B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011

Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 1 -
Chng I NG LC HC VT RN
Chuyn ng ca vt rn quanh trc c nh , chiu quay khng i
- To gc ( rad )
- Vn tc gc e (rad/s )
- Gia tc gc (rad/
2
s )
- Momen lc I Fd M = = (N.m )
- Momen ng lng I (kg
2
m )
- ng nng quay
2
d
2
1
W e I = ( J )
Chuyn ng quay u :
- Vn tc gc
t A
A
=

e =hng s
- Gia tc =0
- Gc quay c t e = A
- S vng quay c
t

2
A
= n
- To gc t e + =
0
- Phng trnh dao ng lc hc 0 = = = I Fd M
Chuyn ng quay bin i u :
- Vn tc gc tc thi t e e + =
0
- Vn tc gc trung bnh
2
0
e e
e
+
=
tb
- Gia tc gc

t
0
e e

=
R
a
=
2
2
t

A
= ( dng khi ) 0
0
= e
I
R F
I
M .
= =
- Gc quay c

2
0
2
1
t t e + = A
2
2
1
t = A ( dng khi ) 0
0
= e

e e

2
0
2 2

= A
- To gc + =
0

2
0
2
1
t t e +
- S vng quay
t

2
A
= n
- Phng trnh ng lc hc
I M = FR M =
t
L
M
A
A
=
- nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng
2 2 1 1
e e I I =
. Mmen qun tnh ca 1 s vt ng cht v i xng : (c trc quay i qua tm )
- Cht im & Vnh trn (vnh xe ) :
2
mR I =
- Vt hnh tr (R.rc , da trn )
2
2
1
mR I =
- Qu cu
2
5
2
mR I =
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 2 -
- Thanh di
2
12
1
mR I =
Ch : Thanh di m c trc i qua 1 u thanh , vung gc vi thanh :
2
3
1
mR I =
- Cng thc tnh Mmen qun tnh ca 1 vt i vi 1 trc A bt k l :
2
md I I
G
+ =
A
( G: l khi tm , d: k/cch t khi tm n trc quay )
Mt s cng thc khc :
- ng nng ca 1 vt chuyn ng ln
2 2
d
2
1
2
1
W mv I + = e
- Gia tc vt trong my A-tt :
M m m
g m m
a
2
1
) (
1 2
1 2
+ +

=
2
1 2
1 2
) (
R
I
m m
g m m
+ +

=
Chng II DAO NG C
I DAO NG IU HO
- Chu k
n
t
f
T = = =
e
t 2 1
( vi n l s dao ng thc hin trong thi gian t )
- Phng trnh dao ng ) cos( e + = t A x
- Phng trnh vn tc ) sin( e e + = t A v
- Khi i t v tr cn bng n v tr bin th tc gim dn (c nhanh dn )
- Khi vt i t v tr bin n v tr cn bng th tc nhanh dn ( c nhanh dn )
- Ti v tr cn bng tc cc i e A v =
max
- Ta tr bin tc bng 0
- Vn tc lun sm pha hn li x 1 gc
2
t
- Cng thc tnh vn tc c lp vi thi gian :
2 2
x A v = e
- Phng trnh gia tc ) cos(
2
e e + = t A a
- Khi i t v tr cn bng n v tr bin th ln gia tc tng dn
- Khi vt i t v tr bin n v tr cn bng th ln gia tc gim dn
- Ti v tr bin ln gia tc t cc i
2
max
e A a =
- Ta tr cng bng ln gia tc bng 0
- Vn tc lun sm pha hn li x 1 gc -
2
t
- Cng thc tnh vn tc c lp vi thi gian :
1
2
2
+
=
e
e A
a
- Cng thc c lp vi thi gian :
1
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
A
v
A
x
e
1
2 2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
A
v
A
a
e e
- Bin
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 3 -
2
2
2
e
v
x A + =
2
2
2
1
e e
a
v A + =
K
E
A
2
= ( E l c nng )
2
l
A = (l l l chiu di qu o)
Nu ko vt ra xa v tr cn bng 1 on
0
x ri th nh th A =
0
x
Cc gii tr c bit v pha ban u cn nh:
- Ti v tr cn bng vt i theo chiu dng th
2
t
=
- Ti v tr cn bng vt i theo chiu m th
2
t
=
- Vt ra bin dng th 0 =
- Vt ra bin dng th t =
- Khi
3
0 ,
2
, 0
t

