Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

Bai 1:
S DUNG VOM VA LINH KIEN THU ONG
I.THIET B S DUNG:
- Mo hnh thc tap.
- ong ho VOM.
- ong ho DMM (Digital Multi Meter).
- Dao ong ky (Oscilocope).
- May tao tn hieu (Signal Generator).
- Cac linh kien thu ong: Cac loai ien tr than loai 1/4w,1/2w,1w va ien tr
cong suat ; Cac loai tu ien; Cuon day, relay 12VDC, 220VAC, loa loai 4 hoac
8.
II.MUC TIEU:
- S dung thanh thao dong ho VOM
- Nhn dang va oc c tr so cac loai ien tr, tu ien, cuon day.
- Bit kiem tra h hong va van dung chung trong mach ien t.
III.NOI DUNG:
3.1. S dung VOM
3.1.1. Cac loai dung cu o trong ien t:

Co 4 thiet b c ban:
3.1.1.1. ong ho VOM co cau tao c-ien thng dung e o 4 ai lng ien:
- ien the mot chieu (VDC)
- ien the xoay chieu (VAC)
- ien tr (Ohm)
- Dong ien mot chieu (mADC).
Tuy VOM la thiet b o co ien nhng van rat thong dung.
3.1.1.2. ong ho DMM la ong ho o hien th bang so, co nhieu tnh u iem hn
ong ho VOM nh tnh a nang, chnh xac, de oc ket qua, kha nang o t ong,
tr khang ngo vao ln ...
3.1.1.3. Dao ong ky (con goi la dao ong nghiem hay may hien song) la thiet b
e the hien dang song cua tn hieu, cho phep o va xac nh nhieu tnh chat cua
tn hieu nh: dang song, o meo, tan so, bien o nh-nh, tng quan pha ...
3.1.1.4. May tao tn hieu la thiet b tao ra tn hieu dang hnh sin hay xung vuong
chuan co tan so va bien o thay oi c.
May tao tn hieu ket hp vi dao ong ky cho phep anh gia nhieu yeu to cua
mach nh o li, o meo, o cham tre ...
Bon thiet b o c ban tren c dung trong nganh ien t. Tuy nhien thc
hanh ien t c ban ch s dung VOM do o trong giao trnh nay ch e cap en
ong ho VOM.
1

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

3.1.2. Cau tao VOM:

3.1.2.1. u iem:
+ o nhay cao.
+ Tieu thu rat t nang lng cua mach ien c o.
+ Chu c qua tai.
+ o c nhieu thong so cua mach.
3.1.2.2. Cau tao gom 4 phan chnh:
Khoi ch th: dung e xac nh gia tr o c: kim ch th va cac vach oc
khac o.
Khoi la chon thang o: dung e la chon thong so va thang o gom
chuyen mach la chon va panel ch dan la chon.
Bo phan hieu chnh: dung e hieu chnh.
Khoi cac au vao va ra:
Vd: VOM hieu SUNWA model VX-360TR rat pho thong hien nay, mach ien
nh hnh:

Vt chnh cho kim ch so 0(mA, Volt), (ohm)

Num chon thang o.
2

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

Lo cam que o (+), lo cam que o (-) COM Output (noi tiep vi tu ien).
Num chnh 0 (0 Adj).
Pano cua may, kim ch so.
Vt m may, nap sau.
3.1.2.3.

Cac thang o:

e chon ung thang o cho 1 thong so can o phai thc hien cac bc sau.
Trc khi tien hanh o phai xac nh cac thong so can o la g?
o ien ap 1 chieu: chon DCV
o ien ap xoay chieu chon ACV
o cng o dong ien: DCmA
o ch so ien tr:
Sau o xac nh khoang gia tr: e chon thang o. Tr so thang o chnh la tr
so co the o c ln nhat.
o ien tr(o ngui hay cn gi l o khng c in p )
+ Van num chon thang o vao mot trong cac v tr x1, x10, x1k, x10k ...
+ Chap hai au que o lai neu kim ch th nhay len chnh 0 Adj (chnh 0) e
kim ch ung so 0 (pha phai).
+ Trc khi cham hai que o vao 2 iem o, phai bao am gia 2 iem nay
khong co ien the.
+ Cham 2 que o vao hai iem ien tr va oc tr so tren mat chia, sau o nhan
vi thang o e ket qua.

