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TNH TON PH TI IN
1. Khi nim chung - Nhim v u tin ca ngi thit k cung cp in cho mt cng trnh l xc nh chnh xc nhu cu in ca cng trnh tc l xc nh ph ti ca cng trnh ng thi c tnh ton n n s pht trin ca ph ti trong tng lai. - Trn c s gi tr cng sut tnh ton m ta la chn ngun in v thit b nh MBA, dy dn, thit b phn phi, thit b bo v. - Vic xc nh khng chnh xc cng xut tnh ton ca nh my s dn n vic lng ph trong u t khi ph ti tnh ton ln hn ph ti thc t cng nh vic cung cp in khng m bo lm gim tui th cc thit b, c th gy chy n v qu ti khi ph ti tnh ton nh hn ph ti thc t. - Hin nay c nhiu phng php c s dng, tuy nhin thng dng nht vn l phng php Sp xp biu ph ti - hay phng php cng sut trung bnh v h s Kmax. - Cc phng php xc nh ph ti c chia lm hai nhm: Nhm th nht: da vo kinh nghim thit k v vn hnh tng kt v a ra h s tnh ton. Phng php ny thun tin, tn ton n gin nhng kt qu cho gn ng. Nhm th 2: da trn c s l thuyt xc xut v thng k, c tnh ton n cc yu t nh hng nn cho kt qu chnh xc hn. - Trong thc t ph thuc vo mc ch ca vic xc nh ph ti m ta la chn phng php tnh ton. 2. Nhng lu khi tnh ton thit k cung cp in - Tng cng sut tiu th ln nht thc t ca nhm thit b lun nh hn tng cng sut nh mc ca chng v khng phi lc no chng cng lm vic vi cng sut nh mc v thi im tiu th cng sut cc i cng khng phi lc no cng trng nhau. - Khi xc nh cng sut tnh ton ca nh my cn lu n tnh cht khng u ca ti theo gi, ngy, tun, thng, nm, tc l cn phi phn tch th ph ti. - Vic la chn s cung cp in v cc phn t trong h thng cung cp phi tin hnh da trn c s tnh ton kinh t - k thut la chn ra phng n ti u. - Phng n c la chn phi l phng n m bo cung cp in tin cy ng thi tit kim v mt kinh t (Chi ph u t, ph tn vn hnh hng nm, tn tht in nng ). - Nhng i lng chnh c cp n khi tnh ton ph ti: cng sut biu kin S(kVA), cng sut tc dng P(kW), cng sut phn khng (kVar), v dng in I (A). - H thng cung cp in c thit k phi m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b, thun tin cho ngi vn hnh, sa cha. 3. Cc bc chnh trong thit k h thng cung cp in cng nghip: a. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton ca tng phn xng v ca ton nh my. b. Xc nh phng n v ngun in c. Xc nh s cu trc mng in. d. Chn, kim tra dy dn v thit b bo v. e. Thit k h thng ni t an ton. f. Thit k h thng chng st. g. Xy dng bn v nguyn l v bn v thi cng Page1
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4. th ph ti in - nh ngha: th ph ti in l ng cong biu din s thay i theo thi gian ca cng sut m ph ti tiu th. - Nhng i lng c bn dng biu th ph ti: dng in I(t), cng sut tc dng P(t), cng sut biu kin S(t), cng sut phn khng Q(t). Tuy nhin trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng th cng sut tc dng P(t). - quan st c s thay i ca ph ti theo thi gian ngi ta s dng dng c o v dng c t ghi ta thu c th dng tc thi. Theo kt qu thu c trong cc khong bng nhau ca cng t hay tnh gi tr trung bnh ta thu c th ph ti theo hnh bc thang. - Khi thit k, da vo th ph ti ta c th la chn c thit b, in nng tiu th. ng thi a ra c ch v hnh ti u ca cc thit b. - Mi nghnh cng nghip u c th ph ti ngy m v nm c trng ring c xc nh bi quy trnh cng ngh ca sn xut. Tuy nhin th ph ti ca x nghip ni chung l khng n nh m thay i ph thuc vo quy trnh cng ngh, s p dng cc tin b mi vo sn xut vic nng cao hiu sut s dng thit b c tnh n s y mnh v t ng ho qu trnh sn xut, s thay i sut tiu hao in nng cho n v sn phm a. Phn loi th ph ti - th ph ti ngy m: l th trong mt ngy m 24 gi. Trong thc t c th s dng dng c t ghi, hay nhn vin vn hnh v th. thun tin th c biu din di dng bc thang.
Hnh 3.1 th ngy m - th ph ti thng: l th trung bnh hng thng, theo th ny xc nh nhp lm vic, lch vn hnh, sa cha thit b hp l, p ng yu cu ca sn xut.
