44

CHUONG 3
DIU CH
3.1. Djnh ngha
iu ch la qua trnh ghi tin tc vao 1 dao ng cao tn chuyn i xa nh
bin i mt thng s nao o (v du : bin , tn s, goc pha, rng xung...)
Tin tc goi la tn hiu iu ch, dao ng cao tn goi la tai tin. Dao ng cao
tn mang tin tc goi la dao ng cao tn a iu ch.
Co 2 loai iu ch; iu bin va iu tn (gm iu tn va iu pha).
3.2. Diu bin
iu bin la qua trnh lam cho bin tai tin bin i theo tin tc.
Gia s tin tc V
s
va tai tin V
t
u la dao ng iu hoa:
v
S
= V
S
cos
S
t va v
t
= V
t
cos
t
t vi
t
>>
S

Do o tn hiu iu bin:
V
b
= (V
t
+ V
s
cos
s
t ) cos
t
t
= V
t
(1 + mcos
s
t) cos
t
t (1)
t ) cos( V
2
m
t ) cos( . V
2
m
t cos . V V
s t t s t t t t db
+ + + + =














Hnh 3.1. th thi gian tn hiu iu bin
V
b
t

V
b
V
t

t
-
s

t

t
+
s
Hnh 3.2 Ph tn hiu iu bin
1/2 mV
t
1/2 mV
t

45
Ph cua tn hiu iu bin co dang nh hnh 3.2.
Khi tn hiu iu ch co ph bin thin t
max min S S
th ph cua tn hiu iu bin
co dang nh hnh 3.3






Quan h nng luong trong diu bin:
Cng sut tai tin la cng sut bnh qun trong 1 chu ky cua tai tin:

= = = =
T
t
t
hd
hd t
R
V
dt V
T R R
V
R I P
0
2
2 2
2
2
~
2
sin .
1
.
1

=>
2
V
~ P
2
t
t ~

Tng t:
t
t t
bt
P
m V
m
V m
P
~
2 2
2 2
~
.
4 2
.
4
1
)
2
.
(
2
1
~ = =
Cng sut cua tn hiu a iu ch bin la cng sut bnh qun trong mt chu ky cua
tn hiu iu ch:
)
2
1 ( 2
2
~ ~ ~ ~
m
P P P P
t bt t db
+ = + =
m cang ln th P
~b
cang ln
Khi m = 1
2
P 3
P
t ~
db ~
= va
t bt
P P
~ ~
4
1
=
T biu thc (1) suy ra:
V
bmax
= V
t
(1+m)
Do o
2
t
2
max ~
V ) m 1 (
2
1
~ P +
Cac ch tiu co ban cua dao dng da diu bin
3.2.1 H s meo phi tuyn

V
b
V
t

t
-
smin

t
-
smax

t

t
+
smin

t
+
smax
Hnh 3.3 Ph tn hiu iu bin

46
) ( I
... ) 3 ( I ) 2 ( I
K
s t
s t
2
s t
2

+ +
=
I (
t
n
S
) (n 2 ): Bin dong in ng
vi hai bc cao cua tn hiu iu ch.
I (
t

S
) : Bin cac thanh phn bin tn
Trong o: I
t
: bin tn hiu ra
V
S
: gia tr tc thi cua tn hiu vao
A : gia tr cc ai
B : tai tin cha iu ch
ng c tuyn thc khng thng tao ra cac hai bc cao khng mong mun.
Trong o ang lu y nht la cac hai (
t
2
S
) co th lot vao cac bin tn ma khng
th loc c. giam K th phai han ch pham vi lam vic cua b iu ch trong a
thng cua c tuyn. Luc o luc phai giam h s iu ch m.
3.2.2 H s meo tn s
Goi : m
o
: h s iu ch ln nht
m : H s iu ch tai tn s ang xet.
H s meo tn s c xac nh theo biu thc :

