CHNG III

PHNG TRNH NG THNG

I. Vect ch phng ca ng thng-Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
1/ Vct ch phng ca ng thng
N: Vect u c gi l vect ch phng (vtcp) ca ng thng d nu 0 u =
v gi ca u song song hoc trng vi d.
NX: + Vect ku cng l vtcp ca ng thng d (k = 0). Do d c v s
vtvp.
+ Mt ng thng c x nu bit vtcp v mot im trn ng
thng .

d



2/ Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d qua M
0
(x
0
;y
0
) v c vct ch phng
u =(u
1
;u
2
) l:

0 1
0 2
x x u t
y y u t
= +

= +

( t: l tham s)
V d: Lp phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d trong trng hp sau:
d i qua M(2;1) v c vtcp u =(3;4)
3/ H s gc ca ng thng
+ ng thng d c vct ch phng u =(u
1
;u
2
), u
1
=0. Khi h s gc k l: k
=
2
1
u
u

+ Phng trnh ng thng d qua M
0
(x
0
;y
0
) v c h s gc k l:
yy
0
= k(xx
0
)
V d: Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d i qua A(3;5) v B(6;2).
Tm h s gc ca ng thng?
Gii
Ta c vtcp l (3; 3) AB = .
Vy phng trnh tham s ca d i qua A, B c vtcp (3; 3) AB = l:
3 3
5 3
x t
y t
= +

H s gc k=3/3 k= 1
* Ch : Nu d c h s gc k th d c mt vct ch phng l u =(1;k)
4/ Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng (10NC)
+ Nu u
1
=0, u
2
=0 th phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng d l:

0 0
1 2
x - x y - y
=
u u

+Nu u
1
=0 hoc u
2
=0 th ng thng khng c phng trnh ch tc.
u
( Nhng
0 0
2
0 u
x x y y
= , vi quy c xx
0
=0 th pt ny gi l pt chnh
tc ca d)
II/Vct php tuyn ca ng thng, Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng
1/ Vct php tuyn ca ng thng (php vct)
N: Vect n c gi l vect php tuyn (vtpt) ca ng thng d nu 0 n =
v gi ca n nm trn ng vung gc vi d ( n d).
NX: + Vect kn cng l vtpt ca ng thng d (k = 0). Do d c v s
vtpt.
+ Mt ng thng c x nu bit vtpt v mot im trn ng
thng .
2/ Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng
Phng trnh tng qut ca dng thng d c dng: ax+by+c=0 (a
2
+b
2
=0)
d c vct php tuyn l n =(a;b)
* Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng i qua M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) c vtpt n =(a;b) l:
a(xx
0
)+b(yy
0
)= 0
* Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng i qua hai im A(x
A
;y
A
), B(x
B
;y
B
)
l:
Ta tm VTCP AB VT php tuyn n pttq ia qua A v c
vtpt n
* Nhn xt: Ta ca hai vct ch phng v vct php tuyn ca mt
ng thng l i ch cho nhau v i du mt v tr (honh hoc tung
)
Nu ng thng d c vtpt l n =(a ; b) th d c vtcp l u =(b ; a) hoc u
=(b ; a)
V d: n =(5;1) th u =(1; 5) hoc u =(1; 5)
u =(4;6) th n =(6;4) hoc n =(6;4)
(V u l vtcp th ku cng l vtcp, n vtpt th kn cng l vtpt)
V d: Lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng d bit
a) d i qua M(2;3) v c vtpt n =(5;1). p s: 5x+y+7= 0
b) d i qua M(2;4) v c h s gc k=2. p s: 2xy=0
c) d i qua hai im A(3;5), B(6;2). p s: x+y8=0
* Cch chuyn t pt tng qut sang pt tham s:
t x= t, t pt tng qut y theo t
* Cch chuyn t pt tham s sang pt tng qut
T pt ca x t= , th t vo y pt tng qut.
V d 1: Cho d c pt tham s l
2 3
1 4
x t
y t
= +

= +

, tm pt tng qut ca d?
p s: 4x3y5= 0
V d 2: Cho d c pt tng qut l : x+y8=0. Tm pt tham s ca ng
thng?
p s:
8
x t
y t
=