Ch so ien tr = gia tr kim ch * gia tr thang o.

Vd: Chon thang o Rx10, kim ch vach ln v tr 30 va vach nho v tr 3
vach nho. Tnh nham t 30 en 50 co 20 n v ma co 10 vach nh vay moi
vach la 2 n v gia tr kim ch 30 + (3x2) = 36.
ch so ien tr = 36x10= 360
Chu y: khi o khong c cham tay vao hai au que o. Tai sao?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Lam sao c lng gia tr ien tr e chon tam o thch hp?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cac thang o x1 => x1k s dung nguon ben trong (2x1.5V) rieng thang o
x10k can pin 9V.
thang o cang thap dong ien VOM cung cap cho mach ngoai cang ln, do
o hao pin hn, co the lam h 1k nhay ang c o th.
au + cua VOM la lo cam noi vi cc am cua nguon pin.

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

Neu chnh Adj kim khong at en 0 => pin yeu hoac ket kim, h mach. Neu
kim qua 0 khong chnh lui lai c: h mach ben trong.
o VDC, VAC, ADC (o nong hay o khi cp in p ):
at VOM ung chc nang can o.
Can xac nh gia tr can o co bien o ln nhat la bao nhieu e t o at thang
o cao gan nhat.
Vd: Tien oan ien the toi a la 12V ta nen chon thang o an toan la 25V. Trong
trng hp khong tien oan c ta e thang o cao nhat roi khi o ta lan lt ha
thang o xuong mot cach phu hp.
Lu y: khi o VDC va ADC phai chu y en cc tnh dau + bao gi cung noi vi
iem co ien the cao hn.
Quy cach o V, I:
o ien the hieu ien the phai mac Volt ke song song vi iem can o:
R
.

V
METER VOLT

o cng o dong ien ta mac ampe ke noi tiep vi iem can o.

+

R
.

METER AMP

Cach oc gia tr (GT) o:

GT o = (GT thang o/GT vach oc)* GT kim ch so
Vd: chon thang o 1000, oc theo vach 10, gia tr kim ch so la 2,2.
V = (1000/10) x 2,2 = 220V.
ac tnh ky thuat o nhay cua VOM 10K/VDC th ieu nay co y ngha la
thang o 1VDC ien tr noi la 10k, thang o 10VDC ien tr noi la 100k.
ien tr noi / VDC cang ln o ien the cang chnh xac.
Nhac lai mot so nh luat: Ohm, Jun-Lens.
-Neu cha ro ni nao co ien the thap cao ta van thang o cao nhat (vd 1000VDC)
roi o nhanh, neu quan sat thay kim giat ngc, ao que o lai.
-Thng ta o ien the cac ni trong mach so vi at (ground, mass) trong
trng hp nay nen kep que noi en lo cam (-) vao at (mass) cua mach can o.
3.1.3 .CAC BAI THC TAP
3.1.3.1 o va ghi lai mot so trng hp sau:
ien tr
x1
x10
x100
x1k
x10k
R1
R2
R3
4

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
Nhan xet:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.3.2 o ien ap va dong ien
+

mA
METER MA

U(V)
I(mA)

METER VOLT

U= 0V - 12V

10

12

100
150
330

R=U/I
Ve o th:

Nhan xet:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.3.3 o ien ap va dong ien cung mot luc trong mach oi vi tai co ien tr
cao s dung mach V-A, oi vi tai co ien tr nho s dung mach A-V.
+

mA

METER MA

5V

METER VOLT

5V

METER VOLT

mA
METER MA

a) Cach mac A-V.

b) Cach mac V-A

I(mA)
U(V)
R(Tnh toan)
R()
20
10K
Nhan xet:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.3.4 o cac ien the:
3.1.3.4.1 Mach noi tiep:
A
I

UR1 = UAB =

R1

560
B

12V

UR2 = UBC =
R2

1K

UR3 = UCD =

C
R3

10K
D

Kiem nghiem lai cong thc (1.1):

U = UR1 + UR2 + UR3 = UAD=
3.1.3.4.2 Mach song song:

(1.1)

I
I1
+ 12V

560

I2

R1

1K

o cac gia tr I1, I2, I3 va I theo hnh tren.

