Vit Kiu Quc.

A3TQC High School

CHUYN NHN BIT MT S CHT V C A. nhn bit cc cht kh: 1. nhn bit SO2 (lu hunh ioxit) - lm c nc vi trong - lm qu tm m ha SO2 + H2O H2SO3 - lm mt mu dung dch brom hoc KMnO4 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr - To bt mu vng vi dung dch H2S SO2 + H2S 3S + 2H2O - Dung dch I2: Nht mu vng ca dung dch I2 SO2 + I2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HI 2. nhn bit NH3 (amoniac) - lm qu tm m ha xanh - to khi trng vi HCl c NH3 + HCl c NH4Cl (khi trng tinh th) - lm dung dch phenolphtalein t mu tm hng chuyn sang khng mu - to kt ta trng xanh vi dung dch mui Fe 2+ (do NH3 + H2O NH4OH c gc OH-) 2NH3 + Fe2+ + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 (trng xanh) + 2NH4+ - dd amoniac c th ha tan Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, AgCl ... (to phc vi hiroxit hoc mui ca Cu, Zn, Ag) 4NH3 + Cu(OH)2 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 4NH3 + ZnSO4 [Zn(NH3)4]SO4 2NH3 + AgCl [Ag(NH3)2]Cl - dd amoniac lm CuO (en) chuyn thnh Cu () 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O 3. nhn bit CO2 (cacbon ioxit) - Lm c nc vi trong - a que dim vo th que dim tt 4. nhn bit O3 (ozon) - Lm xanh giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt O3 + 2KI + H2O 2KOH + O2 + I2 I2 sau khi sinh ra th lm xanh giy tm h tinh bt 5. nhn bit CO (cacbon monooxit) - Lm vn c dung dch PbCl2 CO + PbCl2 + H2O Pb + 2HCl + CO2 - lm CuO (en) thnh Cu () CO + CuO Cu + CO2 6. nhn bit kh HCl (hiro clorua) - lm qu tm m ha - to kt ta vi AgNO3, Pb(NO3)2 - to khi trng vi NH3 7. nhn bit kh O2 (oxi)
-1-

Vit Kiu Quc. A3TQC High School

- lm que dim bng chy - chuyn Cu () thnh CuO (en) 2Cu + O2 2CuO 8. nhn bit H2 (hiro) - chy vi ngn la mu xanh nht km theo ting n nh. Cho sn phm i qua CuSO4 rn khan khng mu chuyn thnh mu xanh 2H2 + O2 2H2O CuSO4 + nH2O CuSO4.nH2O - chuyn CuO (en) thnh Cu () CuO + H2 Cu + H2O 9. nhn bit Cl2 (clo) - mu vng lc, mi sc - lm qu tm m mt mu Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO (c tnh ty mu) - Lm xanh giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 - lm mt mu dung dch brom 2Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2O 2HBrO3 + 10HCl 10. nhn bit H2S (hiro sunfua) - mi trng ung - lm qu tm m ha - to kt ta en vi Pb(NO3)2, Cu(NO)3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2S PbS + 2HNO3 Cu(NO)3 + H2S CuS + 2HNO3 - lm mt mu dung dch Br2 hoc KMnO4 H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O 8HBr + H2SO4 - To bt mu vng vi dung dch SO2 SO2 + H2S 3S + 2H2O - to kt ta vng vi HNO3 (long) 3H2S + 2HNO3 (long) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O 11. nhn bit CH4 (metan) - lm CuO (en) thnh Cu () CH4 + 4CuO 4Cu (mu ) + CO2 + 2H2O - chy trong oxi to kh lm c nc vi trong CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O 12. nhn bit SO3 (lu hunh trioxi) - to kt ta vi dung dch BaCl2 SO3 + H2O + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl - lm qu tm m ha SO3 + H2O H2SO4 13. nhn bit NO2 (nit ioxit) - ha tan kim loi hoc lm qu tm ha trong nc khi sc NO2 v O2 vo 2NO2 + H2O + O2 2HNO3 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O - lm qu tm m ha 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO 14. nhn bit NO (nit monooxit) - khng mu
-2-