m
m
M
o
= Hoc M
dB
= 20logM
anh gia meo tn s nay, ngi ta cn
c vao c tuyn bin va tn s:
m = f(F
s
)
V
s
= cte
Phuong phap tinh toan mach diu bin :
Hai nguyn tc xy dng mach iu bin :
- Dung phn t phi tuyn cng tai tin va tn hiu iu ch trn c tuyn cua
phn t phi tuyn o.
- Dung phn t tuyn tnh co tham s iu khin c. Nhn tai tin va tn hiu
iu ch nh phn t tuyn tnh o.
3.2.3 Diu bin dung phn tu phi tuyn
A
B
V
I
t
Hnh 3.4. c tnh iu ch tnh
F
s
m m
0
m
Hnh 3.5. c tnh bin tn s
47
Phn t phi tuyn c dung iu bin co th la en in t, ban dn, cac
en co kh, cuc cam co loi st hoc in tr co tr s bin i theo in ap t vao.
Tuy thuc vao im lam vic c chon trn c tuyn phi tuyn, ham s c trng
cua phn t phi tuyn co th biu din gn ung theo chui Taylo khi ch lam vic
cua mach la ch A ( = 180
o
) hoc phn tch theo chui Fourrier khi ch lam
vic cua mach co goc ct < 180
o
( ch AB, B, C)
Truong hop 1: DIU BIN O CH D A
= 180
o

Mach lam vic ch A nu thoa man iu kin:
o s t
E V V < + (*)
Khai trin dong i
D
theo chui Taylor:
) 1 (
3
3
2
2 1 D D D D
v a v a v a i + + =
Vi v
D
: in ap trn Diode D va trn tai R
t

Vi: v
D
= E
o
+ V
t
cos
t
t + V
s
cos
s
t

t
-
S

t
+
S
2
t
-
S

S
2
S
3
S

t
- 3
S

t
- 2
S

t
+ 2
S

t
+ 3
S

t

2
t
- 2
S

2
t

2
t
+ 2
S
2
t
+
S

Hnh 3.8. Ph tn hiu iu bin
khi lam vic ch A
i
D
i
D
v
D
v
D
t

t

E
0
Hnh 3.7. c tuyn cua diode va th
thi gian cua tn hiu vao ra
V
s
Hnh 3.6. Mach iu ch dung Diode
V
t
R
t
+
E
O
C
S
D
48
Thay u
D
vao biu thc (1) ta nhn c :
i
D
= a
1
(E
0
+ V
t
cos
t
t + V
s
cos
s
t) + a
2
(E
0
+ V
t
cos
t
t + V
s
cos
s
t)
2
+
+ a
3
( E
0
+ V
t
cos
t
t + V
s
cos
s
t )
3
+..... (2)
Khai trin (2) va bo qua cac s hang bc cao n 4 se co kt qua ma ph cua no
c biu din nh hnh 3.8.
Khi a
3
= a
4
= a
5
=.....a
2n+1
= 0 (n = 1,2,3) ngha la ng c tnh cua phn t phi
tuyn la 1 ng cong bc 2 th tn hiu iu bin khng b meo phi tuyn.
thoa man iu kin (*) mach lam vic ch A th m phai nho va han ch cng
sut ra. Chnh v vy ma ngi ta rt t khi dung iu bin ch A.
Truong hop 2: DIU BIN CH D AB, B hoc C < 180
o

Khi < 180
o
, nu bin in ap c vao diode u ln th co th coi c tuyn cua
no la mt ng gp khuc.
Phng trnh biu din c tuyn cua diode luc o :
i
D
= 0 khi V
D
0
SV
D
khi v
D
> 0 S : H dn cua c tuyn
Chon im lam vic ban u trong khu tt cua Diode (ch C).














i
D
i
D
v
D
v
D
t
t

Hnh 3.10. c tuyn cua diode va th
cua tn hiu vao ra khi lam vic ch C
E
o
V
s
Hnh 3.9. Mach iu ch dung Diode
V
t
R
t
+
E
O
C
S
D
49
Dong qua diode la 1 day xung hnh sine, nn co th biu din i
D
theo chui
Fourier nh sau :
i
D
= I
0
+ i
1
+ i
2
+ i
n
+
= I
o
+ I
1
cos
t
t + I
2
cos2
t
t + I
3
cos3
t
t + .......+ I
n
cosn
t
t (1)
I
0
: thanh phn dong in mt chiu.
I
1
: bin thanh phn dong in c ban i vi tai tin
I
2
, I
3
.....I
n
: bin thanh phn dong in bc cao i vi tai tin
I
0
, I
1
I
3
.....I
n
: c tnh toan theo biu thc cua chui Fourrier :
t d t n i I
t d t i I
t d i I
t t
c
D n
t t
c
D
t
c
D

