Gip hc sinh t n tp mn Ton

MT S BI TON CC TR
TRONG HNH HC GII TCH
Bi ton 1: Cho ng thng ( ) :
1 1 1
x y z
d v hai im ( ) 0; 0;3 A
, ( ) 0;3;3 B
.
Tm ta im ( ) M d
sao cho:
1) MA MB + nh nht.
2)
2 2
2 MA MB +
nh nht.
3)
3 MA MB
uuur uuur
nh nht.
4)
MA MB
ln nht.
Hng dn Phng php gii:
1) Chuyn p/trnh ca ( ) d
sang dng tham s ( ) :
x t
d y t
z t

'

Gi ta ca ( ) M d
c dng ( ) ; ; M t t t
, t .
Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 3 0 3 3 P MA MB t t t t t t + + + + + +
2 2
3 6 9 3 12 18 P t t t t + + + ( )
2 2
3 2 3 4 6 t t t t + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 2 2 2 P t t
_
+ + +

,
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
3 1 0 2 2 0 2 P t t
_
+ + +

,
Trong mt phng Oxy xt cc im ( ) ; 0 N t Ox
; ( ) ( )
1; 2 ; 2; 2 H K
Gi ( )
1; 2 H
l im i xng ca im ( )
1; 2 H
qua trc Ox.
Ta c ( ) 3 P NH NK +
= ( ) 3 NH NK +
3HK .
Du = xy ra
, , H N K
thng hng N HK Ox .
ng thng HK c vecto ch phng ( )
1; 2 2 HK
uuuur
nn c vecto php tuyn
( )
2 2; 1 n
r
v i qua ( )
1; 2 H
nn c phng trnh tng qut
( )
( )
2 2 1 1 2 0 2 2 3 2 0 x y x y +
.
Ta giao im N ca ng thng HK v trc Ox l nghim ca h
3
2 2 3 2 0
2
0
0
x x y
y
y

' '

. Vy
3
; 0
2
N
_

,
.
Vy
( )
2
2
min 3 3. 1 2 2 3 3 P HK +
.
t c khi ( )
3 3
; 0 ; 0
2 2
N t N t
_


,
.
Son: Cao Long 1
Gip hc sinh t n tp mn Ton
Suy ra MA MB + nh nht bng 3 3 khi
3 3 3
; ;
2 2 2
M
_

,
Cch 2:
Lm nh cch 1, n on ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 2 2 2 P t t
_
+ + +

,
.
Xt hm s
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 2 2 f t t t + + +
Ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
1 2 2 2
t t
f t
t t

+
+ +
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
0
1 2 2 2
t t
f t
t t


+ +
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
1
1 2
2 2
t
t
t
t

+
1 +
]
(*)
Xt hm s
( )
2
2
u
g u
u

+
,
Ta c
( )
( )
2
2
2 3
2
1 2
2 . . 0
2
2
2
u
g u u u
u
u
u
_
+ >


+
+
,
+
nn hm s g ng
bin trn .
Do t (*) ta c ( ) ( )
3
1 2 1 2
2
g t g t t t t 1 +
]
Bng bin thin ca hm s f :
t

3
2
+
( ) f t
0
+
( ) f t
+
3
+
T bng bin thin suy ra ( )
3
min 3
2
f t f
_


,
.
Vy ( ) min 3 3 MA MB + t c ti
3
2
t , tc l
3 3 3
; ;
2 2 2
M
_

,
.
2). Lm tng t cu 1), ta tnh c
( )
2 2 2 2
2 3 6 9 2 3 12 18 Q MA MB t t t t + + + +
2
9 30 45 t t +
.
Biu thc ny l tam thc bc hai vi h s 9 0 a > nn t gi tr nh nht khi
30 5
2.9 3
t

