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1 Qu trnh qu

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QU TRNH QU TRONG MCH IN
--------------------------------
I. M U
Trong qu trnh vn hnh mch in, ta thng hay ng ngt ngun. Vic ng m
c thng qua cu dao, kho. Ni chung, trong mch c cha cc phn t phng tch nng
lng nn mi trng thi, mch c mc nng lng khc nhau. Do , khi chuyn tip t
mc c sang mc mi, i hi phi c thi gian (rt ngn, c 10
-3
s) mch phn b li
nng lng.
Qu trnh qu l qu trnh chuyn tip khi ch xc lp c b ph v ko di cho
n khi hnh thnh ch xc lp mi. Trong qu trnh qu , c th xut hin qu dng
in hoc qu in p.

II. THIT LP HM (cho dng in mt chiu)


1. Mch RL:
R
L
1
2
K

ng mch (K-1): c ngun


C: -
di
L Ri
dt
= (i) =
1
L
-
1
(
R R
i
L L R
= - ) i . Gii c:
i =
1
R
+
R
t
L
ce

. Tm hng s c nh iu kin ban u:


t = 0: i = 0
1
R
+
0
1
0
R
L
ce c
R

= =
Vy:

Ngt mch (K-2): khng ngun ( = 0)


C: 0 ( ) '
di R
L Ri i i
dt L
= = . Gii c:
R
t
L
i ce

= . Tm hng s c nh iu kin ban u:


t = 0: i =
1
R

0
1
R
L
ce
R

=
1
c
R
=
Vy:

t
L
R
t = : hng s thi gian (s). ( )
L
s
R
(
=
(

i
1
=
1
R
(1 )
R
t
L
e


i
2
=
1
R
R
t
L
e

2 Qu trnh qu
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Sau khong thi gian , i
2
gim i cn my phn trm so vi
1
R
?
C: t = i
2
=
1
R
e
-1
=
1
37%
R
. Cn 37%.
i
1
i
2
i
1
R

t
t
0,37
O

2. Mch RC:
C
R K

1
2

ng mch (K-1): c ngun


C: - u = Ri -
q dq
R
C dt
= (q) =
1
R
-
1
q
RC
=
1
(C
RC
- ) q . Gii c:
q = C +
1
t
RC
ce

. Tm hng s c nh iu kin ban u:


t = 0: q = 0 C +
1
0
0
RC
ce c C

= =
Vy:

t = RC: hng s thi gian (s).


j ( ) RC s =
Sau khong thi gian , q
1
tng ln n my phn trm so vi C ?
C: t = q
1
= C (1 e
-1
) = 63%C . n 63%.

Ngt mch (K-2): khng ngun ( = 0)


C:
1
0 ( ) '
q dq
R q q
C dt RC
= = . Gii c:
1
t
RC
q ce

= . Tm hng s c nh iu kin ban u:


t = 0: q = C
1
0
RC
ce C

= c = C
Vy:

q
1
= C
1
(1 )
t
RC
e


q
2
= C
1
t
RC
e

3 Qu trnh qu
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t
t
O
q
C
q
1
q
2
0,63

III. DN CHNG
1. Cho mch nh hnh.
1
2
R
r, L
K

L = 2 (H), r = 1 (), = 3 (V), R = 2 (). o nhanh kho K t v tr 1 sang 2. Tm nhit


lng to ra trn R?
Gii:
Khi ngt mch (K-2): khng ngun ( = 0)
C: i =
1
r
r R
t
L
e
+

. Nhit lng to ra trn R:


Q
R
=
2
2
0 0
1
. Ri dt R
r

=
} }
2
2( )
2
R r
t
L
R
e dt
r
+

=
2
2( )
2
0
2( ) 2 ( )
R r
t
L
L RL
e
R r r R r

(
=
(
+ +

2
2( )
0 2
2 ( )
R r
t
L
RL
e
r R r
+


=
+
2

Bng s: Q
R
=
6
2 6
2
2.2.10
.3 6.10
2.1 (2 1)

=
+
(J) = 6 (J).
2. Tm thi gian t t lc t bt u phng in n khi nng lng t ch cn mt na?
q
t
O
t
t'
C

Gii:
in tch cc i ca t: Q
0
= C .
Theo :
2
2
q
C
=
1
2
2
0
2
Q
C

2
C
2
2
' t
RC
e

=
1
4
C
2

2 2
' '
1 2
2 ' ln2
2
t t
RC RC
e e t
RC

= = =
t=
1
2
RC.ln2 = 0,347
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