K THUT NHIP NH

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K THUT NHIP NH
MY NH C Exposure: s phi sng Bn cht ca vic chp nh l s phi sng. Khi chp nh, ng knh s m ra cho nh sng vo phim hay sensor (c a my nh s) nh vy cht lng bc nh ty thuc vo lng nh sng truyn qua ng knh vo phim hay sensor, nu nh sng nhiu qu th hnh s b trng xa, cn ngc li, nu nh sng qu t th hnh en thi li. Ngh thut chp nh l lm sao cho nh sng v a nh cht lng. Thc cht ra cht lng nh ph thuc vo lng nh sng m phim hay sensor bt c, nh vy ngoi vic ph thuc lng nh sng qua ng knh, n cn ph thuc vo nhy sng ca phim hay ca sensor. i vi phim, nhy sng thng c k hiu bng ch ASA. Do vy chng ta c cc loi phim 50ASA, 100ASA, 200ASA, 400ASA, 800ASA, 1600ASA ... Con s cng cao th nhy sng cng cao. Nu bn no chp bng my hnh compact du l ch thng thng th do cht lng ng kch c hn, c phang phim 200ASA chp cho n cht lng. i vi my s th nhy sng c k hiu bng ch ISO v cng c cc gi tr nh phim. Anh em nh mnh thng l dng my PnS nn th ng ch c cc gi tr ISO l 50, 100, 200 v 400. Ngoi tr ng ch no c qu DSLR Nikon D70 th c ISO ln ti 3200. Lu mt iu l nhy sng cng cao th nhiu (noise) cng cng cao nn ch dng ISO cao khi chp vi iu kin nh sng yu hoc tc chp qu nhanh. Apeture: m ng knh Mt ng knh my chp hnh c mt mn sp, c ghp bng nhiu l thp to thnh mt l trn, i khi l th, Nymph cng chng r s lng l thp l bao nhiu l, nhng mc ch ca nhng l thp l lm cho chng ta c th thay i ng knh ca ci l nhn nh sng . Nh vy r rng l nu ci l cng to th lng nh sng vo cng nhiu v ngc li. Ngi ta gi l m ng knh. Tng ng vi mi m ng knh ngi ta c mt tr s nh sau: 1 , 1.4 , 2 , 2.8 , 4 , 5.6 , 8 , 11 , 16 , 32 cc tr s ny gi l cc F-Stop hay l khu . i vi mi ng knh s c mt tiu c l f, nh vy ng knh ca l nhn nh sng s l f/khu , khu cng ln th ng knh cng nh. Thng thng trong my nh ngi ta khng ghi l f/2 hay l f/2.8 .. m ngi ta thng ghi l f2, f2.8, f4.... do v y mi ngi l nu chng ta ni rng chng ta tng m ng knh c ngha l chng ta ang gim khu . Chng hn nh trn dy s trn th f1 l m ng knh ln nht v f32 l m ng knh nh nht. Thng nu cc bn chp nh bng my s dng compact point and shoot th n c cc tr s t f2 n f11, hoc c my th ch n f5.6 thi. Nu chng ta tng hay gim mt n v khu c ngha l chng ta tng hay gim lng nh sng vo ng knh gp i, v d nh lng nh sng vo my vi f2 s gp i lng nh sng vo my vi f2.8, v lng nh sng vo my khi .8 s gp i khi f4.