. cos
2
. .......... ..........
. cos .
2
.
1
1
0

=
=
=
(2)
Theo biu thc (*) ta co th vit :
i
D
= S.v
D
= S( -E
0
+ V
S
cos
s
t + V
t
cos
t
t ) (3)
Khi
t
t = th i
D
= 0 :
0 = S.v
D
= S( -E
0
+ V
S
cos
s
t + V
t
cos ) (4)
Ly (3) - (4) =>
) 6 ( cos ) 2 sin
2
1
(
) 2 sin
2
1
( ) 2 sin
4
1
2
1
(
2
sin . cos
4
2 sin
2
1 2
cos . cos
2
2 cos 1
.
2
. cos ). cos cos (
2
) cos cos (
1
0
0
0
1
t
SV
i
SV SV
t
t SV
t d t
t
SV
t d t t SV I
t SV i
t
t
t t
t
t t
t t
t
t
o
t t t t
t t D

=
= =

+ =

+
=
=
=

(5)
y c xac nh t biu thc (4) : ) 7 (
cos . cos .
cos
t
s s o
t
s s o
V
t V E
V
t V E

=
+
=
T biu thc (6) va (7) bin cua thanh phn dong in c ban bin thin theo
tn hiu iu ch (V
s
).
50
3.2.4 Diu bin dung phn tu tuyn tinh co tham s thay di
y la qua trnh nhn tn hiu dung b nhn tng t





v
b
= (E
o
+ V
S
.cos
s
t) . V
t
.cos
t
t
v
b
= E
o
V
t
.cos
t
t +
2
V . V
s t
cos (
t
+
s
) t +
2
V . V
s t
cos (
t
-
s
) t
Cac mach iu bin cu th :
a. Diu bin cn bng dung diode









in ap t ln D
1,
D
2
:

+ =
+ =
t cos . V t cos V v
t cos . V t cos V v
t t s S 2
t t s S 1
(1)
Dong in qua diode c biu din theo chui Taylo :

+ + + + =
+ + + + =
...
...
3
2 3
2
2 2 2 1 2
3
1 3
2
1 2 1 1 1
v a v a v a a i
v a v a v a a i
o
o
(2)
Dong in ra : i = i
1
- i
2
(3)
Thay (1), (2) vao (3) va ch ly 4 v u ta nhn c biu thc dong in ra :

K = 1


~
=
E
0

~
V
S
(t)
V
t
(t)
V
b
Hnh 3.11. Mach iu bin dung phn t tuyn tnh
Hnh 3.12. Mach iu ch cn bng dung diode
v
t
i = i
1
- i
2
i
1


i
2


v
dB
v
S
E
O
D
2
D
1
C
b
C
b
51
i = A cos
s
t + B cos 3
s
t + C [cos (
t
+
s
) t + cos (
t
-
s
) t]
+ D [cos (2
t
+
s
) t + cos (2
t
-
s
) t] (4)
Trong o :

= = =

+ + =
2
. . 3 , . 2 ,
2
2
3 2
3 2
2
3
2
3
2
3 1
t
S t S
S
S
t S
V
V a D V V a C
V a
B
V
a V a a V A






b. Mach diu bin cn bng dung 2B3T







Kt qua cung tng t nh trng hp trn.
c. Mach diu ch vong

t
-
s

t
+
s
2
t
-
s
2
t
+
s

t
- 3
s

t
+ 3
s

t
2
t

s
3
s

Hnh 3.13. Ph tn hiu iu bin cn bng
Hnh 3.14. Mach iu bin cn bng dung 2 BJT
v
t
V
CC
v
db
V
S
V
t

