LI M U

Ra i vo nhng nm 40 ca th k XX, thng tin di ng c coi nh l mt thnh tu tin tin trong lnh vc thng tin vin thng vi c im cc thit b u cui c th truy cp dch v ngay khi ang di ng trong phm vi vng ph sng. Thnh cng ca con ngi trong lnh vc thng tin di ng khng ch dng li trong vic m rng vng ph sng phc v thu bao khp ni trn ton th gii, cc nh cung dch v, cc t chc nghin cu pht trin cng ngh di ng ang n lc hng ti mt h thng thng tin di ng hon ho, cc dch v a dng, cht lng dch v cao. 3G - H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 l ci ch trc mt m th gii ang hng ti. T thp nin 1990, Lin minh Vin thng Quc t bt tay vo vic pht trin mt nn tng chung cho cc h thng vin thng di ng. Kt qu l mt sn phm c gi l Thng tin di ng ton cu 2000 (IMT-2000). IMT-2000 khng ch l mt b dch v, n p ng c m lin lc t bt c ni u v vo bt c lc no. c nh vy, IMT-2000 to iu kin tch hp cc mng mt t v/hoc v tinh. Hn th na, IMT-2000 cng cp n Internet khng dy, hi t cc mng c nh v di ng, qun l di ng (chuyn vng), cc tnh nng a phng tin di ng, hot ng xuyn mng v lin mng.. Cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 c xy dng theo tiu chun GSM, IS-95, PDC, IS-38 pht trin rt nhanh vo nhng nm 1990. Trong hn mt t thu bao in thoi di ng trn th gii, khong 863,6 triu thu bao s dng cng ngh GSM, 120 triu dng CDMA v 290 triu cn li dng FDMA hoc TDMA. Khi chng ta tin ti 3G, cc h thng GSM v CDMA s tip tc pht trin trong khi TDMA v FDMA s chm dn vo qun lng. Con ng GSM s ti l CDMA bng thng rng (WCDMA) trong khi CDMA s l cdma2000. Ti Vit Nam, th trng di ng trong nhng nm gn y cng ang pht trin vi tc tng i nhanh. Cng vi hai nh cung cp dch v di ng ln nht l Vinaphone v Mobifone, Cng Ty Vin thng Qun i (Vietel), S-fone v
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mi nht l Cng ty c phn Vin thng H Ni v Vin Thng in Lc tham gia vo th trng di ng chc hn s to ra mt s cnh tranh ln gia cc nh cung cp dch v, em li mt s la chn phong ph cho ngi s dng. V vy, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng Vit Nam khng ch s dng cc bin php cnh tranh v gi c m cn phi n lc tng cng s lng dch v v nng cao cht lng dch v chim lnh th phn trong nc . iu c ngha rng hng ti 3G khng phi l mt tng lai xa Vit Nam. Trong s cc nh cung cp dch v di ng Vit Nam, ngoi hai nh cung cp dch v di ng ln nht l Vinaphone v Mobifone, cn c Vietel ang p dng cng ngh GSM v cung cp dch v di ng cho phn ln thu bao di ng Vit Nam. V vy khi tin ln 3G, chc chn hng p dng cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA xy dng h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 phi c xem xt nghin cu. Chng 1: Gii thiu chung qun l ti nguyn v tuyn trong h thng WCDMA. Chng 2 : iu khin cng sut. Chng 3 : Chuyn giao. .

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG QUN L TI NGUYN V TUYN TRONG H THNG WCDMA.
1.1. Mc ch chung ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn Vic qun l ti nguyn v tuyn (RRM) trong mng di ng 3G c nhim v ci thin vic s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn. Cc mc ch ca cng vic qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM c th tm tt nh sau : m bo QoS cho cc dch v khc nhau. Duy tr vng ph sng c hoch nh. Ti u dung lng h thng. Trong cc mng 3G, vic phn b ti nguyn v nh c qu ti ca mng khng cn kh thi na do cc nhu cu khng d on trc v cc yu cu khc nhau ca cc dch v khc nhau. V th, qun l ti nguyn bao gm 2 phn : t cu hnh v t li cu hnh ti nguyn v tuyn. Vic t cu hnh ti nguyn v tuyn c nhim v phn pht ngun ti nguyn mt cch hp l cho cc yu cu mi ang a n h thng cho mng khng b qu ti v duy tr tnh n nh. Tuy nhin, nghn c th xut hin trong mng 3G v s di chuyn ca ngi s dng. Vic t li cu hnh c nhim v cp pht li ngun ti nguyn trong phm vi ca mng khi hin tng nghn bt u xut hin. Chc nng ny c nhim v a h thng b qu ti tr v lu lng ti mc tiu mt cch nhanh chng v c th iu khin c. 1.2. Cc chc nng ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM. Qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c th chia thnh cc chc nng : iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao, iu khin thu nhn, iu khin ti v lp lch cho gi tin. Hnh 3-1 ch ra cc v tr in hnh ca cc chc nng RRM trong phm vi ca mt mng WCDMA.

Hnh 1- Cc v tr in hnh ca cc chc nng RRM trong mng WCDMA

1.2.1. iu khin cng sut. iu khin cng sut l mt cng vic quan trng trong tt c cc h thng di ng v vn tui th ca pin v cc l do an ton, nhng trong cc h thng CDMA, iu khin cng sut l cn thit bi v c im gii hn nhiu ca CDMA. Trong cc h thng GSM, ch p dng iu khin cng sut chm (tn s xp x 2Hz). Trong IS-95, iu khin cng sut nhanh vi tn s 800 hz c h tr ng ln, nhng trn ng xung, mt vng iu khin cng sut tng i chm (xp x 50Hz) iu khin cng sut truyn. Trong WCDMA, iu khin cng sut nhanh vi tn s 1,5KHz c s dng trn c ng ln v ng xung. iu khin cng sut nhanh khp kn l mt vn quan trng ca h thng WCDMA. 1.2.2. iu khin chuyn giao. Chuyn giao l mt phn quan trng ca h thng thng ti di ng t bo. S di chuyn gy ra s bin i cht lng lin kt v cc mc nhiu trong cc h thng t bo, yu cu khi mt ngi s dng c th thay i trm gc phc v n. S thay i ny c gi l chuyn giao. 1.2.3. iu khin thu np. Nu ti giao din v tuyn c cho php tng ln mt cch lin tc, vng ph sng ca cell b gim i di gi tr hoch nh (gi l cell breathing), v QoS ca cc kt ni ang tn ti khng th m bo. Nguyn nhn ca hiu ng cell breathing l v c im gii hn nhiu ca cc h thng CDMA. V th, trc khi thu nhn mt kt ni mi, iu khin thu np cn kim tra xem vic nhn kt ni mi s khng nh hng n vng ph sng hoc QoS ca cc kt ni ang hot ng. iu khin thu np chp nhn hay t chi yu cu thit lp mt b mang truy nhp v
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tuyn trong mng truy nhp v tuyn. Chc nng iu khin thu np c t trong b iu khin mng v tuyn RNC, ni m lu gi thng tin v ti ca mt s cell. Thut ton iu khin thu np tnh ton vic ti tng ln m do s thit lp thm vt mang s gy ra trong mng truy nhp v tuyn. Vic tnh ton ti c p dng cho c ng ln v ng xung. B mang yu cu c th c chp nhn ch khi iu khin thu np trong c 2 chiu chp nhn, nu khng th n b t chi bi v nhiu qu mc c th tng thm trong mng. Nhn chung cc chin lc iu khin thu np c th chia thnh hai loi: chin lc iu khin thu np da vo cng sut bng rng v chin lc iu khin thu np da vo thng lng. Ngi s dng mi khng c chp nhn nu mc nhiu tng th mi to ra cao hn gi tr mc ngng Ithreshold: + T chi : Itotal-old + I > Ithreshold (1.1)

+ Chp nhn : Itotal-old + I < Ithreshold Gi tr ngng ging vi tng nhiu ng ln ln nht v c th c thit lp bi vic quy hoch mng v tuyn.

Hnh 1-2 ng cong ti

Trong chin lc iu khin thu np da vo thng lng, ngi s dng mi khng c thu nhn truy nhp vo mng v tuyn nu ton b ti mi gy ra cao hn gi tr ngng: +T chi :
total-old total-old

+ I> + I<

threshold threshold

+Chp nhn :

(1.2)
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Ch rng vic iu khin thu np c p dng mt cch tch bit trn c ng ln v ng xung, v mi hng c th s dng cc chin lc iu khin thu np khc nhau. 1.2.4. iu khin ti (iu khin nghn). Mt cng c quan trng ca chc nng qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn l m bo cho h thng khng b qu ti v duy tr tnh n nh. Nu h thng c quy hoch mt cch hp l, v cng vic iu khin thu np hot ng tt, cc tnh hung qu ti s b loi tr. Tuy nhin, trong mng di ng, s qu ti mt ni no l khng th trnh khi v cc ti nguyn v tuyn c n nh trc trong mng. Khi qu ti c x l bi iu khin ti, hay cn gi l iu khin nghn, hot ng iu khin ny s tr li cho h thng ti mc tiu, c vch ra trong qu trnh quy hoch mng mt cch nhanh chng v c kh nng iu khin c. Cc hot ng iu khin ti lm gim hay cn bng ti c lit k nh sau: T chi cc lnh cng sut ti trn ng xung nhn t MS.
Gim ch tiu Eb/I0 ng ln s dng bi iu khin cng sut nhanh ng ln.