= > = = v
A
x t
- Khi
3
0 ,
2
, 0
t
= < = = v
A
x t
- Khi
3
2
0 ,
2
, 0
t

= > = = v
A
x t
- Khi
3
2
0 ,
2
, 0
t
= < = = v
A
x t
- Khi
4
0 , 2
2
, 0
t

= > = = v
A
x t
- Khi
4
0 , 2
2
, 0
t
= < = = v
A
x t
- Khi
4
3
0 , 2
2
, 0
t

= > = = v
A
x t
- Khi
4
3
0 , 2
2
, 0
t
= < = = v
A
x t
- Khi
6
0 , 3
2
, 0
t
= > = = v
A
x t
- Khi
6
0 , 3
2
, 0
t
= < = = v
A
x t
- Khi
6
5
0 , 3
2
, 0
t
= > = = v
A
x t
- Khi
6
5
0 , 3
2
, 0
t
= < = = v
A
x t
Thi gian ngn nht vt i t :
- V tr cn bng n li
2
A
x = l
12
T
- V tr cn bng n li 2
2
A
x = l
8
T
- V tr cn bng n li 3
2
A
x = l
6
T
Thi gian ngn nht
d t
W W = l
4
T
Ch : Trong 1 chu k vt i c qung S=4A nn:
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 4 -
Tc trung bnh trong 1 chu k
T
A
v
4
= ( cng chnh bng tc d trung bnh trong na chu k )
Vn tc trung bnh 0 =
TB
v
c im v nng lng
- Th nng
2
t
2
1
W Kx =
- ng nng ) (
2
1
2
1
W
2 2 2
d
x A K mv = =
- C nng l hng s
2
2
1
KA W W W
d t
= + =
- ng nng , th nng dao ng tun hon vi tn s gc 2 / ' . 2 ' , 2 ' T T f f = = = e e
- Lin h gia ng nng l th nng

2
2 2
x
x A
W
W
t
d

=
- Ti x =
2
A
th

t d
W W 3 = W W
t
4
1
= W W
d
4
3
=
- Ti x =
2
A
th
t d
W W =
c im v lc hi phc :
) cos( e + = = t kA kx F
hp
Bin thin iu ho theo thi gian , lun hng v v tr cn bng .
II. CON LC LO XO
1/ Con lc lo xo treo thng ng
- gin lo xo khi vt v tr cn bng :
2 2
4t e
gT m
K
mg
l = = = A
- Tn s gc
l
g
m
K
A
= = e
- Chu k:
l
g
K
m
T
A
= = = t t
e
t
2 2
2
Tn s :
g
l
m
K
f
A
= = =
t t t
e
2
1
2
1
2
Ch : Chu k ph thuc vo c im ca con lc lo xo , khng phu thuc cc yu t bn ngoi nh: cch
kich thch dao ng , bin dao ng
- Chiu di con lc lo xo v tr cn bng : l l l
CB
A + =
0
(
0
l l chiu di t nhin )
- Chiu di cc i ca con lc lo xo : A l l A l l
CB Max
+ A + = + =
0
- Chi di cc tiu ca con lc lo xo : A l l A l l
CB Min
A + = =
0
- Bin dao ng
2
Min Max
l l
A

=
- Lc n hi cc i : ) ( A l K F
Max
+ A =
- Lc n hi cc tiu :
- ) ( A l K F
Min
A = ( Nu ) A l > A - 0 =
Min
F (Nu ) A l s A
Ch : lc hi phc c ln khc lc n hi
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 5 -
2/ Con lc lo xo t nm ngang
i vi con lc lo xo t nm ngang :lc hi phc lun bng lc n hi v lun hng v v tr cn bng
III. CON LC N :
- Dy treo c chiu di l (b qua khi lng ).vt nng c khi lng m ( b qua kich thc ). Con lc n
dao ng iu ho khi gclch
0
10 s o v b qua ma st ca mi trng
-
l
g
= e
g
l
T t 2 =
l
g
f
t 2
1
=
- Chiu di s dy treo :
2
2
4t
g T
l =
- Chu k con lc c
2
2
2
1 2 1
: T T T l l l + = + = Chu k con lc c
2
2
2
1 2 1
: T T T l l l = =
- Vn tc ti v tr bt k : ) cos (cos 2
0
o o = gl v
- Vn tc qua v tr cn bng: ) cos 1 ( 2
0
o = gl v
- Lc cng dy treo ti v tri bt k : ) cos 2 cos 3 (
0
o o = mg T
+Lc cng dy treo v tr bin:
0
coso mg T
Min
=
+Lc cng dy treo v tr cn bng : ) cos 2 3 (
0
o = mg T
Max
Nng lng dao ng iu ho ca con lc n


2 2
m
W
2
0
2
0
2
o e mgl S
= =
+Th nng :
2 2
m
W
2 2 2
t
o e mgl s
= =
+ng nng
2
2
mv
W
d
=
Nng lng con lc n :(Chn gc th nng v tr cn bng )
+C nng
d t
W W W + = +Th nng : ) cos 1 ( o = mgl W
t
+ng nng
2
2
mv
W
d
= + bin B : ) cos 1 (
0
o = = mgl W W
tMax B
+ v tr cn bng O
2
2
0
mv
W W
dMax O
= = + v tr bt k
2
) cos 1 (
2
mv
mgl W
A
+ = o
Nh vy c nng ca con lc :
2
) cos 1 (
2
mv
mgl W
A
+ = o ) cos 1 (
0
o = mgl
2
2
0
mv
=
- Gia tc tc trng trng cao h :
2
0
) (
R h
R
g g
+
= ( Vi
0
g : gia tc trng trng mt t)
+Vy cng ln cao g cng gim T tng ng h chy chm
+Thi gian chy chm trong 1 giy l : 3600 . 24 .
h R
h
t
+
= A
+Thi gian chy chm trong 1ngy l:
h R
h
t
+
= A
- Chiu di dy treo kim loi nhit t :
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 6 -
+ ) 1 (
0
t l l o = , (
0
l :chiu di treo ) 0
0
C
Vy khi nhit tng l tng T tng ng h chy chm
+Thi gian chy chm trong 1 chu k l :
0 0
2
1
t t T t = A o
DAO NG TT DN
Mt con lc lo xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A , h s ma st
- Quang ng vt i c n lc dng li l:
mg
kA
S
2
2
=
- gim bin sao mi chu k l:
2
4 4
e
g
k
mg
A = = A
- S dao ng thc hin c :
g
A
mg
Ak
A
A
N