Kiem nghiem lai cong thc (1.2):
I=I1+I2+I3=
6

R2

I3
10K

R3

(1.2)

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

Nhan xet:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2 : LINH KIEN THU ONG

3.2.1 . IEN TR:
3.2.1.1 Cau tao ky hieu:
Ky hieu:
- Than ep: bot than + chat lk (1/8W 1W)
- Than (1/20W vaiW), o on nh cao 10 22M
- Magie kim loai Ni-O2: on nh
- Oxide kim loai: Oxide thiec va SiO2 1/2W chong nhiet o, am
- Day quan: gia tr thap, 1W25W
Hnh dang thc te:

3.2.1.2 Phan loai:

-Than ep: <3W tan so thap.
-Man than: >3W tan so cao.
-Day quan: >5W tan so thap.
-ien tr dung trong mach nguon cung cap phai co kch thc ln.
-ien tr dung trong mach x ly tn hieu co kch thc be.
3.2.1.3 Cach oc tr so:
Cach oc gia tr ien tr cong suat ln: So-Ch-So-Ch
V du: R5 05 0.5
3R5 35 3.5

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

K3 0K3 0,3K = 300

3M5 3M5 3,5M = 350 K
Cach oc gia tr ien tr cong suat nho:
Bang gia tr tieu chuan quy c mau, bang 1.1:

Bang ma vach mau quy c

Mu

Vng1

Vng 2

Vng 3 (ly tha)

Vng 4(sai s)

en

x100

Nu

x101

1%

x102

2%

Cam

x103

3%

Vng

x104

4%

Lc

x105

Dng

x106

Tm

x107

Xm

x108

Trng

x109

Vng kim

x10-1

5%

Bc kim

x10-2

10%

ien tr 3 vong mau:

R = (V1V2 x V3) 20%

(1.3)

R = (V1V2 x V3) V4

(1.4)

ien tr 4 vong mau:

ien tr 5 vong mau:
R = (V1V2V3 x V4) V5
(1.5)
Vd: o tm o nau o : 2720 2%
Vang tm nau nhu 470
o o o nhu 2K2
Nau en xam bac 1 M
Cam cam vang nhu 330 K
Nau en nau o 100
Nau en en nau 10
in tr 6 vng mu(thng gp in tr Trung Quc)
R = (V1V2V3 V4 x V5) V6
(1.6)

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

Chu y: e oc nhanh nen nh moi quan he vach mau th 3 (hay vach mau th 4
oi vi ien tr co 5 vong mau), xem bang 1.2:
Bang 1.2: moi quan he vach mau.
Bang gia tr ien tr
n v
Vach mau

0.1 0.99
Bac (1/10 )

1 9.9
Nhu ()

10 99
en (chuc )

100 999
Nau (tram )
1 9.9
K
o (K)
10 99
K
Cam (chuc K)
100 999
K
Vang (tram K)
1 9.9
M
Luc (M)
ien tr 4 vong mau vach th t la mau en, trng hp nay ta xem nh sai so
la 20%
ien tr co cac gia tr danh nh: 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 43, 47, 51, 56,
68, 75, 82, 91
Loai ien tr tch hp goi la IC ien tr, co kch thc rat nho.
3.2.1.4 o ien tr:
3.2.1.5 H hong thng gap:
Tnh trang ien tr o khong len ien tr b t.
ien tr chay (b sam mau kho phan biet cac vong mau va co mui khet) la do
lam viec qua cong suat quy nh.
Tang tr so: bot than b bien chat lam tang.
Giam tr so: ien tr day quan b cham.
3.2.1.6 Bien tr:
Ky hieu:
Hnh dang thc te:

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

Cach o va kiem tra:

-H hong thc te: than t, ban, ro.
-o th: van thang o
-o cap chan (1-3 hay 2 chan ngoai) oi chieu vi gia tr ghi tren than bien tr
xem co ung khong?
-o tiep chan (1-2 hay chan ngoai va chan gia) dung tay chnh th xem kim ong
ho thay oi la tot.
-Bien tr thay oi gia tr cham la loai bien tr tinh chnh.
-Bien tr thay oi gia tr nhanh la loai bien tr volume.
3.2.2.. TU IEN:
-Cong dung:
Cong dung cua tu la tch va phong ien.
n v: F, F, pF, nF.
1F=106F.
1F=109pF.
3.2.2.2 . Ky hieu:
+

Gia tr ien dung la kha nang cha ien cua tu.