Thay i kch c ca min chuyn giao mm phc v nhiu ngi s dng hn. Chuyn giao ti sng mang WCDMA khc (mng UMTS khc hay mng GSM). Gim thng lng ca lu lng d liu gi (cc d liu phi thi gian thc). Ngt cc cuc gi trn mt ng iu khin. Hai hot ng u tin l cc hot ng nhanh c thc hin bn trong BS. Cc hot ng ny c th din ra trong mt khe thi gian, ngha l vi mt tn s 1,5KHz, cung cp mt quyn u tin cho cc dch v khc nhau. Hot ng th 3 thay i kch c ca min chuyn giao mm c mt li ch c bit i vi mng gii hn ng xung. Cc phng php iu khin ti khc th chm hn. Chuyn giao bn trong bng tn v chuyn giao bn trong h thng c th khc phc c hin tng qu ti bng cch cn bng ti. Hot ng cui cng l ngt cc ngi s dng dch v thi gian thc (nh l thoi hay d liu chuyn mch knh) gim ti. Hot ng ny ch c s dng ch khi ti ca ton b mng vn rt ln thm ch sau khi cc hot ng iu khin ti khc va c tc dng gim qu ti. Giao din v tuyn WCDMA v yu cu tng ca lu lng phi thi gian thc trong mng 3G em li nhiu s la chn cc hot ng kh thi iu khin tnh hung qu ti, v v th nhu cu ct nhng ngi s dng dch v thi gian thc gim qu ti rt him xy ra.

CHNG 2 :
2.1. Gii thiu chung

IU KHIN CNG SUT

Mc tiu ca vic s dng iu khin cng sut l khc nhau trn ng ln v ng xung. Cc mc tiu ca iu khin cng sut c th tm tt nh sau :

Khc phc hiu ng gn-xa trn ng ln.

Ti u dung lng h thng bng vic iu khin nhiu. Lm tng ti a tui th pin ca u cui di ng. Hnh 2-1 ch ra hiu ng gn-xa trn ng ln. Tn hiu t cc MS khc nhau c truyn i trong cng bng tn mt cch ng thi trong cc h thng WCDMA. Khng c iu khin cng sut, tn hiu n t MS gn vi BS nht c th chn cc tn hiu t cc MS khc cch xa BS hn. Trong tnh hung xu nht, mt MS c cng sut qu ln c th chn ton b mt cell. Gii php l phi p dng iu khin cng sut m bo rng cc tn hiu n t cc u cui khc nhau c cng cng sut hay c cng t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR) khi chng n BS.

Hnh 2-1 Hiu ng gn-xa (iu khin cng sut trn ng ln)

Trn ng xung, khng c hiu ng gn-xa do m hnh mt-ti-nhiu. iu khin cng sut c nhim v b nhiu bn trong cell gy ra bi cc trm di ng, c bit l nhiu gn bin gii ca ca cc cell ny (c ch ra trong hnh 2-2 ). Hn th na, iu khin cng sut trn ng xung c nhim v lm gim thiu ton b nhiu bng cch gi QoS ti mc gi tr mc tiu.

Hnh 2-2 B nhiu bn trong cell (iu khin cng sut ng xung)

Trong hnh 2-2, MS2 phi chu nhiu nhiu bn trong cell hn MS1. V th p ng mc tiu cht lng ging nhau, cn nhiu nng lng cp pht cho cho cc knh ng xung gia BS v MS2. C 3 kiu iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng WCDMA : iu khin cng sut vng m, iu khin cng sut vng kn, v iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi. 2.1.1. iu khin cng sut vng m (Open-loop power control) iu khin cng sut vng m c s dng trong UMTS FDD cho vic thit lp nng lng ban u cho MS. Trm di ng s tnh ton suy hao ng truyn gia cc trm gc v trm di ng bng cch o cng tn hiu nhn s dng mch iu khin tng ch t ng (AGC). Tu theo s tnh ton suy hao ng truyn ny, trm di ng c th quyt nh cng sut pht ng ln ca n. iu khin cng sut vng m c nh hng trong h thng TDD bi v ng ln v ng xung l tng h, nhng khng nh hng nhiu trong cc h thng FDD bi v cc knh ng ln v ng xung hot ng trn cc bng tn khc nhau v hin tng Phadinh Rayleigh trn ng ln v ng xung c lp nhau. Vy iu khin cng sut vng m ch c th b mt cch i khi suy hao do khong cch. l l do ti sao iu khin cng sut vng m ch c s dng nh l vic thit lp nng lng ban u trong h thng FDD. 2.1.2. iu khin cng sut vng kn. iu khin cng sut vng khp kn, c gi l iu khin cng sut nhanh trong cc h thng WCDMA, c nhim v iu khin cng sut pht ca MS (ng ln), hay l cng sut ca trm gc (ng xung) chng li phadinh ca cc knh v tuyn v t c ch tiu t s tn hiu trn nhiu SIR c thit lp bi vng bn ngoi. Chng hn nh trn ng ln, trm gc so snh SIR nhn c t MS vi SIR mc tiu trong mi khe thi gian (0,666ms). Nu SIR nhn c ln hn mc tiu, BS s truyn mt lnh TPC 0 n MS thng qua knh iu khin ring ng xung. Nu SIR nhn c thp hn mc tiu, BS s truyn mt lnh TPC 1 n MS. Bi

v tn s ca iu khin cng sut vng kn rt nhanh nn c th b c phadinh nhanh v c phadinh chm. 2.1.3. iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi cn thit gi cht lng truyn thng ti cc mc yu cu bng cch thit lp mc tiu cho iu khin cng sut vng kn nhanh. Mc ch ca n l cung cp cht lng yu cu. Tn s ca iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi thng l 10-100Hz. iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi so snh cht lng nhn c vi cht lng yu cu. Thng thng, cht lng c nh ngha l t li bit mc tiu xc nh (BER) hay T s li khung (FER). Mi quan h gia SIR mc tiu v mc tiu cht lng tu thuc vo tc di ng v hin trng a ng. Nu cht lng nhn tt hn, c ngha l mc tiu SIR cao m bo QoS yu cu. gim thiu khong trng, mc tiu SIR s phi gim. Tuy nhin, nu cht lng nhn xu hn cht lng yu cu, mc tiu SIR phi tng ln m bo QoS yu cu. 2.2. iu khin cng sut nhanh 2.2.1. li ca iu khin cng sut nhanh iu khin cng sut nhanh trong WCDMA em li nhiu li ch cho h thng. Chng hn i vi dch v m phng c tc 8kbps vi BLER=1% v ghp xen 10ms. S m phng c to ra trong trng hp c hoc khng c iu khin cng sut nhanh vi bc cng sut l 1dB. iu khin cng sut chm c ngha l cng sut trung bnh c gi ti mc mong mun v iu khin cng sut chm hon ton c th b cho nh hng ca suy hao ng truyn v suy hao do cc vt chn, trong khi iu khin cng sut nhanh c th b c cho phadinh nhanh. Phn tp thu hai nhnh c s dng trong Nt B. ITU Vehicular A l mt knh 5 nhnh trong WCDMA, v ITU Pedestrian A l mt knh 2 nhnh trong nhnh th hai rt yu. T s Eb/N0 , v cng sut truyn trung bnh yu cu trong trng hp khng c v c iu khin cng sut nhanh c trnh by trong Bng 2-1 v Bng 2-2
Bng 2-1 Gi tr Eb/N0 yu cu trong trng hp c v khng c iu khin cng sut nhanh iu khin cng sut chm 11.3dB 8.5dB 7.3dB iu khin cng sut nhanh tn s 1.5KHz 5.5Db 6.7dB 6.8dB li ca iu khin cng sut nhanh 5.8dB 1.8dB 0.5dB

ITU PedestrianA 3km/h ITU Vehicular A 3km/h ITU VehicularA 50km/h

Bng 2- Cng sut pht tng i yu cu trong trng hp c v khng c iu khin cng sut nhanh 9

ITU PedestrianA 3km/h ITU Vehicular A 3km/h ITU VehicularA 50km/h

iu khin cng sut chm 11.3dB 8.5dB 7.6dB

iu khin cng sut nhanh tn s 1.5KHz 7.7dB 7.5dB 6.8dB

li ca iu khin cng sut nhanh 3.6dB 1.0dB 0.8dB

Trong 2 bng trn ta thy r li m iu khin cng sut nhanh em li nh sau: li ca cc UE tc thp ln hn cc UE tc cao. li theo t s Eb/I0 yu cu ln hn li cng sut truyn dn. 2.2.2. Phn tp v iu khin cng sut.

