78

CHUONG 6
CHUYN DI TUONG TU - S
CHUYN DI S - TUONG TU
6.1. Co so ly thuyt
phi ghep gia ngun tn hiu co dang tng t vi cac h thng x ly s ngi
ta dung cac mach chuyn i ttng t - s (ADC : Analog-Digial Converter) va cac
mach chuyn i s - tng t (DAC : Digial- Analog Converter).
Hnh ve (6.1) biu din qua trnh bin i
tn hiu dang tng t sang dang s.
Tn hiu tng t V
A
c chuyn thanh
dang bc thang u. Vi 1 pham vi cua
gia tr V
A
c biu din bi 1 gia tr ai
din thch hp.
Chng han gia tr V
A
c chuyn thanh
dang bc thang 7 bc va mi bc, ta gan
cho V
A
mt gia tr ri rac. V du khi V
A

bin thin trong mt khoang nho 3,5
4,5 ta gan cho no mt gia tr la 100.

Mt cach tng qua, goi tn hiu tng t la S
A
(V
A
), tn hiu s la S
D
(V
D
). S
D
c
biu din di dang ma nh phn nh sau :
S
D
= b
n-1
.2
n-1
+ b
n-2
.2
n-2
+ ... + b
o
.2
o

Trong o : b
k
= 0 hoc b
k
= 1 (vi k = 0 k = n - 1) va c goi la bit.
+ b
n-1
: bit co ngha ln nht (MSB : Most significant bit). Mi bin i cua MSB
tng ng vi s bin i na dai lam vic.
+ b
o
: bit co ngha nho nht (LSB : Least significant bit). Mi bin cua LSB tng
ng vi s bin i mt mc lng t. Mt mc lng t bng mt nc cua hnh bc thang
V du : vi mt mach bin i N bit vi la N s hang trong day ma nh phn. (Trong
v du trn hnh ve 6.1 : N = 3) th mi nc trn hnh bc thang chim mt gia tr.
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V
A
V
D
Q

Q

Hnh 6.1. Biu din qua trnh chuyn
i tng t sang s
79
Q = V
LSB
=
1 2
V
N
AM

V
AM
: la gia tr cc ai cho phep cua in ap tng t.
V
LSB
= Q : goi la mc lng t.
Sai s lng t hoa c xac nh nh sau :
V
Q
=
2
Q

Khi chuyn i AD phai thc hin vic ly mu tn hiu tng t. am bao khi
phuc lai tn hiu mt cach trung thc, tn s ly mu f
M
phai thoa man iu kin :
f
M
2 f
th max
2B
f
th max
: tn s cc ai cua tn hiu
B : dai tn s cua tn hiu.
6.2. Cac tham s co ban
6.2.1. Giai bin di cua in ap tng t u vao la khoang in ap ma b chuyn i
AD co th thc hin chuyn i c.
6.2.2. D chinh xac cua b chuyn di AD
gm phn bit, meo phi tuyn, sai s khuch ai, sai s lch khng va sai s n iu.










111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
V
A
V
D
Ly tng
Thc
Sai s lch khng
Sai s n iu
Sai skhuch ai
Meo phi tuyn
Hnh 6.2. chnh xac cua chuyn i AD
80
+ phn bit c c trng bi s bit N. Gia s mt ADC co s bit u ra la N
co th phn bit c 2
N
mc trong dai in ap vao cua no. Chng han N = 12 co
2
12
= 4096 mc.
phn bit cua mt ADC c ky hiu la Q va c xac nh theo biu thc :
Q = V
LSB
=
1 2
V
N
AM

+ Da vao ng c tuyn truyn at ly tng va thc cua ADC (hnh 6.2) ta thy :
- c tuyn ly tng la mt ng bc thang u va co dc trung bnh la 1.
- c tuyn thc la mt ng bc thang khng u do anh hng cua sai s
khuch ai, cua meo phi tuyn, va cua sai s n iu.
6.2.3. Tc d chuyn di
Cho bit kt qua chuyn i trong 1s, c goi la tn s chuyn i f
c
.
Mt ADC co tc chuyn i cao th chnh xac giam va ngc lai. Ngha la yu
cu v chnh xac va tc chuyn i mu thun vi nhau. Tuy theo yu cu s
dung, phai tm cach dung hoa cac yu cu o mt cach hp ly nht.
6.3. Nguyn tc lam vic cua ADC
Nguyn tc lam vic cua ADC c minh hoa theo s :