* Cc dng c bit:
+ ng thng by+c=0 song song hoc trng trc Ox.
+ ng thng ax+c=0 song song hoc trng trc Oy.
+ ng thng ax+by=0 di qua gc ta .
+ ng thng i qua A(a;0), B(0;b) c phng trnh 1
x y
a b
+ = (a=0,
b=0) gi l phng trnh ng thng theo on chn.
3/ V tr tng i ca hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng A
1
, A
2
c pt tng qut

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
: a 0; : a 0 x b y c x b y c A + + = A + + =
S im chung ca hai ng thng chnh l s nghim ca h:
1 1 1
2 2 2
a 0
a 0
x b y c
x b y c
+ + =

+ + =

Nu a
2
=0,b
2
=0, c
2
=0 th
A
1
ct A
2

1 1
2 2
a
a
b
b
= ; A
1
// A
2

1 1 1
2 2 2
a
a
b c
b c
= = ; A
1
A
2

1 1 1
2 2 2
a
a
b c
b c
= =
V d: Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau:
a) d
1
: 4x10y+1=0 v d
2
: x+y+2= 0 ct nhau
b) d
3
: 12x6y+10=0 v d
4
: 2xy+5= 0 song song
c) d
5
: 8x+10y12=0 v d
6
: 4x+5y6= 0 trng nhau
4/ Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng
Cho ng thng A c pt tng qut l ax+by+c= 0 v mt im M
0
(x
0
;y
0
). Khi
khong cch t M
0
n A c xc nh:

0 0
0
2 2
( , )
a
ax by c
d M
b
+ +
A =
+

* Nu M
0
thuc A th d(M
0
,A)=0
V d: Tnh khong cc t im n cc ng thng sau
a) A(3;5), A
1
: 4x+3y+1= 0 Kt qu : 28/5
b) B(1;-2), A
2
: 3x-4y-26= 0 Kt qu :3
c) I(3;-2), A
3
:3x+4y-11=0 Kt qu : 2
5/ Gc gia hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng A
1
, A
2
c pt tng qut

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
: a 0 (a ; )
: a 0 (a ; )
x b y c vtpt n b
x b y c vtpt n b
A + + = =
A + + = =

Khi , gc gia hai ng thng (0
0
90
0
) c tnh:

1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
a .a .
| . |
cos cos
| | . | |
a . a
b b
n n
n n
b b

+
= =
+ +

* Ch : +Khi hai ng thng song song hoc trng nhau ta quy c gc gia
chng l 0
0

+ A
1
A
2
k
1
.k
2
= -1 (
1 2
n n a
1
.a
2
+b
1
.b
2
= 0)
V d: Cho hai ng thng d
1
: 4x2y+6= 0; d
2
: x3y+1=0. Tm s o gc to
bi hai ng thng d
1
, d
2
.
Gii
cos(d
1
,d
2
)=
2 2 2 2
| 4.1 ( 2).( 3) | 1 2
2
2
4 ( 2) . 1 ( 3)
+
= =
+ +

Vy gc gia hai ng thng l 45
0
.
6/ Phng trnh ng phn gic ca gc hp bi hai ng thng
Cho hai ng thng A
1
, A
2
c pt tng qut

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
: a 0 (a ; )
: a 0 (a ; )
x b y c vtpt n b
x b y c vtpt n b
A + + = =
A + + = =
Khi pt ng phn gic c
dng:

1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a a
a a
x b y c x b y c
b b
+ + + +
=
+ +

Phng trnh ng phn gic gc nhn, gc t
t
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a a
t ; t =
a a
x b y c x b y c
b b
+ + + +
=
+ +

1 2
. n n =a
1
.a
2
+b
1
.b
2

Pt ng phn gic
gc nhn
Pt ng phn gic
gc t

t
1
=t
2
t
1
= t
2

+ t
1
= t
2
t
1
=t
2

(phng trnh ng phn gic ca gc t ly theo du ca
1 2
. n n )
V d: Lp phng trnh ng phn gic ca gc nhn to bi hai ng
thng:
a) d
1
: 3x4y+12= 0 d
2
: 12x+5y7= 0
b) d
1
: xy+4= 0 d
2
: x+7y12= 0
Gii
a) Ta c
1 2
. n n =16>0 t
1
= t
2
99x27y+121= 0
b) Ta c
1 2
. n n = 6<0 t
1
=t
2
x3y+8= 0
* Ch :
+ Hai ng thng song song th c cng vect php tuyn (cng vect ch
phng).
+ Hai ng thng vung gc th vect php tuyn ca ng thng ny l
vect ch phng ca ng thng kia v ngc li.