e
4 4
2
= =
A
=
- Thi gian vt dao ng dng li:
g
A
mg
AkT
NT t

te
2 4
= = = A ( Nu coi dao ng tt dn c tnh tun hon vi
chu k
e
t 2
= T )
IV. CON LC VT L :
L mt vt rn quay quanh 1 trc nm ngang c nh ( Trc quay khng i qua trng tm )
+ Tn s gc :
I
mgd
= e Chu k :
mgd
I
T t 2 =
V. TNG HP DAO NG :
- Nu t k 2
2 1
= = A th
2 1
A A A + =
- Nu t ) 1 2 (
2 1
+ = = A k th
2 1
A A A =
- Nu
2
) 1 2 (
2 1
t
+ = = A k th
2
2
2
1
A A A + =
- Tng qut : A + + = cos 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
A A A A A ,
2 1 2 1
A A A A A + s s
-
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
sin sin
tan

A A
A A
+
+
=
- Nu
2 1
A A = th
2
2 1

+
=
Ch : i vi dng ton m bi bo xc nh phng trnh tng hp th ta s dng my tnh gii l
nhanh nht
Chng III
SNG C HC
nh ngha :Sng c l nhng dao ng c hc lan truyn trong mi trng vt cht :
- Sng ngang: l sng trong cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng vung gc vi
phng truyn sng.
- Sng dc :l sng trong cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng theo phng trng vi phng
truyn sng.
- Nhng im cch nhau nguyn ln bc sng trn phng truyn th dao ng cng pha vi nhau
= k d t k 2 = A
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 7 -
- Nhng im cch nhau mt s l na bc sng trn phng truyn sng th dao ng ngc pha
vi nhau
+ = )
2
1
(k d t ) 1 2 ( + = A k
- Hai dao ng vung pha khi :
+ =
2
)
2
1
(

k d
2
) 1 2 (
t
+ = A k
Cc i lng c trng ca sng :
- Bc sng : l khong cch gia 2 im trn phng truyn sng gn nhau nht v dao ng cng
pha vi nhau
L qung ng m sng truyn c trong 1 chu k
- Chu k sng : Chu k dao nh ca cc phn t vt cht m sng c hc truyn qua u nh nhau v
bng vi chu k dao ng ca ngun , l chu k sng.
- Vn tc truyn sng : Vn tc truyn pha dao ng gi l vn tc sng f v =
- Bin sng : Bin dao ng ca cc phn t sng .
- Nng lng sng : Qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh truyn nng lng .Truyn cng xa th nng
lng v bin cng gim.
- Phng truyn sng
- Phng trnh sng ti ngun O : ) cos( e + = t A u
- Phng trnh sng ti M cch O 1 on d : )
2
cos(

t
e
d
t A u
M
+ =
- lch pha gia sng ti O v sng ti M l
v
d d e

t
= = A
2
Giao thoa sng :
*/Sng kt hp
- Hai ngun dao ng cng tn s ,c lch pha khng i theo thi gian gi l 2 ngun kt hp
- Sng m do 2 ngun kt hp phat ra gi l 2 sng kt hp
*/Hin tng gia thoa :
- nh ngha : Hin tng giao thoa l hin tng 2 sng kt hp khi gp nhau th c nhng im
c chng lun tng cng ln nhau , c nhng im chng lun trit tiu ln nhau
- Hai ngun A, B cng pha , uufng bin a th bin sng tng hp ti im M l :

t
2 1
cos 2
d d
a A

=
*/Cc i dao thoa :
Tp hp cc im c hiu ng i ca 2 sng ti bng 1 s nguyn ln bc sng
k d d =
1 2
( ,.....) 2 , 1 , 0 = k
im M c bin dao ng cc i nu : =

1 2
d d
s nguyn
Tp hp cc im c lch pha ca 2 sng ti bng 1 s chn ln t t k 2 . = A

*/Cc tiu dao thoa :
Tp hp cc im c hiu ng i ca 2 sng ti bng 1 s bn nguyn ln bc sng
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
1
1 2
k d d ( ,.....) 2 , 1 , 0 = k

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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 8 -
im M c bin dao ng cc tiu nu : =

1 2
d d
s bn nguyn
Tp hp cc im c lch pha ca 2 sng tI bng 1 s chn ln ( )t t 1 2 . + = A k

*/Cch tm s im dao ng bin cc i trn on
2 1
S S
o Lp thng s b a
S S
,
2 1
=

o S im dao ng cc i : 1 2 + = a n
o S im ng yu : 2 2 + = a n ( Nu b>=5 )
a n 2 = ( Nu b<5)
Sng dng :
nh ngha : Sng dng c cc nt v bng c nh trong khng gian
- im bng : Ti sng ti v sng phn x cng pha .
- im nt : Ti sng ti v sng phn x ngc pha.
- K/cch gia 2 bng sng gn nhau nht bng k/cch gia 2 nt sng gn nhau nht .
*/Sng dng c 2 u c nh :
- iu kin c sng dng trn dy ( chiu di l L )c 2 u c nh