Hnh 6.3 th thi gian cua in ap vao va ra mach ly mu

Mach ly
mu
ADC
Lng
t hoa
Ma hoa
V
D

81
Trc ht tn hiu tng t V
A
c a n mach ly mu. Mach nay co 2 nhim
vu:
- Ly mu tn hiu tng t tai nhng thi im khac nhau va cach u nhau (ri rac
hoa tn hiu v mt thi gian).
- Gi cho bin in ap tai cac thi im ly mu khng i trong qua trnh
chuyn i tip theo (tc la trong qua trnh lng t hoa va ma hoa).
Tn hiu ra cua mach ly mu c a n mach lng t hoa thc hin lam tron
vi chnh xac bng Q 2.
Vy qua trnh lng t hoa thc cht la qua trnh lam tron s. Lng t ho a c
thc hin theo nguyn tc so sanh, tn hiu cn chuyn i c so sanh vi mt loat
cac n v chun Q.
Sau mach lng t hoa la mach ma hoa. Trong mach ma hoa, kt qua lng t hoa
c sp xp lai theo mt trt t nht nh phu thuc vao loai ma yu cu trn u ra
b chuyn i .
Phep lng t hoa va ma hoa goi chung la phep bin i AD.
6.4. Cac phuong phap chuyn di tuong tu -s
Phn loai : co nhiu cach phn loai ADC. Cach phn loai hay dung hn ca la phn
loai theo qua trnh chuyn i v mt thi gian. No cho phep phan oan mt cach tng
quat tc chuyn i. Co 3 phng phap chuyn i sau :
+ Chuyn i song song : Tn hiu tng t c so sanh cung mt luc vi nhiu gia
tr chun. Do o tt ca cac bit c xac nh ng thi va a n u ra.
+ Chuyn i ni tip theo ma m : Qua trnh so sanh c thc hin tng bc
theo quy lut ma m. Kt qua chuyn i c xac nh bng cach m s lng gia
tr chun co th cha c trong gia tr tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i.
+ Chuyn i song song- ni tip kt hp : Qua mi bc so sanh co th xac nh
c ti thiu 2 bit ng thi.
6.4.1. Chuyn di AD theo phuong phap song song




82

















Hnh 6.4: S nguyn ly b chuyn i AD theo phng phap song song
Tn hiu tng t V
A
c a ng thi n cac b so sanh t S
1
n S
m
. u vao
th hai, in ap chun U
ch
a vao qua thang in tr R (hnh 12). Do o, in ap
chun t vao cac b so sanh k nhau se khac nhau mt lng khng i t S
1
n S
m
.
u ra cua cac b so sanh co in ap vao ln hn in ap chun ly trn thang in tr
co mc logic 1, cac u con lai mc logic 0. Tt ca cac u ra c ni vi mt u
vao cua cac cng AND. u kia cua cng AND ni vi mach tao xung nhp. Ch khi co
xung nhp th cac xung trn u ra b so sanh mi c a vao mach Flip-flop. Nh
vy c sau mt khoang thi gian bng mt chu ky xung nhp lai co mt tn hiu c
bin i a n u ra. Xung nhp am bao cho qua trnh so sanh kt thuc mi a tn
hiu vao b nh.
am bao mach hoat ng n nh, qua trnh ma hoa b ma hoa phai kt thuc
trc khi co mt chu ky xung nhp mi.
Mach nay co u im la tc d chuyn i nhanh (cac bit tao ra ng thi), sai s
bin i thp, co th tao ra dang ma theo y mun. Tuy nhin, no co kt cu phc tap do
-
S
1

+
R
R
R
FF
FF
FF

MA
HOA

Xung nhp
U
D
+ V
chun
V
A

-
S
2

+
-
S
m

+
83
co s linh kin ln. Nn vic ng dung ch co gii han vi chuyn i AD co s bit nho
va tc cao.

