BI TP IU KIN

Mn : PHNG PHP S
CU HI
A. CU HI LOI 1
1. Hy trnh by phng php kh Gauss tm nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn
tnh.
2. Hy m t phng php chia i tm nghim gn ng ca phng trnh phi
tuyn. Nu sai s ca phng php.
B. CU HI LOI 2
1. Dng phng php chia i tnh nghim gn ng ca phng trnh: x3 x 1 qua
4 bc lp. nh gi sai s x4
2. Dng phng php dy cung tnh nghim gn ng ca phng trnh: x3 x 1
qua 4 bc lp. nh gi sai s x4
C. CU HI LOI 3
1. Tm nghim h phng trnh

2 x1 + 3 x2 + x3 = 11

x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 0
3 x + 2 x = 9
3
1
Bng phng php kh Gauss
2. Cho h phng trnh Ax=b (1), trong ma trn A v cc vct x, b c dng
1 1 2

A = 2 1 1
1 1 1

x1

x = x2
x
3

0.6

b = 0.5
0.5

Hy gii h phng trnh ny bng phng php kh Gauss-Jordan.

BI GII
A. CU HI LOI 1
1. Phng php kh Gauss
Gi s ta gii h phng trnh sau :
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2 n xn = b2

....................................
an1 x1 + an 2 x2 + ... + ann xn = bn

(1)

Phng php kh Gauss dng cch kh dn cc n a h phng trnh cho v

mt dng tam gic trn ri gii h tam gic ny t di ln trn, khng phi tnh mt nh
thc no.
Phng php ny c thc hin qua cc bc sau:
a. Qu trnh xui:
- Bc 0:
Dng phng trnh u tin kh x1 trong n-1 phng trnh cn li. Gi s a110.
( cho cng thc n gin, trc khi kh ta c th chia phng trnh th nht cho a11).
C th kh x1 hng th k ( k=2,3,n) ta phi tnh li cc h s akj hng th k
(j=1,2,..n+1) nh sau: akj=akj-a1j*ak1/a11
- Bc 1:
Dng phng trnh th 2 kh x2 trong n-2 phng trnh cn li pha sau. Gi s
a220. ( cho cng thc n gin, trc khi kh ta c th chia phng trnh th hai cho
a22).
C th kh x2 hng th k (k=3,4,n) ta phi tnh li cc h s akj hng th k
(j=2,..n+1) nh sau: akj=akj-a2j*ak2/a22 .
- Bc i:
Dng phng trnh i kh xi trong cc phng trnh th i+1,i+2, ..., n. Gi s aii0.
( cho cng thc n gin, trc khi kh ta c th chia phng trnh th i cho aii).
C th kh xi hng th k (k=i+1,n) ta phi tnh li cc h s akj hng th k
(j=i,..n+1) nh sau: akj=akj-aij*aki/aii
- Bc n-1:
Dng phng trnh th n-1 kh xn-1 trong phng trnh th n. Gi s an-1 n-10.
( cho cng thc n gin, trc khi kh ta c th chia phng trnh th n-1 cho an-1 n-1)
C th kh xn-1 hng th n ta phi tnh li cc h s anj hng th n (j=n1,n,n+1) nh sau: anj=anj-an-1j*an-1i/an-1n-1
2

n y kt thc qu trnh kh.

Ch :
Trong qu trnh gii xui ta gi thit a110, a220, a330, ..., an-1 n-10. Nu 1 trong cc
h s bng khng th qu trnh khng tip tc c. Lc ta phi thay i cch tnh.
Gi s khi kh x1 ta gp a11=0 th ta nhn cc h s a21, a31 ...an1 ca x1 cc phng
trnh pha di, nu c h s no khc khng ta c th ly n thay cho vai tr ca a11 bng
cch hon v hai phng trnh. Nu tt c cc h s s a11, a21, a31 ..., an1 u bng khng
th h cho suy bin.
Vy tt nht l trc khi kh x1 ta chn trong cc h s a11, a21, a31 ..., an1 h s c gi
tr tuyt i ln nht lm tr th nht (gi l tr ti i th nht) ri hon v hng th nht
cho hng c gi tr tuyt i ln nht). Tc l ta chn hng r sao cho:
| ar1 | = max {| ak1 | / k=1,2, ... ,n} Sau ta i hng r cho hng 1.
Tng t trong cc bc kh x2,... xn-1 , trc khi kh ta cng tm tr ti i:
| ari | = max {| aki | / k=i,i+1, ... ,n} ( vi i=2,3,,n-1)
Sau ta i hng r cho hng i.
Sau khi thc hin xong qu trnh gii xui, h phng trnh c dng:
Dng 1: Ti cc bc (bc i) ta khng chia cho h s aii
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1

a22 x2 + ... + a2 n xn = b2

..................... =

ann xn = bn

hoc:
Dng 2: Ti cc bc (bc i) ta chia cho h s aii:
x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1

