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Khoo |n - Nhom Chuyn mn |n Cng Ngh|p
G|oo trnh MAY I N 1
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Chng 4
M.8.A LAM VIC O IAI OI X0NG
Trong iu kin lam vic bnh thng cua li in, ta co th phn phi u
phu tai cho ba pha, luc o m.b.a lam vic vi in ap i xng va dong in trong
cac pha cung i xng. Ta xet s cn bng nng lng va s la m vic cua mba
trong iu kin in ap s cp U
1
= const, va tn s f = const.
4.1. GIAN D NNG LUONG CUA M.B.A
Trong qua trnh truyn tai nng lng qua MBA, mt phn cng sut tac
dung va phan khang b tiu hao trong may. Xet mba lam vic tai i xng, s
cn bng nng lng da trn s thay th chnh xac hnh 4.1.

x

2
r
1
r

2
x
1
P
1
jQ
1
P
2
jQ
2
P
t
jQ
t
p
cu1
jq
1
p
Fe
jq
m
p
cu2
jq
2
Hnh 4-2 Gian nng l ng mba

1
U
&
r
m
0
I
&
1
I
&
'
I
&
2


x
m
'
2
U
&
1
E
&

t


Hnh 4-1 S thay th may bi n ap

Goi P
1
la cng sut ta c dung a vao dy qun s cp mba:
P
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
cos
1
(4.1)
Mt phn cng sut nay bu vao :
Tn hao ng trn in tr cua dy qun s: p
cu1
= m
1
r
1
I
2
1

Tn hao st trong loi thep mba : p
Fe
= m
1
r
m
I
o
2

Cng sut con lai goi la cng sut in t chuyn sang dy qun th cp:
P
t
= P
1
- (p
cu1
+ p
Fe
) = m
2
E
2
I
2
cos
2
(4.2)
2
Cng sut u ra P
2
cua mba se nho hn cng sut in t mt lng chnh
bng tn hao ng trn in tr cua dy qun th : p
cu2
= m
2
r
2
I
2
2
=m
1
r

2
I
2
2
:
P
2
= P
t
- p
cu2
= m
2
U
2
I
2
cos
2
(4.3)
Cung tng t nh vy, ta co cng sut phan khang nhn vao dy qun s cp:
Q
1
= m
1
U
1
I
1
sin
1
(4.4)
Cng sut nay tr i cng sut tao ra t trng tan dy qun s cp q
1
=
m
1
x
1
I
2
1
va t trng trong loi thep q
m
= m
1
x
m
I
o
2
, phn con lai la cng sut phan
khang chuyn sang dy qun th cp:
Q
t
= Q
1
- (q
1
+ q
m
) = m
2
E
2
I
2
sin
2
(4.5)
Cng sut phan khang a n phu tai:
Q
2
= Q
t
- q
2
= m
2
U
2
I
2
sin
2
(4.6)
Trong o q
2
= m
2
x
2
I
2
2
tao ra t trng tan dy qun th.
Tai co tnh cht in cam (
2
> 0) th Q
2
> 0, luc o Q
1
> 0 va cng sut phan
khang truyn t dy qun s cp sang dy qun th cp.
Tai co tnh cht in dung (
2
< 0) th Q
2
< 0, nu Q
1
< 0, cng sut phan
khang truyn t dy qun th sang dy qun s hoc Q
1
> 0, toan b cng sut
phan khang t pha th cp va s cp u dung t hoa MBA.
S cn bng cng sut tac dung va phan khang trnh bay trn hnh 4.2
4.2 D THAY DI DIN AP THU CP MBA
thay i in ap th cp mba U la
hiu s s hoc gia tr s in ap th cp luc
khng tai U
20
(iu kin U
1
= U
1m
) va luc co tai
U
2
.
A
0
I
2
U
2*
U
rn*
U
nx*
U
1dm
=1
P H
K

2
Hnh 4-3 Xac nh U cua mba

'
20
'
2
'
20
20
2 20
U
U U
U
U U
U

=

=

'
* 2
m 1
'
2
m 1
'
; 2 m 1
U 1
U
U
1
U
U U
U = =

= (4.7)
Xac nh U bng phng phap giai tch.
Goi
'
m 2
'
2
m 2
2
I
I
I
I
= = : h s tai cua mba.
cos
2
: h s cng sut cua mba.
Ta co:
* nr
'
m 2
'
2
m 1
'
m 2 n
'
m 1
'
2 n
U
I
I
U
I r
U
I r
BC = = =
3
* nx
'
m 2
'
2
m 1
'
m 2 n
m 1
'
2 n
U
I
I
U
I x
U
I x
AB = = =
T A ha ng thng goc AP xung 0U
2*
va goi AP = n va CP = m, ta co:
m n 1 U
2 '
* 2
=
m
2
n
1 U
2
'
* 2