. Tc l
5 5 5
; ;
2 2 2
M
_

,
.
Nhn xt: nu khng nh tnh cht v th bc hai th c th kho st hm s
( )
2
9 30 45 f t t t + tm gi tr h nht.
3). Theo cu 1) , gi ( ) ; ; M t t t
.
Ta c ( ) ; ;3 MA t t t
uuur
, ( ) ;3 ;3 MB t t t
uuur
.
Son: Cao Long 2
Gip hc sinh t n tp mn Ton
Suy ra ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 ; 2 3 ;3 2 3 MA MB t t t t t t
uuur uuur
( ) ; 6; 3 t t t
.
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 6 3 3 18 45 MA MB t t t t t + + +
uuur uuur
( )
2
2 3 3 18 18 3 2 MA MB t +
uuur uuur
.
Du = xy ra 3 0 3 t t hay ( ) 3;3;3 M
.
Vy
min 2 3 2 MA MB
uuur uuur
t c ti ( ) 3;3;3 M
.
Nhn xt: nu khng phn tch c
( )
2
2 3 3 18 MA MB t +
uuur uuur
th c th kho
st hm s
( )
2
3 18 45 f t t t + tm gi tr nh nht.
4). Tng t cu 1), ta tnh c
( )
2 2
3 2 3 4 6 MA MB t t t t + +
( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 2 2 2 MA MB t t
_
+ +

,
Trong mt phng Oxy xt cc im ( ) ; 0 N t Ox
; ( ) ( )
1; 2 ; 2; 2 H K
.
Khi 3 MA MB NH NK
Nhn thy H, K nm cng pha so vi trc Ox.
Suy ra 3 3 MA MB NH NK HK .
Bi ton ny v nghim v
|| KH Ox
.
Cch 2: Kho st hm s nh cch 2 cu 1 Hm s khng c GTLN.
Bi ton 2: Cho mt phng ( ) : 4 0 P x y z + +
. Tm im ( ) M P
sao cho:
1). MA MB + nh nht, bit ( ) 1; 0; 0 A
, ( ) 1; 2; 0 B
.
2).
MA MB
ln nht, bit ( ) 1; 2;1 A
, ( ) 0;1; 2 B
.
3).
2 2
3 MA MB +
nh nht, bit ( ) 1; 2;1 A
, ( ) 0;1; 2 B
.
4).
2 2 2
3 2 MA MB MC + +
nh nht, bit ( ) 1; 2;1 A
, ( ) 0;1; 2 B
, ( ) 0;0;3 C
.
5).
3 4 MA MB MC + +
uuur uuur uuuur
nh nht, bit ( ) 1; 2;1 A
, ( ) 0;1; 2 B
, ( ) 0;0;3 C
.
Hng dn Cch gii:
1). Cch gii
Xt v tr tng i ca A, B so vi (P).
t ( ) ; ; 4 f x y z x y z + +
.
Thay ta ca A, B vo v tnh ( ) ( ) ; ; . ; ;
A A A B B B
f x y z f x y z
.
- Nu ( ) ( ) ; ; . ; ; 0
A A A B B B
f x y z f x y z <
th A, B hai phn khng gian khc nhau ngn
cch bi (P).
- Nu ( ) ( ) ; ; . ; ; 0
A A A B B B
f x y z f x y z >
th A, B cng pha so vi (P).
Nu A, B khc pha so vi (P) th vi
( ) M P
ty ta c
MA MB AB + . Suy ra ( ) min MA MB AB +
t c khi ( ) M AB P
.
- Vit p/trnh ng thng AB.
Son: Cao Long 3
Gip hc sinh t n tp mn Ton
- Tm giao im M ca ( ) AB P
. (Gii h p/trnh ca AB v (P))
- Kt lun.
Nu A, B trong cng pha so vi (P) , ta ly im A
i xng vi A qua (P).
Khi MA MA MA MB MA MB A B + +
( ) min MA MB A B +
t c khi ( ) M A B P
Tnh ta A
:
- Vit phng trnh ng thng ( ) d
qua A v ( ) ( ) d P
- Gii h ( ) ( ) { }
; d P
tm c ta ca ( ) ( ) H d P
l hnh chiu vung gc ca A
trn (P).
- H l trung im ca A A . Bit ta ca
, A H
suy ra ta ca A .
Vit p/trnh ng thng A B
.
Gii h
( ) { }
; A B P
tm c ta ca
( ) M A B P
.
2). Lm ngc li ca hai trng hp trn cu 1.
Nu A, B trong cng pha so vi (P) th
MA MB AB
Nu A, B trong cng pha so vi (P), ta ly im A
i xng vi A qua (P).
Khi
MA MA MA MB MA MB A B
Cch lm mi trng hp nh cu 1.
3). Xt im I ty , ta c
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2 . MA MA MI IA MI IA MI IA + + +
uuur uuur uur uuur uur uuur uur
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2 . MB MB MI IB MI IB MI IB + + +
uuur uuur uur uuur uur uuur uur
Suy ra
( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 . 2 2 . MA MB MI IA MI IA MI IB MI IB + + + + + +
uuur uur uuur uur uuur uur uuur uur
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 3 2 2 2 MA MB MI IA IB MI IA IB + + + + +
uuur uur uur uuur uur uur
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 MA MB MI IA IB MI IA IB + + + + +
uuur uur uur
Gi s
2 0 2 IA IB IA IB +
uur uur r uur uur
, ta c ta ca I l:
2 1 2.0 1
1 2 3 3
2 2 2.1 4
1 2 3 3
2 1 2.2 5
1 2 3 3
A B
A B
A B
x x
x
y y
I y
z z
z
+ +

