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Li ni u

Trong xu hng ton cu ha nn kinh t th gii, vi chnh sch m ca v hi nhp, Vit Nam ang tng bc hon thin h thng php lut thng mi. Nm 1997, Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i nh du mt bc pht trin ln trong chng ng xy dng v hon chnh h thng php lut nc ta, trong ng k nht l cc iu khon iu chnh hp ng mua bn hng ha gia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhn nc ngoi, p ng nguyn vng v mong mun ca cc thng nhn Vit nam c quan h thng mi Quc t. Ra i nm 1997, chm hn Cng c vin 17 nm, chc hn cc quy nh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam v hp ng mua bn Quc t hng ha c k tha v c rt c nhng bi hc quan trng t thc tin thng mi Vit Nam v th gii, nhng nhng quy nh ny c c ph hp vi thng l Quc t hay khng, c p ng c trn vn nguyn vng cng nh mong mun ca cc thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi khi k kt hp ng mua bn Quc t hay khng th thc t s cho thy mt cu tr li xc ng nht. Tuy nhin, Lut thng mi ca Vit Nam ra i l mt iu ht sc khch l, l mt kt qu tt yu ca i hi do thay i v din mo v sc thi i sng kinh t nc ta. Phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam rt rng, nhng trong bi tiu lun ny, chng em ch mun cp n vn lin quan n ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn Quc t hng ha cng vi mt s kin ngh nh vi mong mun Lut thng mi Vit Nam s pht huy hiu qu ng vi mc ch ra i ca n.

phn I

Khi qut chung v lut Thng Mi Vit Nam

I. 1.

Hon cnh v mc ch ra i Hon cnh ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam.

Ngy 10/05/1997, mt vn bn lut nhm iu chnh cc hnh vi thng mi ca thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi hot ng ti Vit Nam ra i sau khi c nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha IX k hp th 11 thng qua. l Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 cng vi cc h thng vn bn php lut khc, k t ngy 01/01/1998, Lut thng mi Vit Nam chnh thc c hiu lc v l c s php l quan trng iu chnh mt s vn c bn lin quan n hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i trong hon cnh nc ta chuyn t nn kinh t k hoch ha tp trung quan liu bao cp sang nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, chuyn i t nn kinh t sn xut nng nghip sang sn xut cng nghip vi nhiu c th ca mt quc gia c truyn thng nho gio lu i. S pht trin kinh t trong nc lm ny sinh nhiu loi hnh kinh doanh, trao i mua bn, hot ng u t mi. Cng vi n l qu trnh quc t ha i sng kinh t. Cc nc ngy cng tham gia su rng hn vo thng mi th gii dn n xu hng quc t ha php lut hay l vic xch li gn nhau gia php lut cc nc hoc vic nht th ha php lut mt s nc. K t nm 1986, sau khi thc hin chnh sch i mi, Quc hi lin tip thng qua nhiu o lut quan trng nh Lut u t nc ngoi (1987), Lut cng ty (1990), Lut khuyn khch u t trong nc (1994) ... nhm to ra c s php l c bn cho cc hot ng thng mi v gp phn khng nh vo s tng trng kinh t Vit Nam. Song, c th thy nc ta lc by gi cng cha c mt mi trng php lut iu chnh cc mi quan h kinh t, nht l
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cc mi quan h kinh t i ngoi. iu ny gy tr ngi ln trong quan h mua bn hp tc u t gia cc nc vi Vit Nam. Mt khc, trong iu kin hin nay, nn kinh t nc ta chuyn sang giai on mi: giai an cng nghip ha - hin i ha t nc vi nhiu th thch ca th trng v xu th hi nhp quc t vai tr ca php lut ngy cng quan trng, h thng php lut Vit Nam cn c i mi mnh m. Tnh cht ca nn kinh t th trng m trong qu trnh hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii i hi iu chnh php lut v hot ng ngoi thng phi c tin hnh trn c s cc o lut c s thng nht ng b, va c hiu lc php l cao va n nh ch khng th ch da trn s iu chnh ca cc vn bn di lut cha ng b v thng xuyn thay i. Chnh v vy, s ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 l kt qu tt yu ca i hi do thay i v din mo v sc thi i sng kinh t nc ta. Mt khc, khi tham gia vo thng trng quc t, cc ch th ca Vit Nam thng gp bt li khi bun bn hp tc u t vi cc ch th nc ngoi, ni m hu ht c mt khun kh php l vng chc cho hot ng kinh t i ngoi. V vy, m bo cho cc ch th kinh t nc mnh trong quan h thng mi Quc t cng nh nhm to mt mi trng php l lnh mnh hon thin Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 chnh thc c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/1998 l c s php l gp phn m rng giao lu thng mi vi cc nc trn th gii. 2. Mc ch ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam

Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 l c s php l pht trin nn kinh t hng ha nhiu thnh phn theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, trong kinh t nh nc gi vai tr ch o v cng vi kinh t hp tc x l nn tng ca nn kinh t quc dn; pht trin th trng hng ha v dch v thng mi trn cc vng ca c nc, m rng giao lu thng mi vi nc ngoi, gp phn y mnh sn xut ci thin i sng nhn dn, bo v li ch chnh ng ca ngi sn xut, ngi tiu dng v li ch hp php ca thng nhn, gp phn tch cc nhm y nn kinh t tng trng nhanh v bn vng theo hng cng nghip ha - hin i ha , v mc tiu dn giu nc mnh x hi cng bng vn minh. Li ni u ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng chnh l li gii thch v mc ch ra i ca b lut ny. Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i vi 3 mc tiu c bn sau:

Thng mi l hot ng quan trng c nh hng ln v trc trp n hot ng sn xut v lao ng, trong khi nhiu chnh sch c bn ca ng v nh nc v lnh vc ny cha c th ch ha bng php lut, nh mc tiu ca thng mi; chnh sch i vi cc doanh nghip thng mi thuc cc thnh phn knh t khc nhau; chnh sch i vi cc mt hng, cc dch v quan trng.... Do , vic lut ha cc quan im ny l mc tiu hng u ca vic ban hnh lut Lut thng mi. Ni n hot ng thng mi l ni n cc dng ch yu ca n nh: hot ng mua bn hng ha, i din cho thng nhn, mi gii thng mi, y thc mua bn, i l mua bn hng ha. Cc dng hot ng thng mi ny cho n nay vn cha c qui nh c th ng b y . Do t nhiu nh hng n lu thng hng ha trong nc v nc ngoi. ng v nh nc ta thc hin chnh sch a phng ha, a dng ha quan h kinh t i ngoi. Chng ta trin khai nhiu cng vic hi nhp trong khu vc v trn th gii, do i hi phi sm ban hnh nhng qui nh thch hp c gi tr php l cao nhm to thun li cho s giao lu hng ha trong nc vi nc ngoi lm cho php lut thng mi nc ta ph hp vi tp qun thng mi quc t, ng thi to c s phpl x l cc quan h kinh t thng nhn trong vic m phn song phng vi cc nc, cc t chc khu vc v quc t. II. Vai tr ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1. Bo m qun l nh nc i vi hot ng thng mi.

Lut thng mi ca bt k quc gia no d trc tip hay gin tip cng nhm m bo s iu tit ca nh nc i vi cc hot ng thng mi. Trong Lut thng mi Vit Nam, s iu tit ca nh nc i vi cc hot ng thng mi c qui nh trong cc iu 6-16, 224-262. S qun l nh nc v thng mi c c quan nh nc c thm quyn tin hnh bao gm: ban hnh cc vn bn php lut v thng mi, t chc ng k kinh doanh thng mi; t chc thng tin v th trng; hng dn tiu dng hp l; tit kim...; k kt hoc tham gia cc iu c Quc t v thng mi; i din v qun l cc hot ng thng mi ca Vit Nam nc ngoi; hng dn tham gia kim tra vic chp hnh v thc hin php lut thng mi; x l vi phm php lut v thng mi.

2.

Thc hin quyn t do kinh doanh ca cng dn trn lnh vc thng mi.

Nhm bo m lu thng hng ha c thun tin, Lut thng mi Vit Nam qui nh cc quyn t do sau y ca thng nhn trong khun kh php lut: thng nhn iu kin theo qui nh ca php lut c quyn hot ng thng mi trong cc lnh vc a bn m php lut khng cm (iu 6, Lut thng mi), c quyn t do kinh doanh, t do chn bn hng (iu 6, Lut thng mi), c quyn t do la chn hnh thc giao kt hp ng (iu 44, Lut thng mi), c quyn t do xc nh ni dung khc ngoi nhng ni dung ch yu ca hp ng (iu 50, Lut thng mi Vit Nam), c quyn sa i, b sung, chm dt hp ng (iu 57, Lut thng mi Vit Nam). 3. Thc hin quyn bnh ng trc php lut ca thng nhn thuc mi thnh phn kinh t trong cc hot ng thng mi.

Quyn bnh ng trc php lut ca thng nhn thuc mi thnh phn kinh t c qui nh ti iu 7, Lut thng mi Vit Nam. y l s c th ha iu 22, Hin php 1992 trong cc hot ng thng mi. Bnh ng y l cc ch th c i x nh nhau trc c quan nh nc v trc php lut Vit Nam, nu c cc iu kin c th so snh c vi nhau. Tuy nhin, theo iu 10, Lut thng mi, thng nhn l doanh nghip nh nc c nhng quyn v ngha v khng ging nh thng nhn l cng ty, t hp tc hay c nhn. Trong kinh doanh ni chung cng nh trong hot ng thng mi ni ring, quyn bnh ng th hin ch, cc thng nhn c php lut m bo c hi nh nhau tham gia cnh tranh trong hot ng thng mi. V d: nu c nhng iu kin d thu nh nhau, thng nhn u c php tham gia d thu. Nu c y cc iu kin kinh doanh xut nhp khu, thng nhn c iu kin tham gia hot ng xut nhp khu trc tip. Cc c hi kinh doanh c c tn dng hay khng, ph thuc vo tng v tr ca thng nhn trn th trng. Nh vy, bnh ng c hiu l bnh dng trc php lut. Tuy nhin, cng bng tuyt i trong kinh doanh l rt kh thc hin, v cnh tranh trn th trng l pht huy cc th mnh ring nhm tip cn, m rng, ginh gi th phn nn vic chn p y li i th cnh tranh l khng trnh khi. 4. Qui nh nhng iu kin i vi thng nhn trong cc hot ng thng mi

m bo an ton cho cc quan h thng mi trong hot ng thng mi, Lut thng mi quy nh cht ch hn so vi cc quy nh tng ng trong
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php lut dn s. V d: iu 75, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh bn mua c ngha v thng bo trong mt thi hn khiu ni nht nh nu hng ha khng ng theo tha thun, nu khng thng bo kp thi bn mua mt quyn khiu ni. III. Phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam vi t cch l ngun lut iu chnh hp ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhn nc ngoi. Ra i trong hon cnh nn kinh t t nc cng nh nn kinh t th gii c nhiu chuyn bin ng k, Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 c nhiu im tng ng vi lut thng mi ca nhiu nc c nn kinh t th trng. Song do s non tr ca nn kinh t m nc ta ang bc u xy dng, tnh nh hng XHCN v thc tin lp php trong gn 30 nm qua nh hng khng nh n ni dung nht l phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Theo cc iu 17, iu 4 v iu 5 th Lut thng mi Vit Nam c phm vi iu chnh hp, gm mt s hot ng sau: Hp ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi. Cc dch v lin quan n mua bn hng ha, lu thng hng ha nh: i din cho thng nhn, mi gii thng mi, i l mua bn hng ha, gia cng qung co thng mi, hi ch trin lm thg mi.... Cc hot ng khc tuy cng c tnh cht kinh doanh nh cho thu xy dng vn ti, ngn hng, bo him... song khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca lut ny m c cc vn bn lut khc tng ng (Lut xy dng, Lut hng khng, Lut hng hi, Lut cc t chc tn dng....) Ngoi ra, phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn hn hp mt s cc loi hng ha. Nu Cng c Vin 1980 lit k cc loi hng ha khng l i tng iu chnh ca cng c vin th Lut thng mi Vit Nam li gii hn cc hng ha l i tng iu chnh ca lut ny, ch yu l cc ng sn my mc thit b, nguyn vt liu sn xut v tiu dng. Cc bt ng sn nh nh my cng trnh xy dng, cc quyn ti sn nh s hu cng nghip, quyn s dng t, c phiu, tri phiu do c nhng c th ring nn khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Tm li, c th xem Lut thng mi Vit Nam l tng hp cc quy phm php lut do nh nc ban hnh xc nh a v php l cho thng nhn hoc iu chnh cc hnh vi thng mi ni chung. V Lut thng mi Vit Nam iu
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chnh mt s hnh vi thng mi ca thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi hot ng trn lnh th Vit Nam nn ng nhin b lut ny cng iu chnh hot ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam v thng nhn nc ngoi. y cng l mt mc ch quan trng ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997.