2
n
m U 1 U
2
'
* 2 *
+ = = (4.7)
Tnh m va n, ta c :
m = CK+KB = (U
nr*
cos
2
+U
nx*
sin
2
)
n = AH-HP = (U
nx*
cos
2
-U
nr*
sin
2
)
Vy U
*
= (U
nr*
cos
2
+U
nx*
sin
2
) +
2
(U
nx*
cos
2
-U
nr*
sin
2
)
2
/2
S hang sau rt nho co th bo qua nn:
U
*
= (U
nr*
cos
2
+ U
nx*
sin
2
) (4.8)
Tnh U
*
theo %, ta vit lai biu thc trn:
U
*
% = (u
nr
%cos
2
+ u
nx
%sin
2
) (4.9)
hoc U
*
% = u
n
%(cos
n
.cos
2
+ sin
n
.sin
2
) (4.10)












=1
U%
1 0
0
cos
2
u
nx
%
u
nr
%
-u
nx
%

2
> 0
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=0.8

U%
0

2
< 0
cos
2
=1
(b)
Hnh 4-4
a.Quan h U=f()
cos

2 = const
b. Quan h U= f(cos
2
)

= const
(a)





Hnh 4.4 cho bit cac quan h U = f() khi cos
2
= C
te
va U = f(cos
2
)
khi = C
te
.
4
4.3 CAC PHUONG PHAP DIU CHINH DIN AP CUA M.B.A.
Ta thy U=f(,cos
2
) nh vy U
2
phu thuc vao va cos
2
, gi cho U
2
=
const khi tng tai th t s bin ap k phai thay i, ngha la ta phai thay i s vong
dy N.
Mt cun dy co hai u ra, gia hoc cui cun dy ta a ra mt s u
dy ng vi cac vong dy khac nhau thay i in ap.
4.3.1. Ihoy d| s vong dy kh| moy ngung |om v|c:
Dung cho cac may bin ap ha a p khi in ap th cp thay i hoc khi iu
chnh in ap theo th phu tai hang nm.
i vi mba cng sut nho : mt pha co 3 u phn nhanh : 5%U
m
.
i vi mba cng sut ln : mt pha co 5 u phn nhanh: 2x 2.5%U
m

Vic thc hin i ni khi may ngng lam vic, nn thit b i ni n gian,
re tin, t trong thung du va tay quay t trn np thung.
Cac u phn ap a ra cui cun dy th vic cach in chung d dang hn
(hnh 4.5a).
Cac u phn ap a ra gia cun dy th lc in t i xng va t trng
tan phn b se u (hnh 4.5b).


Hnh 4-5 Cac kiu iu chnh i n a p cua mba
(a) (b)












4.4.1. Ihoy d| s vong dy kh| moy dong |om v|c [d|u op duo| to|}
Trong h thng in lc cng sut ln, nhiu khi cn phai iu chnh in ap
khi may bin ap ang lam vic phn phi lai cng sut tac dung va phan khang
gia cac phn oan cua h thng. Cac MBA nay co tn goi la MBA iu chnh
di tai. in ap thng c iu chnh tng 1% trong pham vi 10%U
m
.
5

K
K
K
X
1
X
1
X
2
X
1
X
2
X
2
C
2
C
2
C
2
C
1
C
1
C
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
2
T
2
T
2
(b) (a) (c)
Hnh 4- Thit b i ni va qua trnh i u chnh in a p cua mba iu chnh di tai









Vic i ni cac u phn ap trong MBA iu chnh di tai phc tap hn va
phai co cun khang K (hnh 4.6) han ch dong in ngn mach cua b phn dy
qun b ni ngn mach khi thao tac i ni. Hnh 4.6 cung trnh bay qua trnh thao
tac i ni t u nhanh X
1
sang u nhanh X
2
, trong o T
1
, T
2
la cac tip xuc
trc; C, C
2
la cng-tc-t. v tr (a va c) dong qua cun khang K theo hai chiu
ngc nhau, nn t thng trong loi thep gn bng khng, in khang X cua cun
khang rt be. Trong v tr trung gian (b) dong ngn mach chay qua K cung chiu
nn co t thng va X ln, lam giam dong ngn mach I
n
.
Cng-tc-t C
1
, C
2
t ring trong thung du phu gn vao vach thung du, v
qua trnh ong ct cng-tc-t lam bn u.
Trn hnh 4.7 trnh bay s nguyn ly cua b iu ap di tai dung in tr
R. in tr R lam chc nng han ch dong in ngn mach. Con hinh 4.8 cho ta
thy vic b tr b iu ap di ta i trong thung mba.

Hnh 4-7 Nguyn ly iu ap di tai dung in tr R
R
A

X



4.4. HIU SUT CUA M.B.A
Hiu sut cua mba la t s gia cng sut u ra P
2
va cng sut u vao P
1
:
100
P
P
%
1
2
= (4.11)

6

Hnh 4-8 V tr b iu ap di tai trong thung MBA













Hiu sut mba nho hn 1 v qua trnh truyn tai cng sut qua mba co tn hao
ng va tn hao st. Ngoai ra con k n tn hao do dong in xoay trn vach
thung du va bu lng lp ghep.
Nh vy biu thc (4.11), co th vit lai :
100 )
p P
p
1 ( %
2

+
= (4.12)
vi p = p
cu1
+ p
cu2
+ p
Fe

Ta a co phn trc:
p
Fe
= P
0

p
cu1
+ p
cu2
=
2
n
2
'
dm 2
'
2 2 '
dm 2 n
2 '
2 n
2 '
2
'
2
2
1 1
P )
I
I
( I r I r I r I r = = = +
P
2
= U
2
I
2
cos
2

2 m 2
m 2
2
m 2 m 2
cos S cos
I
I
I U =
Th vao (4.12), ta co :
7
100 )
P P cos S
P P
1 ( %
n
2
0 2 m
n
2
0
+ +
+
= (4.13)
Thng th cac tn hao rt nho so vi cng sut truyn tai nn hiu sut mba
rt cao. i vi mba dung lng ln, hiu sut at ti trn 99%.
Ta thy = f(,cos
2
), cho cos
2
=
const, ta tm hiu sut cc ai
max
:

.95

0.5

0 1
1
cos
2
=0.8
cos
2
=1
Hnh 4- Quan h =f()
cos
2
=const
.9


0 n
2
max
P P 0
d
d
= =



n
0
max
P
P
= (4.14)
Hiu sut m.b.a at gia tr cc ai
khi tn hao khng i bng tn hao bin
i hay tn hao st bng tn hao ng.
25 . 0 2 , 0
P
P
n
0
=
5 0 45 0 . .
max
=
Trn hnh 4.9 trnh bay quan h hiu sut = f() khi cos
2
= const.

4.5 MAY BIN AP LAM VIC SONG SONG
Ly do ni mba lam vic song song:
1. Cung cp in lin tuc cho cac phu tai
2. Vn hanh cac mba mt cach kinh t nht.
3. May qua ln th vic ch tao va vn chuyn se kho khn.
Th nao la lam vic song song ?
Dy qun s cp cac mba ni chung vao mt li in va dy qun th c p
cung cung cp cho mt phu tai.
iu kin ni mba lam vic song song:
1. Cung t s bin ap.
2. Cung t ni dy.
3. Cung in ap ngn mach.
4.5.1. |u k|n cung t n| dy :
Cung t ni dy in ap th cp se trung pha nhau. Khac t ni dy /ap th
cp se lch pha nhau, va s lch pha ny phu thuc vao t ni dy.
8
VIDU 4.1
Ni hai mba: May th nht I ni Y/-11 va may th hai II ni Y/Y-12 lam
vic song song. Vy in ap th cp hai may se lc pha nhau mt goc 30
0
, trong
mach ni lin dy qun th se xut hin mt s:
E = 2Esin15
0
= 0.518E
Khi may khng tai, trong y qun se co dong in cn bng :

nII nI
cb
Z Z
E
I
+

= (4.15)
Gia th Z
nI
=Z
nII
=0.05, 18 . 5
05 . 0 05 . 0
518 . 0
I
cb
=
+
= ln I
m

Nh vy ong in I
cb
= 5,18I
m
se lam hong may bin ap.


I
cbI
I
cbII
E
2II
E
2I
E
E
Hnh 4-11. th vect in ap va
dong in cua cac mba co t ni dy
khac nhau la m vic song song
Hnh 4-10. S ghep song song mba
I

II
A
A
X
X
a
a
x
x
U
1
U
2











4.5.2. |u k|n cung t s b|n d| d|n op:
Nu t s bin i in ap cua hai may khac nhau ma hai iu kin con lai thoa
man th khi mba lam vic song song, in ap th cp khng tai se bng nhau (E
2I
=
E
2II
), trong mach ni lin dy qun th cua mba se khng co dong in chay qua.
Gia th k
I
k
II
th E
2I
E
2II
va khi khng tai, trong mach ni lin qun th cua
mba se co dong in I
cb
chay qua c sinh ra bi in ap :
(4.16)
II 2 I 1
E E E =
nII nI
cb
Z Z
E
I
+

= (4.17)
9
Dong in ny se cha y trong dy qun mba theo hai chiu ngc nhau va chm
pha mt goc 90
0
v r << x. Luc ny in ap ri trn dy qun se bu tr vi s, kt
qua la trn mach th co in ap thng nht U
2
.