Hnh 2-3 Cng sut pht v thu trong 2 nhnh (cng sut khong h trung bnh 0dB,- 10dB) Knh phadinh Rayleigh ti 3km/h

Tm quan trng ca phn tp s c phn tch cng vi iu khin cng sut nhanh. Vi cc UE tc thp, iu khin cng sut nhanh c th b c phadinh ca knh v gi cho mc cng sut thu khng i. Cc nguyn nhn chnh ca cc li trong cng sut thu l do vic tnh ton SIR khng chnh xc, cc li bo hiu v tr trong vng iu khin cng sut. Vic b phadinh gy ra suy gim cng sut truyn dn.Trong Hnh 2-3 l trng hp c t phn tp. S bin i cng sut pht trong trng hp hnh 2-3 cao hn trong trng hp 2-4 do s khc nhau v s lng phn tp. Cc trng hp phn tp nh: phn tp a ng, phn tp anten thu, phn tp anten pht hay phn tp v m. Vi s phn tp t hn th s bin ng ln hn trong cng sut pht, nhng cng sut pht trung bnh cng cao hn. Mc tng cng sut l c nh ngha l t s gia cng sut truyn dn trung bnh trn knh phadinh v trn knh khng c phadinh khi mc cng sut thu ging nhau trn c 2 knh c phadinh v khng c phadinh. Mc tng cng sut c m t trong hnh 2-5

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Hnh 2-4 Cng sut pht v thu trn 3 nhnh (cng sut khong h nh nhau) Knh phadinh Rayleigh ti tc 3km.

Hnh 2-5 Cng sut tng trong knh phadinh vi iu khin cng sut nhanh

Kt qu mc lin kt cho s tng cng sut ng ln th hin trong Bng 2-3. S m phng c thc hin ti cc mc UE khc nhau trn knh ITU pedestrian 2 ng vi cng sut thnh phn a ng t 0 n -12.5dB. Trong s m phng ny cng sut pht v cng sut thu c tp hp trong tng khe. Vi iu khin cng sut l tng, mc tng cng sut l 2,3dB. iu chng t iu khin cng sut nhanh hot ng c hiu qu trong vic b nng lng cho phadinh. Vi cc UE tc cao (>100km/h), mc tng cng sut rt nh do iu khin cng sut nhanh khng th b c phadinh. Mc tng cng sut rt quan trng i vi hiu sut ca cc h thng WCDMA. Trn ng xung, dung lng giao din v tuyn c xc nh trc tip bi cng sut pht yu cu, do cng sut xc nh nhiu truyn. V th, lm tng ti a dung lng ng xung, cng sut pht cn cho mt lin kt phi c gim
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nh. Trn ng xung, mc cng sut thu trong UE khng nh hng n dung lng. Trn ng ln, cng sut pht xc nh tng nhiu n cc cell ln cn, v cng sut thu xc nh tng nhiu n cc UE khc trong cng mt cell. Chng hn nh ch c mt cell WCDMA trong mt vng, dung lng ng ln ca cell ny s c tng ti a bng cch gim ti thiu cng sut thu yu cu, v mc tng cng sut s khng nh hng n dung lng ng ln.
Bng 2- Cc mc tng cng sut c minh ho ca knh ITU Pedestrian A a ng vi phn tp anten. Tc UE 3km/h 10km/h 20km/h 50km/h 140km/h Mc tng cng sut trung bnh 2,1dB 2,0dB 1,6dB 0,8dB 0,2dB

2.2.3. iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm. iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm c hai vn chnh khc nhau trong cc trng hp lin kt n: vn tri cng sut trong Nt B trn ng xung , v pht hin tin cy cc lnh iu khin cng sut ng ln trong UE. 2.2.3.1. S tri cng sut ng xung. S tri cng sut l trng hp xy ra khi thc hin chuyn giao mm m UE gi mt lnh n iu khin cng sut pht ng xung n tt c cc Nt B trong tp hp tch cc. Cc Nt B s pht hin cc lnh ny mt cch c lp, bi v cc lnh ny s khng c kt hp trong cc b iu khin mng RNC do s gy ra nhiu tr v bo hiu trong mng. Chnh v cc li bo hiu trn giao din v tuyn, cc Nt B s pht hin cc lnh iu khin cng sut theo cc cch khc nhau. C th mt Nt B s lm gim cng sut pht ca n ti UE, mt Nt B khc c th li tng mc cng sut pht ti UE. S khc nhau dn n tnh hung cng sut ng xung bt u tri theo hng khc nhau. Hin tng gi l tri cng sut. Hin tng tri cng sut l khng mong mun, bi v n lm gim hiu sut chuyn giao ng xung. Vn ny c th c iu khin bi RNC. Phng php n gin nht l thit lp gii hn tng i nghim ngt cho khong bin ng cng sut ng xung. Gii hn ny cho cng sut pht c th ca cc UE. R rng khong bin ng iu khin cng sut cho php cng nh th tri cng sut ln nht cng nh. Mt khc khong bin i iu khin cng sut thng ci thin hiu sut iu khin cng sut.

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Trocog i n su t a

1 t B Nu t t ha tp ua gs n Co Leh ie khie cog sua n u n n t n t e ca NuB UE n hai t

Nu B1 t 1. Phah n leh cog su t n xuog t ie n n a g n 2. ie ch c la cog suag u nh o p n t n xuog so vca Nu B kha n i c t c = Cog su t tru n co trotg > n a ye the i n pha n

Co n g sua p t ha t t Nu t B 2

Nu B2 t

RNC ie kh n u ie trocog su t i n a

Hnh 2-6 Tri cng sut ng xung trong chuyn giao mm

NuB1 t 1. Tnh toa Eb/No cu tn hie g le n a u n n o la vca NuB kha c p i c t c 2. Gleh ie khie cog suae UE i n u n n t n = Hai NuB kh c nhau co g ca leh > t a the i c n ie khie cog suakha nhau tUE u n n t c i

Kie tra o m tin ca y

n h Le

t a su ng o c n 1 n hie e uk n l ie g

UE

Le n h i e u khie ng c n l e o n ng s 2 ua t

UE co gia cog suapha the m n t t ne co nhamoleh ie u t t t n u khie cog suatin ca e no n n t y n RNC NuB2 t

Hnh 2-7 Kim tra tin cy ca iu khin cng sut ng ln ti UE trong chuyn giao mm

Mt cch khc gim s tri cng sut. RNC c th nhn thng tin t cc Nt B v cc mc cng sut pht ca kt ni chuyn giao mm. Cc mc ny c tnh trung bnh trn mt s cc lnh iu khin cng sut, v d nh trong 500ms, hay trn 750 lnh iu khin cng sut. Da vo cc thng s o c ny, RNC c th gi cc gi tr tham kho v cng sut pht ng xung ti cc Nt B. Cc Nt B ang thc hin chuyn giao mm s dng cc gi tr tham kho ny cho vic iu khin cng
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sut ng xung cho cc kt ni gim hin tng tri cng sut. Nh vy cn mt s hiu chnh nh mang tnh nh k hng ti cng sut tham kho. Kch c hiu chnh ny t l thun vi chnh lch gia cng sut pht thc t v cng sut pht tham kho. Phng php ny s gim bt hin tng tri cng sut. S tri cng sut ch xy ra nu c iu khin cng sut nhanh trn ng xung. Trong IS-95 ch c iu khin cng sut chm trn ng xung nn khng cn phng php iu khin s tri cng sut ng xung. 2.2.3.2. tin cy ca cc lnh iu khin cng sut ng ln. Tt c cc Nt B trong tp hp tch cc gi mt lnh iu khin cng sut c lp n cc UE iu khin cng sut pht ng ln. Ch cn mt trong cc Nt B trong tp hp tch cc nhn ng tn hiu ng ln l . V th UE c th gim cng sut pht nu mt trong cc Nt B gi cc lnh cng sut xung. C th p dng s kt hp theo t s ln nht cc bit d liu trong chuyn giao mm ti UE do d liu ging nhau c gi t tt c cc Nt B thc hin chuyn giao mm, nhng s kt hp ny khng p dng cho cc bit iu khin cng sut v n cha thng tin khc nhau i vi mi Nt B trong tp hp tch cc. V th tin cy ca cc bit iu khin cng sut khng tt bng cc bit d liu, v ti UE, mt ngng c s dng kim tra tin cy ca cc lnh iu khin cng sut. Cc lnh khng ng tin cy phi c hu b v chng b hng do nhiu. 2.2.3.3. Ci thin cht lng bo hiu iu khin cng sut . Cht lng bo hiu iu khin cng sut c th c ci thin bng cch thit lp mt cng sut cao hn cho cc knh iu khin vt l ring (DPCCH) so vi mc cng sut ca knh d liu vt l ring (DPDCH) trn ng xung nu nh UE ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm. chnh lch cng sut gia hai knh ny c th khc cho cc cho cc loi knh DPCCH khc nhau nh: cc bit iu khin cng sut, cc bit pilot v TFCI. gim cng sut pht UE thng thng c th t c ti 0,5dB vi s chnh lch cng sut ny. gim ny c th t c do cht lng ca bo hiu iu khin cng sut c ci thin. 2.3. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi cn gi cht lng thng tin cc mc yu cu bng vic thit lp mc tiu cho vic iu khin cng sut nhanh. Mc ch ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi l cung cp cht lng t yu cu. Cht lng qu cao s tn rt nhiu dung lng. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi cn thit trn c ng ln v ng xung. Vng ngoi ng ln c t trong RNC cn vng bn
14

ngoi ng xung t trong UE. Trong IS-95, iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ch s dng trn ng ln v khng c iu khin cng sut nhanh trn ng xung. Cht lng ng ln nhn c sau khi kt hp phn tp v m trong RNC v SIR mc tiu c gi n cc Nt B. Tn s ca iu khin cng sut nhanh l 1,5KHz v tn s iu khin cng sut vng ngoi thng t 10-100Hz. 2.3.1. li ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi. SIR mc tiu cn phi c iu chnh khi tc ca UE hoc mi trng truyn sng a ng thay i. SIR mc tiu chnh l Eb/N0. Kt qu m phng vi cc dch v thoi a tc thch nghi AMR v BLER=1% c ch ra trong bng 2-4 s dng iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.
Bng 2- Kt qu m phng dch v AMR , BLER= 1%, s dng iu khin cng sut vng ngoi Hin trng a ng Khng phadinh ITU Pedestrian A ITU Pedestrian A ITU Pedestrian A ITU Pedestrian A Cng sut bng nhau trn Cng sut bng nhau trn Cng sut bng nhau trn Cng sut bng nhau trn Tc UE 3 km/h 20 km/h 50 km/h 120 km/h 3 km/h 20 km/h 50 km/h 120 km/h Mc tiu Eb/N0 trung bnh 5.3dB 5.9dB 6.8dB 6.8dB 7.1dB 6.0dB 6.4dB 6.4dB 6.9dB