Phn II

Ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng

I.

Cc yu t cu thnh trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn ngoi thng.

Khng phi bt k lc no, khi mt bn trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng y nhng quy nh trong hp ng u phi chu trch nhim bi thng v chu pht trc bn kia. xc nh xem mt trng hp vi phm hp ng c th quy trch nhim cho bn vi phm khng, ta phi cn c vo cc yu t cu thnh trch nhim. Xut pht t l lun v thc tin khoa hc php l v li trong quan h mua bn, iu 230, Lut thng mi: "Cn c pht sinh trch nhim bi thng thit hi" quy nh bn yu t cu thnh trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, bao gm: 1. Th tri c hnh vi vi phm php lut

y l cn c c bn quy trch nhim, v hp ng l s tha thun t nguyn c hiu lc php lut, v sau khi c xc lp, cc ngha v xut pht t quan h hp ng mang tnh bt buc, nu mt bn khng thi hnh th b coi l vi phm php lut v s b quy kt trch nhim. Trong mua bn quc t hng ha, hnh vi vi phm php lut c th l khng thc hin hp ng hay thc hin khng y , thi hnh khng tt. Vic ngi bn khng giao hng, ngi mua khng tr tin hng s b coi l hnh vi khng thc hin hp ng, v nh vy nu hp ng c k kt theo ng quy nh ca php lut th hnh vi vi phm hp ng ny cng l vi phm php lut. Mt khc, vic ngi bn khng thc hin y , thc hin khng tt hp ng nh giao hng thiu, giao hng chm, giao hng khng ng phm cht quy cch tha thun ... V ngi mua thiu tinh thn thin ch trong thc hin hp ng nh chm m L/C, khng chu nhn hng cng b coi l vi phm hp ng. Nh vy, ch khi cc ch th hp ng thc hin ng nguyn tc chp hnh mua bn ngoi thng sau:

Nguyn tc thc hin t nguyn thc s cc cam kt. Nguyn tc thc hin ng v y cc cam kt. Nguyn tc thc hin trn c s thin ch hp tc, hai bn cng c li, m bo o c trong kinh doanh. C thc hin ng cc nguyn tc ny th cc bn mi c coi l khng vi phm hp ng tc l khng vi phm php lut v c php lut bo v quyn li chnh ng. Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh ngha v chng minh vi phm hp ng l ca bn b vi phm. V d nh khi ngi bn khng giao hng, ngi mua phi chng minh vic ngi bn khng giao hng cn c vo cc ti liu vn bn c lin quan nh hp ng mua bn c k kt l cn c chng minh ngi bn c ngha v phi giao hng. L/C m chng minh mnh thc hin v sn sng thc hin hp ng. Cc bc in gic bn bn giao hng, in tr li ca ngi bn cam kt s giao hang... Khi , ngi bn nu mun bc li th phi chng minh mnh khng vi phm hp ng bng cch xut trnh bin lai chng t ... 2. Phi c li ca bn vi phm hp ng.

Trong hp ng mua bn vi thng nhn nc ngoi, vic mt bn khng quan tm v quan tm khng ng mc ti vic thc hin ngha v ca mnh, do dn ti vi phm ngha v th b coi l c li. y, cm t khng quan tm c hiu l hnh vi c , khng thc hin ngha v, d bit l sai nhng vn khng chp hnh quy nh ca hp ng v do b coi l c li. Cn vic quan tm khng ng mc tc l hnh vi vi phm do v , do s sut hoc c bit trc c hu qu ca hnh vi s sut song do qu cu th m khng lng trc c mc ca hu qu. V d nh mt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng theo iu kin CIF c quy nh l ngi bn phi thu tu ch hng loi tu tr 10 tui, quc tch tu Nht Bn. Song do khng tm c loi tu theo quy nh ca hp ng, ngi bn t thu mt con tu mang c Italia ch hng m khng thng bo cho ngi mua. n cng nc ngi mua, tu b phong ta do lnh ca chnh quyn s ti nc ngi mua h lnh i vi tt c cc con tu mang quc tch . Nh vy, ngi bn d bit trc hnh vi ca mnh nhng khng lng trc c hu qu pht sinh v li ny b coi l li s sut, do khng quan tm ng mc.

Lut thng mi Vit Nam khng quy nh ai c li m li c xc nh theo nguyn tc suy on. Khi mt bn vi phm hp ng th bn kia c quyn suy on bn vi phm c li v v vy, bn vi phm phi chu trch nhim. y l trch nhim suy on v d li c hay v cng khng lm tng gim trch nhim. V d nh khi ngi bn giao hng chm, ngi mua c quyn suy on ngay l ngi bn c li v khng giao hng theo ng thi gian tha thun v nh vy, ngi mua c th quy trch nhim cho ngi bn. Khi b quy trch nhim, bn vi phm mun thot trch nhim phi chng minh l mnh khng c li, chng no khng chng minh c th ng nhin vn b coi l c li v phi chu trch nhim. 3. Tri ch b thit hi vt cht, thit hi v ti sn hoc cc quyn c gi tr ti sn.

y l yu t cn thit, c bit cho trng hp mun quy trch nhim i bi thng thit hi. Thng thng, thit hi m tri ch phi gnh chu c th l thit hi vt cht v thit hi tinh thn. Song, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng nh lut cc nc thng ch tha nhn nhng thit hi ti sn (thit hi v vt cht) mi l yu t quy trch nhim. * Thit hi v ti sn thng gm cc loi thit hi sau: - Tn tht thc t: L mt loi thit hi mang tnh cht thc t, c th tnh ton c mt cch c th. Tn tht thc t gm c: + gim ti sn bng hin vt: nh khi mt bn vi phm mt ngha v no lm cho ti sn ca bn kia gim st (ngi bn giao hng km phm cht so vi tha thun lm cho bn mua khng nhn c hng ng cht lng do phi bn h gi hoc phi s dng vi mc ch khc i...) + cc chi ph chi ra v chi thm: cc chi ph chi ra nh chi ph m phn, k kt hp ng, chi ph m L/C, chi ph thu tu mua bo him cho hng ha nhng ngi bn khng giao hng. Cc chi ph chi thm trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng nh chi ph bi thng cho ngi th ba do bn bn giao chm hng lm cho bn mua b pht giao chm, chi ph lu kho bi m ngi bn phi tr do ngi mua (theo iu kin FOB) cha n ly hng, chi ph pht d chm m ngi bn phi tr cho ngi cho ngi chuyn ch do ngi mua khng chu n nhn hng... Tt c cc khon b gim st v ti sn v chi ph

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chi v chi thm ny u c th quy ra gi tr vt cht c th v l c s cho vic i bi thng thit hi. - Cc khon li b b l, cc khon thu ng l ra c nhn nu bn kia thc hin ng hp ng nhng khng c nhn. y chnh l nhng khon li mt hng m khi k kt hp ng, cc bn u mong i. Nhng khon li ny d trn thc t nu khng c vi phm hp ng, bn b vi phm c nhn c hay khng khng quan trng m c c vi phm gy thit hi lm mt khon li d c , ngi b vi phm vn c quyn i bn vi phm. i bi thng thit hi thc t, bn b vi phm phi chng minh c l mnh c thit hi v thot trch nhim, bn vi phm phi chng minh ngc li. 4. C mi quan h trc tip gia hnh vi vi phm hp ng v thit hi vt cht.

Mi quan h ny th hin ch vi phm hp ng l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra cc thit hi, cn thit hi thc t l hu qu trc tip ca nhng hnh vi . V d nh ngi bn giao hng chm so vi thi gian quy nh trong hp ng lm gi hng gim so vi gi ca thi k l ra hng c giao, v do vy ngi mua b b l khon li ng l c hng. Vy hnh vi giao hng chm l nguyn nhn trc tip gy thit hi ti sn cho ngi mua (khng c nhn khon li m mnh c quyn c hng t quan h hp ng). Hay trng hp ngi bn giao hng theo ng tha thun trong hp ng nhng ngi mua khng chu ra nhn hng ti cng n, lm pht sinh chi ph lu tu v hnh vi khng nhn hng ca ngi mua l nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra hu qu ngi bn phi chi thm cc chi ph lu tu, bo qun hng ha. Ngha v chng minh quan h nhn qu ny thuc v bn b vi phm. iu cn ch l khi chng minh phi loi tr cc thit hi gin tip, thit hi khng lng trc c, thit hi on c. Trn thc t, ngha v chng minh thit hi trc tip li ri vo bn b vi phm v bn b vi phm mun i c bi thng cng nhiu cng tt nn thng lit k cc thit hi ra. Bn vi phm khng phi bi thng tt c cc thit hi m tri ch nu th phi chng minh c rng ch mt phn thit hi xy ra l do vic vi phm nhim v ca mnh, thit hi ti sn khc cn li do mt s nguyn nhn khc khng phi do li ca mnh bng cch a ra cc vn bn, bng chng c lin quan.

