60

CHUONG 4
TACH SONG
4.1. Khai nim
Tach song la qua trnh tm lai tn hiu iu ch. Tn hiu sau khi tach song phai
ging tn hiu iu ch ban u.
Thc t tn hiu iu ch v
s
sau khi qua iu ch va qua knh truyn song a
n b tach song a b meo dang thanh v
s
. Do meo phi tuyn trong b tach song nn
sau khi tach song ta lai nhn c tn hiu v
s
khac vi v
s
. do o v
s
khac v
s
ban u.
V vy chng meo phi tuyn la mt trong nhng yu cu c ban cua qua trnh tach
song.
4.2. Tach song bin d
4.2.1. Cac tham s co ban
4.2.1.1. H s tach song
Tn hiu vao cua b tach song la tn hiu a iu bin :
v
vTS
= V
vTS
(t) . cos
t
t = V
Zt
cos
t
t
Trong o : V
vTS
(t) : bin thin theo qui lut cua tin tc.
Tn hiu ra b tach song :
V
rTS
(t) = K
TS
.V
vTS
(t)
Vi: K
TS
=
) t ( V
) t ( V
vTS
rTS
= h s t l va c goi la h s tach song
V
rTS
(t), V
vTS
(t) gm co thanh phn mt chiu va thanh phn xoay chiu bin
thin chm theo thi gian: V
rTS
(t) = V
o
+ v
s

V
vTS
(t) = V
o
+ v
s

Ch cn quan tm n thanh phn bin thin chm (mang tin tc) h s tach
song:
K
TS
=
'
s
"
s
v
v

v
s
va v
s
la in ap vao va ra cua b tach song
K
TS
cang ln th hiu qua tach song cang cao.
Nu K
TS
= Cte th v
s
t l v
s
va b tach song khng gy meo phi tuyn, goi la b
tach song tuyn tnh.
61
4.2.1.2. Tro khang vao cua b tach song
Z
vTS
=
vTS
vTS
I
V

Thng thng dong va ap lch pha Z
vTS
la mt s phc.
4.2.1.3. Meo phi tuyn
H s meo phi tuyn : K =
ZS
3
ZS 3
2
ZS 2
I
... I I + +
. 100%
I
ZS
, I
2ZS
, I
3ZS
... bin thanh phn c ban va cac hai cua tn hiu iu ch.
Ta khng quan tm n cac dong in cao tn (tai tn va hai bc cao cua no), v
trong mach in b tach song co th d dang loc bo cac thanh phn nay.
4.2.2. Mach din b tach song bin d
4.2.2.1. Mach tach song bin d bng mach chnh luu







Ta phn tch va tnh toan i vi s tach song ni tip. Khi tn hiu vao ln th
c tuyn Volt - Ampe cua diode :
i
D
=

<

0 V 0
0 V V S
D
D D
(1)
i
D
= S.V
D
= S (V
b
- V
C
) (2)
Vi : V
b
= V
T
(1 + m cos
S
t) . cos
t
t = V
b
cos
t
t
i
D
= S (V
b
. cos
t
t - V
c
) (3)
Khi cos
t
t = th i
D
= 0, thay vao biu thc (3) ta co :
0 = S (V
b
. cos
t
t - V
c
) (4)
Goc dn in cua diode : cos =
db
C
V
V
(4)
0
Hnh 4.1. Mach tch song bin bng mach chnh lu
a) Tach song ni tip b) Tach song song song
R
C
D
D
C
R
62
















Khai trin i
D
theo chui Fourrier :
i
D
= I
o
+ I
1
cos
t
t + I
2
cos
t
t + ...... + I
n
cos
t
t (5)
Trong o :

=
=
=

o
t t D n
o
t t D 1
o
t D o
t d t n i
2
I
t d t cos i
2
I
t d i
1
I
(6)
Tnh bng cach thay th dn ta c :I
o
= ) cos (sin
U . S
db

(7)
I
1
= ) cos sin (
U . S
db

(8)
T dong mt chiu I
o
ta tnh c in ap ra trn tai :
V
c
= R.I
o
=

S . R
V
db
(sin - cos) (9)
i
D
i
D
v
D
v
D
t
t

Hnh 4.2. c tuyn cua diode va th
cua tn hiu vao ra khi lam vic ch C
E
o
63
Thay (9) vao (4), ta c :
cos =

S . R
(sin - cos) (10)
tg - =
R . S

(11)
T (11) ta suy ra :
Goc in dn ch phu thuc vao tham s mach in (S, R) ma khng phu thuc
vao tn hiu vao. Do o tach song tn hiu ln la tach song khng gy meo phi tuyn.
Chu y : ph cua dong in i
D
gm co cac thanh phn : mt chiu.
t
,
s
,
t

s
,
n
t

s
. Thng thng
t
>>
s
do o cac thanh phn
t
,
t

s
, va n
t

s
c
loai bo d dang nh mach loc thng thp. Ch con thanh phn hu ch :
i
S
= m.S.V
t
. cos
t
.
tranh meo, trc khi tach song cn phai khuch ai tn hiu u ln am
bao ch tach song tuyn tnh.







T = RC la hng s thi gian phong nap cua tu in.
in ap ra tai gn vi dang ng bao cua in ap cao tn u vao, ta phai
chon T = RC u ln. Tuy nhin, nu chon C qua ln th in ap ra khng bin thin kp
vi bin in ap vao gy ra meo tn hiu.
Tng quat ta chon :
s t
1
RC
1

<< <<

Trong hai s trn, s tach song ni

tip co in tr vao ln hn s tach song song song.
Ngoai ra, trn tai cua s tach song song song con co in ap cao tn, do o phai
dung b loc loc no.
V nhng ly do trn nn s tach song song song ch c dung trong trng hp
cn ngn thanh phn mt chiu t tng trc a n.
U
C
U
C
t

Hnh 4.3. th theo thi gian cua tn hiu trc va sau tach song
64
4.2.2.2 Tach song bin d dung phn tu tuyn tinh tham s



V
dB
= V
t
(1 + m cos
s
t) . cos
t
t va V
t
= V
t
cos (
t
t + ) V
r
= V
dB
.V
t
.K
V
r
=
2
KV
2
t
(1 + m cos
s
t) cos + K.

+
2
t cos m 1
V
s 2
t
.cos (2
t
t + ) (1)
Dung mach loc thng thp co th tach ra thanh phn t hu ch :

2
KV
V
2
t "
S
= (1 + m cos
s
t) . cos) Nhn xet :
- Trong ph in ap ra khng co thanh phn tai tn
-
Mun tach c song u
t
phai co tn s bng tn s tai tin cua t/h a iu bin

- Bin in ap u ra phu thuc vao goc pha vi la goc lch pha gia tn
hiu cn tach song va tai tin phu.


- Khi = 0
"
S
V cc ai, khi = 0 V
2
"
S
=

- B tach song va co tnh chon loc v bin , va co chon loc v pha goi la b
tach song bin pha
-
tach song co hiu qua cn phai ng b tn hiu vao vatai tin phu v tn s
va goc lch pha. B tach song nay con co tn goi la b tach song ng b.

4.2.3 Hin tuong phach va hin tuong chen ep trong tach song bin d
o la trng hp trn u vao b tach song bin co hai dao ng cao tn: tn
hiu va nhiu.
4.2.3.1 Hin tuong phach
Tn hiu : v
1
= V
1
cos
1
t
Nhiu : v
2
= V
2
cos
2
t

V=

1
V +

2
V = V(t) cos [
1
t + (t)]
Xem

1
V ng yn th

2
V quay quanh 0 vi vn tc
=
2
-
1
. V

1
V ,

2
V co tn s khng c
nh nn bin vect tng khng c nh. Ap
dung h thc lng trong tam giac thng :
0

0

2
(t)

V
1

V
2

K
v
b
v
t
v
r
Hnh 4.4. Mach tch song tn hiu dung phn t tuyn tnh
65
V(t) =
t 2 1
2
2
2
1
cos V V 2 V V + +
(t) = arctg .
t 2 1
t 2
cos V V
sin . V
+


V
rTS
= K
TS
.V
vTS
= K
TS
.V
1
) cos(
V
V
2
V
V
1
t
1
2
2
1
2
2
+ + (*)
Vy in ap bin thin theo tn hiu . Goi la hin tng phach.
4.2.3.2 Hin tuong chen ep
Trng hp hai dao ng cao tn tac ng ng thi l b tach song co bin
chnh lch nhau nhiu goi la hin tng chen ep.
Tn hiu ln chen tn hiu be, biu hin tnh chon loc theo bin cua b tach
song.
Chng han vi biu thc (*) trn ta thy khi bin tn hiu V
1
>> so vi bin
nhiu V
2
th lng

2
1
2
2
V
V
va 2.
1
2
V
V
cos (t) nho, ngha la tac dung chon loc cuat b
tach song bin rt co li.
4.3 Tach song tin hiu diu tn
4.3.1 Khai nim
Tach song tn hiu iu tn la qua trnh bin i lch tn s tc thi cua tn hiu
thanh bin thin in ap u ra.






c tuyn truyn at cua b tach song biu din quan h gia in ap ra va lng bin
thin cua tn s u vao.
han ch meo phi tuyn, phai chon im lam vic trong pham vi tng i thng
cua c tuyn truyn at. (oan AB).
H s truyn at cua b tach song la dc ln nht trong khu vc lam vic cua
c tuyn truyn at.
v
S
f

A

B

Hnh 4.5. S cac vect
in ap tn hiu
Hnh 4.6. c tuyn truyn at cua b tach song
66
S
f
=
f d
dv
s

f = 0
Tach song tn s va tach song pha thng c thc hin theo mt trong nhng
nguyn tc sau y :
1. Bin tn hiu iu tn hoc iu pha thanh tn hiu iu bin ri tach song bin
.
2. Bin iu tn thanh iu rng xung ri tach song nh mach tch phn.
3. Lam cho tn s cua tn hiu iu tn bam theo tn s cua mt b dao ng nh
h thng vong gi pha PLL, in ap sai s chnh la in ap cn tach song.
4.3.2 Mach din b tach song tn s
4.3.2.1 Mach tach song pha cn bng dung diode (DISCRIMINATOR)
Gm hai mach tach song bin dung diode ghep vi nhau.








Biu thc cua tn hiu iu pha va mt dao ng chun c biu din :
v
df
= V
1
.cos [
01
t + (t) +
01
] = V
1
. cos
1
(t)
v
ch
= V
2
.cos (
02
t +
02
) = V
2
. cos
2
(t)
in ap t trn hai b tach song bin : (diode D
1
, D
2
)
v
D1
= V
1
.cos [
01
t + (t) +
01
] + V
2
cos (
02
t +
02
) = V
1
.cos
1
(t)
v
D2
= - V
1
.cos [
01
t + (t) +
01
] + V
2
cos (
02
t +
02
) = V
1
. cos
1
(t)
Ap dung tnh cht cua h thc lng trong tam giac thng ta tnh c in ap ra
trn hai tai R, C :
V
R1
(t) = v
S1
= K
TS
. v
D1
= K
TS
. ) t ( cos V V 2 V V
2 1
2
2
2
1
+ +
v
D1
v
D2
(t)

V
1

-V
1

V
2

v
ch
R
R
C
C
D
1
D
2
v
df v
S
Hnh 4.7. Mach song pha cn bng dung diode va th vectoe tn hiu
67
V
R2
(t) = v
S2
= K
TS
. v
D2
= K
TS
. ) t ( cos V V 2 V V
2 1
2
2
2
1
+
K
TS
: h s truyn at cua b tach song bin .
K
TS
=
t
S
mV
V

(t) : hiu pha cua hai in ap vao :
(t) = (
01
-
02
)t + (t) +
01 -

02

in ap ra trn b tach song :
v
s
= v
S1
- v
s2

= K
TS
[ ) t ( cos V V 2 V V
2 1
2
2
2
1
+ + - ) t ( cos V V 2 V V
2 1
2
2
2
1
+ ]
v
s
: phu thuc vao hiu pha cua tn hiu iu pha va tn hiu chun.
Trng hp
01
=
02
;
01
=

02
v
s
phu thuc vao (t)
+ v
s
: at cc ai = 0,2; 4.
+ v
s
: at cc tiu = ; 3; 5
+ v
s
= 0 = (2n + 1)
2

(vi n = 0, 1, 2 .....)
4.3.2.2. B tach song tn s dung mach lch cng huong






Mach cng hng 1 : cng hng tn s
1

Mach cng hng 2 : cng hng tn s
2

Goi
0
=
t
la tn s trung tm.

1
=
2
+
0


2
=
0
-
0

D
2
C
2
C
1
R
R C
C
D
1
v
dt V
S
Hnh 4.8. B tach song tn s dung b lch cng hng
68
Bin U
1
, U
2
thay i phu thuc vao s sai lch tn s
1
,
2
so vi tn s cng
hng ring cua mach 1 va 2, ngha la bin thin theo in ap vao :
V
1
= Km.V
dt
.Z
1
;
K : h s quy i cho ung th nguyn hai v, K =

1

V
2
= Km.V
dt
.Z
2

m : h s ghep bin ap : m =
L
M

Z
1
, Z
2
: tr khang cua hai mach cng hng 1 va 2.
Z
1
=
2
0
1 td
2
o
2
1 td
) ( 1
R
) ( Q 2
1
R
+
=

+

Z
2
=
2
0
2 td
2
o
2
2 td
) ( 1
R
) ( Q 2
1
R
+
=

+

R
td1
, R
td2
: tr khang cua hai mach cng hng 1 va 2 tai tn s cng hng
1
va

2
.
Q
1
, Q
2
: h s phm cht.
Chon hai mach cng hng nh nhau :
R
td1
= R
td2
; Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
D
o
= 2Q
0
2 , 1 0

: lch tn tng i gia tn s cng hng
ring cua mach in ng va tn s trung bnh cua tn hiu vao.
D = 2Q
0
0 0

: lch tn s tng i **** tn s tn hiu vao
va tn s trung bnh.
Khi tn hiu vao thay i th thay i Z
1
, Z
2
thay i V
1
, V
2
thay i.
Ngha la qua trnh bin i iu tn thanh tn hiu iu bin. Sau khi qua hai b
tach song (D, R) ta nhn c cac in ap ra :
69
v
S1
= K
TS
.V
1
= K
TS
.m.Vdt .
2
o
1
) ( 1
Rdt
+

v
S2
= K
TS
.V
2
= K
TS
.m.Vdt .
2
o
2
) ( 1
Rdt
+ +

in ap ra tng :
v
S
= v
S1
- v
S2
= K
TS
.m.Rtd.Vtd. (
o
, )
khi = +
o
= 1 -
2
o
4 1
1
+

khi = -
o
=
2
o
4 1
1
+
- 1 < 0
Trong o : (
o
, ) =
2
o
) ( 1
1
+
-
2
o
) ( 1
1
+ +


max
khi = -
o
= +
o

dc cua c tuyn truyn at c xac nh :
S
f
= 0 f
f d
dus
=

= K
TS
.m.V
dt
.R
td
. 0
d
) , ( d
o
=

S
f
=
2
3
2
o
o
o
TS
) 1 (
2
:
f
Vtd . Rtd . m . K
+

(*)
Vy S
f
phu thuc vao
o
. ao ham (*) theo
o
va xet cc tr ta thy S
f
= S
f max
khi

o
=
2
1
. Vy mun h s truyn at cc ai phai chon lng lch tn
o
theo iu
kin sau y :

o
=
Q
.
2 2
1
Q 2
o o o

=


Nhc im cua mach tach song cng hng : kho iu chnh cho hai mach cng
hng hoan toan i xng, nn t c dung).