V
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nhj phn
0 < V
A
< 1
1 < V
A
< 2
2 < V
A
< 3
3 < V
A
< 4
4 < V
A
< 5
5 < V
A
< 6
6 < V
A
< 7
7 = V
A

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
u im :
Tc bin i nhanh, sai s bin i thp va co th tao ra dang ma theo y mun.
Nhc im :
- Kt cu mach phc tap vi s linh kin kha ln.
- Phng phap nay ch dung trong cac ADC yu cu s bit N nho va tc chuyn
i cao.
6.4.2 Phuong phap chuyn di ni tip theo ma nhj phn







S
S
Tr
V
ch2
=V
Amax
/4
V
ch3
=V
Amax

/8
V
A
V
ch1

=V
Amax
/2
1

0

2
2
2
1
2
0
TNG 1 TNG 2 TNG 3
Hnh 6.5. B chuyn i AD ni tip theo ma nh phn
84
Mi tng bao gm mt b so sanh, mt khoa iu khin va mt mach tr.
Mt u vao cua cac b so sanh la mc in ap ngng. Mc in ap ngng ln nht
la
2
V
max A
tng u tin va tng ng vi bit ln nht. nhng tng sau, in ap
ngng se la :
4
V
max A
,
8
V
max A
tuy theo s tng s dung trong mach.
Mach chuyn i theo phng phap nay co s tng bng s bit cn xac nh. Mi tng
cho ra mt bit. Gia x tn hiu vao bin thin trong pham vi 0 V
A max
. Tn hiu vao se
c so sanh vi in ap chun V
ch1
=
2
V
max A
.Nu V
A
>
2
V
max A
th ngo ra cua b so sanh
(SS) se cho ra mc logic 1 va luc nay khoa K se c ni ti mc in ap chun V
ch1

mach tr tn hiu. Khi tr se c thc hin ly V
A
=
2
V
max A
(V
A
- V
ch1
). Kt qua cua
phep tr se c tip tuc a vao so sanh tng 2 vi V
ch2
=
4
V
max A
. Ngc lai nu V
A
<
V
ch1
th khoa K se ni ti mc in th 0 va nh vy toan b tn hiu V
A
se c so sanh
ip tng sau.
y mach thc hin phng phap bin i tun t nn tin bin i giam ang k
khi tng s tng. V vy phng phap nay, ngi ta thng gii han s tng la 4.
6.4.3 Chuyn di AD ni tip dung vong hi tip









SS
CNG
Ngun dao
ng
DAC
B m
thun
nghch
Kt qua
Kch khi
V
A
Hnh 6.6. S chuyn i AD ni tip dung vong hi tip
85










Khi a xung kch khi vao th cng c m va b m hoat ng m xung t
ngun dao ng. Ni dung cua b m se c a n b bin i AD (ADC bin i
thanh in ap hi tipV
ht
. V
ht
lun lun c so sanh vi tn hiu vao V
A
. qua trnh bin
i se din ra cho n khi tn hiu hi tip cn bng vi tn hiu vao va lam i trang thai
b so sanh. B m la b m thun nghch. Mi khi V
A
< V
ht
th se m xung. V vy
khi kt thuc thi gian bin i th tn hiu hi tip se lun lun dao ng xung quanh gia
tr in ap vao V
A
. t b m ngi ta ly ra kt qua cua phep bin i AD nay.
Vy phng phap nay thi gian bin i (T bin i) la mt ai lng thay i va
phu thuc vao tr s cua tn hiu vao V
A
. thi gian bin i ln nht T
Bin i max
tng ng
vi V
A max
. nu b m co N bt, chu ky ngun dao ng la t th :
T
Bin i
= (2
N
- 1) t
Sai s tnh cua phep bin i chu yu phu thuc vao sai s cua b DAC va cua b so sanh.
Khi mach hoat ng khng co block chon nh (Sample and Hold) th sai s ng phu
thuc chu yu vao thi gian bin i. Ma thi gian bin i lai phu thuc vao V
A
nn
trong trng hp nay sai s khng tuyn tnh.
Vy nu khng s dung block chon nh th phng phap nay ch thch hp vi cac tn
hiu mt chiu hay cac tn hiu co tn s thp, bin thin chm.