Vit Kiu Quc. A3TQC High School

- chy trong O2 to ra kh mu nu 2NO + O2 2NO2 (mu nu) - sc vo dd FeSO4 20% th thu c dd mu thm NO + FeSO4 (20%) Fe(NO)(SO4) 15. nhn bit gc NO3- (gc nitrat) - khi un nh vi dung dch axit v vn ng, th vn ng tan ht, dung dch sau phn ng c mu xanh (CuSO4) v to kh c mi hc (NO) 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu + 2NO + 4H2O 16. nhn bit H2O2 (oxi gi) - Lm xanh giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH - gii phng bc khi tc dng vi Ag2O Ag2O + H2O2 2Ag + H2O + O2 17. nhn bit Br2 (brom) - cht lng mu nu - b nht mu bi Clo, SO2, H2S 5Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2O 10HCl + 2HBrO3 SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 H2SO4 + 2HBr H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O 8HBr + H2SO4 18. nhn bit F2 (flo) - cht kh mu lc nht - tc dng vi dd NaOH 2F2 + 2NaOH 2NaF + H2O + OF2 + OF2 l cht kh khng mu, c mi c bit, rt c. L cht oxi ha mnh, tc dng hu ht vi cc kim loi v phi kim to thnh oxit v florua. OF2 + 2Cu CuO + CuF2 (lm Cu CuO en) OF2 + P P2O5 + PF5 (cht rn sau phn ng + H2O dd lm qu tm ho ) - nc khi un nng s bc chy trong flo, gii phng oxi. 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 19. nhn bit I2 (iot) - iot l cht rn mu tm nht - khi un nng, it thng hoa to hi mu tm - Iot to thnh vi h tinh bt mt cht c mu xanh 20. nhn bit H2O (hi nc) - hi nc lm cho CuSO4 (khan, mu trng) chuyn sang mu xanh CuSO4 + nH2O CuSO4.nH2O (mu xanh) 21. nhn bit S (lu hunh) - lu hunh l cht rn mu vng - t trong oxi cho kh c mi hc, lm c nc vi trong S + O2 SO2 SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O - tan trong cc axit mnh nh H2SO4n, HNO3(c) S + 2H2SO4n 3SO2 + 2H2O S + 6HNO3 (c) H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O 22. nhn bit P (photpho) - photpho c 2 loi: photpho v photpho trng - t chy to ra P2O5 tan trong nc thnh dd lm qu tm 4P + 5O2 2P2O5
-3-

Vit Kiu Quc. A3TQC High School

P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4 - tan trong cc axit mnh nh H2SO4n, HNO3(c) 2P + 5H2SO4n 5SO2 + 2H3PO4 + 2H2O P + 5HNO3 (c) H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O 23. nhn bit C (cacbon) - cacbon l cht rn mu en (tr kim cng) - t chy to kh lm c nc vi trong - tan trong cc axit mnh nh H2SO4n, HNO3(c to kh lm c nc vi trong C + O2 CO2 C + 2H2SO4n CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O C + 4HNO3 (c) CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O B. nhn bit mt s cht khc I. thc th cho mt s loi cht CHT CN NHN BIT 1 Cc kim loi - Na, K (kim loi kim) - Ba - Ca - Al, Zn, Cr (lng tnh) THUC TH + H2O + t chy, quan st mu ngn la +H2O + t chy, quan st mu ngn la +H2O + t chy, quan st mu ngn la + dd kim (th) NaOH, Ba(OH)2 + HNO3 (c ngui), CuO phn bit Al vi Zn v Cr + dd HCl + HNO3 c + AgNO3 + HNO3, sau cho NaCl vo dung dch + HNO3c, HClc t l mol 1:3 (nc cng toan) + H2O + H2O + dd Na2CO3 + H2O + dd HF (khng tan trong cc axit khc)
-4-

HIN TNG tan + dd trong + H2 Na chy vi ngn la mu vng K chy vi ngn la mu tm tan + dd trong + H2 Ba chy vi ngn la mu lc tan + dd c + H2 Ca chy vi ngn la mu tan + H2 Al khng tan, Zn tan NO2 c mu nu Al lm CuO (en) thnh Cu () y l phn ng nhit nhm tan + H2 + ring Pb c trng tan + dd xanh + NO2 mu nu tan + dd xanh + trng bc bm ln Cu () tan + NO2 nu + trng tan + NO ha nu ngoi khng kh

- cc KL t Mg Pb - kim loi Cu () - kim loi Ag - kim loi Au 2 oxit th rn - Na2O, K2O, BaO - CaO - P2O5 - SiO2

dd trong sut, lm xanh qu tm tan, dd c, lm xanh qu tm CaCO3 tan, dd lm qu tm tan to SiF4

Vit Kiu Quc. A3TQC High School

- Al2O3 - CuO - Ag2O - MnO2 3 Cc dung dch mui a. nhn gc axit - gc Cl- gc Br- gc I- gc S2- gc SO42- gc SO32- gc CO
23

+ tan c trong axit v dd kim + dd axit HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 long + dd HCl un nng + dd HCl un nng + AgNO3 + Cl2 + AgNO3 + Br2, Cl2 + h tinh bt + AgNO3 + Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2 + mui ca Ba2+ + dd axit mnh + dd Ba2+ + dd axit mnh + Ba2+, Ca2+ + dd AgNO3 + H2SO4 c + Cu + H2SO4 (long), to + dd axit mnh + dd axit + dd Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 + dd axit d