~
D
3
D
C
b
C
b
D
1
D
2
v
S v
db
Hnh 3.15. Mach iu ch vong
D
4
52
Goi : i
I
la dong in ra cua mach iu ch cn bng gm D
1
, D
2

i
II
la dong in ra cua mach iu ch cn bng gm D
3
, D
4





Theo cng thc (4) muc trn (iu bin cn bng dung diode) ta co c
biu thc tnh i
I
:
i
I
= A cos
s
t + B cos 3
s
t + C [cos (
t
+
s
) t + cos (
t
-
s
) t]
+ D [cos (2
t
+
s
) t + cos (2
t
-
s
) t] (*)
Ta co : i
II
= i
D3
- i
D4
(1) Trong do :

... v a v a v a a i
... v a v a v a a i
3
4 3
2
4 2 4 1 o D4
3
3 3
2
3 2 3 1 o D3
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
(2)
Vi v
3
, v
4
la in ap t ln D
3
, D
4
va c xac nh nh sau :

t cos V t cos V v
t cos V t cos V v
s s t t 4
s s t t 3
+ =
=
(3)
Thay (3) vao (2) va sau o thay vao (1), ng thi ly 4 v u ta c kt qua :
i
II
= - A cos
s
t - B cos 3
s
t + C [cos (
t
+
s
) t + cos (
t
-
s
) t]
- D [cos (2
t
+
s
) t + cos (2
t
-
s
) t]
i
dB
= i
I
+ i
II
= 2C [cos (
t
+
s
) t + cos (
t
-
s
) t] (4)
Vy : mach iu ch vong co th kh c cac ham bc le cua
s
va cac bin tn
cua 2
s
t, do o meo phi tuyn rt nho.
3.3. Diu ch don bin
3.3.1. Khai nim
Ph tn hiu a iu bin gm tai tn va hai dai bin tn, trong o ch co cac bin
tn mang tin tc. V hai dai bin tn mang tin tc nh nhau (v bin va tn s) nn
ch cn truyn i mt bin tn la u thng tin v tin tc, con tai tn th c nen trc
khi truyn i. Qua trnh o goi la iu ch n bin.
u im cua iu ch dn bin so vi iu ch hai bin :
- rng dai tn giam i mt na.

t
-
s

t
+
s

t

Hnh 3.16. Ph tn hiu iu ch cn vong
53
- Cng sut phat xa yu cu thp hn vi cung mt c ly thng tin.
- Tap m u thu giam do dai tn cua tn hiu hep hn,
Biu thc cua iu ch n bin :V
b
(t) = V
t
.
2
m
. cos (
t
+
s
) t
m : h s nen tai tin, m =
t
s
V
V
, m co th nhn gia tr t 0
3.3.2. Cac phuong phap diu ch don bin
3.3.2.1. Diu ch theo phuong phap loc






t : f
s
= f
s max
- f
s min

f
t1
: tn s cua tai tn th nht f
t1
: tn s cua tai tn th hai
x =
t
min s ma s
t
s
f
f f
f
f

=

: h s loc cua b loc.

Trong s khi trn y, trc tin ta dung mt tn s dao ng f
t1
kha nho so
vi dai tn yu cu f
t2
tin hanh iu ch cn bng tn hiu vao V
s
(t). Luc o h s
loc tng ln co th loc bo c mt bin tn d dang. Trn u ra b loc th nht se
nhn c mt tn hiu cco dai ph bng dai ph cua tn hiu vao.
f
s
= f
s max
- f
s min
, nhng dch mt lng bng f
t1
trn thang tn s, sau o a n
b iu ch cn bng th hai ma trn u ra cua no la tn hiu ph gm hai bin tn
cach nhau mt khoang f = 2 (f
t1
+ f
s min
) sao cho vic loc ly mt dai bin tn nh b
loc th hai thc hin mt cach d dang.
3.3.2.2. Diu ch don bin theo phuong phap quay pha
Tn hiu ra cua 2 b iu ch cn bng:
V
CB1
= V
CB
cos
s
t cos
t
t =
2
1
V
CB
[cos (
t
+
s
) t + cos (
t
-
s
) t]
V
CB2
= V
CB
sin
s
t sin
t
t =
2
1
V
CB
[- cos (
t
+
s
) t + cos (
t
-
s
) t]
CCB1 CCB1 LOC1
LOC2
Dao ng Dao ng
f
t1
f
S
f
t1
+ f
S
f
t2
(f
t1
+ f
S
)
f
t2
+ f
t1
+ f
S

f
t1


f
t2

v
S
(t)