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K THUT NHIP NH

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Shutter Speed: tc chp Hnh dung th ny, ci ca sp n m ra xong n ng li ngay lp tc th r rng l lng nh sng nhn c t hn so vi n m ra mt cht ri n mi sp li. Nh vy tc chp chnh l thi gian m ca ca sp, c tnh bng n v bng giy, thng th trong my h chia sn cho chng ta cc gi tr sao cho vi mi hai tc chp st nhau th lng sng vo my l gp i, cng c th c my c cc gi tr khng gp i nh th, nhng m ci ny cng d hiu nn anh ch em s t bit thi .. hehe. Tc chp nh hng nhiu n cht lng nh, trong trng hp chp cc vt th chuyn ng th thng phi tc chp nhanh v khi chuyn ng s lm nhe hnh. Cn chp bui ti phi tc thp lng nh sng vo , nu khng th hnh en thui mt. Chng ta i qua c mt vi khi nim c bn nht, hm nay tip tc vi mt khi nim ht sc quan trng trong chp hnh, l su trng nh DOF (Depth Of Field) (c ti liu ting Vit th gi l VAR: c ngha l Vng nh R, tt nht chng ta dng t DOF cho n chun .. hehe). DOF: su trng nh Ni nm na th ny, DOF c th hiu c l khong r nt ca hnh nh. Khi bn ly nt vo ch th th c mt khong khng gian trc v sau ch th cng r nt, khong ny gi l DOF. Khi bn chp nh phong cnh, thng l nh c chiu su nn bn cn cc vt th xa cng r nt m vt th gn cng r nt, c ngha l bn cn lm sao DOF ln. Ngc li, khi bn chp chn dung th thng ch cn ch th r nt, cn cc vt th pha sau lm phng nn s m i, nh vy phi lm sao cho DOF mng thi. DOF chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t nhng yu t c bn nht l m ng knh. Nu m ng knh cng ln th DOF cng mng v ngc li. Do vy, nu bn cn chp vi DOF mng (chp chn dung chng hn) th c cho m ng knh to ht c vo cho n mng, cn nu chp phong cnh th bp m ng knh nh li. Nhc li mt cht bn trn l trong dy s ca cc my Point and Shoot (t sau ny vit tt thnh PnS cho n gn " class="inlineimg" border="0" />) khi m ng knh l f2 th thng l m ln nht, cn f8 l m nh nht. Mnh s b sung hnh minh ha cho phn ny sau. Khi mun m ng knh ln ly DOF mng trong chp nh chn dung, rt c th c nhng iu kin nh sng mnh s lm cho hnh b d sng (Over Exposure) nn trong nh ng trng hp ny ngi ta phi dng thm cc knh lc gim lng nh sng vo my.

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Trn y mnh lt qua cc kin thc c bn nht trong k thut chp nh. a vo mong rng cc bn s c kh nng lm ch ci mnh hnh ca mnh tt hn. Tip theo y mnh xin ni thm v mt s iu khc lin quan. Trc ht l v mt s k hiu thng thng trn my nh s cc bn bit v s dng ng mc. Bn no bit ri th thi, bn no cha bit th by gi bit hehe... M cc k hiu ny cng gii hn trong cc my PnS thi nh, cc my DSLR th mnh cha s dng nn cha bit cc k hiu ny, ai bit b sung thm. Cc ch chp: - Auto: ci ny th khi ni, gi ln v bp, my t set ht tt c cc thng s. User ch c th chnh c vic c bt flash hay khng hoc hn gi chup (self-timer) - Program (k hiu trn my: P) : y l ch chup m my s t ng thit lp thng s cho m ng knh v tc chp, cc thng s cn li ngi s dng c th t chn - Aperture-Priority (k hiu trn my: Av hoc A): y l ch chp u tin m ng knh, ngi s dng c th t chn m ng knh theo mc ch chn DOF, my s t chnh thi gian chp sao cho ph hp vi m ng knh . - Shutter speed- Priority (k hiu trn my: S hoc Tv): y l ch cho php ngi s dng t chn tc chp, my s t chn m ng knh ph hp vi tc chp . - Manual (k hiu trn my: M): Ch ny th cng min bn lun, mnh t lm tt c mi chuyn, set up tt c cc thng s v ... bp. Cc tip khi chp nh: - Trc ht l nguyn tc quen thuc nht: nguyn tc 1/3 (Rule of Thirds). y l mt nguyn tc "nm lng" ca ngi chp nh. C bn l bn chia tng tng ci mn nh thnh ba phn theo chiu ngang v ba phn theo chiu dc (bng hai ng k ngang v hai ng k dc) nh ci bn c tic tac toe 9 vy thi. Nh vy chng ta s c hai ng ngang (thng dng trong chp landscape) v hai ng dc (thng dng trong chp chn dung) v 4 ci giao im. Khi chp nh, hy t cc ch th cn chp vo cc ng ny v cc i tng hay im nhn ca bc nh hy t vo v tr ca cc giao im. Hnh di y chp khng theo nguyn tc 1/3, ng chn tri nm gia nh nn c v nh khng gian b b hp li v thiu chiu su:

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K THUT NHIP NH

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Hnh ny sau khi crop li, ng chn tri nm 1/3 bn di, khng gian dng nh rng hn:

Khi chp phong cnh thng ng chn tri nm 1/3 trn hoc 1/3 di ty theo mc ch chp ca tc gi, ngoi ra cng nn ch n cc vt th nm trong hnh cng nn theo nguyn tc 1/3 ny:

Chp hoa hay chp chn dung cng vy:

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K THUT NHIP NH

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V super CCD v cc cng ngh khc Cmos,CCD... ca cc dng my khc Fuji. V cn bn th mu sc trong photo cu thnh t 3 mu c bn to nh sng trng: red, blue, green Trn sensor, vic sp xp cc mu sc sao cho khoa hc nht v cho nh sc net nht ph thuc vo s gn nhau ca cc mu ny .. v phn ny th Fuji ang i u vi cng ngh Super CCD, super CCDHR... CCD, Cmos.. ( hnh nh phn nhiu dnh cho Canon, Nikon g th phi. cc cng ngh ny cc im mu c sp xp theo hnh caro..nh hnh di:

Vi Fuji th cc im mu gn nhau hn do c sp xp an xen ln nhau, qua hiu qa v mu sc cng c phn nt hn..

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S phi sng, khu , tc : d hnh dung, ta c th lin h n vic m robin nc vo ly sao cho va y ly s tng ng vi vic m khu sao cho chp hnh ng sng. Khi xem hnh sau ta s thy...

... nu nc m t (khu nh) th s mt nhiu thi gian (tc chm) c th y ly nc v tng t l m nc mnh (khu ln) th thi gian cn s t hn (tc nhanh). Tc v khu c th biu din theo cc hnh di y:

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C 1 bc nhy thang bc trn c gi l 1 khu. i vi cc my hnh i mi th ta c th tng gim theo tng 1/2 hay 1/3 khu. d hnh dung th ta hy coi v d sau: vo ngy tri nng p, vi tc 1/125 v khu f16 bn s c 1 tm nh ng sng. V bn c th tng/gim khu & tc sao cho vic b tr ng th bn cng s c 1 tm nh ng sng. Hy xem hnh minh ha di!

Ngoi ra c 1 link sau cc b n c th vo tham kho. y l web ca Canon hng dn ngi dng tp s dng my DSLR. Nhng cho d b n dng bt c my no th cng s c th tm thy nhiu thng tin b ch y: http://web.canon.jp/Imaging/enjoydslr/index.html =========================== Chp hoa c hay vt g nho nh th ch Macro, n c biu tng l hnh bng hoa . Khi chp ch ny th DOF rt mng, ngha l nn ng sau s m. V d nh tm ny:

Mi mt chic my nh u c menu ci t. Trc khi thc hin cc bc ci t, vic u tin l chn ch chp. Thng thng nhng loi my i mi d "xn" hay khng th u cn phi chn kch c v cht lng nh. C nhng loi my dng k hiu l cc du sao, cng nhiu sao cht lng hnh cng p. Cn li cc dng my khc hin th bng ch (S, M, L) hoc s c nh (pixel), s cng to s cho ra tm nh p hn, c th in nh kh ln. Chnh ISO : Ging nh khi chp bng my nh truyn thng, bn phi mua phim c i nhy ph hp vi iu kin nh sng th vi my nh s cng vy, bn nn ISO ( nhy bt sng) lm sao va d chp, va p. nhy cao d dng chp trong iu kin tri sm ti, m, hay trong nh, nhng s gy hin tng rn nh, v ht. Nh vy, bn nn ISO 200 cho tri nng v 400 i vi tri sm. Vi 800 hoc 1600 ch nn dng trong trng hp bt c d hay v bui m m khng pht n ch p. Trn nt iu khin thng c 2 ti 3 ch ly nh sng gip bn chn theo mun :

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V tr A (Aperture), khng dng n Flash: C nh khu , t ng tc . Bng khu trn tt c cc my c cc con s f2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22 mm. S cng cao th ca iu sng ng cng nh s cho nt nh cng su. Chng hn khi bn chp mt hng di ngi m my nh gn ngi u tin nht, my nh ng f22 mm, nh s nt rt su t ngi u tin cho n ngi cui cng (vi iu kin ng knh khng zoom tiu c ln hn 50 mm). Nu f4 hoc f2.8 mm th nh ch nt c khong 1 n 2 ngi u tin. Ty theo cc con s trn m nt nng, su cng nh lu lng nh sng vo nh thay i. ch A ny khi chp ch ph hp vi ngun sng mnh, khong 8h sng n 6h chiu ma h (khng p dng khi chp trong nh). Nu bn c tnh ch ny khi chp nh trong nh hoc trong iu kin nh sng yu, tc mn trp s t ng h xung gy nn hin tng rung tay, nh nhe nt tr phi camera c t ln chn my hoc vt cng. V tr S (Speed), khng dng Flash: C nh tc , t ng khu . Ch ny cc th nh chuyn nghip thng t dng v rt kh chp i vi my nh s c nhy nh sng cao. Cc con s tc trn my thng l t 2" (2 giy) n 1/2000" (mt phn 2000 giy). m bo cho mt tm hnh khng b mt nt khi chp, nh sng ngoi tri khng sm s, mt ngi hoc vt ang chuyn ng hoc di chuyn vi tc nhanh bn nn tc t 1/125'' cho n 1/2000'' (s cng to th tc ng m mn trp cng nhanh, nh sng vo cng y u). Khng nh camera du l ch, cc dng my chuyn nghip tc nhanh c th ln ti 1/4000'', chm l 32". Tuy nhin tc cng cao, nt su ca hnh nh cng gim. V tr Auto (Automatic): Ch ny t ng hon ton c tc ln khu . Trong iu kin nh sng yu, my s t ng pht n Flash cho bn m bo mt bc nh chun sng. Nhc im ca ch ny l nh ch sng c nhng v tr no m n vi ti. Thng thng, nhng tm nh dng n flash, hu cnh b ti tr khi bn chp trong iu kin tri tht sng v nng. Ci hay ca chp flash ngay c khi c nng l cc im kht ca mt ngi c chp nh hc mt, hc mi, vng c...khng b ti. n flash s lm cn bng sng trn ton khun m t. Hnh nh c chp t cc loi my du lch vi n flash t ng c th s xu hn so vi cc th chuyn nghip bi cc n pht sng tho ri c ch Manual (chn mc x nh, trung bnh hoc pht ht nng lng). Trong bt k tnh trng nh sng no, cc nhip nh gia s dng ch x n hp l va sng m li khng ti hu cnh, gc cnh trn mt hi ha m khng b bt hay b "lp" sng. V tr M (Manual): Chn tc , khu theo mun. dng c chc nng ny i vi my nh s ngay c cc phng vin nh, th chuyn nghip cng phi rt lng tng khi s dng, c khi khng ai dm dng. Tng m t khu hay gim mt tc ch cn chnh sai mt con s tm nh c th thiu sng hoc d sng n mc ti nghip. C khi phi chnh i tc n ba bn ln mi chp c tm nh va sng. X l nh bng Photoshop sau khi chp Thng thng, sau khi chp bng ch t ng, nh t card vo my tnh s thy nh hi ti en. Bn phi cn n mt chic my tnh c ci sn phn mm Photoshop

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K THUT NHIP NH

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x l chng. Chnh sa nhng tm hnh sao cho p mi ngi mt th thut ring. Sau y l mt b quyt nh cho bn tham kho. Cc thao tc chnh sa sau khi m mt tm hnh va chp : Open\Image\Adjustment\Curves (tt hn bn bm t hp Ctrl+M cho n sang ) bng Curves, bn c th ko dy cng cho sao cho v a sng nh hoc nh s vo phn "Input", "Output". Image\Adjustment\Autocolor. (hoc t hp Ctrl + Shift+B) y l phn t ng chnh mu ph hp. Phn ny thao tc xong m bn thy mu xu hn c ngha l mu chun bn hy bm Ctr + Z hon li. Cha xong, bn cn chnh contrast bng cch : Image\Adjustment\Brightness/Contrast. Ko thanh contrast ln khong 10 n 12, nu cha thy n c th tng thm cht na. Bn s thy tng phn cao hn, mu p hn. Image\Adjustment\Color Balance. Phng php chnh mu d trn nh. Nu hnh thin v mu , bn hy tng mu xanh hoc gim chnh mu i. Image\Adjustment\Saturation. bng cng c ny bn ko thanh Saturation ln ho c nh mt con s hp l m khng nhiu qu. Lc ny mu s ti hn, rc r hn, bn c mt tm nh tuyt ho. Image\Adjustment\Selective Color Cui cng bn chnh nhng mu ring bit theo mun. Cn trit tiu hay thm mu g click vo mu ri chnh. Bn s c tm hnh nh . y l bi vit c ly t ngun S ha, nhng theo ti, mt bc nh khi chuyn vo PTS x l, bn nn s dng ngay t hp Ctrl+Shift+L (AutoConstrat) v Ctrl+Shift+B (Auto Color) ta s ti u c tng phn v mu sc chun ca tm nh m ta va chp, ri sau mi tin hnh mt trong cc bc iu chnh nh trn c mt tm hnh va mnh nht. Ni v my nh s th tt nhin l c nt chuyn ch chp Black&White (trng en) theo ti, bn c chup nh mu v khi a vo PTS bn chn Image\Adjustment\ Desaturate hoc bm t hp Ctrl + Shift + U hoc chuyn ch nh sang Grayscale bng cch chn Image\mode\Grayscale.

MY NH K THUT S Nh chng ta bit, RAW - l nh dng nh k thut s (KTS) cha d liu gc khi my bt nh v d liu th ny cha h qua mt cng on x l no - ngy cng tr nn ph bin do cht lng hnh cao hn hn cng nh nhng trin vng ng dng trong

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tng lai. Th nhng, cho n nay vn cha c bt k mt chun mc chung no cho nh dng ny, v RAW ca tng hng ch to my nh hon ton khc nhau, th m ch khc nhau c 2 kiu my nh cng hng ch to. T thc t trn, tp on Adobe Systems Incorporated trong thng 9 nm 2004 v a qua khng che giu tham vng thng nht mi nh dng RAW khi cng b mt nh dng chung cho mi loi RAW: m bn k thut s (DNG - Digital Negative), v Adobe c ng ho phng cung cp min ph phn mm Adobe DNG Converter chuyn i tt c nh dng RAW sang nh dng mi DNG.

m bn KTS l g? Theo thut ng truyn thng ca nhip nh, nu JPEG c xem nh l tm nh trng ri (ra) hon chnh, th cht liu gc to ra tm nh y chnh l m bn. Mi ln bn x l cng mt cht liu th ny nhng li p dng cc xc lp khc nhau cho gii thut cn bng trng, c t mu, sc, hiu chnh gamma, gim ht, lm bn chi tit hay bt k mt trong nhiu thuc tnh khc ca RAW th bn li c mt nh hon ton khc. Ch vi phn mm chuyn bit bn mi c th thm nhp c cc thng s qu gi trong RAW, tng t nh vic bn c th in t 1 tm film duy nht ra nhiu kiu nh khc nhau, vi nhng hiu ng khc nhau vy. Mt l do khc l nhu cu ht sc cp thit cho nh s: vic tn tr lu di, c h thng cc nh chp dng RAW cho cc nh nhip nh chuyn nghip. Khng ging nh JPEG v TIFF, RAW ch cha cc d liu nguyn cht. Th nhng vi cc nh dng RAW hin nay, vn ch gn lin vi tng loi my nh, hay tng nh ch to, ngi chp nh khng th no lu tr theo h thng c. V khng c g m bo l nh dang RAW hm nay s cn c h tr sau 10, 20 nm na, hay liu hng ch to my nh s Khoa Ho-M Thut ng Dng - 10 -

K THUT NHIP NH cn sn xut kiu my ny na khng?

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Adobe cam kt vi ngi dng l nh dng RAW mi .DNG s gip ngi chp nh c kh nng lu tr ton vn nh gc ca mnh mt cch di lu, cho c cc th h mai sau. nh dng .DNG cng s c tch hp trong mi phn mm x l ha ca Adobe (Photoshop CS, Elements,...) v d nhin trong cc lu lm vic, hiu chnh nh dnh cho cc nh nhi p nh chuyn nghip. nh dng RAW rt quan trng cho cc nhip nh gia chuyn nghip v Photoshop vn ang ng v tr tin tiu tch hp cc tp tin dng RAW vo trong lu hiu chnh nh s, l tuyn b ca Ph ch tch, ph trch b phn sn phm v video v nh KTS ca Adobe. Vic pht hnh Camera Raw plug-in mi nht c h tr nh dng .DNG l mt bc pht trin c ngha nhm gip cho vic lu tr nh dng RAW cho tng lai cng nh vic h tr mnh hn cho cc lu lm vic cho gii nh nh ngh, vn lun nh gi cao phng php ki m sot hnh nh mt cch chnh xc. Bn c th ti xung plug in mi nht (Camera Raw 2.3 h tr thm nhiu kiu my nh) cho Photoshop CS hon ton mi n ph ti http://www.adobe.com/cameraraw . Ai c hng li? D nhin l tp on Adobe. Tuy nhin, chnh cng ng nh KTS s hng li nhiu nht, khi c c mt cng ty phn mm th ba, c lp vi cc nh ch to my nh, pht trin cc ng dng cho mt nh dng RAW thng nht. Adobe, tp on hng u v x l nh KTS vi kh nng, ti chnh hng mnh v ang h tr cho trn 60 nh dng RAW khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cc cng ty v a v nh khc cng c th gp phn pht trin cho nh dng chung .DNG thay v phi chy theo hng chc loi RAW thay i lin tc. Adobe khuyn co ngi dng vn lu gi nh dng RAW nguyn gc c cha cc siu d liu ca hng ch to my nh. Tm li, c th cn c mt s kin hoi nghi v kh nng thng nht RAW v mt mi ca Adobe, c th mt s nh vit phn mm vn cn phn vn liu c nn gia nhp cuc chi y cnh tranh v DNG vi g khng l Adobe hay khng, nhng d sao v i .DNG, ngi tiu dng v nht l gii nhip nh bn v chuyn nghip cng c thm c hi, cng c tt khai thc mi tim nng ca nh KTS. Nu l ngi chi nh s th chc hn bn qu quen thuc vi cc nh dng ghi nh nh JPG (kh thng dng), TIFF... Nhng nh dng ny s dng k thut 'nn c mt d liu' (lossy compression) nn m t phn thng tin nh s c lc b gim dung lng tp tin. Nhng vi nh dng RAW th khc. Tn RAW khng ph i ghp t cc k t u, m chnh xc mang ngha cn th nguyn gc (raw). RAW cng l tn chung cho nhiu nh dng tp tin nh ring ca cc nh sn xut nh .CRW, .CR2 ca Canon; .ORF ca Olympus,; .MRW ca Minolta hay .NEF ca Nikon. RAW l g ? C th ni tp tin RAW cha ton b d liu m b cm bin trong cc my nh s ghi

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K THUT NHIP NH

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c khi chp. Mi hng c mt phng php m ha d liu b cm ng thnh tp tin nh 'th' khc nhau nhng trong t t c trng hp, thng tin trong tp tin raw u c gi nguyn gc. My nh s s dng nhiu cng ngh khc nhau x l, chuyn i thng tin nhng hu nh mi my cho php chp RAW u s dng b cm bin dng 'tranh ghp' (mosaic sensor); cn gi l cm bin dng mng lc mu (color filter array CFA) d ng 2 chiu. Trong , mi n v biu din mt im nh (pixel) trn tm nh. Nhng t bo cm quang ch c nhim v qui i lng photon nh sng tip nhn c thnh tn hiu in nn thng tin m tp tin th nhn c t mng lc mu ch l dng sc xm (grayscale). Lm th no my nh chuyn thnh nh mu RGB? Ngoi tr mt s my nh th h mi s dng b cm bin Foveon ('Cng ngh Foveon X3 ca Sigma' (TGVT A , s 5/2002, Tr.46) c kh nng ghi nhn c lp ba mu RGB. Hu ht cm bin nh CCD v CMOS hin ny u t trn mng t bo cm ng knh lc mu , lc, lam v to ra hng triu t bo mu nh, xp xen k nhau theo mt trt t nht nh. Lng mu lc lun gp i v mt ngi nhy vi mu lc hn. Khng ch c d liu ghi nhn thng tin im nh, tp tin RAW cn cha d liu dng metadata ca bc nh chp. Metadata, v mt ng ngha l 'd liu v d liu' (siu d liu), c my nh to ra mi khi chp. Trong metadata, c hai nh dng JPEG v RAW u c phn EXIF (Exchangeable Image Format -nh dng nh c th trao i) cha nhng thng tin v thao tc chp nh nh kiu my nh, s sri ca my, tc , khu , tiu c, ch flash... Ngoi mi gi tr trong thang xm ca tng im nh, a s nh dng RAW cn cha mt vng gii m (decoder ring) trong metadata chuyn thng tin sp xp cc b lc mu trong cm bin cho b chuyn i (RAW converter). Nh , b chuyn i raw c th chuyn nh t dng ghi th thang xm thnh mt nh mu bng cch 'iu ch' ni suy cc mu b thiu t cc im nh ln cn vi nhng thut ton chuyn mu c trng ring ca tng hng my nh. Tin trnh ny c gi l 'r ghp' (demosaicing), nhi m v ch cht ca b chuyn dng, nhng cha phi l hon tt. Qu trnh chuyn dng RAW c thm cc bc sau: Cn bng trng (white balance) m bn xc lp trn my nh s khi chp khng c bt k tc ng no ln im nh khi chp ch RAW; thng tin ny ch c ghi vo nhn trong metadata. Nhiu b chuyn dng thng tin ny gi ch cn bng trng mc nh nhng c mt s t phn tch li nh chn cn bng trng ti u. Din gii thc o mu (colorimetric interpretation). M i im nh trong tp tin RAW lu mt b tr s biu din no mu , lc, lam. Th nhng , lc, lam li ht sc 'm h'! Bi hi 100 ngi th nhn c n 100 mu khc nhau. C nhiu b lc mu c s dng trn cc my nh nn b chuyn dng RAW phi gn mu chnh xc vi thc mu qui c; v d, thc CIE YXZ c thit lp theo kh nng cm nhn mu ca con ngi.