Hnh 3.2 th hng thng - th ph ti nm: t th ph ti hng ngy c th xy dng c th hng nm. Theo c th xc nh mc s dng in v tiu hao in nng. BIGING MN CUNG CP IN Page2
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] I. NHNG KHI NIM V I LNG C BN Thit b tiu th in: l thit b tiu th in nng: ng c in, l in, n in H tiu th in: l tp hp cc thit b in ca phn xng hay ca x nghip hoc ca khu vc. Ph ti in: l i lng c trng cho cng sut tiu th ca cc thit b hay cc h tiu th in. 1. Cng sut nh mc- Pm: l cng sut ca thit b hay cc h tiu th in nng c ghi trn tm bin ca thit b (do ni ch to cung cp) v l i lng c bn dng tnh ton ph ti in. a. Cng sut nh mc ca cc thit b. - i vi ng c in: Cng sut tc dng nh mc ca ng c in Pm l cng sut pht ca ng c trn trc ng c khi in p l nh mc, n c biu din bng (kW). V ng c khi lm vic c tn hao cng sut nn cng sut thc t phi cung cp cho ng c s ln hn v c tnh nh sau: P Pdm = ll
Pdm : cng sut ghi trn l lch ca ng c. : Hiu sut ca ng c. - i vi cc h tiu th khc nh l in tr, bng n : Cng sut tc dng nh mc Pm ca chng chnh l cng sut ghi trong l lch ca my hay bu n v bng cng sut tiu th t li khi in p l nh mc. - i vi thit b hay h tiu th lm vic ch ngn hn lp li : th cng sut nh mc ca chng c tnh bng cch quy i v cng sut nh mc di hn khi h s ng in a = 100% . H s ng in ph tuc vo quy trnh cng ngh v thng c gi tr tiu chun: 15; 25; 40;60;75. t lamviec t a% = 100% = lamviec 100% t lamviec + t nghi T i vi ng c in: p dm = pll a % i vi my bin p: s dd = sll a % Trong : pll ( KW ), sll (kVA) , l cc s liu v cng sut theo l lch v a - l thi gian ng in tng i ca h tiu th, tlamviec - thi gian m thit b c cp ngun lm vic.
Trong :
T - tng thi gian lm vic v ngh - i vi my bin p ca l in: cng sut nh mc c tnh: p dm = S11 cos 11 Trong S11 - Cng sut nh mc ca my bin p, kVA cos 11 - h s cng sut ca my bin p l in - i vi my bin p hn, cc kh c in v my bin p hn tay: cng sut tc dng nh mc l mt cng sut quy c no y quy i v T= 100% p dm = s11 cos 11 a % Trong cos 11 - h s cng sut nh mcca my bin p hn
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] - Nu l my lin hp c truyn ng nhiu ng c: nn hiu l ton b my lin hp trong phn xng, cng sut nh mc ca n l tng cng sut nh mc (quy i theo a%= 100%) ca tt c cc ng c in ca my lin hp (t my). b. Xc nh thng s nh mc ca thit b v nhm thit b Thng s nh mc ca thit b 3 pha
q dm = p dm tg dm ; s dm =
2 dm
+q
2 dm
I dm _ TB =
s dm 3U dm
2 2 p dm + q dm
3U dm
Thng s nh mc nhm thit b ba pha: - Cng sut nh mc ca nhm l tng cng sut tc dng nh mc ca cc thit b tiu th hay h tiu th in nng ring bit quy i theo a%= 100%
2 dm
2 dm
I dm =
S dm 3U dm
2 2 Pdm + Qdm
3U dm
q dm = p dm tg dm ; s dm =
2 2 p dm + q dm I dm _ TB =
s dm = U dm
2 2 p dm + q dm
U dm
Thng s nh mc nhm thit b 1 pha - Nhng h tiu th mt pha c xem l phn b u theo cc pha khi tng cng sut nh mc ca cc thit b phn b khng u trn cc pha khng vt qu 15% ton b cng sut nh mc ca cc thit b ba pha v cc thit b mt pha phn b u trn cc pha ni vo nt - i vi nhng h tiu th in mt pha mc vo in p pha hoc in p dy c phn b u cho cc pha ca li in ba pha khi tnh ton c tnh nh h tiu th ba pha c cng sut bng tng cng sut nh mc ca nhng thit b mt pha . - Trng hp cc thit b mt pha phn b khng u ta s dng mt i lng c trng gi l cng * sut nh mc ba pha quy c ca cc thit b mt pha Pdm .