2

k L = ....) 3 , 2 , 1 ( = k
k
L 2
= v L
Max
2 = f
k
L
f v
2
= =
- S bng = s b = k
- S nt =k+1
*/Sng dng c 1 u t do:
- Nu im phn x t do th ti im phn x , sng phn x lun cung pha vi sng ti v tng
cng ln nhau .
- iu kin c sng dng trn dy c 1 u t do :
2 2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ = k L
- S b = k
- S nt = s bng =k+1
Sng m :
*/Sng m v cm gic m :
- Sng m: Sng c hc c 16Hz s s f 20.000Hz.Gy cm gic m tai nghe.
- Sng m l sng dc
- Sng h m : Sng c hc c tn s f<16Hz
- Sng siu m :Sng c hc c tn s f>20.000Hz
(Tai ngi khng nghe c sng siu m v sng h m )
*/S truyn m-Vn tc m:
- m truyn c trong mi trng rn , lng v kh
- Vn tc m ph thuc vp tnh n hi, nhit v mt mi trng
- Vn tc m trong cht rn > vn tc m trong cht lng > vn tc m trong cht kh
*/Mt s khi nim:
- Cng m I .n v
2
W/m
- Mc cng di m L :gm 130 mc
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 9 -
0
10
) (
0
10 lg 10 ) ( I I
I
I
dB L
dB L
= =

0
I : cng m chun (
2 12
0
W/m 10

~ I )
- Ngng nghe: Cng m nh nht cn gy cm gic m
- Ngng au: Cng m ln nht cn gy cm gic m nhng lm au tai .
- Min nghe c : Nn gia ngng nghe v ngng au
*/Ba c tnh sinh l ca m:
- cao ca m: l 1 c tnh sinh l ca m , n da vo 1 c tnh vt l ca m l tn s
- m sc : l 1 c tnh sinh l ca m , c hnh thnh trn c s cc c tnh vt l ca m tn s v bin

- to ca m :l 1 c tnh sinh l ca m , c da vo c tnh vt l ca m l bin (Ch :cng

bin m , nhng m c tn s cao nghe r hn m c tn s thp)
Hiu ng p-ple:
Tng Qut :
f
v v
v v
f
n
t

= '

f' l tn s my thu c , f l tn s my pht ( ngun) pht ra khi ng yn
v l tc truyn sng trong mi trng

t
v l tc ca my thu ,
n
v l tc ca ngun
Trong cng thc trnmy thu hay ngun pht ng yn th tc tng ng bng 0 v p dng cho
ngun v my thu chuyn ng cng phng truyn sng.
v v
t
v ngc chiu ng vi "+" , v v
t
v cng chiu ng vi du "-"
v v
n
v ngc chiu ng vi "+" , v v
n
v cng chiu ng vi du "-"
Ch : Khi sng phn x th tn s sng khng thay i
Khi gp vt cn c nh tr thnh ngun m mi c tn s bng tn s khi n vt cn nhn c

Chng IV DAO NG IN T
1. DAO NG & SNG IN T:
Chu k , tn s ring trong mch dao ng:


LC
1
= e LC T t 2 =
LC
f
t 2
1
=
Cc i lng bin thin iu ho vicng tn s f:
- in tch trong mch : ) cos(
0
e + = t q q
- Cng dng in: ) sin( '
0
e e + = = t q q i
- Hiu in th 2 bn t in:
) cos(
0
e + = = t
C
q
C
q
u
- in trng tp trung t in v t trng tp trung cun cm cng bin thin iu ho vi tn s f.
Nng lng trong mch dao ng:
- Nng lng in trng tp trung t in C v bin thin tun hon vi f f 2 ' , 2
,
= = e e .
) ( cos
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
e + = = t
C
Q
qu W
C
- Nng lng in trng cc i :
C
Q
CU W
Max C
2
0 2
0
2
1
2
1
= =

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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 10 -
- Nng lng t trng tp trung cun cm L v bin thin tun hon vi f f 2 ' , 2
,
= = e e .
) ( sin
2
1
2
1
2
2
0 2
e + = = t
C
Q
Li W
L
- Nng lng t trng cc i:
C
Q
LI W
Max L
2
0 2
0
2
1
2
1
= =

- Nng lng ton phn trong mch dao ng : Nu mch c R=0 th dao ng trong mch l dao dng iu
ho v nng lng c bo ton ( ko ph thuc t )

2 2
2
1
2
1
Cu Li W W W
L C
+ = + =

2 2 2
2
0
2
0
2
0
CU LI
C
Q
W = = = = Khnh thay i
2.IN T TRNG & SNG IN T
in trng v t trng bin thin :
- T trng bin thin theo thi gian s sinh ra in trng xoy.
- in trng bin thin theo thi gian s sinh ra t trng xoy.
- in trng v t trng xoy l nhng ng cong khp kn.
/in t trng : in trng v t trng ng thoi tn ti , chng l 2 mt th hin khc nhau ca 1 trng
duy nht gi l trng in t.
Sng in t: Sng in t l 1 sng ngang , t trng v in trng bin thin cng tn s , cng pha .
3. MT SO CNG THC THNG GP
-
0
0
Q
I
= e
- Cng hiu dng qua mch
L
C
U I =
- Cng cc i qua mch
L
C
U I
0 0
=
- Nu mch in c
2 1
, C C mc song song th:
2
2
2
1
T T T + =
2
2
2
1
2 1
f f
f f
f
+
=
- Nu mch in c
2 1
, C C mc ni tip th
2
2
2
1
f f f + =
2
2
2
1
2 1
T T
T T
T
+
=
Thi gian ngn nht vt i t :
- V tr cn bng n li
2
0
Q
q = l
12
T
- V tr cn bng n li 2
2
2
Q
q = l
8
T
- V tr cn bng n li 3
2
0
Q
q = l
6
T
- Thi gian ngn nht t gia 2 ln
d t
W W = l
4
T
Chng V
DNG IN XOAY CHIU
CC CNG THC V DNG IN XOAY CHIU:
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 11 -
H THNG HO CCONG THC V MCH IN C R, L, C MC NI TIP:
Mch ch c R
1/ u = u
R
cng pha vi i
= 0
v pha ca u = pha ca i
2/ Z = R
3/ I =
U
R
4/ P = UI = RI
2