Hnh 3.17. S khi mach iu ch theo phng phap loc
54










Hiu hai in ap ta se co bin tn trn :
V
DB
= V
CB1
- V
CB2
= V
CB
cos (
t
+
s
) t
Tng hai in ap ta se co bin tn di :
V
DB
= V
CB1
+ V
CB2
= V
CB
cos (
t
-
s
) t
3.4 Diu tn va diu pha
3.4.1. Quan h giua diu tn va diu pha
=
dt
d
(1)
Vi tai tin la dao ng iu hoa :
V(t) = V
t
. cos (
t
t +
o
) = V
t
. cos (t) (2)
T (1) rut ra :
(t) =

+
t
o
) t ( dt ). t ( (3)
Thay (3) vao (2), ta c :
v(t) = V
t
. cos [

+
t
o
) t ( dt ). t ( ] (4)
Gia thit tn hiu iu ch la tn hiu n m :
v
s
= V
s
cos
t
t (5)
Khi iu tn va iu pha th (t) va (t) c xac nh theo cac biu thc :
(t) =
t
+ K
t
V
s
cos
t
t (6)
Cu Diode
CCB1
0
0
90
0
0
0
90
0
Cu Diode
CCB2
MACH
MACH
IN
TNG
HOC
HIU
v
CB2
v
CB2
V
DB
v
S
v
t
Hnh 3.18. S mach iu ch n bin theo phng phap pha
55
(t) =
o
+ K
f
V
s
cos
t
t (7)

t
: tn s trung tm cua tn hiu iu tn.
K
t
.V
s
=
m
: lng di tn cc ai
K
f
.V
s
=
m
: lng di pha cc ai
(t) =
t
+
m
cos
t
t (8)
(t) =
o
+
m
cos
t
t (9)
Khi iu tn th goc pha u khng i, do o (t) =
o
.
Thay (8), (9) vao (4) va tch phn ln, ta nhn c :
v
t
(t) = V
t
. cos (
t
t +
s
m

sin
t
t +
o
) (10)
Tng t thay (t) trong (9) vao (4) va cho =
t
= cte ta co :
v
f
(t) = V
t
.cos (
t
t
+

m
cos
t
t +
o
) (11)
Lng di pha at c khi iu pha : =
m
cos
t
t
Tng t vi lng di tn :
=
dt
d
=
m

s
.sin
s
t
Lng di tn cc ai at c khi iu pha :

m
=
s
.
m
=
s
.K
f
.V
s
(12)
Lng di tn cc ai at c khi iu tn :

m
= K
t
.V
s
(13)
T (12) va (13) ta thy rng : im khac nhau c ban gia iu tn va iu pha la:
- Lng di tn khi iu pha t l vi V
s
va
s

- Lng di tn khi iu tn t l vi V
s
ma thi.
T o ta co th lp c hai s khi minh hoa qua trnh iu tn va iu pha :




Tch phn

ao ham

iu pha
iu tn
T/h iu tn
T/h iu pha
v
S
v
S
Hnh 3.19. S khi qua trnh iu pha va iu tn
56
3.4.2. Ph cua dao dng da diu tn va diu pha
Trong biu thc (10), cho
o
= 0, t
s
m

= M
f
goi la h s iu tn, ta se co
biu thc iu tn : v
t
= V
t
cos [
t
t + M
f
.sin
t
t] (14)
Tng t, ta co biu thc cua dao ng a iu pha :
v
f
= V
t
cos [
t
t + M. cos
t
t] (15)
Trong o : M =
m

Thng thng tn hiu iu ch la tn hiu bt ky gm nhiu thanh phn tn s.
Luc o tn hiu iu ch tn s va iu ch pha co th biu din tng quat theo biu
thc : V
dt
= V
t
cos [
t
t +

=
+
m
1 i
i Sit i
) cos( M ]
Ph cua tn hiu iu tn gm co tt ca cac thanh phn tn s t hp :
t
+

=

m
1 i
Si i

Vi
i
la mt s nguyn hu t; -
i

3.4.3 Mach diu tn va diu pha
3.4.3.1 Diu tn dung diode bin dung






L, C
v
tao thanh khung cng hng dao ng cua mt mach dao ng
C
1
: tu ngn DC
C
2
: tu thoat cao tn n nh phn cc cho C
v

RFC : cun can cao tn
R
1
: tr

ngn cach gia mach cng hng va ngun cung cp khi R
v
thay i
V
PC
thay i C
V
thay

i theo lam cho tn s cng hng ring f =
V
LC 2
1

cua
khung cng hng LC
V
thay i, dn n qua trnh iu tn.