* - Cng sut nh mc ba pha quy c ca cc thit b mt pha Pdm bng ba ln cng sut nh mc ca pha mang ti ln nht * Pdm = 3Pdm _ pha _ max
Trong : -
Pdm _ pha _ max : cng sut nh mc ca pha mang ti ln nht. Cng sut nh mc ca pha A, B, C c tnh nh sau: Pdm , A = Pdm , AB p ( AB ) B + Pdm , BC p ( BC ) B + Pdm , BN Pdm , B = Pdm , AB p ( AB ) B + Pdm, BC p ( BC ) B + Pdm , BN Pdm,C = Pdm , AC p ( AC ) C + Pdm , BC p( BC ) C + Pdm ,CN
Pdm , AC - tng cng sut nh mc ca thit b mt pha lm vic in p dy A_C Pdm , BC - tng cng sut nh mc ca thit b mt pha lm vic in p dy B_C Pdm, AN Pdm , BN Pdm,CN - Tng cng sut nh mc ca thit b mt pha lm vic in p pha A, B, C v trung tnh.
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p ( AB ) A, , p ( AC ) A, , q ( AB ) A, , q ( AC ) A, - h s quy i v pha A ca cc thit b ni vo in p dy AB v AC p ( AB ) B , , p ( BC ) B , q ( AB ) B , , q ( BC ) B , - h s quy i v pha B ca cc thit b ni vo in p dy AB v BC p ( AC ) C , , p ( BC )C , q ( AC ) C , , q ( BC )C , - h s quy i v pha B ca cc thit b ni vo in p dy AC v BC.
K hiu H s cng sut 0.65 0.7 0.84 0.8 0.16 0.30 0.88 0.20 0.22 0.80
p ( AB ) A, p ( BC ) B p ( AC ) C , p ( AB ) B , p ( BC )C p ( AC ) A, q ( AB ) A, q ( BC ) B , q ( AC )C , q ( AB ) B , q ( BC )C , q ( AC ) A,
Cng sut phn khng cng c tnh ton tng t Qdm, A = Qdm, AB q ( AB ) A + Qdm, AC q ( AC ) A + Qdm, AN
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] 2. PH TI TRUNG BNH - Ph ti trung bnh ca thit b hay nhm thit b l cng sut trung bnh ca thit b hay nhm thit b tiu th trong mt khong thi gian no . - i vi mt h tiu th: 1 t 1 t ptb = pdt qtb = qdt t 0 t 0 - i vi cc nhm h tiu th 1 T 1 T Ptb = Pdt Qtb = Qdt T 0 T 0 - Trong thc t ph ti thay i theo khng theo quy lut tuyn tnh nn kh ly tch phn v vy ta c th xc nh cng sut trung bnh thng qua in nng (c xc nh bng cng t)
ptb =
2 2 Ptb + Qtb
3U dm
mt nhm h tiu th sau khong thi gian t (T) - Cng sut tc dng trung bnh (hay phn khng trung bnh) ca nhm cc h tiu th ring bit tham gia trong nhm ny :
Ptb = ptb ,i
i =1 n
; Qtb = qtb ,i
- Ph ti trung bnh theo cng sut trong mt ca c ti ln nht c k hiu tng t nh trn nhng thm ch s ph: Ptb ,max , Qtb ,max . Ph ti trung bnh cc i Ptb ,max , Qtb ,max l i lng c bn tnh ton ph ti nhm h tiu th v ca phn xng hay x nghip - Ca tiu th in nng ln nht ca cc nhm tiu th, phn xng hay x nghip trong mt ngy m in hnh gi l ca ti ln nht. Nhng ngy m c xem l in hnh nu trong thi gian in nng tiu th xp x bng gi tr in nng tiu th trung bnh cc i sau mi ngy lm vic trong thi gian ang kho st (tun l, thng,nm).
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P 2 (T )dt ; Qtbbp =
1 T
Q 2 (T )dt ; I tbbp =
1 T
I 2 (T )dt
Ptbbp =
n ( A pi ) 2
i =1
T
n ( Aqi ) 2
n
2 2 2 2 nt i (Q12 t1 + Q2 t 2 + ... + Qn t n ) Q12 t1 + Q2 t 2 + ... + Qn t n i =1 = = t1 + t 2 + ...t n T T Trong Api, Aqi in nng tc dng v in nng phn khng tiu th trong khong thi gian ti - Cng sut phn khng trung bnh bnh phng Qtb ,bp c ngha quan trng nh gi hiu sut
Qtbbp =
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- Nh vy ph ti tnh ton Ptt dng la chn dy dn v thit b in theo iu kin pht nng c tnh bng ph ti cc i na gi.
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- Cc ch tiu ca th ph ti l nhng h s khng th nguyn c trng ch lm vic ca cc h tiu th in nng theo cng sut hoc theo thi gian c dng kho st v tnh ton th ph ti in cc h s ca ph ti c xc nh cho th ring bit cng nh cho c th nhm ca cng sut phn khng, cng sut tc dng v cng sut biu kin hoc dng in Cc h s th ph ti c dng theo h thng k hiu sau - Tt c h s ca th ph ti ring bit, hay thit b v th ph ti nhm c k hiu tng ng bng ch k v K. - Loi h s c k hiu bng ch ci u tin tn gi n. - Tt c cc h s ca th ph ti cng sut tc dng P, p c k hiu khng c ch s ph , cn i vi cng sut phn khng Q,q v dng in I , i c k hiu theo ch s ph tng ng q v I na V d : K dt v K dtq l h s in kn th ph ti cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng.