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II. Cc ch ti p dng cho vic vi phm hp ng trong hot ng mua bn hng ha theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Khi vi phm hp ng trong hot ng mua bn hng ha, bn vi phm phi chu trch nhim trc bn b vi phm thng qua cc hnh thc trch nhim gi l ch ti. Theo php lut thng mi Vit Nam, cc ch ti thng mi c hiu l nhng bin php php l mang tnh ti sn do bn b vi phm la chn p dng i vi bn vi phm nhm mc nh ngn nga, trng tr v gio dc. Nh vy, cc ch ti thng mi c p dng l khi phc v mt vt cht cho bn b vi phm hoc l ngn nga thit hi hay c ngha trng pht v mt vt cht i vi bn vi phm hp ng. Do , cc ch ti ny c cc bn p dng cho cc vi phm xut hin t lc k kt, thc hin v chm dt hp ng. Ty thuc vo cc vi phm v cc quy nh khc nhau trong hp ng m cc ch ti khc nhau c p dng. Lut thng mi Vit Nam ginh hn mc 1 chng IV quy nh cc ch ti p dng cho vic vi phm hp ng trong hot ng mua bn hng ha. Theo iu 222, Lut thng mi Vit Nam, c bn loi ch ti trong thng mi. l: Buc thc hin ng hp ng; Pht vi phm; Bi thng thit hi; Hy hp ng. 1. Buc thc hin ng hp ng

iu 223, Khon 1 Lut thng mi quy nh: Buc thc hin ng hp ng l vic bn c quyn li b vi phm yu cu bn vi phm thc hin ng hp ng hoc dng cc bin php khc hp ng c thc hin v bn vi phm phi chu ph tn pht sinh. Nh vy, ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng buc bn v phi thc hin ng hp ng cho d thc hin c, bn vi phm phi p dng bin php no hay phi chu ph tn nh th no. Vy nhng trng hp no c th p dng c ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng. Theo iu 223, Khon 2, ch ti ny c p dng trong cc trng hp: giao hng thiu; giao hng km cht lng, cung ng dch v khng

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ng hp ng. Trong trng hp giao hng thiu, ch ti ny quy nh rng bn vi phm phi giao hng theo ng nh tha thun trong hp ng, tc l phi giao ng v s lng, cht lng, chng loi, xut x, mu m... i vi vic giao hng km cht lng, cung cp dch v khng ng hp ng, bn vi phm phi tm cch loi tr cc khuyt tt ca hng ha, thiu st ca dch v. Trong trng hp ny, Lut thng mi cn quy nh thm rng bn vi phm c th c th giao hng khc thay th hng km cht lng hoc cung ng dch v theo ng hp ng, tuy nhin khng c dng tin hoc hng khc chng loi, dch v khc thay th, nu khng c s chp thun ca bn c quyn li b vi phm. Trn thc t, khi mt bn vi phm ngha v hp ng, bo v quyn li cho mnh, bn b vi phm khng phi lc no cng cng nhc i bn kia thc hin ng ngha v nh giao hng thm (nu giao hng thiu), hay tm bin php khc phc khuyt tt ca hng ha hoc thay th bng hng ha khc (nu giao hng km cht lng), nht l trong trng hp bn vi phm gp nhiu kh khn v chi ph lm c nh vy v thm ch bn b vi phm cng c th b thit hi hn. Trong trng hp ny, tc l khi bn vi phm khng thc hin theo cc quy nh ni trn, ti iu 223, Khon 3 v 4 ca Lut thng mi cng th hin s linh hot khi quy nh c th rng: Bn c quyn li b vi phm c quyn mua hng c quyn mua hng hay nhn cung ng dich v ca ngi khc thay th theo ng loi hng ha, dch v ghi trong hp ng. Khi , bn vi phm phi b chnh lch nu c. y cng l gii php m Cng c Vin 1980 a ra khi bn bn khng giao hng hoc giao hng thiu. V d khi bn vi phm giao hng thiu, bn b vi phm khng nht thit phi ch bn vi phm giao hng m c th mua ngay hng khc cng chng loi ca ngi cung cp khc khng mt thi c kinh doanh ca mnh. Tt nhin, m bo cho quyn li ca bn b vi phm, bn vi phm phi c trch nhim n b chi ph pht sinh. Nu bn c quyn li b vi phm t sa cha khuyt tt, thiu st ca hng ha, dch v th bn vi phm phi tr cc chi ph thc t hp l. R rng l gii php ny va gip cc bn tip tc quan h hp ng, va hn ch cc thit hi. Theo quy nh ny, bn vi phm phi tr cc chi ph thc t hp l. Ni cch khc, nu bn b vi phm vin c sa cha khuyt tt ca hng ha i bn kia cc chi ph khng lin quan n vic sa cha khuyt tt hoc i cc chi ph v l qu cao so vi thc t th bn vi phm s khng phi tr cc chi ph .

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Khi bn vi phm thc hin ng cc quy nh ni trn, tc l giao hng i vi trng hp giao hng thiu v sa cha khuyt tt, thiu st ca hng ha nu giao hng km phm cht th bn c quyn li b vi phm phi nhn hng, nhn dch v v thanh ton tin hng, ph dch v. (iu 223, Khon 5) cho bn vi phm c th thc hin c cc ngha v ni trn, Lut thng mi cn cho php bn c quyn li b vi phm phi gia hn mt thi gian hp l. (iu 224). Song vic gia hn ny khng c ngha l thay i iu khon v thi hn giao hng. Thi hn giao hng nu c s thay i l do hai bn tha thun, cn vic gia hn ch l quyt nh n phng ca bn b vi phm nhm bo v li ch ca mnh. Nu ht thi hn n nh m bn vi phm vn khng thc hin ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng, bn b vi phm c p dng cc ch ti khc bo v li ch chnh ng ca mnh (Khon 2, iu 225). Tuy nhin, Khon 1, iu 225 ca Lut thng mi li quy nh r rng: Trong trng hp khng c tho thun khc th trong thi gian p dng ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng, bn c quyn li b vi phm khng c p dng cc ch ti pht vi phm, bi thng thit hi, hy hp ng. Nh vy, buc thc hin ng hp ng l ch ti nh nht trong cc ch ti v l tin thc hin cc ch ti khc. 2. Pht vi phm

y l mt ch ti rt hay c s dng trong vic gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh trong hp ng kinh t. Theo iu 226, Lut thng mi: Pht vi phm l vic bn c quyn li b vi phm yu cu bn vi phm tr mt khon tin pht nht nh do vi phm hp ng, nu trong hp ng c tha thun hoc php lut quy nh. T nh ngha trn c th thy, pht vi phm ch c p dng khi trong hp ng c tha thun hoc php lut quy nh s p dng loi ch ti ny cho nhng vi phm nht nh v khng ph thuc vo bn b vi phm c thit hi hay khng. c th i c tin pht, cc bn phi da trn nhng cn c sau: mt bn khng thc hin hp ng hoc thc hin khng ng hp ng (iu 227, Lut thng mi). Khng thc hin hp ng c th l khng giao hng, khng nhn hng, khng thanh ton tin hng... Cn thc hin khng ng hp ng c th l chm giao hng, giao hng thiu, giao hng sai quy cch chng loi, giao hng km phm cht... y, Lut thng mi khng quy nh rng,

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khi p dng ch ti pht vi phm, bn c quyn li b vi phm phi c ngha v chng minh thit hi v mc thit hi. Nu bn b vi phm chng minh c l bn kia vi phm v vi phm thuc din p dng ch ti pht vi phm theo hp ng hoc do php lut quy nh th hon ton c th yu cu bn vi phm tr tin pht. V mc pht vi phm, iu 228, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh: Mc pht i vi mt vi phm ngha v hp ng hoc tng mc pht i vi nhiu vi phm do cc bn tha thun trong hp ng, nhng khng qu tm phn trm gi tr phn ngha v b vi phm. Nh vy, Lut thng mi cho php cc bn tr bng mt s tin c th hoc theo t l phn trm i vi vic vi phm ngha v hp ng nhng li khng qu tm phn trm gi tr ca phn hp ng b vi phm. iu khon ny cho thy Lut thng mi Vit Nam coi ch ti pht vi phm nh mt bin php trng tr v mt vt cht i vi bn vi phm, nhng ch gii hn mc ti a tm phn trm gi tr phn hp ng vi phm l nhm trnh cc bn s lm dng iu khon ny. Quan im ca cc nc v ch ti pht u cho rng pht l tin bi thng c tnh (tnh trc). Nh vy, iu quan trng l cc bn phi c s tha thun, d kin trc v mcpht trong hp ng mua bn. Tuy nhin, cc nc li c quy nh khc nhau v mi quan h gia thit hi v s tin pht. Lut Anh-M cho rng, trong trng hp tri ch khng c thit hi thc t th mc pht do hai bn hon ton quyt nh. Nu tri ch c thit hi thc t th tin pht phi thp hn thit hi thc t. (y l quy phm bt buc, nu cao hn th ch ti ny khng c gi tr.) Lut Php th quy nh rng, trong trng hp tri ch khng c thit hi thc t th mc pht do hai bn tha thun. Cn khi c thit hi thc t, theo nguyn tc, tin pht phi thp hn thit hi thc t. Nhng trn thc t, cc c quan t php vn tha nhn trng hp m tin pht cao hn thit hi thc t (quy phm ty ). Ring lut c li cho rng, pht l trng pht, do , khi tri ch c thit hi thc t th tin pht lun cao hn thit hi thc t. Cc nc XHCN, trong c Vit Nam th tha nhn tin pht l tin bi thng tnh trc. Nu tri ch c thit hi thc t cao hn so vi tin pht tha thun th cho php tri ch c quyn la chn hoc l i tin pht, hoc l i tin bi thng thit hi. Sau y l mt dn chng c th v vic p dng ch ti pht trong gii quyt tranh chp hp ng Vit Nam trong thi gian va qua:

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Ngy 22/12/1994, Cng ty Singapore IRP k hp ng mua 36 tn c ph ca cng ty xut nhp khu bin gii Thanh Ha (Protimex) theo n gi 2170 USD/ tn, tng tr gi hp ng l 78.120 USD. Thi hn giao hng quy nh trong hp ng khng mun qu ngy 20/1/1995, thanh ton bng th tn dng khng hy ngang. L/C phi c m trc ngy 5/1/1995. Bn no vi phm ngha v s b pht 12% tr gi hp ng. Tin hnh thc hin hp ng, cng ty IRP m L/C vi s tin l 78.120 USD ngy 5/1/1995, tc l hon thnh ngha v thanh ton theo phng thc th tn dng chng t song chm hn mt ngy so vi thi hn ca hp ng. Th nhng Protimex vo ngy 18/1/1995 gi cng vn cho IRP tr li l khng th giao hng v c ph ln gi v ang gp kh khn v vn, do , ngh tng gi hng v li thi hn giao hng t 20/1/1995 n ngy 15/2/1995 nhng IRP khng chp nhn v khi kin i tin pht vi phm hp ng. Cn c theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam, li y thuc v Protimex, mc d cng ty IRP m L/C chm mt ngy, song khi nhn c thng bo L/C m, Protimex khng h c mt hnh vi phn i hay yu cu g, iu ny chng t Protimex chp nhn vic thc hin ngha v ca bn Singapore. Hn na, theo s trnh by ca Protimex l h khng kh nng thc hin hp ng, nhng li khng c bt k mt hnh vi no nhm thng bo cho IRP trc ngy 20/1/1995 cng thng lng gii quyt, ngn chn thit hi. Do , xt theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam th Protimex buc phi np tin pht cho cng IRP ca Singapore. Tuy nhin, mc pht quy nh trong hp ng li vt qu gii hn ti a cho php ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam l 8%. Do , nu chiu theo Lut thng mi th c quan xt x chc chn s iu chnh mc % pht m hai bn tha thun vi nhau sao cho ph hp. Nh vy, c th thy cc iu khon pht trong hp ng thng c p dng v pht huy tt tc dng nhm ngn nga, gio dc bn mua nng cao thc chp hnh tt ngha v hp ng. Tuy nhin, do ch gii hn mt s vi phm nht nh v mc pht ti a l 8%, ch ti ny theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam t nhiu b gim tc dng. 3. Bi thng thit hi.