x2 + ... + a2 n xn = b2

..................... =

xn = bn

Xut pht t phng trnh th n ta ln lt tnh c cc gi tr xi bng cc cng

thc ca qu trnh gii ngc sau.
b. Qu trnh gii ngc
T phng trnh th n ta suy ra nghim ca h phng trnh
xn = bn/ann hoc ( xn=bn)

xi = bi aij xij hoc bi aij x j , i=n-1, n-2, , 1

j =i +1

j =i +1

2. Phng php chia i:

a. M t phng php
Xt phng trnh 1 n f(x)=0, trong f(x) l mt hm s cho trc ca i s x.
Gi s f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] v f(a), f(b) tri du (on [a,b] khng cn phi l
khong phn ly). Nh vy trong khong ny phi c mt nghim .
Ta s tm nghim ny bng cch chia i khong [a,b], chn khong con cha
nghim, ri chia i tip khong con cha nghim ny cho n khi tm thy nghim hoc
khong con nh bo m rng mi gi tr trong khong u c th xem l xp
x nghim.
C th trc ht ta t a0= a, b0 =b v cho trc mt gi tr > 0 nh dng
lm iu kin xp x nghim v dng qu trnh tnh ton.
Sau ta thc hin cc bc sau:
- Bc 0:
t x0 =

a0 b0
2

V f(a0)f(b0)<0, do mt trong 2 trng hp sau xy ra:

Ta c x0 l nghim v kt thc.

a. f(x0) = 0.
b. f(x0) 0.

- Nu f(a)f(x0)<0 th nghim s trong khong [a, x0] do ta t

a 1 = a 0 , b1 = x0
- Nu f(x0)f(b)<0 th nghim s trong khong [x0,b] do ta t
a 1 = x0 , b1 = b
V nghim [ a1 , b1 ] , ta c x0 b1 a1 =

ba
2

Chuyn sang bc 1.
- Bc 1:
t x1 =

a1 b1
2

V f(a1)f(b1)<0, do mt trong 2 trng hp sau xy ra:

a. f(x1) = 0.

Ta c nghim l x1 v kt thc.

b. f(x1) 0.
4

- Nu f(a1)f(x1)<0 th nghim s trong khong [a1, x1] do ta t

a 2 = a 1 , b2 = x1
- Nu f(x1)f(b1 )<0 th nghim s trong khong [x1,b1] do ta t
a 2 = x1 , b2 = b1
V nghim [ a2 , b2 ] , ta c x1 b2 a2 =

ba
22

Chuyn sang bc 2.
..
- Bc n:
t xn =

an bn
2

V f(an)f(bn)<0, do mt trong 2 trng hp sau xy ra:

a. f(xn) = 0.

Ta c nghim l xn v kt thc.

b. f(xn) 0.
- Nu f(an)f(xn)<0 th nghim s trong khong [an, xn] do ta t
an+1 = an , bn+1 = xn
- Nu f(xn)f(bn )<0 th nghim s trong khong [xn,bn] do ta t
an+1 = xn , bn+1 = bn
V nghim [ an +1 , bn+1 ] , ta c xn bn +1 an +1 =
Ta kim tra xem nu

ba
2n +1

ba
th kt thc, nu khng th
2 n +1

Chuyn sang bc n+1.

b. S hi t ca phng php v sai s
Dy a0, a1, ..., an n iu tng v b chn bi b, dy b0, b1, ..., bn n iu gim v
b chn bi a mt khc dy bn-an dng v gim dn n 0, nh vy khi n -> ta c:
lim an = lim bn = lim xn =

n +

n +

n +

Do tnh lin tc ca hm f v f(an)f(bn)<0 ta c

2

lim f (an ) f (bn ) = f ( ) 0

n +

Suy ra f() = 0, hay chnh l nghim ca phng trnh f(x)=0.

Tm li xut pht t a0 = a v b0 = b, cho n = 0,1,2,... nu ta ly nghim gn ng l
xn = an hoc xn = bn th sai s l
5

xn

Cn nu ta ly nghim gn ng l

ba
2n

an + bn
th sai s l
2
xn

ba
2n +1

B. CU HI LOI 2
1. Xt s bin thin ca hm s f ( x) = x3 x 1 . N xc nh v lin tc ti mi x,
ng thi
f ' ( x) = 3 x 2 1 = 0 ti x =

1
3

Ta suy ra bng bin thin :

x

f(x)
f(x)

1
3

1
3

+
+

trong :
1
1
1
M = f
+
1 < 0
=
3
3 3
3

Vy th ct trc honh ti 1 im duy nht, do phng trnh f ( x) = x3 x 1

c 1 nghim thc duy nht, k hiu l .
Ngoi ra theo bng bin thin ta c : hm s f(x) lin tc, n iu trn on [1,2]
v :
f (1) = 13 1 1 < 0
f (2) = 23 2 1 > 0

Tc l f(1)*f(2)<0. Vy khong [1,2] chnh l khong phn ly nghim.

- Ta chia i khong [1,2] im chia l 3/2
2

3 3 3
f = 1 > 0 tri du f(1). Vy [1,3 / 2]
2 2 2

- Ta chia i khong [1,3/2] im chia l 5/4. Ta c f(5/4)<0, cng du vi f(1).