- ng thng (d) i qua A v vung gc vi A c phng trnh: 2x y m 0 + + =

( ) A 1;3 2 3 m 0 m 1 eA + + = =
Suy ra:
( ) d : 2x y 1 0 + =
- Ta B l nghim ca h phng trnh:
{ {
( )
x 2y 2 x 0
2x y 1 y
B 0
1
;1
= =

+ = =

Suy ra: BC AB 1 4 5 = = + =
- t
( )
0 0
C x ; y vi
0 0
x , y 0 > , ta c:
{
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
2 2
2 2
0 0 0 0
x 2y 2 0 x 2y 2
C
x y 1 5 x y 1 5 BC 5
+ = = eA


+ = + = =


Gii h ny ta c:
{
0
0
x 2
y 2
=
=
hoc
{
0
0
x 2
y 0
=
=
(loi). Suy ra:
( ) C 2; 2
- Do ABCD l hnh vung nn:
{ {
( )
D D
D D
x 2 1 0 x 1
CD BA
y 2 3 1
D 1;
4
4
y
= =
=
= =

- Vy
( ) ( ) ( ) B 0;1 ,C 2;2 , D 1;4







- Do ta im A khng nghim ng cc phng trnh cho nn ta c th gi s
rng:
Phng trnh trung tuyn BM l: x 2y 1 0 + =

Bi 1: Cho im v ng thng c phng trnh
. Dng hnh vung ABCD sao cho hai nh B, C nm trn
v cc ta nh C u dng. Tm ta cc nh B, C, D
Bi 2: Trn mt phng ta Oxy, hy vit phng trnh cc ng
thng cha cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit v hai ng
trung tuyn nm trn hai ng thng c phng trnh l

Phng trnh trung tuyn CN l: 3x y 2 0 =
- t
( ) B 2b 1; b , do N l trung im AB nn :
b 6
N b;
2
+ | |
|
\ .


b 6 b 6
N b; CN 3b 2 0 b 2
2 2
+ + | |
e = =
|
\ .

Suy ra:
( ) B 3; 2
- t
( ) C c;3c 2 , do M l trung im AC nn :
c 1 3c 4
M ;
2 2
+ + | |
|
\ .


c 1 3c 4 c 1 3c 4
M ; BM 2. 1 0 c 1
2 2 2 2
+ + + + | |
e + = =
|
\ .

Suy ra:
( ) C 1; 5
- Vy phng trnh AB, BC, AC l:

AB: 11x 2y 1 0
BC: 7x 4y 13 0
AC: 2x y 8 0
+ =
=
+ =






- Phng trnh ng thng BC: 9x 2y 17 0 =
- Do C BC e nn ta c th t
9c 17
C c;
2
| |
|
\ .
, ta c
( ) AB 2; 8
9c 25
AC c 1;
2

| |
= +
|

\ .

- Theo gi thit tam gic ABC vung ti A nn:
9c 25
AB.AC 0 c 1 4. 0 c 3
2

= + = =
- Vy
( ) C 3;5


- ng trn (C) c tm
( ) I 1; 2 v bn knh R 5 =
- Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca I trn AB, ta c:
2
2 2 2 2
AB 10 5 10
IH IA AH R 5 IH
4 4 2 2
= = = = =
Bi 3: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Bit
v ng thng i qua im . Tm ta nh C.
Bi 4: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im v ng trn (C) c phng trnh

Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M v ct ng trn (C) ti hai im A, B sao cho
- ng thng (d) i qua M v c VTPT
( ) n a; b = c dng:

( ) ( ) a x 6 b y 2 0 ax by 6a 2b 0 + = + =
- ng thng (d) tha bi khi:

( )
2 2
2 2
a 2b 6a 2b
10
d I;(d) IH 9a b b 3a
2
a b
+
= = = =
+

+ Vi b 3a = ta c
( ) d : x 3y 0 =
+ Vi b 3a = ta c
( ) d : x 3y 12 0 + =








- Gi N l im i xng ca M qua AD. Suy ra: N tia AB e
Mt khc ta c: AN AM AB 2AN = = N l trung im ca AB
- Do MN AD nn phng trnh MN l:
1
x y m 0 + + =

( )
1 1
M 0; 1 MN 1 m 0 m 1 e + = =
Suy ra:
( ) MN : x y 1 0 + + =
- Gi K MN AD = , ta K l nghim ca h pt:
{
1
x
1 1
x y 1
2
K ;
x y 0 1
2 2
y
2

=
| | + =

|
=
\ .
=

V K l trung im ca MN nn:
{
( )
N K M
N K M
x 2x x 1
N 1; 0
y 2y y 0
= =

= =

- Do AB CH nn phng trnh AB l:
2
x 2y m 0 + =

( )
2 2
N 1;0 AB 1 m 0 m 1 e + = =
Suy ra:
( ) AB : x 2y 1 0 + =
- V A AB AD = nn ta A l nghim ca h pt:
{ {
( )
x 2y 1 x 1
A 1;1
x y 0 y 1
= =

= =

Suy ra:
( ) AC : 2x y 1 0 =
Bi 5: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c ng phn gic trong ,
ng cao , cnh AC qua , . Vit phng trnh ba
cnh ca tam gic ABC.
- V C AC CH = nn ta C l nghim ca h pt:
{
1
1
2x y 1 x
C ; 2
2
2x y 3
2
y 2

| | = =

|
+ =
\ .
=

- Do N l trung im ca AB
{
( )
B N A
B N A
x 2x x 3
B 3; 1
y 2y y 1
= =

= =

- Phng trnh cnh BC:
( ) BC : 2x 5y 11 0 + + =


- Do AC BH nn phng trnh AC l: 2x 5y m 0 + + =

( ) A 1; 2 AC 2 10 m 0 m 8 e + + = =
Suy ra:
( ) AC : 2x 5y 8 0 + =
- Do C AC CM = nn ta C l nghim ca h pt:

{ {
( )
2x 5y 8 x 4
C 4;0
5x 7y 20 y 0
+ = =

+ = =

- t
( ) B a; b , do B BH e nn: 5a 2b 4 0 =
- V M l trung im ca AB nn ta M l :
1 a 2 b
M ;
2 2
+ + | |
|
\ .

- Do 5
1 a 2 b 1 a 2 b
M ; CM 5. 7. 20 0
2 2 2 2
a 7b 31 0
+ + +
+
+ | |
e +
|
.

\
= =
- Ta M l nghim ca h:
{ {
( )
5a 2b 4 a 2
B 2;3
5a 7b 31 b 3
= =

+ = =

- Phng trnh cnh BC l:
( ) BC : 3x 2y 12 0 + =



- Do MI l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ABD nn
9 9
AB 2MI 2 3 2
4 4
= = + =
- V
ABCD
S AB.AD 12 = = nn
12
AD 2 2 MA
A
MD 2
B
= = = =
- ng thng AD qua
( ) M 3;0 v nhn
3 3
IM ;
2 2
| |
=
|
\ .
lm VTPT c phng trnh l:
Bi 6: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c cc nh . Trung tuyn
v ng cao . Vit phng trnh cc cnh AC v BC.
Bi 7: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c din tch bng 12, v tm
ca hnh ch nht l l trung im ca cnh AD. Tm ta cc nh ca hnh ch
nht.