5/ cos = 1
Mch c R, L, C ni tip
S mch in:
1/ Biu thc in p hai u mch v biu thc cng
dng in:
+ Nu u = U 2 coset = U
o
coset
i = I 2 cos(et - ) = I
o
cos(et - )
+ Nu i = I 2 coset = I
o
coset
u = U 2 cos(et + ) = U
o
cos(et + )
Tng qut: pha ca u = pha ca i +
pha ca i = pha ca u -
2/ Tng tr:
Z =
2 2 2 2
)
1
( ) (
e
e
C
L R Z Z R
C L
+ = +
Cm khng: Z
L
= Le ; Dung khng: Z
C
=
1
C e
3/ nh lut m: I =
U
Z
(hay I
o
=
o
U
Z
)
U = IZ (hay U
o
= I
o
Z)
v U =
2 2
R L C
U (U U ) +
4/ lch pha ca u so vi i:
tan =
L C L C
R
U U Z Z
U R

=
- Z
L
> Z
C
tan > 0 > 0 : u sm pha so vi i
- Z
L
< Z
C
tan < 0 < 0 : u tr pha so vi i
- Z
L
= Z
C
tan = 0 = 0 : u cng pha vi i
5/ Cng sut: P = UIcos = RI
2
(P
L
= 0,P
C
= 0)
6/ H s cng sut: Cos =
R
U R
Z U
=
7/ Cng hng in: Khi Z
L
= Z
C
th trong mch c hin
tng cng hng in.
Khi c cng hng:
- Z
L
= Z
C
hay Le =
1
Ce
hay LCe
2
= 1
- Z = Z
min
= R
- U
R
= U
- I = I
max
=
U
R
- Cng sut cc i: P
max
=
2
U
R
- u cng pha vi i
Mch ch c R, L
1/ u = u
RL
sm pha vi i tan
=
L
Z
R
> 0 > 0
2/ Z =
2 2
L
R Z +
3/ I =
2 2
L
U U
Z
R Z
=
+
4/ U
RL
=
2 2
R L
U U +
5/ P = UIcos = RI
2

6/ cos =
R
U R
Z U
=
Mch ch c L
1/ u = u
L
sm pha
2
t
so vi i
= +
2
t
pha ca u
L
= pha ca i +
2
t
2/ Z = Z
L
= Le
3/ I =
L
U
Z
4/ P = 0
5/ cos = 0
Mch ch c R, C
1/ u = u
RC
tr pha vi i tan =
C
Z
R
<0 < 0
2/ Z =
2 2
C
R Z +
3/ I =
2 2
C
U U
Z
R Z
=
+
4/ U
RC
=
2 2
R C
U U +
5/ P = UIcos = RI
2

6/ cos =
R
U R
Z U
=
Mch ch c C
1/ u = u
C
tr pha
2
t
so vi i
= -
2
t
pha ca u
C
= pha ca i -
2
t
2/ Z = Z
C
=
1
C e
3/ I =
C
U
Z
4/ P = 0
5/ cos = 0
Mch ch c L, C
1/ u = u
LC
lch pha
2
t
so vi
i
- Z
L
> Z
C
= +
2
t
- Z
L
< Z
C
= -
2
t
2/ Z =
L C
Z Z
3/ I =
U
Z
4/ U
LC
=
L C
U U
5/ P = 0
6/ cos = 0
R L
C
A B
o o
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 12 -
Mt s trng hp thng gp trong th :
Mch in RLC, in p hiu dng U hai u mch khng i.
R bin i, khi iu chnh R c 2 gi tr R
1
v R
2
(bit) th cng sut tiu th ca mch u l P. Tm P
Ta c P =
2
1 2
U
R R +
R bin i, tm R cng sut tiu th ca mch l P (bit).
Ta c R (2 gi tr) l nghim ca phng trnh: PR
2
U
2
R + P(Z
L
Z
C
) = 0
R bin i. Tm R cng sut tiu th ca mch cc i.
Ta c:R = |Z
L
Z
C
| v P
max
=
2 2
L C
U U
2R 2 Z Z
=