Sai s
V
ht
2
N
-1 nc
V
A
V
A
t

T bin i
x(t)
x < h
t
x
t t
1
t
2
t
i
Hnh 6.5. th thi gian biu din qua trnh AD
86
6.4.4 Chuyn di AD theo phuong phap dm don gian
























1

2
Tao in ap
rng ca
Tao nhp
M
V
D
V
G V
C
V
A
Hnh 6.6. B chuyn i AD theo phng phap m n gia n
V
C
V
A
V
SS1
V
SS2
V

V
C
t

t

t

t

v
g
v
ch
C
R
R
2
R
1
Hnh 6.7. s khi mach tao in ap rng
ca va th biu din nguyn ly hoat
ng cua mach
87
in ap vao V
A
c so sanh vi in ap chun dang rng ca V
c
nh b so sanh SS
1
.
Khi V
A
> V
c
V
SS
= 1
Khi V
A
< V
c
V
SS
= 0
B so sanh 2 (SS
2
) so sanh in ap rng ca V
c
vi mc 0 (t). Sau o V
SS1
va V
SS2

c a n mach AND.
Xung ra V
G
co rng ty l vi ln cua in ap vao V
A
vi gia thit xung rng ca
V
c
co dc khng i.
Mach AND th hai ch cho ra cac xung nhp trong thi gian tn tai xung V
G
ngha la
trong thi gian ma 0 < V
A
< V
C
. mach m u ra se m s xung nhp o. S xung nay ty
l vi ln cua V
A
. B tao xung rng ca thc cht la mach tch phn.
Dung in ap chun mt chiu V
ch
nap cho tu in C qua in tr R.
Ta co in ap ra :
V
C
= - t .
R
V
dt
R
V
dt V
R
1
C
ch
t
o
C
ch
t
o
ch
C

V
C
=
t R
V
V
R
R
C
ch '
C
1
1
= = | a | t
Gia s tai t = t
m
th V
C
V
A
, ta co :


V
A
=
ch
A
M M
C
ch
V
V
t t
R
V
= .R.C
Goi Z la s xung nhp m c trong thi gian t
M
Z = f
n
.t
M

Vi f
n
: tn s xung nhp


Z = f
n
.
ch
A
V
V
.R.C (*)
T (*) a) Z t l vi V
A

b) Mun giam sai s cho phep bin i th phai chon R, C loai tt, tn s xung
nhp f
n
phai ln, va V
ch
phai n nh

88
6.4.5 Chuyn di AD theo phuong phap tich phn hai suon dc










Goi :
t
1
: thi gian m ng vi s xung lam b m
b tran.
t
2
: thi gian tch in ap chun V
ch

V
C
: in ap rng ca u ra cua b tch phn.
V
SS
: in ap ra cua b so sanh
Z : s xung m c.
Z
o
: s xung trong thi gian t
0
V
ch
: in ap chun co cc tnh nh hnh ve
V
A
: in ap vao (cc tnh nh hnh ve)

Hoat ng cua mach :
trang thai u tin, khoa K lun t v tr 1. Mach tch phn se tch phn V
A
, trong
khi o b m se m xung t ngun dao ng chun tn s f
n
. V
A
c tch phn trong
thi gian t
1
cho n khi b m b tran (thi im t
1
). Luc nay mach logic se iu khin
R
C
CNG
Ngun dao
ng
B m
Kt qua
Flip Flop
tran
Mach
logic
U
A
U
ch
+