1. H s s dng: ksd, Ksd : H s s dng cng sut tc dng ca h tiu th k sd hoc ca nhm h tiu th K sd l t s gia cng sut tc dng trung bnh ca h tiu th (hay nhm h tiu th) vi cng sut nh mc ca n (quy v ch lm vic di hn): a. i vi mt thit b: p k sd = tb p dm - H s ny c xc nh bng phng php th nghim v c ghi vo cc bng theo cng thc cho cc thit b khc nhau: p1T1 + p 2T2 + ... + pi Ti A k sd = = sd p dm (T1 + T2 + ... + Ti + Tnghi ) Adm b. i vi nhm thit b:
K sd
P = tb = Pdm
k
i =1 n 1
sdi
p dmi
dmi
; k sd =
Asd _ n hom P1T1 + P2T2 + ... + Pi Ti = Pdm (T1 + T2 + ... + Ti + Tnghi ) Adm _ n hom
Trong Asd, Asd_nhom in nng tiu th ca thit b hay ca nhm thit b trong thi gian kho st; Adm, Asd_nhom - in nng tiu th ca thit b hay ca nhm thit b trong thi gian kho st ch nh mc. Tng t , h s s dng cng sut phn khng k sd ,Q ; K sd ,Q v dng in k sd , I ; K sd , I c xc nh :
k sd ,Q q = tb q dm
; K sd ,Q
Q = tb = Qdm
k
1 n 1
sd ,Q
p dm
k
1 n 1
sd ,Q
p dm
dm
p
i
dm
k sd , I
i = tb idm
; K sd , I
I = tb I dm
k
1 n 1
sd , I dm
dm
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K = -
k
1 n 1
pdmi
dmi
T th ph ti h s ng in c tnh bng biu thc sau: t + t + ... + tn k = 1 2 t1 + t2 + ... + tn + tkt 3. H s mang ti (h s ph ti) kpt, Kpt l t s gia cng sut tc dng thc t tiu th (tc l ph ti trung bnh trong thi gian ng ptb ,d thuc khong t ck ) vi cng sut nh mc ca n:
pong p = k pt = thucte = pdm pdm 1 t
tck
p(t )dt
0
pdm
1 1 hay k pt = pdm t
tck
p(t )dt =
0
A pm t
k pt =
-
ptb t ck k sd = pdm t k
Tng t nh h s ph ti theo cng sut phn khng v theo dng in bng k sd ,Q k sd , I k pt , I = k pt ,Q = kd kd H s ti theo cng sut tc dng ca c nhm K pt l t s ca h s s dng nhm K sd vi h s
K pt =
ng nhm K d tc l
K sd Kd - H s mang ti cng nh h s ng, c lin quan trc tip n quy trnh cng ngh v thay i theo ch lm vic ca h tiu th - Nu thit b lm vic lin tc trong sut qu trnh kho st th h s ph ti bng h s s dng v khi h s ng in bng 1 v h s ph ti bng h s s dng.
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Ap
Trong
Ap - in nng tc dng trong thi gian kho st T Api - in nng tc dng trong thi gian t i =
T n 5. H s cng sut tc dng cc i k max , K max L t s cng sut tc dng tnh ton ptt , Ptt vi cng sut trung bnh ptb , Ptb Trong thi gian kho st : p P k max = tt ; K max = tt ptb Ptb - Thi gian kho st ly bng thi gian ca ca mang ti ln nht. - Thng thng h s cc i c xt vi th ph ti nhm tc l xc nh K max v gi tr ca n ph thuc vo s thit b hiu qu ca nhm - Tng t h s cc i ca th ph ti tnh theo dng in dc xc nh nh sau : K max, I = I tt / I tb
H s cc i K max l i lng tnh ph thuc vo s h tiu th hiu qu nhq v mt lot cc c trng cho ch tiu th in nng ca nhm h tiu th . H s cc i cng sut tc dng K max c th coi mt cch gn ng l hm s ca cc h tiu th hiu qu nhq v h s trung bnh Kmax=f(Ksd,nhd). - Trong tnh ton thc t quan h K max = f (nhq , K sd ) c biu din di dng cc ng cong tnh ton. C th xc nh Kmax bng cc cch sau: a. Xc nh bng cng thc: 1,5 K max = 1 + nhq
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1 K sd K sd
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b.
Tra bng
c.
Xc nh theo ng cong.