3 ng 3 ng 3 ng 3 ng

C 3 loi a ng c s dng: knh khng c phadinh tng ng vi phn t LOS kho, knh phadinh ITU pedestrian A, v knh phadinh 3 ng vi cng sut trung bnh bnh ng ca cc phn t a ng. Gi s khng c phn tp anten y. Mc tiu Eb/N0 trung bnh thp nht cn trong cc knh khng phadinh v mc tiu cao nht i vi knh ITU Pedestrian A vi cc UE tc cao. Kt qu ny cho thy rng mc cng sut thay i cng sut thu cng cao, th mc tiu Eb/N0 cn thit t c cng cht lng cng cao hn. Nu ta chn mc tiu Eb/N0 c nh l 5.3dB theo knh tnh, v tc li khung ca kt ni s qu cao trong cc knh phadinh v cht lng thoi s gim i. Nu chn mc tiu Eb/N0 c nh 7.1dB, th cht lng tt nhng cng sut cao khng cn thit s c s c s dng trong hu ht cc trng hp. Chng ta c th kt lun r rng cn iu chnh mc tiu ca iu khin cng sut vng kn nhanh theo iu khin cng sut vng ngoi. 2.3.2. Tnh ton cht lng thu.

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Mt s phng php o cht lng thu s c gii thiu trong phn ny. Mt phng php n gin v ng tin cy l s dng kt qu ca vic pht hin likim tra d tha tun hon CRC pht hin c li hay khng. u im ca CRC : l mt b pht hin li khung rt tin cy v n gin. Phng php da vo CRC rt ph hp vi cc dch v cho php xut hin li, t nht l mt li trong vi giy, nh l cc dch v d liu gi phi thi gian thc trong tc li block c th ln ti 10-20% trc khi truyn li v cc dch v thoi vi BLER=1% cung cp cht lng t yu cu. Vi cc b m/gii m thoi a tc thch nghi (AMR) khong chn l 20ms v BLER=1% ,tng ng vi mt li trong 2 giy. Cht lng thu c th c tnh ton da vo thng tin v tin cy ca khung mm. Nhng thng tin c th l: Tc li bit (BER) c tnh ton trc b m ho knh, c gi l BER th v BER knh vt l. Thng tin mm t b gii m Viterbi vi cc m xon. Thng tin mm t b gii m Turbo, v d nh BER hay BLER sau s lp li gii m trung gian.
Eb/N0 thu c.

Cc thng tin mm cn thit i vi cc dch v cht lng cao. BER th c s dng nh l thng tin mm qua giao din Iub. S tnh ton cht lng c minh ho trong hnh 3-10

Hnh 2-8 Tnh ton cht lng trong vng ngoi ti RNC

2.3.3. Thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi. Mt trong cc thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi l da vo kt qu kim tra d liu CRC v c th c c trng bi cc m gi. Thut ton ny nh sau:

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IF CRC check OK Step_down = BLER_target * Step_size; Eb/N0_target(n+1) = Eb/N0_target(n) Step_down; ELSE Step_up =Step_size BLER_target * Step_size; Eb/N0_target(n+1) = Eb/N0_target(n) + Step_up; END Trong : Eb/N0_target(n): Eb/N0 mc tiu trong khung n, BLER_target l BLER mc tiu cho cuc gi, Step_size l mt thng s kch c bc, thng bng 0.3-0.5dB.

Nu BLER ca kt ni l mt hm gim u ca Eb/N0 mc tiu, th thut ton ny s cho kt qu l BLER bng vi BLER mc tiu nu cuc gi di. Thng s kch c bc xc nh tc hi t ca thut ton n mc tiu mong mun v cng xc nh tng ph gy ra bi thut ton. Theo nguyn tc, kch c bc cng cao s hi t cng nhanh v tng ph cng cao. Hnh 3-11 a ra mt v d m t hot ng ca thut ton vi BLER mc tiu l 1% v kch c bc l 0.5dB.

Hnh 2-9 Eb/N0 mc tiu trong knh ITU Pedestrian A, b m ho/gii m thoi AMR, BLER mc tiu 1%, bc 0,5dB, tc 3km/h.

2.3.4. Cc dch v cht lng cao Dch v cht lng cao vi BLER rt thp (<10-3) c yu cu h tr bi cc mng th h 3. Li trong cc dch v ny thng khng ng k. Nu BLER yu cu = 10-3 v rng chn l 40ms, mt li xut hin trong 40s(=40/10 -3 ms). Nu cht lng thu c tnh ton da trn cc li pht hin c bi cc bit CRC, s iu chnh Eb/N0 mc tiu rt chm v s hi t ca Eb/N0 mc tiu n gi tr ti u rt lu. V th, i vi cc dch v cht lng cao, thng tin tin cy khung mm em li nhiu u im. Thng tin mm c th nhn c t mi khung d l chng khng c li.
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2.3.5. Gii hn bin ng iu khin cng sut . Ti sn ca vng hi t, UE c th t ti cng sut pht ln nht ca n. Trong trng hp BLER thu c c th cao hn mong mun, nu chng ta p dng trc tip thut ton vng ngoi nu, th SIR mc tiu ng ln s tng. Vic tng SIR mc tiu khng ci thin cht lng ng ln nu nh Nt B ch gi cc lnh tng cng sut ( power-up) ti UE. Trong trng hp hp Eb/N0 mc tiu c th cao qu mc cn thit. Khi UE tr v gn vi Nt B hn, cht lng ca kt ni ng ln cao qu mc cn thit trc khi vng ngoi h thp Eb/N0 mc tiu tr v gi tr ti u. Trong v d ny, cc dch v thoi a tc thch nghi (AMR) c chn 20ms c minh ho s dng thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi nu. Trong s dng BLER mc tiu l 1% v kch c bc l 0.5dB.Vi bin ng cng sut ln nht, mt li phi xut hin trong 2 giy cung cp BLER l 1% vi khong ghp chn l 20ms. Cng sut pht ln nht ca UE l 125mW, tc l 21dBm. Vn tng t c th xut hin nu UE t ti cng sut pht nh nht. Trong trng hp , Eb/N0 mc tiu s tr thnh thp qu mc cn thit. Cc vn ging nhau c th xut hin trn ng xung nu cng sut ca kt ni ng xung ang s dng l gi tr nh nht hay ln nht. Cc vn vng ngoi t s bin ng iu khin cng sut c th trnh c bng cch thit lp mt gii hn nghim ngt cho Eb/N0 mc tiu hoc bi cc thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi thng minh. Nhng thut ton s tng Eb/N0 mc tiu nu vic tng BLER khng ci thin cht lng. 2.3.6. a dch v. Mt trong cc yu cu c bn ca UMTS l c th ghp mt s cc dch v trn mt kt ni vt l n. Khi tt c cc dch v c cng mt hot ng iu khin cng sut chung, th s c duy nht mc tiu chung cho iu khin cng sut nhanh. Thng s ny phi c chn theo dch v c yu cu mc tiu cao nht. Nh vy nu vic kt hp c cc tc khc nhau p dng trn lp 1 cung cp cc cht lng khc nhau, th khng c s khc nhau ln gia cc mc tiu yu cu. 2.3.7. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng xung. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng xung hot ng ti UE. Mng c th iu khin mt cch hiu qu ngay c khi n khng iu khin thut ton vng ngoi ng xung. Trc ht, mng thit lp mc tiu cht lng cho mi kt ni ng xung, mc tiu c th c hiu chnh trong khi kt ni.

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 Th hai, Nt B khng cn phi tng cng sut ng xung ca kt ni ngay

c khi UE gi knh tng cng sut (power-up). Mng c th iu khin cht lng ca cc kt ni ng xung khc nhau rt nhanh bng cch khng tun theo cc lnh iu khin cng sut t UE. Phng php ny c th c s dng c th c s dng chng hn nh trong trng hp qu ti ng xung gim cng sut ng xung ca cc kt ni c mc u tin thp, nh l cc dch v kiu nn. Vic gim cng sut ng xung c th din ra ti tn s ca ng ln cng sut nhanh l 1.5KHz.