+

_

_

1

2

K
V
C
V
SS
Z
O
Z

t

t

t

t
2
t
1
dc do
U
ch
tao ra
Hnh 6.8. B chuyn i AD theo phng phap tch phn 2 sn dc
Hnh 6.9. th biu din nguyn ly hoat ng cua mach
89
chuyn khoa K sang v tr 2 va mach tch phn se tip tuc tch phn V
ch
nhng vi chiu
ngc lai v V
ch
co cc tnh ngc cc tnh V
A
. Khi tn hiu ra cua b tch phn V
C
giam
xung bng 0 th mach so sanh se ong cng. Ni dung ghi trong b m la kt qua bin
i. No t l vi thi gian tch phn in ap chun t
2
.
in ap nap cho tu C trong thi gian t
1
nh mach tch phn V
A
.
V
Ct1
=
C
A
R
V
t
1
(1)
in ap nap cho tu C trong thi gian t
2
theo chiu ngc lai nh V
A
.
V
Ct2
= -
C
ch
R
V
t
2
(2)
Trong thi gian t
2
in ap trn tu giam xung bng 0 :
| V
Ct1
| = | V
Ct2
|

C
A
R
V
t
1
=
C
ch
R
V
t
2

t
2
=
ch
A
V
V
.t
1

S xung Z
o
m c trong thi gian t
1
:
Z
o
= t
1
.f
n
t
1
=
n
o
f
Z

f
n
: tn s cua dao ng chun
Do o s xung m c cua b m nh b m va a ra kt qua trong thi gian t
2
:
Z = t
2
.f
n
=
ch
A
V
V
.t
1
.f
n
=
ch
A
V
V
.
n
o
f
Z
.f
n
=
ch
A
V
V
.Z
o

Vy ni dung trong b m ty l vi in ap vao V
A
cn chuyn i.
u im : trong biu thc Z =
ch
A
V
V
.Z
o
khng co tham s R
C
cua mach va cung khng
phu thuc vao xung dao ng chun f
n
nh trong phng phap m n gian v vy kt
90
qua chuyn i kha chnh xac va tng chnh xac khng cn tng f
n
cao. Tuy nhin f
n

phai co n nh cao, trong ca thi gian t
1
va t
2
f
n
u khng i.
Sai s tnh do tnh khng n nh cua V
ch
, f
n
, b tch phn va b so sanh.
Hin nay ngi ta con th hin phng phap tch phn 3,4 dc.
6.4.6 Chuyn di AD theo phuong phap song song - ni tip kt hop







y la s kt hp phng phap song song va phng phap ni tip nhm dung hoa u
khuyt im cua hai phng phap nay : giam bt phc tap cua phng phap song song
va tng tc chuyn i so vi phng phap ni tip.
Cung co th goi y la phng phap phn oan tng nhom bit, vi s bit trong mi
nhom N 2.
B chuyn i ADC u tin la b chuyn i song song N
1
bit vi N
1
2. Trong
bc so sanh th nht xac nh c N
1
bit. T B
1
B
N1
. chuyn i N bit, phai
dung l tng vi l =
1
N
N
. Mi tng dung 2
N1
- 1 b so sanh. Nh vy chuyn i N bit
phai dung : l (2
N1
- 1) =
1
N
N
(2
N1
- 1) b so sanh.
V du N = 9; N
1
= 3
Phng phap song song-ni thip kt hp : s b SS : l (2
N1 - 1
) =
1
N
N
(2
N1 - 1
)=3.7=21
Phng phap song song : s b SS : (2
N
- 1) = (2
N
- 1) = (2
9
- 1) = 512 - 1 = 511

ADC
song song
DAC
N1 bit
Mach
hiu
Nhn
2
N1
B
N1
B
2
B
1

U
TNG
TH
HAI
U
TNG TH NHT
Hnh 6.10. B chuyn i AD theo phng phap song song ni tip kt hp
91
6.4.7 Chuyn di AD phi tuyn
T biu thc sai s lng t hoa : V
Q
=
2
1
Q ta nhn thy : sai s tuyt i cua mt
chuyn i AD khng i, con sai s tng i cua no tng ln khi bin tn hiu vao
giam. Mun cho sai s tng i khng i trong toan dai bin i in ap vao th
ngc tnh truyn at cua b bin i phai co dang loga sao cho t s tn hiu trn tap
m thay i trong dai bin i cua in ap vao.