( ) ( )
3 3
x 3 y 0 x y 3 0 0
2 2
+ = + =
- Phng trnh ng trn tm M bn knh R 2 = l:
( )
2
2
x 3 y 2 + =
- Ta A v D l nghim ca h phng trnh:

( ) ( ) ( )
{ {
2 2 2
2
x y 3 0 y 3 x
x 2 x 4
y 1 y 1
x 3 y 2 x 3 3 x 2
+ = =
= =
v

= =
+ = + =


Suy ra: ta chn
( ) ( ) A 2;1 , D 4; 1
- V I l trung im ca AC nn:
{
( )
C I A
C I A
x 2x x 9 2 7
C 7; 2
y 2y y 3 1 2
= = =

= = =

V I l trung im ca BD nn:
{
( )
B I D
B I D
x 2x x 5
B 5; 4
y 2y y 4
= =

= =

- Vy ta cc nh ca hnh ch nht l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A 2;1 , B 5;4 , C 7;2 , D 4; 1 .


- Do G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC nn:

GAB ABC
1 1
S S .3 1
3 3
A A
= = =
- Phng trnh ng thng AB l:
x 2 y 4
2 2
x y 2 0 +

= +

=
+

- t
( ) G a; b , do
( ) G d : 3x y 1 0 e + = nn 3a b 1 0 + = , ta c:

( ) ( )
( )
GAB
1 1
S 1 .AB.d G, AB 1 .2 2.d G, AB 1
2 2
1
d G, AB
2
a b 2
1

2 2

A
= = =
=
+ +
=
2 a 1 b + + =

- Ta G l nghim ca h:
{ { {
1
a
3a b 1 3a b 1 a 1
2
a b 1 a b 3 1 b 2
b
2

= = =
v v

+ = + = =
=

Suy ra:
1 1
G ;
2 2
| |

|
\ .
hoc
( ) G 1; 2
- Vi
1 1
G ;
2 2
| |

|
\ .
th
( )
( )
C G A B
C G A B
7
x 3x x x
2
9
y 3y
7 9
C ;
y
2
2
y
2

= + =

= +
| |

|
\
=
.

- Vi
( ) G 1; 2 th
( )
( )
( )
C G A B
C G A B
x 3x x x 5
y 3y y
C 5;0
y 0
= + =

= + =

Bi 8: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vi v trng tm G thuc ng
thng . Hy tm ta ca C bit rng tam gic ABC c din tch bng 3.
- Vy c hai im C tha bi l :
( ) C 5;0 v
7 9
C ;
2 2
| |

|
\ .


- (C) c tm
( ) I 1; 2 v bn knh R 5 =
- Theo gi thit:
0 0
1
AMB 60 AMI AMB 30
2
= = =
- Tam gic AMI vung ti A nn:
0
AI
sin30 IM 2AI 2R 2 5
IM
= = = =
- t
( ) M t; t 1 (d) + e , ta c:

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
IM 20 t 1 t 1 20 t 9 t 3 = + + = = =
- Vy c hai im cn tm l
( )
1
M 3; 2 v
( )
2
M 3; 4


- T yu cu ca bi ton ta suy ra B l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn (d)
- Phng trnh ng thng
( ) A qua A v vung gc vi (d) l: 2x y m 0 + + =

( ) ( ) A 0;2 2 m 0 m 2 e A + = =
Suy ra:
( ) : 2x y 2 0 A + =
- Ta B l nghim ca h phng trnh:
{
2
x
2x y 2
5
x 2y 2 6
y
5
2 6
B ;
5 5

+ =

=
=

| |
|
\ .

- t
( ) C 2t 2; t (d) e , theo gi thit ta c:

2 2
2 2 2 2
2
AB 2BC AB 4BC
2 6 12 6
0 2 4 2t t
5 5 5 5
2t 12t 7 0
t 1
7

t
5
= =
(
| | | | | | | |
+ = +
(
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
(

+ =
=

=

- Vi
( ) t ; 1 C 0 1 =
Vi
5 7
C ;
4 5
7
t
5
|
=
|
|
\ .

Bi 9: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng thng v ng trn
. Tm ta im M thuc ng thng (d) m qua c th k c
hai tip tuyn MA v MB vi (C) (A,B l hai tip im) sao cho .
Bi 10: Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im v ng thng . Tm trn
ng thng (d) hai im B, C sao cho tam gic ABC vung B v .

- Vy cc im cn tm l: ( )
2 6
B ; , C 0;1
5 5
| |
|
\ .
hoc
2 6 4 7
B ; , C ;
5 5 5 5
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .