Chng 13 TRNG IN T 13.1 Lun im th nht ca Mawell 13.1.

1 Pht biu lun im Bt k mt t trng no bin i theo thi gian cng sinh ra mt in trng xoy. 13.1. 2 Phng trnh Mawell - Faraday Xt mt vng dy dn kn (C) nm trong mt t trng ang bin i theo thi gian (hnh 13-1).

dS
B
o
Hnh 13-1

(C)

Theo nh lut c bn ca hin tng cm ng in t, sc in ng xut hin trong vng dy l:

c = d m d = BdS dt dt (S)

Mt khc, theo nh ngha ca sc in ng ta c:

c = Ed l
(C)

suy ra:

(C)

Ed l =

d BdS dt (S)

(13-1)

l phng trnh Mawell - Faraday di dng tch phn. Vy: Lu s ca vc t cng in trng xoy dc theo mt ng cong kn bt k th bng v gi tr tuyt i nhng tri du vi tc bin thin theo thi gian ca t thng gi qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong . ngha ca phng trnh (13-1) l: n cho php ta tnh c in trng xoy nu bit quy lut bin i ca t trng theo thi gian. Trong gii tch vc t ngi ta chng minh c:

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(C)

Ed l = rotEdS
(S)

Mt khc ta c:
d BdS = dt (S) dB dt B ( ) ddt dS
(S)

suy ra:

rotE =

(13-2)

Trng hp tng qut: vc t cm ng t c th bin i theo c thi gian v khng gian nhng ch c t trng bin i theo thi gian mi sinh ra in trng xoy, do (13-2) c vit li:
rotE = B t

(13-3)

13.2 Lun im th hai ca Mawell 13.2.1 Pht biu lun im Bt k mt in trng no bin i theo thi gian cng sinh ra mt t trng. 13.2.2 Phng trnh Mawell - Ampe a. Gi thuyt ca Mawell v dng in dch: Dng in dch l dng in tng ng vi in trng bin i theo thi gian v phng din sinh ra t trng. Theo Mawell in trng bin i gia hai bn ca t in sinh ra t trng ging nh mt dng in (dng in dch) chy qua ton b khng gian gia hai bn ca t in, c chiu l chiu ca dng in dn trong mch v c cng bng cng dng in dn trong mch . Nu gi Id l cng dng in dch chy gia hai bn t in, S l din tch ca mi bn th mt dng in dch gia hai bn l:
Jd = Id I = S S

vi I l cng dng in dn trong mch. Ta c:

I= dq dt

suy ra:

Jd =

1 dq d q d = = S dt dt S dt

: l mt in mt trn bn dng ca t in. Ta c: D = , suy ra:

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Jd =

dD dt

(13-4) (13-5)

Di dng vc t:

Jd =

dD dt

Biu thc (13-5) chng t: vc t mt dng in dch bng tc bin thin theo thi gian ca vc t cm ng in. Trong trng hp tng qut, vc t cm ng in D = D(x, y, z, t) nhng ch c in trng bin i theo thi gian mi sinh ra t trng, do :
Jd = D t

(13-6)

M rng gi thuyt trn v dng in dch cho trng hp mt dng in bt k, Mawell i ti gi thuyt tng qut sau: Xt v phng din sinh ra t trng th bt k mt in trng no bin i theo thi gian cng ging nh mt dng in gi l dng in dch c vc t mt dng bng:
Jd = D t

trong D l vc t cm ng in ti im ta xt. b. Thit lp phng trnh Mawell -Ampe Theo Mawell t trng do c dng in dn v in trng bin i theo thi gian tc dng in dch sinh ra. V vy Mawell a ra khi nim dng in ton phn bng tng dng in dn v dng in dch. Do ta ni rng t trng do dng in ton phn sinh ra. Mt ca dng in ton phn c tnh theo cng thc:
J tp = J + D t

(13-7)

Theo nh l v dng in ton phn:

Hd l = I
C

tp

vi:

D dS I tp = JdS = J + t S S

suy ra:

Hd l = J +
C S

D dS t

(13-8)

l phng trnh Mawell -Ampe di dng tch phn.

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Vy: Lu s ca vc t cng t trng dc theo mt ng cong kn bt k th bng cng dng in ton phn chy qua din tch gii hn bi ng cong . Ta cng chng minh c rng:
rotH = J + D t

(13-9)

l dng vi phn ca phng trnh Mawell-Ampe, p dng c i vi tng im trong khng gian. ngha ca phng trnh (13-9) l: n cho php ta tnh c t trng H nu bit s phn b dng in dn quy lut bin i ca in trng theo thi gian. 13.3 Trng in t v h thng phng trnh Mawell 13.3.1 Nng lng trng in t in trng v t trng ng thi tn ti trong khng gian to thnh mt trng thng nht gi l trng in t. Trng in t l mt dng vt cht c trng cho tng tc gia cc ht mang in. Mt nng lng t trng:
1 w = w e + w m = ( 0 E 2 + 0H 2 ) 2

(13-10)

Nng lng t trng:

W=

wdV = 2 ( E
0 V

+ 0H 2 )dV (13-11)

13.3.2 Phng trnh Mawell -Faraday - Dng tch phn:

(C)

Ed l = dt BdS
(S) B t

(13-12)

- Dng vi phn:

rotE =

(13-13)

13.3.3 Phng trnh Mawell -Ampe - Dng tch phn:

D dS Hd l = J + t C S

(13-14)

- Dng vi phn:
rotH = J + D t

(13-15)

13.3.4 nh l Ostrogradski-Gauss (O-G) i vi in trng:

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- Dng tch phn:

DdS = q
S

(13-16)

- Dng vi phn:
divD =

(13-17)

13.3.5 nh l O-G i vi t trng: - Dng tch phn:

BdS = 0
S

(13-18)

- Dng vi phn:
divB = 0

(13-19)

13.3.6 Cc phng trnh lin h cc i lng c trng cho trng Trong cc phng trnh Mawell cc i lng c trng cho trng u c xc nh ti tng im trong khng gian v ni chung u l cc i lng bin thin theo thi gian:
E = E(x, y, z, t) B = B(x, y, z, t) D = D(x, y, z, t) H = H(x, y, z, t)

a. in trng tnh
E = E(x, y, z) D = D(x, y, z) B=0 H=0

h phng trnh Mawell thnh:

Ed l = 0
C

hay rotE = 0 hay divD =

DdS = q
S

D = 0 E

b. T trng khng i
E=0 D=0 B = B(x, y, z) H = H(x, y, z)

h phng trnh Mawell thnh:

Hd l = I hay rotH = J
C

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 BdS = 0
S

hay divB = 0

B = 0 H

c. Sng in t
E = E(x, y, z, t) ; B = B(x, y, z, t) ; D = D(x, y, z, t) ; H = H(x, y, z, t) ;
=0

J =0

h phng trnh Mawell thnh:

rotE =
divD = 0

B t

; ; ;

rotH =

D t

divB = 0

D = 0 E

B = 0 H

V d: Chng t rng trong chn khng, vc t cm ng t B tha mn phng trnh sau:

E 0 0 2E =0 t 2

Gii Trong gii tch vc t ta chng minh c ng thc:

rot rotE = grad divE E

(*)

i vi chn khng: J = 0 , = 0 h phng trnh Mawell thnh:

rotH = D t

; divD = 0

Do : ta c:

grad divE = 0
rotE = B t

B rot rotE = rot = rotB t t v tri ca (*) c dng: D 2E = 0 0 2 = 0 rotH = 0 t t t t

hay l:

E 0 0

2E =0 t 2

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BI TP 7.2 Chng minh rng in th tnh in tha mn phng trnh sau y:

= 0

7.3 Trong mt th tch hu hn c vc t cm ng t B vi cc thnh phn: Bx=0 ; By=0; Bz=B0+ax, trong a l mt hng s v lng ax lun lun nh hn so vi B0. Chng minh rng nu trong th tch khng c in trng v dng in th t trng y khng tha mn phng trnh Mawell. 7.7 Mt t in c in mi vi hng s in mi =6 c mc vo mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = U0cost vi U0= 300V, chu k T=0,01s. Tm gi tr ca mt dng in dch bit rng hai bn ca t in cch nhau 0,4cm. p s: jd =2,5.10-3sin20t(A/m2) 7.11 Cho mt trng in t bin thin trong chn khng vi cc vc t cng trng E(0,0,E) v , trong H(H,0,0) , trong H = H0cos(t-ay) vi a= 0 0 . Chng minh rng gia cc vc t cng trng c mi quan h sau y:
0 E = 0 H

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