Nu nh cc bn khng n nh mc pht trong hp ng th khi th tri vi phm hp ng, tri ch c quyn yu cu th tri bi thng thit hi. Bn vi phm phi phc hi quyn li cho bn b vi phm: bi thng thit hi, chi ph, mt mt, tn tht m mt bn phi gnh chu do bn kia vi phm hp ng.
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y l mt loi ch ti c p dng rt ph bin khi c vi phm hp ng mua bn gy thit hi cho bn vi phm. Theo iu 229, Khon 1 Lut thng mi: Bi thng thit hi l vic bn c quyn li b vi phm yu cu bn vi phm tr tin bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng gy ra. Theo iu 230 ca Lut thng mi, c th p dng ch ti bi thng thit hi cn phi c cc yu t sau: C hnh vi vi phm hp ng; C thit hi vt cht; C mi quan h trc tip gia hnh vi vi phm hp ng v thit hi vt cht; C li ca bn vi phm hp ng. Nu thiu mt trong bn yu t ni trn, chng hn c hnh vi vi phm hp ng m khng pht sinh thit hi vt cht hay hnh vi vi phm khng trc tip dn n thit hi vt cht hoc li khng thuc bn vi phm mc d c thit hi...th khng th i bn vi phm bi thng thit hi. Ngoi ra, i vi yu t li ca bn vi phm, li c xc nh theo nguyn tc suy on li. Tc l c c vi phm hp ng th c th suy on bn vi phm hp ng. Mun thot trch nhim, bn vi phm phi chng minh c l mnh khng c li (iu 231). iu 229, Khon 1, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh: S tin bi thng thit hi gm gi tr tn tht thc t, trc tip v khon li ng l c hng m bn c quyn li b vi phm phi chu do bn vi phm hp ng gy ra. S tin bi thng thit hi khng th cao hn gi tr tn tht v khon li ng l c hng. Theo , s tin bi thng thit hi s bao gm hai khon: Th nht l bn vi phm phi bi thng gi tr tn tht thc t trc tip, tc l ch bi thng nhng thit hi vt cht trc tip v thc t ch khng phi bi thng nhng thit hi tinh thn, gin tip, suy on. V d ngi bn xut khu du th nhng cht lng km, do ngi mua phi ti ch li. Sau ngi mua tnh ton c cc thit hi nh sau: 1) Tin cng ti ch; 2) Tr gi hao ht; 3) Giao chm 30 ngy, gy thit hi cho ngi th ba m ngi mua phi c trch nhim bi thng;
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4) Nh my khng c du sn xut, cng nhn ngh vic nhng vn phi tr lng; 5) Cng nhn nh cng do khng c vic nhng vn phi tr lng. Trong 5 loi thit hi trn, bn vi phm ch phi bi thng 3 loi thit hi u v y l nhng thit hi tn tht thc t, trc tip do chnh hnh vi vi phm hp ng ca th tri trc tip gy nn; cn loi thit hi sau (nh my khng c du sn xut... , cng nhn nh cng... ) l nhng thit hi gin tip v v nguyn tc nh my phi lun c du d tr cho sn xut. Bi thng gi tr tn tht thc t trc tip cng c ngha l khng bi thng nhng thit hi xa xi, t xut m lc k kt hp ng cc bn khng lng trc c. Chng hn, ngi bn FOB mang hng ra cng giao cho ngi mua, nhng ngi mua a tu n chm, ngi bn lu kho hng ha, sau khi b bo lt nn hng ha b h hng. y, chi ph lu kho l thit hi, ngi mua phi bi thng, cn thit hi hng ha do bo lt l thit hi xa xi, t xut m lc k kt hp ng hai bn khng lng trc c nn ngi mua khng phi bi thng. Nguyn tc bi thng theo lut ca cc nc c s khc nhau. i vi cc nc c nn kinh t pht trin, lut php cho php i bi thng thit hi v tinh thn tc l nhng thit hi m ngi ta kh c th tnh ton c mt cch vt cht, mang tnh v hnh nhiu hn, kh tnh ton bng con s tht m ch tnh ton c mt cch tng i (do ta n quy nh). V d nh bn vi phm hp ng lm cho bn b vi phm mt uy tn kinh doanh nhng kh c th lng ha c s mt uy tn kinh doanh ny s lm cho tri ch thit hi v mt vt cht l bao nhiu. Trong khi , i vi cc nc c nn kinh t ang pht trin m Vit Nam l mt v d, Lut thng mi quy nh bn b vi phm ch c i bi thng thit hi vt cht, l tn tht thc s c tnh ton bng nhng con s. Th hai, bn vi phm phi bi thng khon li ng l c hng m bn c quyn li b vi phm phi chu do bn vi phm hp ng gy ra. Chng hn, thng nhn A k hp ng mua go ca thng nhn B vi nh cung cp go phc v dp Tt c truyn. V vy, thi hn giao hng trong hp ng quy nh l vo thng 12/1998. Nhng B giao hng chm (1/1999). C hi bn hng i vi bn A khng cn na. Do , sau Tt A mi bn c hng. Mt khc, gi trn th trng ti thi im A bn hng thc t v thi im bn hng d kin gim xung t 4.900 ng/kg xung cn 4.500 ng/kg. Phn chnh

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lch ny c coi l khon li mt hng ca A do B vi phm hp ng v thi hn giao hng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t trng hp ny cng thng hay gy tranh ci. V d, A chm giao hng hai thng, B tnh ton cc khon thit hi bao gm: tin lng cng nhn hai thng, ngng sn xut hai thng, thu np trong hai thng, tin khu hao nh xng, cc chi ph khc... Song y khng phi l nhng khon li ng l c hng m ch l nhng thit hi do suy on v nu A khng giao hng, B phi i mua hng vi gi cao hn, do s c coi l thit hi thc t. Mc d, li c xc nh trn c s suy on li nhng khi p dng loi ch ti ny, bn i bi thng thit hi c ngha v phi chng minh tn tht v mc tn tht (iu 231, Lut thng mi). Ngoi ngha v chng minh tn tht v mc tn tht, bn i bi thng thit hi phi p dng cc bin php hp l hn ch tn tht k c khon li ng l c hng do hnh vi vi phm hp ng gy ra; nu bn i bi thng thit hi khng p dng cc bin php , bn vi phm hp ng c quyn yu cu gim bi tin bi thng thit hi bng mc tn tht ng l c th hn ch c. (iu 232, Lut thng mi) Quy nh ny ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng ging vi quy nh ca Cng c Vin 1980 khi p dng ch ti ny. Ring i vi trng hp bn vi phm chm thc hin ngha v thanh ton tin hng hay chm thanh ton ph dch v v cc chi ph khc, iu 233, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh bn kia c quyn i tin li trn s tin chm tr theo li sut n qu hn do Ngn hng nh nc Vit Nam quy nh ti thi im thanh ton tng ng vi thi gian chm tr, tr trng hp cc bn c tha thun khc hoc php lut c quy nh khc. Nh vy, s tin li ny cng ging nh khon tin bi thng thit hi m bn vi phm phi tr cho bn c quyn li b vi phm bi v trn thc t, vic chm tr tin ny c th lm bn c quyn li b vi phm tht thu nhng khon li hay b l cc thng v lm n khc. Trong thc tin thng mi, c th thy khng phi lc no ch ti i bi thng thit hi cng c bn vi phm chp hnh nghim chnh. l v vic tranh chp gia ba cng ty ca Vit Nam, Nht Bn v Hn Quc. Cng ty TICO Ltd. (Nht Bn) k hp ng mua ca cng ty Sunkuong Ltd. (Hn Quc) s lng 1.300 tn phn Ur bn li cho cng ty xut khu rau qu III thuc Tng cng ty rau qu Vit Nam (VEGETEXCO). Hng n cng Hi Phng
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ngy 6/9/1996, VEGETEXCO lm t khai hi quan tip nhn l hng v hi quan thnh ph cng lm th tc kin hng thng qua Tng cc o lng cht lng (Quatest 3). Kt qu gim nh cho bit biuret ca l hng trn l 1,8% (trong khi hp ng quy nh l 1% v biuret ti a m k thut cho php l di 1,5%). Nh vy tc l l hng khng m bo cht lng so vi hp ng. Do , VEGETEXCO khng nhng phi lu gi l hng m cn b hi quan x pht hnh chnh v nhp hng khng t tiu chun, pht 18 triu VN v buc phi ti ch l hng trc khi phn phi. Hn na, kt qu gim nh tip tc ca Vinacontrol cho thy, hu ht khi lng ca cc bao di mc tiu chun l 50 kg v khng ng nht, c bao chnh ti 9 kg. Nh vy, l hng trn c v cht lng v khi lng u khng ng quy nh ca hp ng. V vy, VEGETEXCO kin TICO ra trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam, i bi thng tng gi tr thit hi gm c li sut ng vn do phi gim nh, ti ch, bc d, ng gi l hng l 35.719,48 USD trong thi gian 30 ngy k t ngy 23/10/1997 (l ngy trng ti ra phn quyt). Ngoi ra, trng ti cn tuyn b TICO phi chu chi ph trng ti l 1.259,03 USD. Song n nay, VEGETEXCO vn cha c TICO bi thng vi l do pha Hn Quc cha bi thng thit hi cho TICO. T v vic nu trn, c th thy cho d c p dng cc hnh thc trch nhim khi c vi phm hp ng, song nu bn vi phm c tnh khng thc hin d l phn quyt ca trng ti i na th bn chu thit nhiu nht vn l nhng doanh nghip lm n lng thin. 4. Ch ti hy hp ng.

Hy hp ng l ch ti nng nht p dng cho vic vi phm hp ng mua bn hng ha. Ch ti ny thng ch c p dng khi cc bn s dng nhng bin php khc song khng mang li kt qu. Lut php v bun bn ngoi thng ca cc nc cha quy nh thng nht nhau trng hp vi phm no c quyn hy hp ng. Theo lut mua bn nm 1893 ca Anh, mt bn c quyn hy hp ng khi bn kia vi phm iu khon ch yu ca hp ng. iu khon ch yu l nhng iu khon i vo gc r, i vo mc ch chnh ca hp ng. y l mt quy nh chung chung, cn c th iu khon no l ch yu cn ph thuc vo cch xem xt ca cc bn, v quyt nh ca Ta n hoc trng ti. Theo thc tin t php ca Anh, vi phm iu khon ch yu thng bao gm: vi

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phm thi hn giao hng, vi phm phm cht bn hng theo mu, vi phm phm cht khi mua bn hng theo mc ch s dng... Theo lut ca Php, nu mt bn khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng y hp ng th bn kia c quyn i h thc hin thc s hoc i hy hp ng cng vi vic bi thng thit hi xy ra. Nhng khng phi bt k trng hp vi phm hp ng no cng dn n hy hp ng, m ch hy hp ng khi c s vi phm nghim trng. Nhn chung, theo lut ca cc nc TBCN, ch ti hy hp ng c p dng khi: Vi phm thi gian giao hng; Giao hng c phm cht qu km; Vi phm phm cht hng khi phm cht c quy nh theo mu; Hng giao khng p ng c cng dng thng thng; Hng thuc loi c bit v c mc ch chuyn dng nht nh nhng hng giao khng t c mc ch ... Theo Cng c Vin 1980, vic hy hp ng c p dng khi khng giao hng trong thi gian gia hn thm, khi khng tr tin hng trong thi gian gia hn thm, khi vi phm c bn hp ng. cp n ch ti ny, iu 235, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh nh sau: Bn c quyn li b vi phm tuyn b hy hp ng nu vic vi phm ca bn kia l iu kin hy hp ng m cc bn tha thun. Nh vy, Lut thng mi Vit Nam khng quy nh c th cc iu kin theo cc bn c c hy hp ng m theo Lut thng mi, c th hy hp ng, trc ht cc bn phi tha thun trong hp ng. iu ny c ngha l Lut thng mi ch tha nhn duy nht mt trng hp hy hp ng l khi cc bn c tha thun sn rng vic vi phm s p dng ch ti hy hp ng. Vic hy hp ng do hai bn ty tha thun v lut khng quy nh cc trng hp hy. Do vy, nu cc bn khng c tha thun g v trng hp v no hy hp ng th theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam l khng c hy hp ng. Cc bn c th tha thun bng iu khon hp ng hoc bng vn bn b sung hp ng. Trn thc t, ch ti hy hp ng thng c p dng khi th tri c s vi phm c bn cc ngha v ca hp ng:

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Ngi bn c tnh khng giao hng trong trng hp ngi mua gia hn giao hng; Ngi bn giao hng thiu khi ht thi gian gia hn cho vic giao hng m s hng giao khng th a vo khai thc s dng c; Ngi bn giao hng km phm cht n mc hng ha giao khng th p ng c mc ch s dng ca hp ng; Ngi bn giao hng sai chng loi, sai mu m hp ng quy nh (nu sai mu nh th c th p dng ch ti pht); Ngi mua c tnh khng thanh ton, d ngi bn gia hn; Ngi mua khng nhn hng trong thi gian gia hn thm. Mun p dng ch ti ny, Bn hy hp ng phi thng bo ngay cho bn kia bit v vic hy hp ng, nu khng thng bo ngay m gy thit hi cho bn kia th bn hy hp ng phi bi thng. (iu 236, Lut thng mi) Trong lut php cc nc, y cng l mt iu kin bt buc: mun ch ti hy hp ng c gi tr php l th tri ch, ngi mun p dng ch ti ny phi thng bo cho th tri bit v vic mnh hy hp ng. Nh vy, mun p dng ch ti hy hp ng, bn b vi phm phi chng minh vic vi phm hp ng ca bn kia thuc trng hp b hy (Theo Lut Thng mi l trng hp c quy nh trong hp ng.) v tin hnh gi thng bo quyt nh hy hp ng cho bn vi phm. Mc ch ca vic thng bo ny chnh l cc bn thng lng, cho bn vi phm bit m tnh ton, d kin tn tht v c cch x l. Trn thc t, mt khi hai bn quy c vi nhau s p dng ch ti hy hp ng trong trng hp vi phm c quy nh trong hp ng th bn b vi phm c quyn tin hnh hy hp ng cng lc vi vic thng bo hy hp ng c gi ti bn kia. Cn nu khng c quy nh trong hp ng th bn b vi phm mun p dng ch ti ny phi c s ng ca bn vi phm. Thc t l khng c ngi vi phm no ng hy hp ng, k c khi c tnh vi phm, v nu th c ngha l h t nhn mnh l c li v s gy hu qu ln. Do , h thng phn i hay im lng. V vy phi c quyt nh ca trng ti, ta n nu v vic c a ra gii quyt cc c quan xt x. im ny cng l mt im khc bit ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam so vi Cng c Vin 1980 v Cng c Vin theo quan im cho rng hy hp ng l mt bin php bo h php l m bn b vi phm c quyn p dng bo v quyn li ca mnh khi quyn li b vi phm nghim trng.
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Do , s hy hp ng l ng nhin m khng cn ti s can thip ca ta n hay trng ti v th tc ny thng rt rm r, phc tp v l mt s can thip khng cn thit vo quyn t do hp ng v thc cht, ta n cng ch xt xen n xin hy hp ng c hi t cc iu kin hy theo lut nh hay c nh khng. Thc tin hot ng kinh doanh cng cho thy c nhng trng hp khng cn phi thng bo cng khng cn quyt nh ca trng ti, ta n m vn hy. Sau y l mt v d minh chng cho iu . Ngi bn khng giao hng trong thi gian gia hn. Ngi mua in hy nhng ngi bn khng chu, vn tin hnh giao hng. Lc ny, ngi mua khng cn phi nhn hng m mi ph tn vn do ngi bn chu. Nu hp ng quy nh phng thc thanh ton bng tn dng chng t th trong trng hp ny, ngi bn giao hng nhng vn khng ly c tin hng do ngi mua khng tin hnh sa i thi hn hiu lc ht ca L/C. Nh vy, ngi mua khng phi a v vic ra ta n m vn c hy. Nu hp ng quy nh pht 5% nu mt bn khng thc hin ngha v hp ng, ngi mua vn c quyn quy kt ngi bn khng giao hng i pht 5%. Nu ngi bn khng chp nhn, ngi mua c quyn kin ra ta. Vic p dng ch ti hy hp ng li cho cc bn nhng hu qu php l nht nh. Theo iu 237, hu qu ca vic hy hp ng l: Sau khi hy hp ng, cc bn khng phi tip tc thc hin cc ngha v tha thun trong hp ng Mi bn c quyn i li li ch do vic thc hin phn ngha v tha thun trong hp ng; nu cc bn u c ngha v bi hon th ngha v ca h phi c thc hin ng thi. Bn b thit hi c quyn i bn kia bi thng. Quy nh khng phi tip tc thc hin cc ngha v tha thun c ngha l nu cc bn cha thc hin hp ng th khng thc hin na, nu ang tin hnh th phi ngng li, nu thc hin xong th thi. Cn trng hp hai bn nhn c quyn li ca nhau th phi hon tr song song bng hin vt (tr li hng) hoc bng tin, v d ngi bn tr li tin cho ngi mua, ngi mua tr li hng cho ngi bn, mi chi ph lin quan do th tri gnh chu. Mi chi ph, thit hi v cc ph tn, tn tht pht sinh do vic p dng ch ti hy hp ng gy ra u do th tri, ngi vi phm c bn ca hp ng phi gnh

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chu. Thc t cc nc pht trin nh ng Nam cho thy vic bi hon ngha v phi c thc hin ng thi l rt kh khn (do thng ch c mt bn tr, bn phi tr sau thng khng tr na) nn bo v quyn li ca mnh, cc bn hay p dng bin php bo lnh l thng qua ngi th ba, thng l ngn hng. V d nh ngi bn gi tin vo ti khon phong ta ca ngn hng, khi ngi mua bc hng ln tu, xut trnh chng t th c ly tin. Vic hy hp ng khng c ngha l hai bn c th tr li trng thi ban u nh khi cha k hp ng. V mt php l th c th coi cc bn ng s khng cn ngha v g vi nhau, do tr li trng thi ban u. Song nu c vi phm hp ng hoc mt bn gp bt kh khng dn n hp ng b hy th t nht mt bn ca hp ng chu thit hi hay phi bi thng thit hi cho bn kia th khng th coi l vn trng thi ban u c. Trn thc t, vic hy hp ng cn dn n mt hu qu na l gy s mt tn nhim i vi nhau, nh hng n quan h lm n sau ny l iu m khng bn no mun. Trch nhim do hy hp ng cng thng ln hn thit hi thng thng, gm: lm gim ti sn, chi ph phi chi thm, li mt hng, chi ph chi ra cho n lc vi phm nhng khng t c mc ch ca hp ng (chi ph giao dch, m phn, ri chi ph m L/C cng vi li ca s tin k qu...) Ch ti hy hp ng c th c p dng ng thi hay kt hp vi cc ch ti khc nh: pht, bi thng, pht v bi thng v thng ch p dng khi cc bn khng th p dng cc ch ti khc. Do , cc bn khi tha thun p dng ch ti hy hp ng phi cn nhc k trnh thit hi nhiu. 5. Mi quan h gia cc ch ti theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam.

Vic la chn hnh thc trch nhim l khi c vi phm hp ng l do bn b vi phm n nh hoc do cc bn tha thun sn trong hp ng. Cc ch ti thng mi ny c bn b vi phm trc tip p dng i vi bn kia hoc thng qua c quan nh nc c thm quyn (np n khi kin ti ta n hay trng ti). Khi la chn p dng cc hnh thc trch nhim, cc bn c lin quan cn tm hiu k mi quan h gia cc ch ti v tnh ton k sao cho gim thiu thit hi pht sinh nhm m bo quyn li chnh ng ca mnh. Mt ch ti thng mi c th c p dng song song vi mt ch ti khc i vi cng

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mt vi phm, song cng c th ch c php la chn gia hai ch trch nhim. * V mi quan h gia ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng v cc loi ch ti khc. Theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam th nu khng c tha thun trc, trong thi gian p dng ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng, Khon 1, iu 225 Lut thng mi quy nh: bn c quyn li b vi phm khng c p dng cc ch ti pht vi phm, bi thng thit hi hoc hy hp ng. Theo tinh thn ca lut ny th vi phm c p dng ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng th cc bn khng th vin mt l do no khc tip tc bt bn kia phi bi thng thit hi hay np pht cho chnh vi phm c gii quyt xong. V d nh khng th bt bn bn khi giao hng km phm cht phi np pht 5% tr gi l hng , ngoi ra phi tin hnh sa cha khuyt tt hay thay th hng. Cn trong trng hp bn vi phm khng thc hin ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng trong thi hn n nh, Khon 2, iu 225 ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh tip: bn c quyn li b vi phm c p dng cc ch ti khc bo v quyn li chnh ng ca mnh. iu ny c ngha l ch khi bn kia tuyn b hoc thng bo rng anh ta s khng thc hin yu cu m bn b vi phm xut, bn b vi phm mi c em cc hnh thc trch nhim khc ra p dng. Quy nh ny trong Lut thng mi Vit Nam c phn cng nhc so vi Cng c Vin 1980 v Cng c cho php bn b vi phm hp ng vn c quyn i bi thng thit hi trong khi p dng ch ti buc thc hin ngha v. Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng khng quy nh cc bn c th p dng ch ti pht v bi thng thit hi cho nhng vi phm tip theo sau khi p dng ch ti thc buc thc hin ng hp ng. * V quan h gia ch ti pht vi phm hp ng v ch ti i bi thng thit hi iu 234, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh: Trong trng hp cc bn khng c tha thun khc th bn c quyn li b vi phm c la chn mt trong hai ch ti l pht vi phm hoc buc bi thng thit hi i vi cng mt vi phm. Nh vy, Lut thng mi Vit Nam theo quan im rng hai ch ti bi thng thit hi v pht vi phm v bn cht c nhiu im tng ng: pht vi phm c coi l bi thng thit hi c tnh, cn bi thng thit hi phi da trn thit hi thc t ca bn vi phm. Do , nu i tin pht (bi thng thit hi c tnh) th khng c i bi thng thit hi thc t na.
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V d nh hp ng quy nh nu ngi bn khng giao hng th phi np pht 7% tr gi l hng nhng vic ngi bn khng giao hng trn thc t lm cho ngi mua thit hi vt qu mc pht quy c trn th ngi c quyn la chn p dng ch ti i bi thng thit hi. Lut thng mi Vit Nam ch cho php p dng c hai ch ti trn nu trong hp ng cc bn c tha thun vi nhau: ngi bn phi np pht 7% tr gi l hng nu khng giao hng, ngoi ra cn phi bi thng thit hi cho ngi mua. Trong khi , lut mt s nc cng nh Cng c Vin li tha nhn cc bin php bo h php l m c hai bn tha thun trong hp ng v mi trng hp vi phm hp ng gy thit hi cho bn kia th bn b vi phm c quyn s dng ch ti bi thng thit hi d hp ng c quy nh hay khng. V d nh hp ng ch ghi pht 5% nu chm giao hng 10 ngy th ngi mua khng ch c i tin pht khi ngi bn chm giao hng m cn c i bi thng thit hi. * i vi ch ti hy hp ng th bn c quyn li b vi phm c quyn p dng cc hnh thc trch nhim khc bo v quyn li ca mnh (iu 237, Lut thng mi). Tm li, mc d c vn dng trong nhng tnh hung vi phm khc nhau, cc hnh thc trch nhim li c quan h mt thit b sung cho nhau, thm ch khng tch ri nhau. Ci kh l phi bit kt hp cc ch ti ny gii quyt vn khi c vi phm hp ng mt cch hp l nht nhm bo v quyn li chnh ng ca bn b vi phm. III. Cc trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ng trong hot ng mua bn hng ha ca th tri. Trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng mua bn, nu mt bn vi phm hp ng tc l thc hin khng ng, khng y ngha v c quy nh gia hai bn trong hp ng th phi chu trch nhim trc bn kia. Ty mc vi phm m cc ch ti trong Mc II c th c p dng. Tuy nhin, bn vi phm hp ng c th c min trch nhim trc bn kia nu h chng minh c vi phm thuc cn c min trch (cn c min trch do hp ng hay lut lin quan c quy nh m khi gp phi dn ti vi phm th khng phi chu trch nhim). Theo quy nh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 th c hai trng hp min trch.