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CHNG 3 :

CHUYN GIAO

3.1. Khi qut v chuyn giao trong cc h thng thng tin di ng. Cc mng di ng cho php ngi s dng c th truy nhp cc dch v trong khi di chuyn nn c thut ng t do cho cc thit b u cui. Tuy nhin tnh t do ny gy ra mt s khng xc nh i vi cc h thng di ng. S di ng ca cc ngi s dng u cui gy ra mt s bin i ng c trong cht lng lin kt v mc nhiu, ngi s dng i khi cn yu cu thay i trm gc phc v. Qu trnh ny c gi l chuyn giao . Chuyn giao l mt phn cn thit cho vic x l s di ng ca ngi s dng u cui. N m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v v tuyn khi ngi s dng di ng di chuyn t qua ranh gii cc t bo. Trong cc h thng t bo th h th nht nh AMPS, vic chuyn giao tng i n gin. Sang h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 nh GSM v PACS th c nhiu cch c bit hn bao gm cc thut ton chuyn giao c kt hp cht ch trong cc h thng ny v tr chuyn giao tip tc c gim i. Khi a ra cng ngh CDMA, mt tng khc c ngh ci thin qu trnh chuyn giao c gi l chuyn giao mm. 3.1.1. Cc kiu chuyn giao trong cc h thng WCDMA 3G. C 4 kiu chuyn giao trong cc mng di ng WCDMA. l:
Chuyn giao bn trong h thng (Intra-system HO): Chuyn giao bn trong h

thng xut hin trong phm vi mt h thng. N c th chia nh thnh chuyn giao bn trong tn s (Intra-frequency HO) v chuyn giao gia cc tn s (Interfrequency HO). Chuyn giao trong tn s xut hin gia cc cell thuc cng mt sng mang WCDMA, cn chuyn giao gia cc tn s xut hin gia cc cell hot ng trn cc sng mang WCDMA khc nhau.
Chuyn giao gia cc h thng (Inter-system HO): Kiu chuyn giao ny xut

hin gia cc cell thuc v 2 cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau (RAT) hay Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau (RAM). Trng hp ph bin nht cho kiu u tin dng chuyn giao gia cc h thng WCDMA v GSM/EDGE. Chuyn giao gia 2 h thng CDMA cng thuc kiu ny. Mt v d ca chuyn giao Inter-RAM l gia cc ch UTRA FDD v UTRA TDD.
Chuyn giao cng (HHO- Hard Handover): HHO l mt loi th tc chuyn giao

trong tt c cc lin kt v tuyn c ca mt my di ng c gii phng trc

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khi cc lin kt v tuyn mi c thit lp. i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, th iu c ngha l c mt s gin on ngn xy ra, cn i vi cc dch v phi thi gian thc th HHO khng nh hng g. Chuyn giao cng din ra nh l chuyn giao trong cng tn s v chuyn giao ngoi tn s.
Chuyn giao mm (SHO) v chuyn giao mm hn(Softer HO): Trong sut qu

trnh chuyn giao mm, mt my di ng ng thi giao tip vi c 2 hoc nhiu cell ( i vi c 2 loi chuyn giao mm) thuc v cc trm gc khc nhau ca cng mt b iu khin mng v tuyn (intra-RNC) hoc cc b iu khin mng v tuyn khc nhau (inter-RNC). Trn ng xung (DL), my di ng nhn cc tn hiu kt hp vi t s ln nht. Trn ng ln (UL), knh m di ng c tch sng bi c 2 BS (i vi c 2 kiu SHO), v c nh tuyn dn b iu khin v tuyn cho s kt hp la chn. Hai vng iu khin cng sut tch cc u tham gia vo chuyn giao mm: mi vng cho mt BS. Trong trng hp chuyn giao mm hn, mt my di ng c iu khin bi t nht 2 sector trong cng mt BS, RNC khng quan tm v ch c mt vng iu khin cng sut hot ng. Chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao mm hn ch c th xy ra trong mt tn s sng mang, do chng l cc qu trnh chuyn giao trong cng tn s. Hnh 3-13 ch ra cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau.

Hnh 3-1 Cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau

3.1.2. Cc mc ch ca chuyn giao. Chuyn giao c th c khi to t 3 cch khc khc nhau: my di ng khi xng, mng khi xng v my di ng h tr.

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 My di ng khi xng: My di ng tin hnh o cht lng, chn ra cc BS

v b chuyn mch tt nht, vi s h tr ca mng. Kiu chuyn giao ny nhn chung to ra mt cht lng lin kt ngho nn c o bi my di ng.
Mng khi xng: BS tin hnh o c v bo co vi b iu khin mng RNC,

RNC s a ra quyt nh liu c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng. Chuyn giao do mng khi xng c thc hin cho cc mc ch khc ngoi vic iu khin lin kt v tuyn, chng hn nh iu khin phn b lu lng gia cc cell. Mt v d ca trng hp ny l chuyn giao vi l do lu lng (TRHO) c iu khin bi BS. TRHO l mt thut ton thay i ngng chuyn giao cho mt hay nhiu s ri i sang cell lin k t mt cell c th tu thuc vo ti ca cell . Nu ti ca cell ny vt qu mc cho trc, v ti cell ln cn di mt mc cho trc khc, th cell ngun s thu hp li vng ph sng ca n, chuyn lu lng n cell ln cn. V th, tc nghn (block) tng th b gim i, tn dng tt hn ngun ti nguyn cc cell.
H tr my di ng: Trong phng php ny c mng v my di ng u tin

hnh o c. My di ng bo co kt qu o c t cc BS gn n v mng s quyt nh c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng. Cc mc ch ca chuyn giao c th tm tt nh sau: m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v v tuyn khi ngi s dng di ng di chuyn qua ranh gii ca cc t bo. Gi cho QoS m bo mc yu cu. Lm gim nh mc nhiu trong ton b h thng bng cch gi cho my di ng c kt ni vi BS tt nht. Roaming gia cc mng khc nhau Cn bng ti. S khi xng cho mt qu trnh chuyn giao c th bt ngun t cht lng dch v ca lin kt (UL hoc DL), s thay i ca dch v, s thay i tc , cc l do lu lng hoc s can thit vn hnh v bo dng. 3.1.3. Cc th tc v php o c chuyn giao. Th tc chuyn giao c th chia thnh 3 pha : o c, quyt nh, v thc thi chuyn giao. Trong pha o c chuyn giao, cc thng tin cn thit a ra quyt nh chuyn giao c o c. Cc thng s cn o thc hin bi my thng l t s E c/I02 (Ec: l nng lng knh hoa tiu trn mt chip, v I0 : l mt ph cng sut nhiu tng th) ca knh hoa tiu chung (CPICH) ca cell ang phc v my di ng v
22

ca cc cell ln cn. i vi cc kiu chuyn giao xc nh, cn o cc thng s khc. Trong mng khng ng b UTRA FDD (WCDMA ), cc thng s nh thi lin quan gia cc cell cn c o iu chnh vic nh thi truyn dn trong chuyn giao mm thc hin vic kt hp thng nht trong b thu Rake. Mt khc, s truyn dn gia cc BS khc nhau s kh kt hp, c bit l hot ng iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm s phi chu nh hng ca tr b sung. Trong pha quyt nh chuyn giao, kt qu o c so snh vi cc ngng xc nh v sau s quyt nh c bt u chuyn giao hay khng. Cc thut ton khc nhau c iu kin khi to chuyn giao khc nhau. Trong pha thc thi, qu trnh chuyn giao c hon thnh v cc thng s lin quan c thay i tu theo cc kiu chuyn giao khc nhau. Chng hn nh, trong pha thc thi ca chuyn giao mm, my di ng s thc hin hoc ri b trng thi chuyn giao mm, mt BS mi s c b sung hoc gii phng, tp hp cc BS ang hot ng s c cp nht v cng sut ca mi knh lin quan n chuyn giao mm c iu chnh. 3.2. Chuyn giao trong cng tn s. 3.2.1. Chuyn giao mm Chuyn giao mm ch c trong cng ngh CDMA. So vi chuyn giao cng thng thng, chuyn giao mm c mt s u im. Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s cc hn ch v s phc tp v vic tiu th ti nguyn tng ln. Vic quy hoch chuyn giao mm ban u l mt trong cc phn c bn ca ca vic hoch nh v ti u mng v tuyn. Trong phn ny s trnh by nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm. 3.2.1.1. Nguyn l chuyn giao mm. Chuyn giao mm khc vi qu trnh chuyn giao cng truyn thng. i vi chuyn giao cng, mt quyt nh xc nh l c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng v my di ng ch giao tip vi mt BS ti mt thi im. i vi chuyn giao mm, mt quyt nh c iu kin c to ra l c thc hin chuyn giao hay khng. Tu thuc vo s thay i cng tn hiu knh hoa tiu t hai hay nhiu trm gc c lin quan, mt quyt nh cng cui cng s c to ra giao tip vi duy nht 1 BS. iu ny thng din ra sau khi tn hiu n t mt BS chc chn s mnh hn cc tn hiu n t BS khc. Trong thi k chuyn tip ca chuyn giao mm, MS giao tip ng thi vi cc BS trong tp hp tch cc (Tp hp tch cc l danh sch cc cell hin ang c kt ni vi MS). Hnh 3-2 ch ra s khc nhau c bn ca chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm.
23

Hnh 3-2 S so snh gia chuyn giao cng v chuyn giao mm.

Qu trnh chuyn giao mm khc nhau trn cc hng truyn dn khc nhau. Hnh 3-3 minh ho iu ny. Trn ng ln, MS pht tn hiu vo khng trung nh anten a hng ca n. Hai BS trong tp hp tch cc c th ng thi nhn tn hiu nh h s s dng li tn s cc h thng CDMA. Sau , cc tn hiu c chuyn n b iu khin mng v tuyn RNC cho s kt hp c chn la. Khung tt hn c chn v nhng khung khc th b loi b. V th trn ng ln khng cn c knh m rng h tr chuyn giao mm. Trn ng xung, cc tn hiu tng t cng c pht ra nh cc BS v MS c th kt hp cc tn hiu t cc BS khc nhau khi n pht hin thy cc tn hiu l cc thnh phn a ng b sung. Thng th s dng chin lc kt hp c t s ln nht, vic ny s tng thm li ch c gi l phn tp v m.Tuy nhin, h tr chuyn giao mm trn ng xung, cn thit t nht mt knh ng xung m rng (i vi c 2 loi chuyn giao mm). Knh ng xung m rng tc ng ti ngi s dng khc nh l nhiu b sung trn giao din v tuyn. V th h tr chuyn giao mm trn ng xung cn nhiu ti nguyn hn. Kt qu l, trn ng xung, hiu sut ca chuyn giao mm ph thuc s iu chnh gia h s tng ch phn tp v m v s tiu tn ti nguyn tng thm.

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Hnh 3-3 Nguyn l ca chuyn giao mm

3.2.1.2. Cc thut ton ca chuyn giao mm Hiu sut ca chuyn giao mm thng lin quan n thut ton. Hnh 3-4 a ra thut ton chuyn giao mm ca IS-95A (cn gi l thut ton cdmaOne n gin).

Hnh 3-4 Thut ton chuyn giao mm IS-95A (1) Ec/I0 pilot vt qu T_ADD, MS gi thng ip o cng pilot (PSMM) v truyn tn hiu pilot n tp hp ng c. (2) BS gi mt thng ip iu khin chuyn giao (HDM). (3) MS chuyn tn hiu pilot n tp hp tch cc v gi thng ip hon thnh chuyn giao (HCM- Handover Completion Message). (4) Ec/I0 pilot xung di mc T_DROP, MS bt u b nh thi ngt chuyn giao. (5) B nh thi ngt chuyn giao kt thc hot ng. MS gi mt PSMM. (6) BS gi mt HDM. (7) MS gi mt tn hiu pilot t tp hp tch cc n tp hp ln cn v gi HCM.

Tp hp tch cc l mt danh sch cc cell hin ang c kt ni vi MS; tp hp ng c l danh sch cc cell hin khng c s dng trong kt ni chuyn giao mm,
25

nhng gi tr Ec/I0 pilot ca chng b sung vo tp hp tch cc; Tp hp ln cn (tp hp gim st) l danh sch cc cell m MS lin tc kim o, nhng gi tr E c/I0 pilot ca chng khng b sung vo tp hp tch cc. Trong IS-95A, ngng chuyn giao l mt gi tr c nh ca E c/I0 pilot nhn c. N c th d dng thc hin, nhng kh khn trong vic x l s thay i ti ng. Da vo thut ton ca IS-95A, mt vi thut ton cdmaOne c hiu chnh c xut cho IS-95B v cdma2000 vi s bin i ng ch khng phi ngng c nh. Trong h thng WCDMA, s dng thut ton phc tp hn nhiu, c minh ho trong hnh 3-5.

Hnh 3-5 Thut ton chuyn giao mm trong WCDMA Trong : Reporting_range l ngng cho chuyn giao mm. Hysteresis_event1A l tr b sung Hysteresis_event1B l tr loi b Hysteresis_event1C l tr thay th Reporting_range Hysteresis_event1A c gi l Window_add Reporting_range + Hysteresis_event1B c gi l Window_drop

T : l khong thi gian khi xng. pilot_Ec/I0 :cht lng c lc v c o Ec/I0 ca CPICH; Best_pilot_Ec/I0 l cell c o v c cng mnh nht trong tp hp tch cc; Best_candidate_pilot_Ec/I0 l cell c o c cng mnh nht trong tp hp gim st.
26

Worst_candidate_pilot_Ec/I0 l cell c o c cng yu nht trong tp hp tch cc. Tp hp tch cc Active Set : L tp hp cc cell c kt ni chuyn giao mm vi UE. Tp hp ln cn/ tp hp gim st (Neighbour set/Monitored set): L danh sch cc cell m UE lin tip o, nhng pilot_Ec/I0 khng mnh b sung vo tp hp tch cc.

Trong thut ton chuyn giao mm ca WCDMA, s dng ngng tng i ch khng phi ngng tuyt i. So vi IS-95A, li ch ln nht ca thut ton trong WCDMA ny s tham s ho d dng m khng cn iu chnh cc thng s cho cc vng nhiu thp v cao do cc ngng tng i. 3.2.1.3. Cc c im ca chuyn giao mm. So vi phng thc chuyn giao cng truyn thng, chuyn giao mm c nhng u im r rng, nh loi tr hiu ng ping-pong v to ra s lin tc trong truyn dn (khng c ngt qung trong chuyn giao mm). Khng c hiu ng ping-pong c ngha l ti trong bo hiu mng thp hn v trong chuyn giao mm, th khng c suy hao d liu do truyn dn b ngt nh trong chuyn giao cng. Ngoi iu khin di ng, cn c mt l do khc thc hin chuyn giao mm trong WCDMA; cng vi iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao mm cng c s dng nh l mt c cu gim nhiu. Hnh 3-6 ch ra 2 m hnh. Trong hnh (a), ch s dng iu khin cng sut, trong hnh (b) s dng c iu khin cng sut v chuyn giao mm.

Hnh 3-6 S suy gim nhiu do c chuyn giao mm trong UL 27

Gi s rng MS di chuyn t BS1 n BS2. Ti v tr hin ti tn hiu pilot nhn c t BS2 mnh hn t BS1. iu ny c ngha l BS2 tt hn BS1. Trong hnh (a) vng iu khin cng sut tng nng lng pht n MS m bo QoS trn ng ln khi MS di chuyn ra xa khi BS phc v ca n, BS1. Trong hnh (b), MS ang trong trng thi chuyn giao mm: c BS 1 v BS2 u ng thi lng nghe MS. Sau tn hiu nhn c chuyn n RNC kt hp. Trn ng ln, s kt hp chn la c s dng trong chuyn giao mm. Khung khe hn c chn la v khung yu hn b loi b. Bi v BS 2 tt hn BS1, p ng QoS mc tiu, cng sut pht c yu cu t MS thp hn cng sut cn thit trong m hnh (a). V th, nhiu c to ra bi MS ny trn ng ln tht hn khi c chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao mm lun gi cho MS c kt ni vi BS tt nht. Trn ng xung, tnh hung phc tp hn. Mc d vic kt hp theo h s ln nht em li li phn tp macro, vn yu cu cc knh ng xung m rng h tr chuyn giao mm. 3.2.2. Li ch lin kt chuyn giao mm. Mc ch u tin ca chuyn giao mm l em li mt s chuyn giao khng b ngt qung v lm cho h thng hot ng tt. iu ch c th t c nh 3 li ch ca c cu chuyn giao mm nh sau: li phn tp v m: li ch phn tp nh phadinh chm v s st t ngt ca cng tn hiu do cc nguyn nhn chng hn nh s di chuyn ca UE vng quanh mt gc. li phn tp vi m: li phn tp nh phadinh nhanh. Vic chia s ti ng xung: Mt UE khi chuyn giao mm thu cng sut t nhiu Nt B, iu cho thy cng sut pht ln nht n UE trong khi chuyn giao mm X-way c nhn vi h s X, ngha l vng ph c m rng. Ba li ch ny ca chuyn giao mm c th ci thin vng ph v dung lng mng WCDMA. Tip theo s cp n kt qu ca cc li ch chuyn giao mm phn tp vi m thu c t bng cc cng c m phng mc lin kt. Nhng li ch c trnh by lin quan n trng hp chuyn giao cng l tng, trong UE c th c kt ni ti Nt B vi t s Ec/I0 pilot cao nht. Trong hnh 3-7, gim ln nht ca cng sut pht UE do chuyn giao mm thu c l 1.8dB nu suy hao ng truyn c 2 Nt B ging nhau. Nu s khc nhau v suy hao ng truyn n 2 Nt B rt ln, th v mt l thuyt khng bao gi nn tng cng sut pht UE khi khng c nng lng b sung nhng li c nhiu Nt B c d tm tn hiu. Thc t, nu chnh lch suy hao ng truyn rt ln th chuyn giao mm c th lm tng cng sut pht UE. Vic tng ny gy ra do cc li bo hiu
28

ca cc lnh iu khin cng sut ng ln c pht trn lin kt ng xung. Nhng thng th Nt B s khng nm trong tp hp tch cc ca UE nu suy hao ng truyn n Nt B no ln hn 3-6dB so vi suy hao ng truyn ti Nt B kho nht trong tp hp tch cc ca UE. Trn ng xung, li chuyn giao mm ln nht l 2.3dB (hnh 3-8) anten trn ng xung v v th m ng xung khng cn nhiu li chuyn giao mm phn tp vi m.