Kt qua khi mba mang tai, dong in tai I
t
se cng vi dong cn bng lam cho
iu kin lam vic cua may se xu i, ngha la dong trong may khng t l vi
cng sut cua chung, anh hng ti s li dung cng sut cua chung.
Chu y : Cho phep K khac nhau 0.5% so vi tr s trung bnh cua no.
4.5.3. |u k|n d|n op ngn moch bng nhou:
Tr s ngn mach cua cac may bng
nhau th phu tai se phn b t l vi cng
sut cua chung. Tht vy, xet ba mba lam
vic song song co in ap ngn mach u
nI
,
u
nII
, u
nIII
.N u bo qua dong in t hoa th
mach in co dang nh hnh 4- 12.
Tng tr tng ng mach in :

=
+ +
=
ni nIII nII nI
Z Z Z Z
1
1
1 1 1
1
Z
in ap ri trn mach tng ng:
(4.18) I . Z U U U
'
& & & &
= =
2 1
trong o dong in tng cac mba, do o dong in tai cua mi mba :
'
I I I
2 1
& & &
= =
U
2
E U
2 2I
I
tI
I
2I
I
tII
I
2II
E
2II
I
cbI
I
cbI
I
cbII
I
cbII
Hnh 4-11. th vect va s phn ph i tai cua cac mba lam
vic song song vi K khac nhau. a/ Khi khng tai. b/ Khi co tai
Hnh 4-12 Mach in thay th
cua mba lam vic song song
1
U
&
-
'
2
U
&

Z
n1
I
I
&
Z
nII
I
II
Z
nIII
I
III
1
I
&
'
I
2
&


'
I
I
&


U

10

= =
ni
nI
nI
I
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
(4.19a)

= =
ni
nII
nII
II
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
; (4.19b)

= =
ni
nIII
nIII
III
Z
Z
I
Z
I . Z
I
1
2
& &
&
(4.19c)
Thng th
nI

nII

nII
nn chuyn tnh t s phc sang tnh mun:
Ta co :

m
m
n n
I
U
u z =
T dong mba I, ta co :

=
ni
mi
mI
nI
I
u
I
I
u
I
I
2
, (4.20)
nhn hai v cho
m m
m
m
m
I U
U
S
U
= , ta co h s tai cu a cac may :

=
ni
mi
nI
I
u
S
u
S
(4.21a)

=
ni
mi
nII
II
u
S
u
S
(4.21b)

=
ni
mi
nIII
III
u
S
u
S
(4.21c)
Nh vy, t (4.21a,b va c) ta thy h s tai cua cac MBA lam vic song song t l
nghch vi in ap ngn mach cua chung :

I
:
II
:
III
=
nI
u
1
:
nII
u
1
:
nIII
u
1
(4.22)
Nh vy, cac mba lam vic song song, co in ap ngn mach u
n
bng nhau,
tai se phn b t l vi cng sut cua may. Nu u
n
khac nhau MBA nao co u
n
ln,
nho con u
n
nho, ln. Khi may co u
n
nho lam vic nh mc th MBA co u
n
ln
se hut tai, kt qua la khng tn dung ht cng sut thit k cua mi may.
Chu y : Cho phep u
n
khac nhau 10% va cng sut MBA co t l: 3:1
11
VI DU 4.2
Cho ba MBA co cung t ni dy qun va t s bin i vi cac s liu sau : S
mI
=
180kVA, S
mII
= 240kVA, S
mIII
= 320kVA; u
nI
% = 5,4, u
nII
% = 6,0, u
nIII
% = 6,6.
Hay xac nh tai cua mi MBA khi tai chung cua cac MBA bng tng cng sut
cua chung va tnh xem tai ti a cua cac MBA khng MBA nao b qua tai ?
Giai
Tng cng sut cua ba may :
S = 180 + 240 + 320 = 740 kVA
H s tai cua cac may :
125 , 1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 4 , 5
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nI
I
=
+ +
= =


01 , 1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 6
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nII
II
=
+ +
= =


92 , 0
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 6 , 6
740
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nIII
III
=
+ +
= =


Cng sut tai cua cac may :
S
I
=
I
.S
mI
= 1,125 x 180 = 202,5 kVA
S
II
=
II
.S
mII
= 1,01 x 240 = 243 kVA
S
III
=
III
.S
mIII
= 0,92 x 320 = 294,5 kVA
Ta thy MBA I co u
n
nho nht b qua tai nhiu, trong khi o MBA III co u
n
ln b
hut tai. Tai tng ti a khng MBA nao b qua tai ng
I
= 1. Luc o ta co :
1
)
6 , 6
320
6
240
4 , 5
180
( 4 , 5
S
u
S
u
S
ni
mi
nI
I
=
+ +
= =


S = 657,72 kVA
Ro rang la phn cng sut t cua cac MBA khng c li dung se bng :
740 - 658 = 82 kVA.

] R R ^

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