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1.

Min trch khi gp cc trng hp c tha thun trong hp ng.

Theo , cc bn c min trch nhim v vic khng thc hin mt phn hay ton b ngha v hp ng nu trong hp ng c tha thun v cc trng hp min trch nhim . (iu 77, Khon 1, Lut thng mi) Quy nh ny c ngha l nu vic vi phm hp ng ca mt bn ri vo cc trng hp min trch quy nh trong hp ng th bn c min trch nhim. 2. Min trch khi gp bt kh khng.

Cc bn c min trch nhim v vic khng thc hin mt phn hay ton b ngha v hp ng nu vic khng thc hin ny do trng hp bt kh khng gy ra. (iu 77, Khon2, Lut thng mi). Theo Cng c quc t v lut ca cc nc v hp ng mua bn hng ha th sau khi k hp ng, nu mt bn khng thc hin mt phn hay ton b hp ng v gp bt kh khng th khng chu trch nhim trc bn kia, tc l c min trch. Trng hp bt kh khng l cn c min trch nhim do vi phm ngha v hp ng thng c quy nh ph bin trong cc hp ng mua bn, c bit l hp ng mua bn vi cc thng nhn nc ngoi. Tuy vy, khng c nh ngha thng nht v bt kh khng v cng khng c lut hay bt k ti liu no lit k ht cc trng hp, cc s kin c cng nhn l bt kh khng. Tuy nhin, xc nh mt s kin no l bt kh khng, ngi ta cng a ra mt s tiu chun nht nh. Theo Lut dn s Vit Nam, bt kh khng l hin tng khch quan m cc bn khng d kin hoc khc phc c. Cn theo iu 77, Khon 2 ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam th quy nh: Trng hp bt kh khng l trng hp xy ra sau khi k kt hp ng, do nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng xy ra m cc bn khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c. T quy nh trn, ta c th thy bt kh khng phi l mt hin tng khch quan do nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng xy ra m cc bn khng th lng trc c, tc l ngoi ch, d on ca cc bn ng s. Yu t l tr ca bt k bn ng s no cng khng c ngha g i vi hin tng khch quan. Cn thi im m cc bn khng lng trc c l vo lc k hp ng. iu ny c ngha l vo lc k hp ng, cc bn khng d kin, khng lng trc c hin tng khch quan s xy ra d p dng mi bin php v trnh khoa hc k thut sn c, nhng sau khi k hp ng, hin tng khch quan mi pht sinh. Nh vy, p ng c iu kin khng th lng trc th hin tng khch quan

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phi xy ra sau khi k hp ng. iu ny c ngha l mt s kin bt thng khch quan xy ra trc khi k hp ng th khng c coi l bt kh khng i vi bn vi phm hp ng c min trch nhim. c bit, mt s kin bt thng c coi l bt kh khng th phi l s kin khng th khc phc c. iu kin ny c gii thch l khi hin tng khch quan pht sinh, bn ng s p dng mi bin php cn thit v kh nng hin c khc phc hin tng ny v hu qu ca n nhng vn khng ti no khc phc c, v v hu qu khng th khc phc c m bn ng s khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng hp ng tc l vi phm hp ng. Chng hn, bo lt bt ng xy ra sau khi k hp ng bn go dn n mt ma, do ngi bn khng c go giao theo hp ng. Nu hin tng khch quan xy ra m bn gp phi c th khc phc c hu qu ca n, nhng khng khc phc, c hin tng xy ra v do vi phm hp ng th hin tng ny khng c coi l bt kh khng, bn vi phm phi chu trch nhim trc bn b vi phm. V d, sau khi k hp ng bn lc, bo ko theo ma ln lm cho nc trn vo kho cha lc, lc b m nhng ngi bn li khng chu phi sy nn lc b mc khng giao c cho ngi mua. Trong trng hp ny, bo ko theo ma ln i vi ngi bn khng c coi l bt kh khng min trch. c min trch nhim, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh bn vi phm phi c trch nhim chng minh cc trng hp min trch nhim. (Khon 3, iu 77). C th hn, iu 78 Lut thng mi bn vi phm phi thc hin ng v y cc ngha v sau: Bn khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng y ngha v hp ng phi thng bo ngay bng vn bn cho bn kia v trng hp c min trch nhim v nhng hu qu c th c; khi trng hp min trch nhim chm dt, phi thng bo ngay bng vn bn cho bn kia bit; nu khng thng bo hoc thng bo khng kp thi cho bn kia th phi bi thng thit hi nu c. Cc trng hp bt kh khng phi c c quan, t chc c thm quyn xc nhn. Quy nh ny c hiu l khi gp bt kh khng, bn vi phm hp ng phi gi ngay thng bo bng vn bn pha bn kia c bit. y l quy nh m lut php cc nc u p dng. Tuy nhin, hu qu ca vic khng thng bo hay thng bo chm v bt kh khng theo lut php cc nc li c

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s khc bit. Cc nc t bn ch ngha th cho rng: khi gp bt kh khng m khng thng bo hoc thng bo chm th c ngha l khng c bt kh khng, do sau ny khng c vn dng bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim v vi phm ngha v thng bo, tc l khng c min trch nhim. Cn theo lut ca cc nc XHCN nh quy nh trn ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam, khi gp bt kh khng m khng thng bo hoc thng bo chm th sau ny vn c vn dng bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim, nhng phi bi thng thit hi pht sinh do vic khng thng bo hay thng bo chm gy ra. R rng l cch quy nh ny hp l hn v n ph hp vi nguyn tc vi phm ngha v no th chu trch nhim v vic vi phm . Ngi vi phm ngha v hp ng (khng giao hng hoc giao hng chm...) do gp bt kh khng th c min trch nhim, cn vi phm ngha v thng bo v bt kh khng th phi chu trch nhim bi thng cc thit hi do vic vi phm ny gy ra. Hn na, nu ch do s sut khng thng bo hoc thng bo chm v bt kh khng m phi np pht hoc bi thng thit hi do vic vi phm hp ng th trch nhim ny qu nng so vi vi phm ngha v thng bo. Cn thit hi do vic vi phm ngha v thng bo v bt kh khng gy ra l nhng chi ph phi chi cho vic xc minh v bt kh khng. V d, do khng thng bo v bt kh khng, sau mi trnh by l gp bt kh khng c min trch nhim nhng bn b vi phm khng tin phi bay sang nc xy ra bt kh khng xc minh, hoc nh cung cp thng tin v bt kh khng xc minh l c tht th chi ph i li, n hoc chi ph mua thng tin c coi l thit hi do vi phm ngha v thng bo gy ra. Ngoi ra, thit hi do vi phm ngha v thng bo v bt kh khng gy ra cn gm c tin pht hoc tin thit hi m bn b vi phm phi np cho ngi th ba v khng c thng bo hoc thng bo chm v bt kh khng. V d, ngi nhp khu k hp ng mua hng ca ngi xut khu ngy ngy 25/7/1996, giao hng thng 8/1996, song vo thng 8/1996 li xy ra bt kh khng nc ngi xut khu nhng ngi xut khu khng thng bo g cho ngi nhp khu bit. Ngy 4/9/1996, ngi nhp khu k hp ng bn l hng nhp khu ny cho ngi th ba. V bt kh khng xy ra nn ngi xut khu khng giao c hng cho ngi nhp khu nn ngi nhp khu cng khng giao c hng cho ngi th ba, ngi th ba i ngi nhp khu phi bi thng thit hi pht sinh do vic khng giao hng gy ra. Ngi nhp khu vin l do l ngi xut khu bn hng cho mnh gp bt kh khng c min trch nhim nn ngi nhp khu cng phi c min trch trc ngi th ba. Nhng ngi th ba chng minh c rng bt
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kh khng do ngi xut khu gp phi xy ra trc khi ngi nhp khu k hp ng bn hng cho ngi th ba, cho nn ngi nhp khu lng trc c hoc cn phi lng trc c, v vy ngi nhp khu phi bi thng thit hi, cn vic c i ngi xut khu chu trch nhim v vic khng thng bo bt kh khng hay khng l vic ca ngi nhp khu. Sau khi bi thng thit hi cho ngi th ba do khng giao hng, ngi nhp khu i ngi xut khu bi thng thit hi do vic ngi xut khu khng thng bo bt kh khng gy ra, bao gm chi ph xc minh bt kh khng v khon tin thit hi m ngi nhp khu phi bi thng cho ngi th ba, bi v nu c thng bo v bt kh khng xy ravo thng 8/1996 mt cch kp thi th ngi nhp khu khng k hp ng vo ngy 4/9/1996 bn l hng nhp khu cho ngi th ba v do khng phi bi thng thit hi. Cui cng, chng minh bt kh khng xy ra, Khon 2, iu 78, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng quy nh: Cc trng hp bt kh khng phi c c quan, t chc c thm quyn xc nhn.

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Phn III

Hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Kin ngh v gii php
Lut thng mi Vit Nam ra i mun hn Cng c Vin 17 nm v do , cn rt mi m i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. c bit, do thi quen p dng php lnh v hp ng kinh t 1989 vo hp ng mua bn, nht l cc hp ng mua bn ngoi thng nn cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vn cha tht quan tm ng mc ti o lut ny. Mt khc, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng c hiu lc cha lu, nhng quy nh mi ca ngun lut ny cha c thc t kim nghim nhiu so vi cc vn bn lut kinh t khc. Trong vi nm gn y, Vit Nam c nhng tin b ng k trong vic m rng quan h bun bn vi cc nc pht trin, c bit l vi cc nc thuc khi EU, Nht Bn v M... l nhng nc hin nay tham gia vo Cng c Vin 1980, song do cha mnh dn p dng iu c quc t ny nn chng ta thng b buc phi p dng lut nc i tc hay lut ca nc th ba. Cn Lut thng mi ca Vit Nam do thi gian xut hin cha lu nn pha nc ngoi khng mun p dng theo. iu ny gy tr ngi cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam v khng phi ngun lut no cng ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam v d p dng. Hn na, thc tin thng mi quc t cng cho thy cc bn tham gia m phn k kt hp ng thng chn lut ca cc nc c nn ngoi thng pht trin nh lut Anh-M, lut ca Php, c... Khng ch bi thi gian ra i cn ngn ngi, mt l do na chnh l bi thc tin p dng Lut thng mi Vit Nam xut hin nhng hn ch, bt cp nht nh v trong phm vi tiu lun ny, ch xin bn n nhng hn ch, bt cp t nhng quy nh v ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng. I. Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch ti thng mi theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Kin ngh v gii php.