Hnh 3-7 li chuyn giao mm ca cng sut pht ng ln(gi tr dng = li, gi tr m = suy hao)

Trn ng xung, chuyn giao mm gy ra tng cng sut pht ng xung yu cu nu nh chnh lch suy hao ng truyn ln hn nhiu 4-5dB (i vi v d ny). Trong trng hp , UE khng nhn c li no ca tn hiu pht t Nt B vi suy hao ln nht. V th cng sut pht t Nt B n UE s ch bin thnh nhiu trong mng.

Hnh 3-8 li chuyn giao mm trong cng sut pht ng xung (Gi tr dng = li, m =suy hao) 29

Kt qu m phng cng cung cp cc gi tr Window_add v Window_drop. Cc gi tr in hnh ca cc thng s ny nh trong Bng 3-1.
Bng 3-1 Cc gi tr ca ca s. Window_add 1 - 3dB Window_drop 2 - 5dB

3.2.3. Tng ph ca chuyn giao mm Tng ph ca chuyn giao mm c s dng nh gi cht lng ca hot ng chuyn giao mm trong mt mng. Tng ph chuyn giao mm c xc nh nh sau:
= nPn 1
n =1 N

(3.2)

Trong , N l kch c tp hp tch cc v Pn l xc sut trung bnh ca UE ang thc hin chuyn giao mm n_ng (n_way). Chuyn giao mm one_way l trng hp, UE kt ni ti mt Nt B, two_way c ngha l UE c kt ni ti 2 Nt B c ch ra trong hnh 3-9. i vi mt kt ni gia UE v Nt B yu cu ti nguyn bng c bn logic, vic d tr dung lng pht trn giao din Iub, mt ngun ti nguyn RNC, nn tng ph ca chuyn giao mm cng c th nh l vic o ti nguyn truyn dn/phn cng cn b sung thc thi chuyn giao mm. Vic hoch nh mng v tuyn c nhim v thit lp cc thng s chuyn giao thch hp v quy hoch cc site tng ph ca chuyn giao mm trong khong 20-40% i vi li cell chun su cnh vi 3 sector site. Nu tng ph chuyn giao mm vt qu gii hn cho php th s dn n gim dung lng ng xung. Trn ng xung, mi kt ni chuyn giao mm u lm tng nhiu cho mng. Khi mc tng nhiu vt qu mc li phn tp, chuyn giao mm khng em li bt c li ch no cho hiu sut ca h thng. Tng ph chuyn giao mm c th c iu chnh bng vic chn hp l cc thng s Window_add, Window_drop, v kch c tp hp tch cc. Tuy nhin cng c mt s cc yu t nh hng n tng ph chuyn giao mm m khng th kim sot c bng vic thit lp cc thng s chuyn giao mm, nh: Cu hnh mng: Cc site c t lin quan n nhau nh th no, s sector trn mt site Cc m hnh bc x ca anten Nt B. Cc c im suy hao ng truyn v phadinh che khut. S cc Nt B trung bnh m UE c th ng b c.
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Hnh 3-9 Tng ph chuyn giao mm

3.2.4. li dung lng mng ca chuyn giao mm. li dung lng mng c th ca chuyn giao mm ch yu ph thuc v tng ph chuyn giao mm (tc l t l tng i ca cc UE thc hin chuyn giao mm), li lin kt chuyn giao mm, v thut ton iu khin cng sut c p dng. C 2 thut ton iu khin cng sut ng xung cho cc UE trong chuyn giao mm: (1) iu khin cng sut thng (iu khin cng sut nhanh) (2) S truyn dn phn tp chn la site (SSDT). SSDT da vo thng tin phn hi t UE, nn ch c mt trong cc Nt B trong tp hp tch cc truyn d liu, cn cc Nt B khc ch pht cc thng tin iu khin lp vt l. V th SSDT tng ng vi phn tp pht chn la, cn iu khin cng sut nhanh cc UE trong chuyn giao mm c th tng ng vi phn tp pht tng ch. li c th ca SSDT t c nh vic gim nhiu trn ng xung, v b cho suy hao ca li phn tp trn ng xung cho d liu ngi s dng. V mt l thuyt, r rng rng li ca SSDT ln hn vi tc d liu cao m ti tng ph ca cc thng tin iu khin khng ng k. li v dung lng ca chuyn giao mm kt hp SSDT c ln bng vi li trong trng hp kt hp chuyn giao mm v iu khin cng sut thng thng. Thng khng t c li ln t SSDT, v trong mt vi trng hp li chuyn thnh suy hao. Nguyn nhn c gii thch nh sau: Mt UE ang chuyn giao mm, gi thng tin phn hi mt cch nh k n cc Nt B trong tp hp tch cc, cc lnh ny yu cu cc Nt B cn pht d liu. Hot ng ny gy ra s bin ng cng sut ln ti cc Nt B khc nhau bi v vic truyn dn ti cc UE c tt, bt tng i nhanh khi c iu khin bi cc UE trong chuyn giao mm. S
31

truyn dn ca Nt B bin i ti UE trong chuyn giao mm khng nm trong s iu khin mng, hon ton do UE iu khin. V th, mc d m hnh SSDT lm gim tng cng sut pht trung bnh ca Nt B, nhng s thay i tng cng sut pht cng tng ln. Vic tng ln ny dn ti khong h iu khin cng sut yu cu ln hn, c ngha l s gim li ca SSDT. Cc kha cnh khc cn ch v mt ch tiu k thut l nh hng ca vn tc UE, tc UE cng cao phn hi ca UE cng kh ng b vi trng thi knh thc t. Ti mt s vn tc, cc vn v ting vng xut hin cho nn UE thng phi yu cu Nt B sai pht thng qua bo hiu phn hi ti mng. S nh hng ny c th rt ln khi tc phadinh bng tc phn hi. 3.3. Chuyn giao gia cc h thng WCDMA v GSM. Cc chun WCDMA v GSM h tr chuyn giao c hai ng gia WCDMA v GSM. S chuyn giao ny c th s dng cho mc ch ph sng v cn bng ti. Ti pha ban u khi trin khai WCDMA, chuyn giao ti h thng GSM c th s dng gim ti trong cc t bo GSM. M hnh ny c ch ra trong hnh 3-10. Khi lu lng trong mng WCDMA tng, th rt cn chuyn giao cho mc ch ti trn c ng ln v ng xung. Chuyn giao gia cc h thng c khi xng ti RNC/BSC v t gc h thng thu, th chuyn giao gia cc h thng tng t nh chuyn giao gia cc RNC hay chuyn giao gia cc BSC. Thut ton v vic khi xng ny khng c chun ho.
GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM GSM

WCDMA

WCDMA

WCDMA

Chuye giao WCDMA->GSM n e rog phu ng m n so

Chuye giao GSM ->WCDMA n e rog dung l g m n n

Hnh 3-10 Chuyn giao gia cc h thng GSM v WCDMA.

Th tc chuyn giao nh 3-11. Vic o c chuyn giao gia cc h thng khng hot ng thng xuyn nhng s c khi ng khi c nhu cu thc hin chuyn giao gia cc h thng. Vic khi xng chuyn giao l mt thut ton do RNC thc hin v c th da vo cht lng (BLER) hay cng sut pht yu cu. Khi khi xng o c, u tin UE s o cng sut tn hiu ca cc tn s GSM trong danh sch ln cn. Khi kt qu o c c gi ti RNC, n ra lnh cho UE gii

32

m nhn dng trm gc (BSIC) ca cell ng c GSM tt nht. Khi RNC nhn c BSIC, mt lnh chuyn giao c gi ti UE. Vic o c c th hon thnh trong 2s.
(1) RNC ra leh cho UE baa o a n t u c chuye giao gi ca he ng o n n a c tho che ne

(2) UE o cog suatn hie bag ta GSM n t u n n trong danh sah cell la ca c n n

(3) RNC ra leh cho UE giama n i BSIC cu a cell g c n GSM tonha t t

(4) RNC gleh chuye giao e UE i n n n

Hnh 3-11 Th tc chuyn giao gia cc h thng.

Ch nn.

WCDMA s dng vic thu pht lin tc v khng th tin hnh o c vi b nhn n nu nh khng c nhng khong gin on to ra bi cc tn hiu WCDMA. V th, ch nn cn thit cho vic o c trong chuyn giao gia cc tn s v chuyn giao gia cc h thng. Trong sut khong gin on ca ch nn, iu khin cng sut nhanh khng th s dng v mt phn li ghp chn b mt. V vy, trong sut khung nn cn Ec/N0 cao hn dn ti dung lng b gim. Ch nn cng nh hng n vng ph sng ng ln ca cc dch v thi gian thc, trong tc bit khng th gim trong sut ch nn. V th m th tc chuyn giao gia cc h thng phi c bt u sm ti bin gii cc cell trnh s suy gim cht lng ti ch nn. Chuyn giao t GSM sang WCDMA c bt u ti BSC ca GSM. Khng cn s dng ch nn tin hnh o c WCDMA t GSM v GSM s dng ch thu pht khng lin tc. Thi gian ngt dch v trong chuyn giao gia cc h thng ln nht l 40ms. Thi gian ngt l khong thi gian gia block chuyn vn thu cui cng trn tn s c v thi gian UE bt u pht trn knh ng ln mi. Tng khong h dch v ln hn thi gian ngt v UE cn nhn c knh ring hot ng trong mng GSM. Khong h dch v thng di 80ms tng t nh chuyn giao trong GSM. Khong h khng lm gim cht lng dch v.