AlO2 dd mu xanh AgCl trng Cl2 mu vng lc AgCl trng Br2 lng mu nu AgBr vng nht dd c mu xanh AgI vng m CdS vng, PbS en BaSO4 trng SO2 mi hc, lm mt mu dung dch Brom BaSO3 trng CO2 lm c nc vi trong BaCO3, CaCO3 trng Ag3PO4 vng Cu tan to dd xanh + NO2 to kh NO, ha nu ngoi khng kh (NO2) H2SiO3 trng keo CO2, SO2 (mi hc), lm c nc vi. BaCO3, CaCO3 trng Al(OH)3 sau tan dn

- gc PO43- gc NO3- gc NO2- gc SiO32- gc HCO3-, HSO3- gc AlO

2

b. nhn bit ion kim loi trong mui - Mg2+ - Fe2+

+ dd OH+ dd OH+ dd thuc tm trong H+

- Fe3+ - Al3+ - Ca2+ - Pb2+ - Cu2+, Cu+ - Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Ba2+, Ca2+

+ dd OH+ dd cha ion SCN(thioxianat) + dd OH+ dd OH- d + dd CO32-, SO32+ dd S2- hoc dd Cl+ dd OH+ t chy, quan st mu ngn la
-5-

Mg(OH)2 trng keo Fe(OH)2 trng xanh dd mt mu tm v hi ng sang mu vng nht 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O Fe(OH)3 nu to dd mu mu Fe+3 + 3SCN- Fe(SCN)3 Al(OH)3 trng keo sau tan CaCO3, CaSO3 trng PbS en, PbCl2 trng Cu(OH)2 xanh CuOH vng Na+ chy vi ngn la mu vng K+ chy vi ngn la mu tm

Vit Kiu Quc. A3TQC High School

Rb+ chy vi ngn la mu huyt Cs+ chy vi ngn la mu xanh da tri Ba2+ chy vi ngn la mu lc (hi vng) Ca2+ chy vi ngn la mu da cam to kt ta sau tan dn dd chuyn sang mu vng cam 2Cr+3 + 16OH- + 3Br2 2CrO42- + 6Br+ 8H2O

- Cr3+

+ dd OH+ dd Br2 (Cl2, H2O2) v OH-

II. mt s thuc th thng dng Thuc th 1 - Qu tm Dng nhn bit - axit, mui to bi gc axit mnh v cation ca baz yu - dd baz, mui to bi gc axit yu v cation ca baz mnh - dd baz, mui to bi gc axit yu v cation ca baz mnh, pH 8,3 - cc kim loi mnh (Na, K, Ca, Ba) - cc oxit KL mnh (Na2O, K2O, CaO, BaO) - P2O5 - CaC2 - kim loi Al, Zn, Cr, Pb (lng tnh) - Al2O3, ZnO, PbO, Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 - mui CO32-, SO32-, sunfua ca KL ng trc Pb - KL ng trc (H) - MnO2 - Ag2O, AgNO3 - CuO - hu ht cc KL (-Au, Pt) - Ba, BaO, mui Ba - Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, FeS2, FeCO3, CuS, Cu2S - hp cht c gc SO42- dd K2Cr2O4, K2Cr2O7
-6-

Hin tng - qu tm ha - qu tm ha xanh - ha mu hng - tan to H2, ring Ca cn to dd Ca(OH)2 mu c - tan to dd lm hng phenolphtalein, ring CaO to dd c - tan to dd lm qu tm - tan + C2H2 (axetilen) bay ln - tan + H2 - tan - tan + CO2, SO2, H2S - tan + H2 - tan to Cl2 - AgCl - dd mu xanh - tan + SO2 , - to BaSO4 trng - tan + NO hoc NO2, SO2, CO2

2 - phenolphtalein (khng mu) 3 - nc (H2O)

4 - dung dich kim

5 - dung dch axit - dd HCl

- H2SO4 c nng - H2SO4 long - HNO3 6 - Dung dch mui - mui Ba2+

- to BaSO4 trng - to BaCrO4 vng ti

Vit Kiu Quc. A3TQC High School

- mui Ag+ - mui Cd2+ - mui Pb2+ - mui Hg2+ - hp cht c gc Cl-, I-, Brtan - hp cht c gc S2- tan - hp cht c gc S2-, I- tan - hp cht c gc I- tan Ba2+ + Cr2O72- + H2O BaCrO4 +2H+ - to AgCl trng, AgI vng m, AgBr vng nht - CdS vng - PbS en, PbI2 vng - HgI2

-7-