C
V
V
V
C2
L
Cv
C1
RFC
R1 +
V Rv
Hnh 3.20. Mach iu tn dung Diode bin dung va c tuyn cua C
V
57
3.4.3.2 Diu pha theo Amstrong








Tai tin t thach anh a n b iu bin 1 (B1) va iu bin 2 (B2) lch pha
90
o
, con tn hiu iu ch v
s
a n hai mach iu bin ngc pha. in ap ra trn hai
b iu pha :
v
b1
= V
t1
(1 + m cos
s
t) cos
t
t
=
2
] t ) cos( t ) [cos( mV t cos V
s t s t 1 t t 1 t
+ + +

v
b2
= V
t2
(1 - m cos
s
t) sin
t
t
=
2
] t ) sin( t ) [sin( mV t sin V
s t s t 2 t t 2 t
+ + +

th vec t cua tn hiu 1 db V

va 2 db V

va vec t tng cua chung

V= 1 db V

+ 2 db V

la mt dao ng c iu ch pha va bin . iu bin y la iu bin ky sinh.
han ch iu bin ky sinh chon nho ( < 0,35)

3.4.3.3 Diu tn dung Transistor din khang
Phn t in khang : dung tch hoc cam tnh co tr s bin thin theo in ap iu ch
t trn no c mc song song vi h dao ng cua b dao ng lam cho tn s dao
ng thay i theo tn hiu iu ch. Phn t in khang c thc hin nh mt mach
di pha trong mach hi tip cua BJT. Co 4 cach mc phn t in khang nh hnh ve.




B1
B2
Tng
Di
pha 90
0
v
S
v
b1
v
b2
v
b2

v
b1

v


V
t2
V
t1
mV
t2
mV
t1
Hnh 3.21. Mach iu pha theo Amstrong va th vect cua tn hiu

58

Cach mc
mach
S nguyn ly
th vec t Tr s in khang
Tham s tng
ng
Mach
phn ap
RC

Z = j.
S
RC
L
td
=
S
RC

Mach
phn ap
RL

Z = - j.
LS
R

C
td
=
R
LS

Mach
phn ap
CR

Z = - j.
RCS `
1

C
td
= RCS
Mach
phn ap
LR

Z = j.
RS
L
L
td
=
RS
L



Vi mach phn ap RC ta tnh c :
Z =
BE V . S
V
I
V
= (I
C
= S.V
BE
I
C
lun lun cung pha vi V
BE
)
Z =
C . j
1
C . j
1
R
C . j
1
R
C . j
1
. V . S
V

+
=

V
_
_
V
R
_
V
C
_
V
L
_
V
_
_
V
R
_
_
V
_
V
R
_
V
C
_
_ V
_
V
R
_
V
L
_
I
I
I
I
V
_
_
V
_
_
V
_
_
V
_
_
I
I
I
I
C
R
L
R
C
R
L
R
59
Nu chon
C j
1

<< R (hp ly v
C j
1

tng ng vi V
BE
; R tng ng vi V
CB
)

S
CR j
= jX
L
= j
L
td Vi L
td
=
S
RC

Tham s cua in khang tng ng phu thuc vao h dn S cua BJT.
iu tn dung phn t in khang co th at c lng di tn tng i la
t
f
f

khoang 2%

S b tao dao ng iu tn bng phn t in khang phn ap RC :









T
1
: BJT in khang; T
2
: BJT dao ng
Hnh 3.22. S mach tao dao dng iu tn phn t in khang phn ap RC

V
CC
c
k
Lk
C
b4
R
3
L
gh
C
b3
R
2
R1
C
b2
C
Lc
C
b1
R T
2
T
1