33

3.4. Chuyn giao gia cc tn s trong WCDMA. Hu ht cc b vn hnh UMTS u c 2 hoc 3 tn s FDD c hiu lc. Vic vn hnh c th bt u s dng mt tn s v tn s th hai, th ba. Sau cn tng dung lng, mt vi tn s c th s dng c ch ra trong hnh 3-29. Mt vi tn s c s dng trong cng mt site s tng dung lng ca site hoc cc lp micro v macro c s dng cc tn s khc nhau. Chuyn giao gia cc tn s sng mang WCDMA cn s dng phng php ny. 3.5. Tng kt chuyn giao. Cc kiu chuyn giao c tng kt trong Bng 3-2. Bo co chuyn giao cng tn s thng khi xng cho s kin, v RNC ra lnh thc hin chuyn giao da vo cc bo co o c. Trong trng hp chuyn giao trong cng tn s UE c kt ni vi Nt B tt nht trnh hiu ng gn xa, v RNC lun phi hot ng la chn cc cell mc tiu.
Bng 3-2 Tng kt chuyn giao Kiu chuyn giao Bo co o c chuyn giao t UE n RNC Chuyn giao trong o trong ton b thi Bo co khi xng s tn s WCDMA gian s dng b lc kt kin hp Chuyn giao gia Vic o ch bt u khi Bo co nh k trong cc h thng cn thit, s dng ch sut ch nn WCDMA -GSM nn o c chuyn giao Mc ch chuyn giao - S di ng thng thng

Ph sng Ti Dch v Chuyn giao gia Vic o ch bt u khi Bo co nh k trong - Ph sng cc tn s cn, s dng ch nn sut ch nn - Ti WCDMA

Vic o c chuyn giao gia cc h thng v gia cc tn s thng ch bt u khi cn thc hin chuyn giao. Chuyn giao gia cc tn s cn cn bng ti gia cc sng mang WCDMA v cc lp cell, v m rng vng ph sng nu tn s khc khng bao ph ht. Chuyn giao ti h thng GSM m rng vng ph sng WCDMA, cn bng ti gia cc h thng v nh hng cc dch v n cc h thng ph hp nht.

34

TNG KT.
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn l bi ton quan trng khi thit k bt k h thng thng tin di ng, c bit l trong h thng t bo s dng cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA. Chng ny trnh by cc chc nng c bn ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn trong h thng WCDMA v nhng im khc bit trong thut ton qun l ti nguyn v tuyn so vi cc h thng khc. Trong , iu khin cng sut v iu khin chuyn giao c nhng im khc bit quan trng so vi cc h thng thng tin di ng trc . i vi iu khin cng sut, r rng cc thut ton iu khin cng sut cng phc tp hn tinh vi hn khc phc hiu ng gn-xa. Trong 3 loi iu khin cng sut, iu khin cng sut vng m cn thit trong sut qu trnh thit lp kt ni, iu khin cng sut vng kn (iu khin cng sut nhanh) gip khc phc hiu ng phadinh nhanh trn knh giao din v tuyn. Trong WCDMA, iu khin cng sut nhanh c thc hin trn c ng ln v ng xung ti tn s 1.5KHz trong khi h thng IS-95 ch thc hin iu khin cng sut nhanh trn ng ln ti tn s 800Hz, cn GSM ch tn ti iu khin cng sut chm. Phng thc th 3 ca iu khin cng sut l iu khin cng sut vng ngoi gip thit lp cc gi tr mc tiu ca iu khin cng sut nhanh. Cc vn c th cng nh li ch ca iu khin cng sut cng c phn tch trong chng ny. Mt c trng khc bit nht ca WCDMA so vi cc h thng khc l thut ton iu khin chuyn giao. Chuyn giao din ra khi ngi s dng my di ng di chuyn t cell ny n cell khc trong mng thng tin di ng t bo. Nhng chuyn giao cng c th c s dng cn bng ti trong mng thng tin, v chuyn giao mm c th tng cng dung lng v vng ph ca mng. Chuyn giao cng vn tn ti trong h thng WCDMA, l chuyn giao m kt ni c b ct trc khi kt ni mi c thit lp. Chuyn giao cng c s dng thay i tn s ca h thng khi trong h thng s dng a sng mang; hoc l trong trng hp khng h tr phn tp macro; hoc trng hp chuyn i gia hai ch FDD v TDD. Chng ny cng tho lun kh chi tit v chuyn giao mm v mm hn xut hin khi my di ng trong vng ph sng chng ln ca 2 cell. Trng hp chuyn giao mm hn cc cell thuc cng mt trm gc, hai tn hiu ng thi c kt hp Nt B s dng b x l RAKE. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao mm, hai tn hiu thu
35

t cc trm gc khc nhau c nh tuyn n RNC c so snh ht khung ny n khung khc. li chuyn giao mm l li c cung cp bi s kt hp nhiu tn hiu (c gi l li phn tp macro). Khi d tr chuyn giao mm thch hp c s dng li chuyn giao mm s tng cng ng k hiu nng ca h thng .

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. WCDMA for UMTS- Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 2. IS 95 CDMA and cdma2000 VIJAY K.GARG. 3. 3G cdma2000 Wireless System Engineering Samuel C. Yang 4. Thng tin di ng th h 3. Tp 1, Tp 2 - Nguyn Phm Anh Dng 5. Bi ging Viba s - Ti liu cho cc lp cao hc TS. Phm Cng Hng 6. Studies on Wideband CDMA System Zhang Ping, Li Zexian, Yang Xinjie, Chen Yuhua, Chen Zgiqiang, WANG Yuzhen and Hu Xuehong Bejjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 7. Soft Handover Issues in Radio Resource Management for 3G WCDMA Networks PH.D Thesis of Yue Chen Queen Mary, University of London 8.WCDMA for UMTS lectures Nokia Research Centre, Finland. 9. GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems - Raymond Steele, Chin-Chun Lee and Peter Gould - Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 10.www.3GPP.org 11. www.vnpt.com.vn. 12.www.3gnewsroom.com

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MC LC
LI M U................................................................................................................1 CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG QUN L TI NGUYN V TUYN TRONG H THNG WCDMA....................................................................................................3
1.1. Mc ch chung ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ......................................................................................3 1.2. Cc chc nng ca qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM................................................................................3 1.2.1. iu khin cng sut............................................................................................................................4 1.2.2. iu khin chuyn giao........................................................................................................................4 1.2.3. iu khin thu np................................................................................................................................4 1.2.4. iu khin ti (iu khin nghn).........................................................................................................6

CHNG 2 : IU KHIN CNG SUT..................................................................7

2.1. Gii thiu chung.............................................................................................................................................7 2.1.1. iu khin cng sut vng m (Open-loop power control).................................................................8 2.1.3. iu khin cng sut vng bn ngoi...................................................................................................9 2.2. iu khin cng sut nhanh...........................................................................................................................9 2.2.1. li ca iu khin cng sut nhanh.................................................................................................9 2.2.2. Phn tp v iu khin cng sut........................................................................................................10 2.2.3. iu khin cng sut trong chuyn giao mm....................................................................................12 2.3. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.................................................................................................................14 2.3.1. li ca iu khin cng sut vng ngoi.......................................................................................15 2.3.2. Tnh ton cht lng thu.....................................................................................................................15 2.3.3. Thut ton iu khin cng sut vng ngoi......................................................................................16 2.3.4. Cc dch v cht lng cao ...............................................................................................................17 2.3.5. Gii hn bin ng iu khin cng sut ...........................................................................................18 2.3.6. a dch v...........................................................................................................................................18 2.3.7. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng xung.................................................................................18

CHNG 3 : CHUYN GIAO..................................................................................20

3.1. Khi qut v chuyn giao trong cc h thng thng tin di ng..............................................................20 3.1.1. Cc kiu chuyn giao trong cc h thng WCDMA 3G.....................................................................20 3.1.2. Cc mc ch ca chuyn giao...........................................................................................................21 3.1.3. Cc th tc v php o c chuyn giao.............................................................................................22 3.2. Chuyn giao trong cng tn s.....................................................................................................................23 3.2.1. Chuyn giao mm ..............................................................................................................................23 3.2.2. Li ch lin kt chuyn giao mm.......................................................................................................28 3.2.3. Tng ph ca chuyn giao mm..........................................................................................................30 3.2.4. li dung lng mng ca chuyn giao mm.................................................................................31 3.3. Chuyn giao gia cc h thng WCDMA v GSM....................................................................................32 3.4. Chuyn giao gia cc tn s trong WCDMA..............................................................................................34 3.5. Tng kt chuyn giao....................................................................................................................................34

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TNG KT.................................................................................................................35 TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................36

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