+ +

'
+

+ +

. Hay
1 4 5
; ;
3 3 3
I
_

,
Son: Cao Long
A
B
M
A
B
M
A
H
Tr.Hp 1
Tr.Hp 2
4
Gip hc sinh t n tp mn Ton
Vy, vi
1 4 5
; ;
3 3 3
I
_

,
, ta c
2 0 IA IB +
uur uur r
nn
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 MA MB MI IA IB + + +
.
Do I c nh nn
2 2
, IA IB khng i. Vy
2 2
2 MA MB +
nh nht
2
MI
nh nht
MI nh nht M l hnh chiu ca I trn (P).
ng thng
( ) d
qua
1 4 5
; ;
3 3 3
I
_

,
v vung gc vi (P) nhn vecto php tuyn
( ) 1;1;1 n
r
ca (P) lm vecto ch phng nn c p/trnh
( )
1
3
4
:
3
5
3
x t
d y t
z t

+
'

- Ta giao im H ca ( ) ( ) d P
l:
5 14 17
; ;
9 9 9
H
_

,
.
- H l hnh chiu ca I trn (P).
Vy M l hnh chiu ca I trn (P) nn M H
Kt lun:
2 2
2 MA MB +
nh nht khi
5 14 17
; ;
9 9 9
M
_

,
4). Lm tng t cu 3)
5). Cn rt gn tng
3 4 MA MB MC + +
uuur uuur uuuur
thnh mt vecto
MH
uuuur
.
Khi
3 4 MA MB MC MH MH + +
uuur uuur uuuur uuuur
nh nht M l hnh chiu ca H trn (P).
Lm nh cu 3).
Bng cch phn tch ( ) ( )
3 4 3 4 MA MB MC MI IA MI IB MI IC + + + + + + +
uuur uuur uuuur uuur uur uuur uur uuur uur
8 3 4 MI IA IB IC + + +
uuur uur uur uur
n y ch vic tm ta im I sao cho
3 4 0 IA IB IC + +
uur uur uur r
ri lm tip theo hng
dn trn.
Ch :
( )
1
3 4 0 3 4
8
IA IB IC OI OA OB OC + + + +
uur uur uur r uur uuur uuur uuur
Suy ra ta ca I l
( )
( )
( )
1
3 4
8
1
3 4
8
1
3 4
8
I A B C
I A B C
I A B C
x x x x
y y y y
z z z z

+ +

+ +
'

+ +

.
Son: Cao Long 5