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K dk , I =
-
I tb 1 = I max K max, I
ph ti ngy v m v th ph ti nm
8. H s ng thi Kt - h s ng thi cc tr s cc i ca ph ti K dt : l t s gia cng sut tc dng tnh ton tng ti nt kho st ca h thng cung cp in vi tng cc cng sut tc dng tnh ton cc i ca cc nhm h tiu th ring bit ni vo nt : P ; K dt 1 K dt = n tt ptt ,i
1
- H s ny cho ta bit cc kh nng ph ti cc i ca cc nhm thit b trong nt xy ra cng mt thi gian. Nu xy ra trong cng mt thi gian th Kt=1,
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] - Gi tr K dt thay i theo thi gian ca nm, v cc i trong ngy thay i v tr s v theo thi gian Ptt , px - i vi phn xng: K dt , px = n ptt ,i
1
-i vi nh my
K dt ,nm =
Ptt ,nm
P
1
tt , px
Trong :
tt ,i
- Tng ph ti tnh ton ca n nhm h tiu th ring bit trong phn xng
P
1
tt , px
9. S thit b hiu qu nhq ca nhm thit b l s thit b quy i c cng sut nh mc, ch lm vic nh nhau v c tng cng sut tnh ton bng tng cng sut tiu th ca cc thit b thc t trong nhm. - Gi thit c mt nhm gm n h tiu th c cng sut nh mc v ch lm vic khc nhau. Ta gi nhq l s h tiu th hiu qu ca nhm , l mt s quy i gm nhq h tiu th c cng sut
nh mc v ch lm vic nh nhau, v c ph ti tnh ton bng ph ti tiu th thc bi n h tiu th trn ( Ptt _ ntbhq = Ptt _ ntb ). S h tiu th hiu qu c xc nh nh sau :
n p dmi 1 = i =n 2 p dmi
i =1 2
n hq
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1. a. -
K sd =
k
i =1 n i =1
sdi p i
pi
; cos =
cos p
i =1 i
p
i =1
Cng sut phn khng trung bnh ca nhm t in tnh c xc nh: U Qtb _ tu = Qll _ tu ( ) 2 U ll Trong : Qll _ tu - cng sut theo l lch ca nhm t ng vi in p U ll
U - in p thc t ca li. b. Nhm thit b mt pha: Cng sut trung bnh ca nhm thit b mt pha gn vo li 3 pha phn * b khng u c xc nh da trn ph ti trung bnh quy c Ptb ca nhm thit b mt pha:
* Ptb = 3Ptb _ pha _ max
* Qtb = 3Qtb _ pha _ max
Cng sut trung bnh ca tng pha c tnh ging nh cng sut nh mc Ptb , A = k sd _ AB p dm , AB p ( AB ) A + k sd _ AC p dm , AC p ( AC ) A + k sd _ AN p dm , AN
Ptb ,C = k sd _ BC p dm , BC p ( BC ) C + k sd _ AC p dm , AC p ( AC ) C + k sd _ CN p dm ,CN Ptb , B = k sd _ AB p dm , AB p ( AB ) B + k sd _ BC p dm , BC p ( BC ) B + k sd _ BN p dm , BN
Trong ksd_AB , ksd_BC , ksd_AC h s s dng cc thit b gn vo in p dy AB, BC, AC. ksd_AN , ksd_BN , ksd_AN h s s dng cc thit b gn vo in p dy AN, BN, CN
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c. Trng hp ng qut: Cng sut trung bnh ti nt c c thit b ba pha v thit b mt pha phn b khng u trn in p pha v in p dy c tnh nh sau:
* Ptb = Ptb + Ptbi * Qtb = Qtb + Qtbi i =1 i =1 n n
2. a.
b. Nhm thit b: Dng in nh ca nhm thit b in h p xc nh bng tng s ca dng in khi ng ln nht trong cc ng c trong nhm v dng in tnh ton ca cc thit b in cn li trong nhm tr dng in nh mc ca ng c c dng in khi ng ln nht trn (c xt n h s s dng ca n ) : I n _ n hom = I kd ,max + ( I tt k sd I dm ,max )
Trong I kd ,max - dng in khi ng thit b in c dng khi ng ln nht trong nhm.