; khi cos =
2
2
Ch : a) Trng hp R khng i, mch c cng hng (Z
L
= Z
C
) th P
max
=
2
U
R
v cos = 1
b) Nu mch c bin tr R ni tip vi r (khng i) v L, C th cng sut tiu th trn R cc i khi:
R =
2 2
L C
r (Z Z ) +
Dng ton thay i hiu in th gia 2 u on cun dy thun cm t cc :,
: on mch U ,f , R , C, R khng i
iu chnh L hiu in th trn cun dy thun cm t cc i (tc U
L-Max
) lc :
Z
L
=
2 2
C
C
R Z
Z
+
; U
Lmax
=
2 2
C
U R Z
R
+
Dng ton thay i hiu in th gia 2 u on cun dy thun cm t cc :,
: on mch U ,f , R , C, R khng i
iu chnh C hiu in th trn cun dy thun cm t cc i (tc U
C-Max
) lc :
Z
C
=
2 2
L
L
R Z
Z
+
; U
Cmax
=
2 2
L
U R Z
R
+
thay i, khi iu chnh c 2 gi tr
1
v
2
m cng sut P hoc I khng i (nh nhau) th gi tr ca
P hay I cc i (c cng hng) l:
=
1 2
. e e
Xt trong on mch AM v on NB trn cng mch in AB:
Biu thc in p 2 u A,M l: ) cos(
01 1
e + = t U u
Biu thc in p 2 u B,N l: ) cos(
02 2
e + = t U u
- Khi :
2 1
=
1
u cng pha vi
2
u
2 1
tan tan =
- Khi :
2
2 1
t
=
1
u vung pha vi
2
u 1 tan . tan
2 1
=
- Khi :
2
2 1
t
= hai gc lch pha ca I so vI u 2 u 2 on mch l hai gc ph nhau
1 tan . tan
2 1
=
Khi
L R,
u vung pha v\i
L R,
u th :
C L
Z Z R =
2
Xc nh tn s :
C
L
Z
Z
f f
2 1
=

1
f : tn s dng in khng c cng hng
2
f : tn s dng in xy ra cng hng .

Xc nh C:
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 13 -
Dng ton cho bit
1
C C = v
2
C C = th cng hiu dng qua R c gi tr bng nhau, cng hiu
dng qua R c gi tr cc I th t in c in dung vI :
2 1
1 1 2
C C C
= =
II/ MY BIN P :
Bin i in p : k
N
N
U
U
= =
2
1
2
1
- k>1 : my h p
-
k<1 : my tng p
Khi
2 1
P P = v
2 1
cos cos =
2
1
2
1
I
I
U
U
= : My tng p th gim cng dng in v ngc lai
Hiu sut my bin p
1 1
2 2
1
2
I U
I U
P
P
H = =
III/ TRUYN TI IN :
- P :Cng sut truyn ti .
- R : in tr ca ng dy truyn ti.
- Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy ti: in
2
2
2
) cos ( U
P
R RI P = = A
- U c tng ln n ln th P A tng ln
2
n ln.
- Cng hao ph trn ng dy ti in : KWh Pt A = A =
Cng hao ph :
t
A
P = A
-
Hiu sut truyn ti :
P
P P
H
A
=
IV/ MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU
. Nguyn tc hot ng :
- T thng: ) cos(
0
t e | | = ( BS =
0
| )
- Sut in ng cm ng in t trong cun dy c N vng ging ht nhau l:
) sin(
0
t N
dt
d
N e e e
|
= =
t e e | NBS N E = =
0 0
th:
)
2
cos( ) sin(
0 0
t
e e = = t E t E e
. My pht in xoay chiu 1 pha :
- Tn s dng in : np f =
- n: s vng/1 giy
- p:s cp cc nam chm.
- Tn s dng in:
60
np
f =
- n: s vng/1 pht
- p:s cp cc nam chm.
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 14 -
Chng V
SNG NH SNG
I/ HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG:
Khi qua lng knh:
Tia lch t nht
Tia tm lch nhiu nht.
nh sng n sc : l nh sng khng b tn sc m ch b lch khi i qua lng knh.
nh sng trng : l hn hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc , c nhiu mu bin thin lin tc , t n tm
Gii thch hin tng tn sc:
- Gc lch tia sng qua lng knh ) 1 ( = n A D
- Chit sut ca lng knh i vi nh sng n sc tm l ln nht, i vi nh sng n sc l nh nht.

t d t d
n n < >
- Cng thc thng dng:
1
2
2
1
2
1
n
n
v
v
= =

II/ GIAO THOA NH SNG:

Giao thoa nh sng :
- iu kin c giao thoa nh sng :Hai chm sng giao thoa phi l 2 cm sng kt hp .
- ng dng : Gii thch m sc rc r trn vng du m , mn bong bng x phng.
Cng thc :
- Hiu l trnh 2 sng ti v tr x:
D
ax
d d =
1 2
- Hiu l trnh ti vn sng : k d d =
1 2
(S nguyn ln bc sng )
- Hiu l trnh ti vn ti: ( ) 5 , 0
1 2
+ = k d d (S bn nguyn ln bc sng )
( )
2
1 2
1 2

+ = k d d (S l ln na bc sng )
- Khong vn :
a
D
i

= Bc sng:
D
ia
i =
- K/cch gia 2 khe I-ng :
a
D
a

=
K/cch t 2 khe n mn
a
ia
D=
- V tr vn sng bc k:
a
D
k ki x

= = ( B rng quang ph bc K ch c trong bi ton giao thoa /s trng)
- V tr vn ti bc k: ( ) ( )
a
D
k i k x

5 , 0 5 , 0 = =
- rng quan ph bc k: ( )
t d
a
D
K x

= A
- Xc nh v tr l vn sng hay vn ti
Tnh b a
i
x
k , = =
Nu b=0 :ti x l vn sng
Nu b=5 :ti x l vn ti.
- Khi v tr vn sng bc
1
k ca bc sng
1
trng vi v tr vn sng bc
2
k ca bc sng
2
:

2 2 1 1
k k =
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 15 -
- Khi v tr vn sng bc
1
k ca bc sng
1
trng vi v tr vn ti bc
2
k ca bc sng
2
:
( )
2 2 1 1
5 , 0 = k k v
- Khi lm th nghim I-ng trong cht lng c chit sut n th khong vn I v tng ln n ln:

n
i
i = '
n

= '
- Bi ton tm s vn sng trong trng giao thoa L ( c vn trung tm nm ng chnh gia vung L)
Ly b a
i
L
,
2
=
S vn sng : 1 2 + = a N
s
(S l )
S vn ti: a N
t
2 = (b<5)
2 2 + = a N
t
(b>=5)
- Bi ton tm k/cch ngn nht gia 2 vn sng cng mu vi vn trung tm:
Tnh :
y
x
k
k
= =
2
1
2
1

phn s ti gin
Chn
1
k = x
Tnh
a
D
k x
1
1

= A
- Bi ton tm cc bc sng ca cc vn sng ti 1 v tr
0
x trn mn .( Trong giao thoa nh sng trng c
: )
t d
s s
Cho
kD
ax
a
D
k x = =

Thay s a , x , D , vo tnh ( ) k f =
Cho ( ) b k a k f
t d
s s s s
Chn k l s nguyn .C bao s nguyn th c by nhiu vn sng ti
0
x
- Bi ton tm cc bc sng ca cc vn ti ti 1 v tr
0
x trn mn ( Trong giao thoa nh sng trng
c : )
t d
s s
Cho
D k
ax
a
D
k x
) 5 , 0 (
) 5 , 0 (

= =

Cc bc lm tng t bi ton trn .

Chng V
LNG T NH SNG
- Cng thc bi tp tia X:

AK
Min
Max
eU
hc
hf = =

eU
hc
Min
=
eh
eU
f
Max
=
Min
AK
e
hc
U

=
- ng nng electron khi p vo catt:
AK d
eU W =
- Cng thc v cc dng ton v hin tng quang in .
Js h
34
10 . 625 , 6

= s m c / 10 . 3
8
= kg m
e
31
10 . 1 , 9

=
J eV
19
10 . 6 , 1 1

= J J MeV
13 19 6
10 . 6 , 1 10 . 6 , 1 . 10 1

= =
Cng thc Anh-xtanh:

2
0
2
1
Max
mv A
hc
hf

+ = =

h
eU
hc hc
+ =
0

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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 16 -
Khi dng quang in trit tiu th :
2
0
2
1
. mv U e
h
=
Xc nh nng lng phtn:

c
hc
hf = =
Tnh bc sng phtn:
f
c
=
Cng sut chm sng

hc
n hf n P
P P
= = ( :
P
n s phtn trong chm sng )
Cng dng quang in bo ho :
19
10 . 6 , 1 .

=
e bh
n I
Tnh s electron quang in khi bit dng quang in bo ho:
19
10 . 6 , 1

= =
bh bh
e
I
e
I
n
Tnh hiu sut quan in : % 100 % 100 .
P e
Ihc
N
N
H
P
e
= =
Cng thot electron :
0

hc
A = (J)
e
hc
A
0

= (eV)
Gii hn quan in : ( )
( ) ( )
19
10 . 6 , 1 . J

= =
eV A
hc
A
hc
m
Tnh vn tc cc i ban u : ) (
2
)
1 1
(
2
0
0
A
hc
m m
hc
V
Max
= =

m
eU
V
h
Max
2
0
=

ng nng electron khi n Ant: eU W W

Max d
+ =
0

Bi ton cho
02 01
V V = :
= )
1 1
(
2
0 2
m
hc
)
1 1
(
2
0 1


m
hc
n

2 1
2
2
0
1
1

=
n
n

1
1
2
2 1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
n
hc
A


Bi ton elcton chuyn ng trong t trng u B: electron s chuyn trn u vi bn knh R

R
V
m BeV
2
0
0
=
Be
mV
R
0
=
Re
0
mV
B =
Quang ph vch nguyn t hyr:
- Dy Lai-man:
-To thnh khi electron chuyn t qu o dng bn ngoi v qu o K
- Thuc min t ngoi
-Vch th nht ca dy Lai-man c cc tn gi sau
+Vch c nng lng thp nht ca dy
+Vch c bc sng di nht ca dy .

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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 17 -
+Vch c bc sng
1 2
21
E E
hc

=
- Dy Ban-me:
-To thnh khi electron chuyn t qu o dng bn ngoi v qu o L
- Thuc min t ngoi v nh sng nhn thy.
- 4 vch nhn thy l :
+
o
H :mu .Vch c bc sng l cn gi l
32
vch th nht ca dy ban-me
+
|
H : mu lam .Vch c bc sng l . cn gi l
42
vch th 2 ca dy ban-me
+

H : mu chm .Vch c bc sng l . cn gi l

52
vch th 3 ca dy ban-me
+
o
H : mu tm .Vch c bc sng l . cn gi l
62
vch th 4 ca dy ban-me
- Dy Pa-sen:
-To thnh khi electron chuyn t qu o dng bn ngoi v qu o M
- Thuc min hng ngoi
- Vch th nht ca Pa-sen: c cc tn gi sau
+Vch c nng lng thp nht ca dy
+Vch c bc sng di nht ca dy .
+Vch c bc sng
3 4
21
E E
hc