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K THUT NHIP NH

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Hiu chnh gamma. nh lu theo dng RAW c gamma tuyn tnh (lir gamma) rt khc vi sc trn film nn b chuyn dng RAW phi hiu chnh gamma cho ph hp vi kh nng cm nhn mt ngi. Cc b chuyn dng RAW s dng nhiu gii thut khc nhau lm gim ht, chng rng ca, bn chi tit v.v.. JPEG khc RAW ra sao? Khi bn chp nh vi nh dng JPEG th b chuyn dng RAW trong my nh s s thc thi tt c cc bc trn bin nh th thnh nh mu v nn li theo chun nn JPEG. Mt s my nh cho php ngi dng chn thng s nh thang mu (sRGB, Adobe RGB), bn, tng phn. y l cng vic nhiu kh nu bn c phi thay i thng s lin tc t nh ny sang nh khc nn rt nhiu bn giao ph lun cho my nh. JPEG khng dnh nhiu kh nng chnh sa v do nn thng tin nn khi ch nh, bn d lm sai lch cc yu t khc; trong c mu da. Th nhng khi chp vi nh dng RAW bn c c s kim sot gn nh ton b kh nng din gii t cc thng tin nh. Khi chp RAW, my nh ch chi phi duy nht n ISO, tc trp v khu . Mi th cn li u nm di s kim sot ca bn. V d, bn c th cn chnh li cn bng trng, phn b mu, sc , bn, mn ht ca cc chi tit,... Thm ch, bn c th cn chnh li b sng. Hu ht cc my nh chp RAW u ghi nhn c 12 bit mu (tng ng 4.096 s c mu) cho mi im nh; trong khi, JPEG gii hn 8 bit cho mi knh. V th khi chp JPEG, b chuyn dng ca my nh loi b kh nhiu thng tin c ch. Tng quan gia nh dng JPEG v RAW cng tng t film m bn mu vi phim slide. JPEG ging film slide v ghi nhn chnh xc ngay lc chp v hn ch trong kh nng chnh sa v sau. RAW th ging film m bn v cho php chnh sa no mu, cn bng mu... sau khi chp. RAW cn n tng nhiu tim nng ln cn c theo nhng ci tin b chuyn dng ca cc nh sn xut my nh s. nh k thut s khng cn trong thi k non tr na, nhng vn cha n tui trng thnh. nh dng JPEG hin nay l kh ph bin, tin dng, th nhng khng gian sng to trn JPEG rt khim tn. Mi nm ti s c nhng thay i ht sc quan trng v b lc mu v nh dng RAW s cho bn cho bn khai thc trit mi tim nng ca nh dng th. Nhiu ngi gi nh dng RAW l nh dng nh s ca tng lai. U IM CA RAW Ti sao nhiu nhip nh gia ch thch RAW m khng h quan tm n JPG hay TIFF? C 3 nguyn nhn chnh: Ch c nh dng RAW mi h tr 12 bit mu Ch c cc phn mm chuyn i RAW trn my tnh mi cho php p dng cc gii thut chuyn i nh mu phc tp. Ch vi RAW bn mi t do thay i cc thng s chp (cn bng trng, kh ht, lm bn chi tit, level, curve, b sng...) t n mt hiu qu sau cng cao nht. SO SNH RAW V DNG

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K THUT NHIP NH

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Vn hnh c lp Vi tng nh dng RAW ring hin hnh, cc chng trnh phn mm mun x l phi bit cc thng tin c bit v loi my nh chp bc nh . C mi kiu my nh mi tung ra th trng, cng ty phn mm li phi cp nht nh dng RAW mi. Nhng vi .DNG th siu d liu (metadata) cng khai nn cc trnh x l km theo nh Adobe Camera Raw plug-in khng cn cn cc thng tin ring ca my nh gii m na. Kh nng lu tr Cc nh ch to my nh thng b ri a con RAW ca mnh sau ch vi nm khi khng cn sn xut kiu my nh na. V nu khng cn c phn mm chuyn dng ca hng ch to h tr th nh lu tr di dng RAW v gi tr. Vi .DNG th khc, do cng khai nn trong tng lai s c nhiu phn mm c c nh dng ny. Tng thch vi TIFF DNG l phin bn tip ni nh dng TIFF 6.0 v cng tng thch vi chun TIFF-EP, ngha l ngi dng c 1 tp tin RAW cng lc p ng c chun ca DNG ln TIFF-EP.

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