I m,max - dng in nh mc quy i v T = 100% ca ng c c dng in khi ng ln nht k sd - h s s dng ca ng c c dng khi ng ln nht I tt - dng in tnh ton ph ti ca nhm h tiu th
3U dm - Vi ng c in khng ng b roto lng sc v ng c in ng b kmm=3:5 - Vi ng c in mt chiu hoc ng c khng ng b roto dy qun dng in khi ng ly khng nh hn 2,5 ln dng in nh mc. - Dng in nh ca my bin p l in v my bin p khng nh hn 3 ln dng in nh mc (theo l lch my tc l khng quy i v T = 100% ) 3. XC NH DNG IN TNH TON a. Nu l 1 thit b th dng in tnh ton cc tnh bng cng thc pdm itt = idm = 3U dm cos b. Nu l nhm thit b th dng in tnh ton doc tnh bng cng thc S tt Ptt I tt = = 3U luoi 3U luoi cos
I tt =
S tt
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Ptt cos
Trong K nc - h s nhu cu ca nhm h tiu th c trng ly trong cc ti liu tra cu ; tg - tng ng vi cos c trng ca nhm h tiu th cho trong cc ti liu tra cu Gi tr K nc - ph thuc vo gi tr K sd - ly theo bng di y ng vi K d = 0,8 Pdm Cng sut t bit trc ca phn xng hay nhm thit b. 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Ksd Knc 0.5 0.6 0.65-0.7 0.75-0.8 0.85-0.9 0.92-0.95
- Ph ti tnh ton im nt ca h thng cung cp in (phn xng, nh my, x nghip ) c xc nh bng tng ph ti tnh ton ca cc nhm h tiu th ni vo nt ny c k n h s ng thi, ngha l tnh theo biu thc sau :
n n S tt = K dt Ptt + Qtt 1 1
Trong
tt
- tng ph ti tc dng tnh ton ca cc nhm h tiu th, xc nh theo cng thc - tng ph ti phn khng tnh ton ca cc nhm h tiu th , xc nh theo cng thc
Q
1
1 n
tt
K dt - h s ng thi. - H s nhu cu ng vi nhm thit c cng ch lm vic K nc khng i v bng K sd khi s thit b kh ln ( K max = 1 ) - Tr s K nc ch chnh xc khi la chn tit din dy dn (nh hn 25mm2). Nn i vi dy dn c tit din ln hn th nu dng tr s ny Ptt s ln hn cng sut tnh ton thc t. - Nhn xt: Xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo cng sut t v h s nhu cu l mt phng php gn ng s lc nh gi ph ti tnh ton v vy ch c th dng tnh ton s b ph ti cc im nt c nhiu h tiu th ni vo h thng cung cp in ca mt phn xng, mt to nh hoc mt nh my
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hoc
Qtt = Ptt tg
2 S tt = Ptt2 + Qtt
- Theo phng php ny ph ti tnh ton c coi l bng ph ti trung bnh bnh phng, tc l Ptt = Ptbbp ; Qtt = Qtbbp - Nhn xt: Ni chung gi thit ph ti tnh ton bng ph ti trung bnh bnh phng l khng chnh xc , tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp ph ti trung bnh bnh phng c th s dng nh ph ti tnh ton , chng hn i vi cc nhm h tiu th vi ch lm vic lp li ngn hn.
5. THEO CNG SUT TRUNG BNH V H S CC I Ptb, Kmax - Phng php ny gi l phng php sp xp biu ph ti hay l phng php xc nh ph ti tnh ton theo s thit b hiu qu, Theo phng php ny ph ti tnh ton l ph ti trung bnh cc i na gi. - Ph ti tc dng tnh ton ca nhm h tiu th c th ph ti bin i ( tt c cc bc ca li cung cp v phn phi, k c my bin bin p v ny bin i) c xc nh theo cng sut trung bnh v h s cc i nh sau. a. Khi cc thit b l 3 pha. Khi n3 th
Ptt = p dm ,i v Qtt = q dm ,i = p dm ,i tg dd ,i
1 1 1
Trong pdmi cng sut nh mc ca tng thit b ( quy i) cosI - h s cng sut ca tng thit b. Khi s thit b trong nhm n>3 v nhq<4 ta c:
Ptt = p dm,i k pt ,i
1
n
Qtt = q dm ,i k pt ,Q ,i = p dm ,i tg dm ,i k pt ,i
1 1
Trong n- s h tiu th thc t trong nhm k pt ,i - h s ph ti theo cng sut tc dng ca h tiu th th i Khi khng c cc thng tin v k pt v cos dm c th ly gi tr trung bnh ca chng nh sau : i vi h tiu th c ch lm vic lu di ly gi tr k pt = 0,9 v cos dm = 0,8 i vi h tiu th c ch lm vic ngn hn lp li ly k pt = 0,75 v cos dm = 0,7
Khi s thit b trong nhm n>3 v nhq 4 nhq 200 Ptt = K max Ptb = K max K sd Pdm