u im cua phng phap nay la ln at c tap m k ca khi tn hiu vao nho
va ln, cho phep tng dung lng cua knh thoai do giam c s bit vi cung cht lng
thng tin nh khi lng t hoa tuyn tnh.
thu lai tn hiu trung thc nh ban u, b bin i DA phai co cu tao sao cho
ng c tnh bin i ngc cua no co dang ham mu nh hnh ve trn.
c tuyn bin it AD thng la ham s :
y =
) 1 ( l
) x 1 ( l
n
n
+
+
vi x =
max A
A
V
V

y =
max D
D
V
V

dc y tai x = 0 y
| x = 0
=
) 1 ( l
n
+

6.5. Cac phuong phap chuyn di s sang tuong tu (DAC)
Chuyn i s tng t (DAC) la qua trnh tm lai tn hiu tng t t N s hang (N
bit) a bit cua tn hiu s vi chnh xac la 1 mc lng t tc 1LSB
V
D
V
A
Hnh 6.11. c tnh bin i phi
tuyn cua ADC
V
D
V
A
Hnh 6.12. c tnh bin i phi
tuyn cua DAC
y

x

y = x

Hnh 6.13. c tnh bin i ngc
cua b DA
92



th thi gian cua tn hiu ra sau mach chuyn i DA co dang nh hnh ve:





Tn hiu u ra la tn hiu ri rac theo thi gian nh trn hnh ve. Tn hiu nay c
a qua b loc thng thp ly tng LTT. Trn u ra cua LTT co tn hiu V
A
bin thin
lin tuc theo thi gian la tn hiu ni suy cua V
M
.
6.5.1 Chuyn di DA bng phuong phap din tro (theo nguyn ly ma BCD)
u im :
- Ch cn dung mt ngun in ap chun V
ch
. Trong s cua mi bit se tng ng
vi R
ht
chia cho R
i
, trong o : R
i
la in tr mi mt nhanh.
- Phng phap nay oi hoi nhiu in tr chnh xac vi cac tr s khac nhau v vy
gp bt tin khi thit k va s dung. giam nhc im nay ngi ta dung nhiu
ngun in ap chun ty l thp phn khac nhau nh hnh ve C. t decarde vay sang
decarde khac cu in tr se cung tr s. Tuy nhin in ap chun se bin i gp
10 ln.
Hnh ve B : S 723 ma BCD
v
o
= -
2
2
ht
1
1
ht
v
R
R
v
R
R

v
o
= v
o1
+ v
o2
+ v
o3


M M M
1
10
1
5
1
10
1
Rtd
1
= + = (3)
DAC LTT
V
A V
D
V
M
Hnh 6.14. S khi qua trnh chuyn i s sang tng t
V
M
t

V
A
Hnh 6.15. th thi gian cua tn hiu sau mach chuyn i DA
93













v
o1
= -
M
M
ch
1 td
ht
10
10 . 3
V .
R
R
= = - 3 V
ch


M K
2
10
1
500
1
Rtd
1
+ = (20)
=> v
o2
=
ch
2 td
ht
V
R
R
= - 20V
ch
.

M M
K K K
3
10
700
) 400 200 100 (
10
1
25
1
50
1
100
1
Rtd
1
= + + =
+ + =





Vch
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
7
Vo
Rht
+
50k
25k
12.5k
100k
5M
2.5M
1.25M
10M
1M
125k
250k
500k
Hnh 6.16. Dung mt ngun V
ch

94












6.5.2 Chuyn di DA bng phuong phap din tro bc thang









2R
R R R
Vo
+
Vr
2R 2R 2R 2R 2R
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3

A B C D
Hnh 6.18 Chuyn i DA bng phng phap in tr bc thang
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
+
100Vch
+
Vch
50k
25k
12.5k
100k
100k
12.5k
25k
50k
100k
12.5k
25k
50k
+
Rht
Vo
Hnh 6.17. Dung nhiu ngun V
ch

10Vch