c m, nguyn n khng h c thng bo v ngha v tr tin hng ca b n c chuyn sang bn th ba, v vy, hnh vi tr tin ca bn th ba theo ch th ca b n c coi l vic b n y quyn cho ngi th ba thay mnh thc hin ngha v, t b n vn phi chu trch nhim trc nguyn n v vic bn th ba khng thc hin ng ngha v 24. Do ranh gii gia hai ch nh ny rt mng manh nn cn thn trng trong vic son tho tha thun lm r s khc nhau gia y quyn thc hin ngha v v chuyn giao ngha v theo tha thun. Theo iu 315 BLDS 2005 (tc iu 321 BLDS 1995), bn c ngha v c th chuyn giao ngha v dn s cho ngi th ngha v nu c bn c quyn ng . B nguyn tc Unidroit cng yu cu phi c s ng ca ngi c quyn nh BLDS nc ta nhng khc vi ca ta, B nguyn tc Unidroit c quy nh v phng thc ng ca ngi c quyn. C th, theo iu 9.2.4, khon 1: Ngi c quyn c th ng trc v vic chuyn giao ngha v. VD, ch s hu sng ch X k hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh vi A. Trong thi hn 10 nm, A phi tr tin th lao cho X. Vo thi im k kt hp ng, A d kin l n mt thi im nht nh, tin th lao s do cng ty con ca mnh l B thanh ton. X c th ng trc trong hp ng l ngha v thanh ton tin th lao c chuyn t A sang B. Thit ngh chng ta cng nn theo hng gii quyt ny. Gii php hon ton ph hp vi tinh thn ca B lut dn s 2005 theo cn dnh cho cc bn nhiu t do hp ng. Khi c chuyn giao ngha v th ngi th ngha v l ngi c ngha v i vi bn c quyn. Vn cn li l ngi c ngha v ban u c c gii phng ngha v vi bn c quyn khng? Cu tr li l rt quan trng, nht l khi ngi th ngha v khng thc hin ng ngha v. Thc t cho thy, cc h thng lut tng i khc nhau. chu u, mt s nc cho rng ngi c ngha v ban u c gii phng hon ton nhng mt s nc li quy nh ngc li. BLDS nc ta cn rt s si v vn ny. Theo BLDS th trong trng hp ngha v dn s c bin php bo m c chuyn giao th bin php bo m chm dt, nu khng c tha thun khc. Nh vy, vic chuyn giao ngha v gii phng cc bin php bo m. Trong thc t, c hai loi bo m ch yu l bo m do chnh ngi c ngha v cung cp nh cm c, th chp ti sn ca bn c ngha v hoc do ngi th ba thc hin nh bo lnh. BLDS khng phn bit hai loi ny nn vic gii phng bin php bo m p dng cho bt k loi bo m no. Trong bn n ny, ngha v ca b Du c ng A bo lnh. Vi quy nh va nu th khi ngha v c chuyn giao theo tha thun cho ngi khc th bin php bo lnh chm dt, tc ng A khng cn trch nhim
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Xem Hong Ngc Thit: Tranh chp t hp ng xut nhp khu n l trng ti v kinh nghim, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, 2002, tr. 97 v 98.
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vi b Mn na. y cng l hng gii quyt ca Ta n trong bn n ny bi v sau khi tha nhn vic chuyn giao ngha v theo tha thun l hp php, Ta n bc yu cu ca b Mn i ng A phi tr s tin 20.000.000 ng. BLDS ca chng ta khng cho bit l ngi c ngha v ban u c c gii phng hay khng. Nu chng ta cho rng ngi c ngha v ban u vn c trch nhim i vi ngi c quyn th chng ta khng thy s khc nhau gia ch nh chuyn giao ngha v c quy nh ti iu 315, 316, 317 BLDS 2005 vi ch nh v thc hin ngha v dn s thng qua ngi th ba ti iu 293 BLDS 2005. Do vy, chuyn giao ngha v l mt ch nh c lp vi ch nh thc hin ngha v thng qua ngi th ba, chng ta nn cho rng vic chuyn giao ngha v gii phng ngi c ngha v ban u tr khi cc bn c tha thun khc. y cng l gii php m Ta n p dng trong bn n ang c bnh lun. H qu u tin ca chuyn giao ngha v l ngi th ngha v tr thnh ngi c ngha v i vi bn c quyn. Do , bn c quyn c php yu cu ngi ny thc hin ngha v c chuyn giao. Ngoi tr nhng bin php bo m nh cp trn, ni dung ca ngha v c chuyn giao khng b thay i. Chng hn, nu l chuyn n th bn th ngha v c trch nhim thanh ton c n chnh v li. Tuy nhin, phi tha nhn rng, mi quan h gia ngi c quyn v ngi th ngha v rt phc tp trong khi BLDS khng c quy nh no v vn ny. Chng hn nh ngi th ngha v c th vin dn mi quan h ca mnh vi ngi c ngha v ban u i khng vi ngi c quyn hay khng? Theo B nguyn tc chu u v hp ng th ngi c ngha v mi khng th vin dn mi quan h ca mnh vi ngi c ngha v ban u i khng vi ngi c quyn (iu 12.102, khon 1). y, quy phm ny bo v bn c quyn v c p dng ngay c khi bn c quyn bit rng mi quan h gia ngi th ngha v v ngi c ngha v ban u c kh nng v hiu. VD: A bn cho C mt tc phm ngh thut c cc bn coi l tc phm ngh thut Trung Quc thi Trung c vi gi l 20.000 euro v tha thun rng C thay th A vi t cch l ngi c ngha v i vi Ngn hng B. Sau khi nhn c thng bo ca A, Ngn hng B ng vic th ngha v ny. Nhng t lu sau, c chng c r rng A bn cho C tc phm ngh thut gi. Theo quy nh ca B nguyn tc chu u v hp ng th s vic ny khng lm nh hng n vic chuyn giao ngha v. Thit ngh chng ta cng nn theo hng ny nhm m bo quyn li ca ngi c quyn. Bi l, theo BLDS th trong trng hp ngha v dn s c bin php bo m c chuyn giao th bin php bo m chm dt. b tr vic chm dt cc bin php bo m ny, chng ta khng nn cho php vin dn mi quan h gia ngi c ngha v ban u v ngi c ngha v mi cn tr hiu lc ca vic chuyn giao ngha v. Nh ni trn, ni dung ca ngha v c chuyn giao khng b thay i mc d ngi thc hin ngha v thay i. Do vy, mc d BLDS hin hnh khng c quy nh r rng, chng ta nn cho php ngi c ngha v mi vin dn nhng i khng m ngi c ngha v ban u c th vin dn i khng vi ngi c quyn. y, chuyn giao ngha v th chuyn giao c nhng ngha v v quyn gn lin vi ngha v ny. Chng hn, nu trc y, ngi c ngha v ban u c quyn tm nh ch hoc t chi thc hin ngha v i vi ngi c quyn trn c s p dng cc bin php phng v (VD do
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ngi c quyn khng thc hin ng ngha v ca mnh) th ngi c ngha v mi cng c th p dng cc bin php phng v i vi ngi c quyn. VD: doanh nghip A n doanh nghip X 200 triu tin dch v v phi tr s tin ny vo cui nm. c s ng ca X, A chuyn giao khon n ny cho B. Cc dch v m X cung cp cho A rt km cht lng nn cho A c p dng cc bin php phng v t chi thanh ton. Khi n hn thanh ton, B cng c th p dng cc bin php phng v ny i vi vi X. Gii php cng c p dng i vi cc bin php phng v trong t tng. VD: cc d kin tng t nh trong v d va ri nhng X khi kin B ra trc Ta n ni X c tr s. B c th vin dn iu khon trng ti ghi trong hp ng gia A v X. y l bin php i khng m A c th vin dn i vi X. Tuy nhin, cn phi nu rng quy nh trn ch c p dng i vi nhng bin php i khng m ngi c ngha v ban u c th vin dn i vi ngi c quyn trc khi vic chuyn giao ngha v c hiu lc. Chng hn, sau khi chuyn giao ngha v, ngi c quyn i vay bn c ngha v ban u mt khon tin. y, khon tin ny c th b tr vi mn n ca ngi c ngha v ban u nu khng c s chuyn giao ngha v. Nhng v vic b tr ny ch tn ti sau khi chuyn giao ngha v c hiu lc nn ngi c ngha v mi khng c vin dn i khng vi ngi c quyn.
Thc tin php l Vit Nam cho thy vin dn vic mt quyn yu cu Ta n gii quyt do ht thi hiu khi kin c th xut pht t mt bn trong tranh chp hp ng hay t c quan t tng. Trong bn n ang bnh lun, khng c yu t no ca bn n cho thy mt bn vin dn vic ht thi hiu v kt qu ca vic mt quyn khi kin trn dng nh xut pht t ch n phng ca c quan t tng. Vi thc tin ny th php lut Vit Nam khc vi nhiu h thng php lut trn th gii. VD: trong thc tin xt x ca Php, Ta ti cao Php thng xuyn hy bn n s thm hay phc thm trong thm phn t mnh vin dn vic mt quyn khi kin ca mt bn trong hp ng do ht thi hiu trong khi khng c bn kia ca hp ng yu cu. VD: iu 10.9, khon 1 B nguyn tc Unidroit:Vic ht thi hiu ch c hiu lc nu bn c ngha v vin dn vic ht thi hiu nh l mt bin php t v. Nh vy, trong cc h thng php lut trn, vic ht thi hiu khng c hiu lc t ng. Vic ht thi hiu ch c hiu lc khi mt bn vin dn iu nh mt bin php t v. y, c quan t tng khng c t vin dn vic ht thi hiu t chi quyn yu cu ca mt bn trong hp ng nu khng c bn kia nu ra. Quyn yu cu Ta n can thip pht sinh t quyn m mt bn c yu cu bn kia thc hin. VD, quyn mt bn yu cu Ta n buc bn kia thanh ton mt khon tin pht sinh t quyn bn ny c yu cu bn kia thanh ton khon tin trn. Khi ht thi hiu khi kin th quyn khi kin b mt. Mt vn t ra l liu vic mt quyn yu cu Ta n c dn n mt quyn lm pht sinh quyn yu cu Ta n khng? Vn php l quan trng ny khng c quy nh mt cch r rng trong cc vn bn php lut hin hnh. Trc y, theo iu 380.7 BLDS 1995 th ngha v dn s chm dt trong trng hp thi hiu khi kin ht. Nhng ngy nay, theo BLDS 2005 th thi hiu khi kin khng cn l cn c chm dt ngha v. Trong tranh chp gia b B v b Xun m chng ta ang bnh lun, Ta dn s TANDTC nhn nh vic mt quyn khi kin ca b Xun khng dn ti vic chm dt ngha v tr n ca b B. Nh vy, trong lnh vc hp ng, theo thc tin php l Vit Nam, vic mt quyn khi kin khng dn n mt quyn lm pht sinh quyn yu cu Ta n. Chng ti cho rng gii php ny l hp l v ph hp vi cc quy nh hin hnh ca BLDS bi l trong danh sch cn c chm dt ngha v dn s, chng ta khng c trng hp ht thi hiu khi kin. Gii php ny dn n h qu l nu t bn c ngha v thc hin ngha v th khng c i li. Trong VD trn, nu b B t thanh ton cho b Xun mc d thi hiu khi kin ht th khng c i li khon thanh ton . V quyn vn tn ti nn bn c quyn vn c th s dng b tr vi ngha v ca mnh vi bn kia. VD nu b Xun cng phi tr b B mt khon tin th b Xun c th s dng khon tin m mnh cho vay b tr vi mn n m mnh phi tr cho b B. Trong thc t, khng him trng hp ht thi hiu nhng bn c ngha v vn t nguyn thanh ton v c Ta n chp nhn.
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