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] Trong : K max = f (nhq ) - h s cc i c xc nh theo nhq v K sd theo ng cong hay theo cng thc: 1,5 1 K sd KM = 1+ K sd n hq
Ptb - Cng sut tc dng trung bnh ca nhm thit b trong ca c ph ti ln nht K sd - h s s dng ca nhm thit b. Pm cng sut t hay cng sut nh mc ca nhm thit b quy i v ch lm vic di hn (a=100%) nhq 10 Qtt = 1,1Qtb Khi
Khi Trong
nhq > 10
Qtt = Qtb
Qtb - cng sut phn khng trung bnh ca nhm thit b trong ca mang ti ln nht. Qtb = Ptb tg tb = Pm K sd tg tb tgtb - tang trung bnh ca nhm Nu s thit b hiu qu ca nhm nhq>200 th Ptt=Ptb
2 S tt = Ptt2 + Qtt
I tt =
S tt
3U m
2 Ptt2 + Qtt
3U m
b. Nu thit b l 1 pha: Ph ti tnh ton ca nhm thit b mt pha phn b u trn li 3 pha c cng ch lm vic c tnh nh thit b ba pha. - S thit b hiu qu ca nhm thit b mt pha c th tnh n gin nh sau:
nhq = Trong :
2 pmi
i =1
3 pm _ max
p
i =1
mi
Ph ti tnh ton ca nhm thit b mt pha (n>3) phn b khng u trn li 3 pha c ch lm vic khc nhau c tnh thng qua ph ti tnh ton quy c Ptt* - S thit b hiu qu ca nhm thit b mt pha c th tnh n gin nh sau: nhq = 2 pmi
i =1 n
3 pm _ max
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] Khi Khi nhq 10 nhq > 10
* Ptb = 3Ptb _ pha _ max * Qtb = 3Qtb _ pha _ max
* * Qtt = 1,1Qtb
* * Qtt = Qtb
Ph ti tnh ton ca nhm thit b mt pha phn b khng u trn li 3 pha c th ph ti khng i * Ptt* = Ptb
* * Qtt = Qtb
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V. XC NH PH TI TNH TON TI CC NT CA H THNG CUNG CP IN . - Thit k cung cp in cho cc x nghip gm hai giai on: giai on thit k s b v giai on thit k thi cng. Trong giai on on thit k s b ta ch cn tnh s b gn ng ph ti in da trn c s tng cng sut t ca cc thit b trong ton phn xng hay ton nh my. giai on thit k thi cng ta tin hnh tnh ton chnh xc ph ti in ti cc nt trong h thng. Xc nh ph ti t bc thp ln bc cao ca h thng.
- Ph ti tnh ton ti cc nt ring bit ca h thng cung cp in gm cc thit b khc nhau (ng c in c ch lm vic di hn, lm vic ngn hn lp li v lm vic ngn hn ca dng in ba pha v mt pha, in p n 1000V v cao hn) cc h tiu th chiu sng, c tin hnh theo cng sut trung bnh v h s cc i. - Phi xem xt ti h p v ti cao p ring bit. Ta phi tnh ton ph ti t di ln trn: 1. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton ca tng thit b in p di 1kV ta c th coi l cng sut nh mc ca thit b ny (nu thit b lm vic ch ngn mch lp li th phi quy i v ch lm vic di hn). Theo gi tr ti ny ta tnh dng in tnh ton ng thi la chn dy dn cng nh thit b bo v cho tng thit b: pm , im
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] 2. Ph ti tnh ton Ptt 2 ca mt nhm thit b ng lc xc nh theo mt trong cc phng php trnh by trn c tnh n ph ti chiu sng, ph ti sinh hot v thit b b cng sut phn khng lp t trn thanh ci (nu c)
S tt 2 = ( Ptt 2 + Pcs 2 + Psh 2 ) 2 + (Qtt 2 + Qcs 2 + Qsh 2 Qbu 2 ) 2
Trong Ptt 2 , Pcs 2 , Psh 2 - cng sut tc dng tnh ton ca ti ng lc, ti chiu sng v ti sinh hot. Qtt 2 , Qcs 2 , Qsh 2 , Qbu 2 - Cng sut phn khng tnh ton ca ti ng lc, ti chiu sang, ti sinh hot v thit b b cng sut phn khng - Theo cng sut S tt 2 ta xc nh dng in tnh ton ng thi la chn dy dn cng nh thit b bo v. - Trong phn ny phi xc nh cng sut trung bnh ca nhm thit b ng lc Ptb _ nhm , Qtb _ nhm h s cng sut trung bnh cos tb _ nhm , h s s dng trung bnh nhm K sd _ nhm , h s cc i K max_ nhm . Sau xc nh cng sut tc dng tnh ton Ptt 2 3. Ph ti tnh ton ca thanh ci pha h p ca MBA lc c tnh bng tng cng sut tnh ton ca cc nhnh trc. Ph ti ny gm cc thit b cng sut ln, cc t phn phi cp cho cc t ng lc hay nhm thit b.
Ptt 3 = Ptt 2 k + Pcs 2 j + Psh 2i + Pcs 3 z
k =1 n j =1 i =1 z =1 n m l r
S tt 3 = ( Ptt 2 + Pcs 2 + Psh 2 ) 2 + ( Qtt 2 + Qcs 2 + Qsh 2 Qbu 2 Qbu 3 ) 2 Nu tnh n h s ng thi
Ptt 3 = K t Ptt 2 k + Pcs 2 j + Psh 2i + Pcs 3 z
k =1 n j =1 i =1 z =1 n m l r
- Theo gi tr ti ny ta tnh dng in tnh ton ng thi la chn dy dn cng nh thit b bo v v la chn s lng v cng sut MBA lc. 4. Ph ti tnh ton pha cao p ca MBA lc 6-22kV ca trm bin p
S tt 4 = ( Ptt 3 + PT ) 2 + (Qtt 3 + QT ) 2
Trong Ptb 3 , Qtb 3 cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng trung bnh ca pha h p MBA lc. PT , QT tn hao cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng ca MBA (Tra cu trong cc bng -trong trng hp khng r dng MBA th c th tnh cc gi tr ny nh sau: PT = 0.02 S tt 3 , QT = 0,1 S tt 3 , ) - Theo gi tr Stt 4 la chn tit din dy dn cp ngun cho trm bin p, thit b bo v tuyn ny.
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TS. L MINH PHNG [CHNG III: TNH TON PH TI IN] 5. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton trn thanh ci trm phn phi chnh. Ph ti tnh ton ny bao gm ph ti cc trm bin p phn xng v cc thit b lm vic vi in p cao th. la chn tit din thanh ci v tuyn dy ngun, thit b bo v trm h p chnh ta xc nh ph ti ca tng phn on. Cng sut tnh ton ny c xc nh theo cng sut phn khng v cng sut tc dng ca cc phn xng, c tnh n cng sut ca ph ti cao p, ph ti chiu sang nh my v cc thit b b cng sut phn khng
2 Ptt 5 = K dt ( Ptt 4 ) + Pbu Qtt 5 = K dt ( Qtt 4 ) Qbu 5 S tt 5 = Ptt25 + Qtt 5
Trong : K dt - H s ng thi
ttC 5
ttC 5
- Tng cng sut tc dng v phn khng tnh ton ca cc thit b cao p c
cp ngun th thanh ci ca trm h p chnh. Pbu - Tn hao cng sut trong thit b b cao p. Qbu 5 - Cng sut phn khng ca thit b b cao p. Theo gi tr S tt 5 la chn tit din dy dn cho thit b bo v ng dy ngun. 6. Cng sut tnh ton trn thanh ci trm h p chnh xc nh theo cng sut tnh ton ca cc ng truyn ti c tnh n h s ng thi
2 Ptt 6 = K t Ptt 5 ; Qtt 6 = ( K t Qtt 6 ) Qb _ 6 S tt 6 = Ptt26 + Qtt 6
- Theo gi tr S tt 6 la chn s lng my v cng sut my bin p trm h p chnh v thit b bo v trm h p chnh. 7. La chn tit din ng dy cp ngun cho trm h p chnh c da trn cng sut tnh ton S tt 7
S tt 7 = ( Ptt 6 + PTC ) 2 + (Qtt 6 + QTC ) 2
Trong PTC , QTC - tn hao cng sut tc dng v phn khng trong MBA trm h p chnh.
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VI. MT VI NT CHNH KHI TNH N MC TNG PH TI - Kinh nghim cho thy rng ph ti in ca x nghip tng ln khng ngng (hp l ho tiu th in nng, tng nng sut cc my chnh, tng dung lng nng lng thay hoc hon thin cc thit b cng ngh, xy lp thm cc thit b cng ngh . Nh ch r hp l ha s cung cp in v tt c cc phn t ca n ph thuc vo vic nh gi ng n ph ti in. Khng tnh n s pht trin ca ph ti s dn n ph hoi thng s ti u ca li. - Quan st cc x nghip thuc cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau v s l s liu trn c s l thuyt xc sut v thng k ton hc ch ra rng hu ht cc trng hp s pht trin ph ti cc i c th m t kh chnh xc theo lut tuyn tnh : S (t ) = S 00 (1 + 1t ) Trong S 00 - cng sut tnh ton ca x nghip thi im khi ng S(t) cng sut tnh ton sau t nm 1 - h s pht trin hng nm ca ph ti
- Phn tch chi ph tnh ton ca cc ng dy v trm bin p cho thy thi gian tnh ton T ( thi gian thc t cng chi ph ) cn phi ly 25 -30 nm nhng khng ln hn thi hn phc v ca thit b chnh - Khi bit ph ti cho mt nm bt k trong khong thi gian tnh ton T c th bng phng php no la chon ng n cc thng s ca cc phn t ca h thng cung cp in x nghip cng nghip thi gian v dng hon thin tip theo khi thit k cho tng lai.
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