=
Mt s bc sng thng gp
32 31 21
1 1 1

=
21 32 31
1 1 1

+ =
32 42 43
1 1 1

+ =
43 43 32
1 1 1

=
Mt s kin thc cn ghi nh:
11
0
10 . 3 , 5

= R
0
2
R n R
n
=
0
2
E n E
n
= ( ) eV
n
E
n 2
6 , 13
=
( ) eV E 6 , 13
1
= y cng chnh l nng lng ion ho nguyn t hyr t trng thi c bn
( ) ( ) eV eV E 4 , 3
2
6 , 13
2
2
= = ( ) ( ) eV eV E 51 , 1
3
6 , 13
2
3
= =
m 122 , 0
21
= , m 103 , 0
31
= , m
o
656 , 0
32
= = , m
|
486 , 0
42
= = , m 875 , 1
43
=

Chng IX
HT NHN NGUYN T
- Kch tht h nhn : xem ht nhn l qu cu bn knh R th
3 15
10 . 2 , 1 A R

= (m)
- n v khi lng nguyn t :
( )
( )
kg
N
g
C m u
A
27 12
6
10 . 66 , 1
12
12
1
12
1

= = =

2
/ 5 , 931 1 c Mev u = Mev uc 5 , 931
2
=
- ht khi:
m m Z A Zm m m m
n P
+ = = A ) (
0
- Nng lng lin kt ring:
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B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 18 -
L nng lng lin kt c 1 nuclon l
A
W
lk
= c
Ht nhn c nng lng cng ln th ht cng bn vng.
c c gi tr t 1 MeV 8 , 8
- nh lut phng x :

T
t
k = T : Chu k bn r t: Thi gian phng x
Hng s phng x :
T T
693 , 0 ln
= =
S ht nhn cn li sau thi gian t:
k
t
N
e N N
2
0
0
= =

Khi lng con li sau thi gian t:
k
t
m
e m m
2
0
0
= =

- Nhng s liu cn nh

k 1 2 3 4
Khi lng
phn r
50%

2
0
m
m =
75%

4
3
0
m
m =
87,5%
8
7
0
m
m =
93,75%
16
15
0
m
m =
Khi lng
cn li
50%
2
0
m
m =

25%
4
0
m
m =
12,5%
8
0
m
m =
6,25%
16
0
m
m =
- phng x :
phng x l i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x
phng x ban u :
0 0
N H =
phng x cn li sau thi gian t:

k
H
H
2
0
=
k
N
N H
2
0
= =
t
e N H

=
0
- n v phng x
Trong h SI l electron ; k hiu Bq , 1 Bq = s phn r /giy
- n v khc l curi - k hiu l Ci ( xp x bng phng x 1g rai )
- Mt s cng thc lin quan :
Tnh kh lng khi bit s ht : A
N
N
m
A
=
Tnh s ht khi bit khi lng :
A
N
m
N
A
=
* Ht A phng x ht X v bin i thnh Y: Y X A +
: E A Nng lng to ra ca mt phn ng
2
) ( c m m m E
Y X A
= A
S ht nhn A b phn r sau thi gian t bng s ht nhn X (hay Y ) sinh ra:
)
2
1
1 ( )
2
1
1 (
0
0
k
A
k
N
A
m
N N = = A
sytandt@gmail.com
B QUYT GII NHANH THI I HC MN VT L Nm 2010-2011
Sv:PHAN S TN-HDTN - 19 -

Khi lng cht A b phn r sau thi gian t : )
2
1
1 (
0 0
k
m m m m = = A
Khi lng cht mi to thnh sao thi gian t )
2
1
1 (
0
k
X
X
m
A
A
m =
:
X
K ng nng ht nhn X.
2
2
1
X X X
V m K = :
Y
K ng nng ht nhn Y
2
2
1
Y Y Y
V m K =
Lin kt h gia ng nng v khi lng:

Y Y X X
m K m K =
X
Y
Y
X
m
m
K
K
=
Lin kt gia ng nng v nng lng to ra:
E
m m
m
K
Y X
Y
X
A
+
= E
m m
m
K
Y X
Y
A
+
=
X
Vn tc ca mi ht :
m
K
V
2
=
T s gia khi lng ht nhn sinh ra v ht nhn cn li l sau phng x l :
A
) 1 2 (
X
A
m
m
k X
=
Thi gian phng x : T
H
H
T
N
N
T
m
m
t
2 ln
) ln(
2 ln
) ln(
2 ln
) ln(
0 0 0
= = =
Chu k bn r t
H
H
t
N
N
t
m
m
T
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
0 0 0
ln
2 ln
) ln(
2 ln
) ln(
2 ln
- Nng lng trong phn ng ht nhn :
D C B A + +

B A
m m m + =
0

D C
m m m + =
2
0
). ( c m m E = A
Nu :
0
m m > Phn ng to nng lng .( 0 > AE )
Nu :
0
m m < Phn ng to nng lng .( 0 < AE )
- Hai loi phn ng phn hch to nng lng:
S phn hch :
Q kn Y X U n + + + +
235
92
1
0
Q: khong 200 MeV ( Nng lng to ra tn ti di dng ng nng cc ht sinh ra )
Phn ng nhit hch .( Tng hp ht nhn )


MeV n He H H
MeV n He H H
5 , 17
4
1
0
4
2
2
1
3
1
1
0
3
2
2
1
2
1
+ + +
+ + +
Nhit cn cung cp phn ng nhit hch xy ra vo khong K
8 7
10 10

********** ***********
sytandt@gmail.com