Vy [5 / 4,3 / 2]
- Ta chia i khong [5/4,3/2] im chia l 11/8. Ta c f(11/8)>0, cng du vi
f(5/4). Vy [5 / 4,11/ 8]
6

- Ta chia i khong [5/4,11/8] im chia l 21/16. Ta c f(21/16)<0, cng du vi

f(5/4). Vy [ 21/16,11/ 8]
Ta c bng gi tr xn=(an+bn)/2 v cc khong phn ly mi an, bn tng ng qua cc
bc lp sau:
N

bn

an

xn=(an+bn)/2

f(xn)

1,5

0,875

1,5

1,25

-0,29

1,25

1,5

1,375

0,22

1,25

1,375

1,3125

-0,05

1,1325

1,375

1,34375

0,08

Suy ra : x4 1,34375
Sai s : x4

2 1 1
= 5 = 0, 03125
25
2

2. Theo bi trn, khong phn ly nghim bit l [1,2].

f ' ( x) = 3 x 2 1 f ' ( x) [2,11] = [m, M ]

Ta c :
a = 1; f(a) = f(1) = 13 1 1 = -1 < 0
b = 2; f(b) = f(2) = 23 2 1 = 5 > 0
- t x0 =

af (b) bf (a ) 1.5 2(1)

=
= 1,1667
f (b) f (a )
5 (1)

Tip tc ta c: f(x0) = -0,5786 < 0

Vy khong phn ly nghim mi l [1,1667;2]
- Tip tc vi a = 1,1667 v b = 2 ta c
x1 =

af (b) bf (a ) 1,167.5 2(0,5786)

=
= 1, 25313 , suy ra f(x1) = -0,2853 < 0
f (b) f (a )
5 (0,5786)

Vy khong phn ly nghim mi l [1,25313;2]

- Tip tc vi a = 1,25313 v b = 2 ta c
x2 =

af (b) bf (a ) 1, 25313.5 2(0, 2853)

=
= 1, 29345 , suy ra f(x2) = -0,1295 < 0
f (b) f (a )
5 (0, 2853)

Vy khong phn ly nghim mi l [1,29395;2]

- Tip tc vi a = 1,29395 v b = 2 ta c
7

x3 =

af (b) bf (a ) 1, 29345..5 2(0,1295)

=
= 1, 31129 , suy ra f(x3) = -0,05657 < 0
f (b) f (a )
5 (0,1295)

Vy khong phn ly nghim mi l [1,29395;2]

- Tip tc vi a = 1,31129 v b = 2 ta c
x4 =

af (b) bf (a ) 1,31129..5 2(0, 05657)

=
= 1,31899 , suy ra f(x3) = -0,02429 < 0
f (b) f (a )
5 (0, 05657)

Ta c bng gi tr xn =

af (b) bf (a )
v cc khong phn ly mi an, bn tng ng
f (b) f (a )

qua cc bc lp sau:
N

an

bn

xn =

af (b) bf (a )
f (b) f (a )

f(xn)

1,1667

-0,5786

1,1667

1,25313

-0,2853

1,25313

1,29345

-0,1295

1,29345

1,31129

-0,05657

1,31129

1,31899

-0,2429

Suy ra : x4 1,31899
Sai s |x4-| ((M - m)/m)*|x4 x3|
|x4-| ((11 - 2)/2)*|1,31899 1,31129| = 0,03465
C. CU HI LOI 3
1.
H phng trnh cho tng ng vi:

3 x1 + 2 x3 = 9

x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 0
2 x + 3 x + x = 11
2
3
1
x1 3 x2 + x3 = 2

x2 = 2

x3 = 3

x1 3x2 + x3 = 2

x1 + 2 x2 x3 = 0

7 x2 x3 = 11

x1 3 x2 + x3 = 2

x2 = 2

x3 = 3

x1 3 x2 + x3 = 2

1x2 = 2

7 x2 x3 = 11

x1 = 1

x2 = 2
x = 3
3

x1 = 1

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l x2 = 2

x = 3
3
8

* Ghi ch: Cc php bin i thc hin trong bi tp ny l :

h1=h3

h1=h1-h3

h1=h1

h2=h2

h2=h2

h2=h2+h1

h3=h1

h3=h3+2*h2

h3=h3

h1=h1

h1=h1

h2=(-1)*h2

h2=h2

h3=h3+7*h2

h3=(-1)*h3

2. Ma trn b sung ca h phng trnh cho l

1 1 2 0.6
2 1 1 0.5

1 1 1 0.5

1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0.5

0 0 1 0.1

2 1 1 0.5
1 1 1 0.5

1 1 2 0.6

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0.4

0 0 1 0.1

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l:

x1 = 0

x2 = 0.4
x = 0.1
3

* Ghi ch: Cc php bin i thc hin trong bi tp ny l :

h1=h2

h1=h1-h2

h1=h1

h2=h3

h2=h2

h2=h2-h1-h3

h3=h1

h3=h3-h2

h3=h3