Gia tr ien ap tren than tu la kha nang chu ng ien ap cc ai cho phep
cua tu.
Tu hoa: co cc tnh dng va am, lu y cc dng mac ni co mc ien the
cao.
Hnh dang th te:

10

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

3.2.2.3 Phan loai:

Tu Mica, tu Selen va tu gom la cac tu hoat ong mach cao tan.
Tu s, tu sanh, tu giay va tu dau la cac tu hoat ong mach trung tan.
Tu hoa la tu hoat ong mach ha tan.
- oc tr so tu co cac cham mau nh cach oc ien tr.
- Tu Mica co sau vong mau, vong au tien ben trai hang tren cung co mau
trang. Tu co 5 vong mau vong th 5 xac nh day nhiet o cua tu.
- Trng hp tu co ghi gia tr, ky hieu tan cung la 1 ch cai the hien gia tr
sai so J: 5% K: 10%
L: 20% , n v o tnh bang pF.
3.2.2.4 Cach o kiem tra tu ien:
o nguoi: van VOM thang o
x1
tu > 100 F
x10 10F 100F
x100 1F 10F
x1K 104 10F
x10K 102 104F
Thc hien thao tac o 2 lan va co oi chieu o, ta thay:
+ Kim vot len roi tra ve het: kha nang nap xa cua tu con tot.
+ Kim vot len 0: tu b noi tat (b anh thung, b cham).
+ Kim vot len nhng tr ve khong het: tu b ro.
+ Kim vot len nhng tr ve l : tu kho.
+ Kim khong len: tu t (ng nham vi tu qua nho < 1F)
11

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

o nong: (ap chu ng >50V)

at VOM thang o VDC (cao hn nguon E roi at que o ung cc tnh).
+ Kim vot len roi tr ve: tot
+ Kim vot len bang gia tr nguon cap va khong tra ve: tu b noi tat.
+ Kim vot len nhng tr ve khong het: tu ra
+ Kim vot len tr ve l : tu b kho.
+ Kim khong len: tu t.
3.2.2.5 Tu xoay
Dung thang o Rx1
- o 2 chan CV roi xoay het vong khong b ro cham la tot.
- o 2 chan CV vi truc khong cham.
3.2.3. CUON DAY:
- Cong dung cua cuon day dung e tao ra cam ng ien t.
- n v: H, H, mH
1H = 1000mH = 106 H
- Dong ien qua cuon day. Imax?
3.2.3.1 Ky hieu:

3.2.3.2

Hnh dang thc te va cach oc tr so:

I: o
II: Vang
L: en
S: Vang
L = 24x100H 4% = 24 H 4%
3.2.3.3 ng dung:
Relay: may phat, vo tuyen
Bien the
3.2.3.4 o th cuon day:
- o th bien the.

Vd:

12

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

- o th Relay.
3.2.4. CAC BAI THC TAP
3.2,4.1. Nhan dang, o va oc cac ien tr:
ien
tr
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10

Vng mu

Tr s tng ng vi
mu

Gia tr o bng
VOM

Nhan xet:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Thc hanh oc va lay cac ien tr theo yeu cau.
o bien tr: o 2 chau ba, gia chau ba vi hai chau ngoai. Khi xoay truc
chu y chieu tang giam.
3.2.4.2 Nhan dang, o kim tra tu, oc tr so t:
T in

c gi tr ghi
trn thn t

Thang
o

Hin tng

Nhn xt

C1
C2
C3
C4
Nhan xet:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

Bi 1: S dng VOM v linh kin th ng

3.2.4.3 oc va o tr so cuon day:

- o th Relay, s dung relay chu y 2 thong so quan trong ap hoat ong cua
cuon day bang cac tiep iem chu ng.
- o th bien the:
+ o cuon s cap, th cap.
+ o cach ien gia 2 cuon s va th cap.
- o th loa: chon thang o Rx1, mot que o cham san tren loa, que con lai
kch thch len chau con lai, kim nhay theo va loa phat tieng ret ret la tot.
Tai sao?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14