Nh phn trn ni, m bo quyn li cho bn b vi phm, ng thi khuyn khch cc bn thc hin ng cc ngha v quy nh trong hp ng
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mua bn, Lut thng mi Vit Nam quy nh bn loi ch ti p dng cho vi phm hp ng: Buc thc hin ng hp ng; Pht vi phm; Bi thng thit hi; Hy hp ng. C th thy l Lut thng mi Vit Nam mi ch a ra nhng nguyn tc chung nht iu chnh quan h mua bn m cha c nhng ch nh c th ph hp vi xu th giao thong quc t. Cc ch ti m o lut ny a ra v bn cht cng ging vi nhng quy nh trong Cng c Vin 1980, song vic p dng li ni ln nhiu bt cp cn bn. 1. V mi quan h gia ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng v cc ch ti khc.

Nh trn ni, Lut thng mi Vit Nam khng cho php bn c quyn li b vi phm trong thi gian p dng ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng c p dng cc ch ti khc: pht vi phm, bi thng thit hi hoc hy hp ng tr khi c tha thun khc. Cng quy nh v cc hnh thc trch nhim p dng khi vi phm hp, Cng c Vin 1980 s dng khi nim: cc bin php bo h php l. Khi mt bn vi phm hp ng, bn kia c quyn p dng cc bin php bo h php l sau: Thc hin thc s v gim gi hng; Bi thng thit hi; Hy hp ng. V mi quan h gia cc bin php ny, iu 45, Khon 2 trong Cng c Vin 1980 quy nh: ngi mua khng mt quyn i bi thng thit hi khi h s dng quyn dng mt bin php bo h php l khc. Ni cch khc, ngi mua c quyn p dng ch ti bi thng thit hi ng thi vi cc ch ti khc l thc hin thc s hay l buc thc hin ng hp ng hoc hy hp ng. Cn theo quy nh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam th v hnh chung tc i quyn li chnh ng ca bn vi phm khi khng cho h p dng cc ch
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ti khc trong lc p dng hnh thc buc thc hin ng hp ng. V d trong trng hp ngi bn giao hng km phm cht (vi phm th nht) v ngi mua yu cu ngi bn sa cha khc phc khim khuyt ca l hng trong thi gian 20 ngy b sung. Trong thi gian , theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam th ngi mua khng c quyn p dng cc ch ti no khc. Song do ngi bn giao hng km phm cht lm chm thi gian s dng hng ha ca ngi mua (vi phm th hai). Khi , ngi mua phi c quyn p dng ch ti pht hay i bi thng thit hi i vi vi phm ca ngi bn. Bi v buc thc hin ng hp ng mi ch l mt ch ti m bn b vi phm cng ch bn kia hon thnh ngha v ca anh ta nh tha thun trc, cn hnh vi vi phm y dn ti nhng thit hi cho bn b vi phm th khng th c min trch nhim. Bi thng l b p v mt vt cht cho bn b vi phm, cn pht l ngoi vic bi thng cc khon thit hi c tnh cn c ngha gio dc, trng pht bn kia. Nh vy l quy nh v vic p dng hai ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng v cc ch ti khc trong Lut thng mi Vit Nam l khc so vi Cng c Vin 1980. Vy quy nh no ph hp vi thc t hn ? Trong thc t thng mi, khi p dng ch ti thc hin thc s th lun i km vi pht hoc bi thng thit hi. Vi phm sau y s minh chng cho iu y. Ngy 13/3/1996, gia nguyn n v b n k hp ng s TT-120896 v ngy 18/8/1996 k tip ph kin hp ng s TT-120898, theo , nguyn n mua ca b n 1.300 MT phn Urea 5%, thanh ton bng L/C tr chm 330 ngy k t ngy giao hng. Ngy 6/9/1996, hng v n cng Si Gn, qua gim nh biuret ca Urea khng t tiu chun quy nh trong hp ng. Do , ngy 22/10/1996, nguyn n v b n k bin bn tha thun, theo , b n ng h tr cho nguyn n 11.700USD. Nhng thc t, b n ch mi tr 8.669,82 USD, cn thiu 3030,18 USD. Mt khc, b n giao cc bao Urea c hng bn trong ng cng hoc vn cc tng phn, trng lng bnh qun mi bao khng thng nht vi nhau (theo giy chng nhn gim nh s 61345 G6 ngy 19/11/1996 ca Vinacontrol). V vy, nguyn n buc phi chuyn hng v kho thu ti ch, thay th bao b, ng gi li. T , nguyn n cho rng b n giao hng km cht lng gy thit hi cho nguyn n, v nguyn n i b n bi thng cc thit hi sau: S tin h tr cho buret khng t cn thiu: 3.030,18 USD.
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Chi ph ti ch, thay th bao b gm: A. Chi ph gim nh: 13.304.880 VND. B. Chi ph bo qun ch ng gi li t 1/10/1996 n 15/1/1997 l 46.019.400 VND. C. Chi ph bc xp 14.463.240 VND gm: + Bc nhp kho: 7.889.040 VND + Bc xut kho: 6.574.200 VND. D. Chi ph vn chuyn hng t cng Bn Ngh v cng Rau qu (66 container): 33.000.000 VND. E. Chi ph ti ch, ng gi li l hng: 173.128.150 VND gm: + Chi ph gia cng ng gi li: 86.319.250 VND + Ph bc xp nhp ti ch: 2.021.100 VND + Ph trung chuyn phc v ng gi: 2.694.800 VND + Chi ph mua bao b mi: 27.080 b 3.100 VND/1 b tr tin bn bao b c (1.855.000 VND): 82.093.000 VND. F. Cng chi ph A+B+C+D=276.915.670 VND. G. Li gm: + Li ng vn nhp khu 3 thng k t ngy 22/10/1996 n ngy 17/1/1997: 314.099,43 USD 1,25%/thng 3 thng = 11.799 USD + Li ng vn ca cc chi ph b ra (A+B+C+D): 276.915.150 VND 1,25%/thng 6 thng = 20.768.675 VND. Cng F+G=11.779 USD + 297.684.345 VND = 11.779 USD + 25.552 USD = 37.331 USD ( 1 USD = 11.650 VND) Trong bin bn bin minh ngy 29/8/1997, b n trnh by nh sau. B n chp nhn cch tnh v mc tnh v mc thit hi do nguyn n nu ra tr cc trng hp sau: Mt l mc B, b n khng ng thi gian lu kho l 3 thng ri m ch chp nh l 2 thng ri k t ngy 29/10/1996 (theo hp ng thu kho) n ngy 14/1/1997: 1.314,84 tn 10.000 VND /tn/thng 2,5 thng = 32.871.000 VND
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Th hai, b n khng tha nhn thit hi ca mc C v mc D v theo hp ng ngoi thng v thc tin trng ti Vit Nam, ngi mua phi lo v chu cc chi ph bc xp ti kho. L hng ny tuy c vn pht sinh nhng cng ch c mt t bc xp ti cng, vn chuyn v kho v bc xp ti kho nh cc l hng khc. Th ba, v chi ph mua bao b mi trong mc E, b n ch tha nhn 26.500 bao tr gi 82.150.000 VND theo hp ng mua bao b v phiu chi. Th t, li ng vn nhp khu trong mc G, b n ngh mc li sut hp l l 1,124 %/thng v s tin hng nhp khu nguyn n tr theo phng thc L/C tr chm 330 ngy, (11 thng) chnh lch gia n gi bn tr chm v n gi bn tr ngay l 24,475 USD (231,50 USD 206,025 USD). Sau khi xem xt v vic, y ban trng ti phn tch s vic nh sau: Th nht, v giao hng c biuret khng t tiu chun do hp ng quy nh v b n cam kt h tr cho nguyn n 11.700 USD theo bin bn tha thun ngy 22/10/1996 nhng cn thiu 3.030,18 USD. Do , b n phi c trch nhim tr tin cho nguyn n s tin ny (1) Th hai, v cc chi ph ti ch, ng gi li v cc chi ph lin quan khc. Thc t b n giao cc bao urea bn trong c vn cc hay ng cng, trng lng cc bao khng ng u, cho nn nguyn n phi ti ch ng gi li. V vy, b on phi bi thng cho nguyn n cc chi ph pht sinh trc tip t vic ti ch ng gi li l hng, c th gm: A. Chi ph gim nh: 13.304.880 VND. B. Chi ph lu kho ng gi li hng ch c tnh cn c vo hp ng thu kho v phiu chi tin thu kho, tc t 29/10/1996 n 15/1/1997 (2 thng ri) l: 1.314,84 tn 10.000 VND/tn/thng 2,5 thng = 32.871.000 VND. C. Ph bc nhp hng vo kho ti ch, ng gi li l hng l 7.889.040 VND. Ph bc xut hng t kho cng k c khi khng phi ti ch, ng gi li hng th nguyn n vn phi chi, v nguyn n phi bc hng t kho vn chuyn giao cho ngi mua li hoc ch v kho ca mnh. Do , nguyn n khng c quyn i bi thng chi ph ny. Chi ph vn chuyn hng t cng Bn Ngh v cng Rau qu khng phi l thit hi trc tip do phi ti ch, ng gi li hng, bi v nu khng phi ti ch, ng gi li hng th nguyn n vn

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phi c ngha v chuyn hng t cng Bn Ngh v kho ca mnh hoc giao cho ngi mua li. V vy, b n khng c trch nhim i bi thng chi ph ny. D. Chi ph ti ch ng gi li l hng gm: + Chi ph gia cng ng gi li: 86.319.250 VND. + Ph bc xp nhp ti ch: 2.021.100 VND. + Ph trung chuyn phc v ng gi: 82.694.800 VND. + Chi ph mua bao b mi theo hp ng mua bn bao b v phiu chi tr tin bn bao b c l : 26.500 bao 3.100 VND/1 bao 1.855.000 VND = 80.295.200 VND. Cng A+B+C+D = 225.395.070 VND. E. Li ng vn nhp khu tnh theo mc 1,124%/thng l hp l, v nguyn n thanh toan tin hng theo phng thc L/C tr chm 330 ngy (tc 11 thng): 314.099,43 USD 1,124%/thng 3 thng = 10.591,43 USD. F. Li ng vn gim nh, thu kho, mua bao b, ng gi li: 225.395.700 VND 1,25%/thng 6 thng = 16.904.630 VND. Cng A+B+C+D+E+F = 225.395.070 VND + 10.591,43 USD + 16.904.630 VND = 10.591,43 USD + 242.299.700 VND Quy i USD theo t gi 1 USD=11.650 VND l: 10.591,43 USD + (242.299.700 VND : 11.650 VND) = 31.386,68 USD (2). Tng cng (1) + (2) = 3.030,18+31.389,68 = 34.419,86 USD. Cn c vo nhng phn tch trn, y ban trng ti quyt nh rng b n phi tr cho nguyn n 34.419,86 USD trong thi hn 30 ngy k t ngy cng b phn quyt. Nu chm tr, b n phi tr thm li sut theo mc cng b ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam. Trong v tranh chp trn y, ngi bn vi phm ngha v giao hng, giao hng khng ng cht lng tha thun trong hp ng, do gy thit hi cho ngi mua. V vy, y ban trng ti quyt nh p dng ng thi c hai hnh thc ch ti l buc thc hin ng hp ng v bi thng thit hi. * Buc thc hin ng hp ng th hin ch:

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- Ngi bn cam kt h tr cho ngi mua 11.700 USD do hng giao c biuret khong t tiu chun tha thun trong hp ng. - Ngi bn phi tr cho ngi mua cc chi ph m ngi mua b ra t sa cha, khc phc khuyt tt ca hng ha. Theo iu 223, Khon 4, Lut thng mi, bn vi phm s ch c ngha v thanh ton cc chi ph thc t hp l, trong trng hp ny l chi ph lu kho (trong 2,5 thng), ph bc nhp hng vo kho ti ch, ng gi li hng. * Bi thng thit hi th hin ch: - Ngi bn phi tr cho ngi mua li ng vn nhp khu trong thi gian ch ng gi li do cha th a hng vo tiu th trong khong thi gian ny. - Ngi bn phi tr chi ph gim nh (v nu ngi bn giao hng ph hp th khng pht sinh khon chi ph ny) v li ng vn ca khon tin gim nh, thu kho, mua bao b, ng gi li. 2. V ch ti pht vi phm

Pht vi phm c coi l mt trong nhng ch ti c p dng ph bin trong quan h hp ng. Nu Cng c Vin khng cp g n bin php bo h php l ny th Lut thng mi Vit Nam li a ra nhng quy nh tng i c th v pht vi phm. Theo Lut thng mi, c im ca ch ti ny l bn vi phm phi tr cho bn c quyn li b vi phm mt khon tin pht nht nh do hnh vi vi phm hp ng ca mnh khng ph thuc vic bn b vi phm c thit hi thc t hay khng. Pht vi phm s c p dng nu trong hp ng c tha thun hoc php lut c quy nh (iu 226, Lut thng mi). Tuy nhin, Lut thng mi khng c quy nh v trng hp c th no s p dng ch ti pht. Theo iu 228, Lut thng mi, cc bn c t do tha thun v mc pht cho cc vi phm song tng mc pht khng c vt qu 8% tr gi phn ngha v b vi phm. Trn thc t, khi mt bn vi phm hp ng (v d ngi bn khng giao hng) c th xy ra 3 kh nng: Th nht, trong hp ng k kt gia hai bn c tha thun p dng pht vi phm cho vi phm ny v mc pht do hai bn tha thun l 7% tr gi hng khng giao. Trong trng hp ny, quy nh ca hp ng hon ton ph hp vi Lt thng mi (c tha thun v trng hp p dng pht v mc pht khng qu 8% tr gi phn ngha v vi phm). Do , vic p dng ch ti ny l hon ton khng c g vng mc.

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Th hai, trong hp ng c tha thun tng t trng hp trn song li quy nh mc pht l 10% tr gi hng khng giao. Mc 10% do hai bn tha thun li vt qu quy nh ca Lut thng mi l 8%, do vy trng hp ny s c gii quyt nh th no? Th ba, ngi bn vi phm khng giao hng song hp ng khng c tha thun p dng pht vi phm cho trng hp ny. Mt khc, Lut thng mi khng c quy nh p dng ch ti pht cho trng hp ny. V vy s khng th p dng ch ti pht. Nh vy, vic quy nh mc pht ti a 8% tng tr gi hng b vi phm hp ng i khi lm cho vai tr ca ch ti ny trong hp ng b gim i ng k bi v hp ng hnh thnh trn c s tha thun gia cc bn, v nu c lp mt cch hp php th php lut bo v quyn li v ngha v ca cc bn xut pht t hp ng y. Th nhng, nu iu khon pht quy nh trong hp ng a ra mc pht % cao hn quy nh ca php lut th mc % pht trong hp ng li khng c thc hin m phi iu chnh xung cho ph hp vi nhng quy nh ca php lut. iu ny lm cho ch ti pht ca hp ng b mt tc dng. Mc d vic quy nh gii hn ti a i tin pht s gp phn hn ch vic lm dng ch ti ny song v hnh chung lut li khng tn trng tha thun cc bn trong hp ng. y cng l mt c im m Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn lu . Qua , c th thy khi trin khai p dng quy nh ca Lut thng mi v pht vi phm s ny sinh nhng vng mc trong thc t. Trong khi , ti iu 13 Ngh nh s 17HBT ngy 16/1/1990 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Php lnh hp ng kinh t ngy 25/9/1989 c quy nh khung pht c th i vi tng loi vi phm: - Vi phm cht lng; - Vi phm thi hn thc hin hp ng, hon ton khng thc hin hp ng; - Vi phm ngha v khng hon thnh sn phm hng ha, cng vic mt cch ng b; - Vi phm ngha v tip nhn sn phm, hng ha, cng vic hon thnh ng hp ng; - Vi phm ngha v thanh ton.

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Da vo khung pht ny, cc bn c th tha thun nhng mc pht c th trong hp ng. Bn cnh , Ngh nh cng a ra gii php cho trng hp hp ng kinh t khng c tha thun cng nh php lut cha c quy nh mc pht. Quy nh ny th hin s y v c th iu chnh phm vi rng hn so vi quy nh ca Lut thng mi. V vy, nn chng Lut thng mi cn c nhng quy nh p dng pht vi phm cng nh mc pht i vi mt s hnh vi vi phm c th nh khng giao hng, khng thanh ton, giao hng chm, giao hng km phm cht ... cc bn trong hp ng mua bn c cn c c th gii quyt khi mt bn vi phm hp ng. 3. V ch ti bi thng thit hi.

Khc vi Cng c Vin 1980, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cho rng bn i bi thng thit hi c trch nhim hn ch tn tht, bo qun hng ha bng cc bin php hp l, kp thi, nu khng s b gim khon tin bi thng thit hi. Tuy nhin, Lut thng mi Vit Nam li khng nu c th bn b vi phm sau khi p dng cc bin php hn ch tn tht c c quyn i bn kia b p nhng chi ph ny khng ? Trong Cng c Vin quy nh r bn vi phm phi tr cho bn c quyn li b vi phm nhng chi ph hn ch tn tht, thm ch nu phi pht mi hng ha, hng lu kho, lu bi th bn b vi phm vn c quyn hnh ng v gi li mt phn tin hng b p chi ph. Lut thng mi Vit Nam coi vic hn ch tn tht l mt ngha v ca bn i bi thng, song s tin bi thng thit hi li ch bao gm gi tr tn tht thc t, trc tip v khon li ng l c hng m khng bao gm cc phn chi ph chi ra chi thm cho vic hn ch tn tht. Cng c Vin th quy nh rng bn bn v bn mua hng u phi c thc bo qun hng ha, d ch mt bn vi phm hp ng bn no b buc phi c nhng bin php bo qun hng ha c th giao hng vo kho ca bn th ba vi chi ph bn kia chu vi iu kin l cc chi ph ny phi hp l (iu 87, Cng c Vin 1980) Hn na, Lut thng mi Vit Nam khng cho php p dng ng thi c ch ti bi thng thit hi v ch ti pht vi phm tr trng hp c tha thun khc, ngha l cc bn ch c la chn p dng mt trong hai hnh thc trn. iu ny c phn hi cc oan cho bn c quyn li b vi phm v i khi bi thng thit hi ch b p v mt vt cht cho bn b vi phm m cha c ngha trong vic ngn nga v gio dc bn kia trong vic thc hin nghim tc hp ng. V d trng hp bn bn khi thy gi hng ang ln v mnh c th bn ra th trng cho nh nhp khu khc vi gi cao hn hn so vi gi hp
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ng k v bn bn tnh ton rng vic vi phm hp ng s phi bi thng thit hi cho bn kia, song khon tin li thu c vn nhiu hn th v khon li trc mt, h s vi phm hp ng. Khi , bn mua nh phi chp nhn khon tin bi thng thit hi m khng th i bn kia tin pht do khng thc hin ngha v hp ng. Trong nhng trng hp ny, ch ti thng mi ch pht huy c vai tr b p tn tht cho bn b vi phm m thi. Cn Cng c Vin 1980 li tha nhn quyn i bi thng thit hi ng nhin ca bn b vi phm m bn b vi phm vn c php s dng cc bin php bo h php l khc. Quy nh ny ca Cng c Vin tuy cha c th song li khi qut c nhiu trng hp v do cc bn c th dn chiu vo hp ng mt cch linh hot hn. T nhng hn ch trn, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn nu c th hn na liu bn b vi phm hp ng sau khi p dng cc bin php hn ch tn tht (do li ca bn kia gy ra) th c c i li cc chi ph pht sinh khng v phi c p dng ng thi c hai ch ti bi thng thit hi v bi thng thit hi v pht vi phm. Nu khng quy nh r rng, cc bn ng s thc hin hp ng theo ngun lut ny c th s c nhng bt ng kin thm ch dn n tranh chp. 4. V ch ti hy hp ng.

Trong ch ti ny, Lut thng mi ch cho php cc bn p dng hy khi vi phm ca bn kia l iu kin hy hp ng m hai bn tha thun trc c ngha l bn b vi phm s khng c s dng ch ti ny nu khng quy nh trong hp ng. Quy nh ny s gy cn tr cho pha b vi phm v i khi cc bn k hp ng mt cch vi v nhm chp thi c nn khng quy nh mt cch y c th cc ch ti vo trong hp ng c. Khi khng quy nh trng hp no hy hp ng, trng hp no c i tin pht m trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, mt bn b vi phm ngha v nghim trng song bn kia theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam li khng th p dng hnh thc trch nhim ny th vic tip tc duy tr thc hin hp ng ch gy bt li cho bn b vi phm, thm ch c th to c hi cho bn kia gian ln trong thng mi. Cn Cng c Vin 1980 li cho rng mt bn khi xt thy bn kia khng c kh nng thc hin hp ng hoc s khng thc hin ng hp ng th c quyn tuyn b chm dt hp ng cho d hai bn cha thc hin ngha v g. Hn na, ngay c khi khng tha thun trc trong hp ng

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th cc bn vn c quyn tuyn b hy hp ng nu bn kia vi phm nghim trng nhng iu khon c bn ca hp ng. Quy nh ny s pht huy c vai tr ca ch ti hy hp ng v a ch ti ny tr thnh mt v kh bo v quyn li cho bn b vi phm hp ng. Thc t cng cho thy hy hp ng thng ch c p dng khi mt bn vi phm nghim trng hp ng gy nh hng ti bn kia. V d 1: Ngi mua vi phm hp ng-c th l khng m L/C. Ngy 30/2/1996, mt cng ty Vit Nam (gi l bn A) v mt cng ty nc ngoi (gi l bn B) k hp ng mua bn s JFT/HNT/96/06, theo , bn B bn cho bn A 11.500 MT xi mng Trung Quc vi gi 57,50 USD/MT CFR Nng thanh ton bng th tn dng khng hy ngang bng 100% tr gi ha n, tr chm 360 ngy k t ngy k vn n. Th tn dng (L/C) phi c m chm ngy 8/4/1996 ti Ngn hng Nng nghip Vit Nam ti Ngn hng thng bo l Banque Nationale de Paris 20 Collyer Quay Tung Centre, Singapore 0104. Thc hin hp ng, B giao 11.546 MT xi mng ln tu Mukachevo, vn n s 96 LX322 k ngy 30/3/1996. Tu n cng Nng ngy 5/4/1996 nhng A cha m L/C nn vic d hng khng th thc hin c. B gic A m L/C nhiu ln nhng n ngy 19/4/1996, A vn cha m L/C. V d 2: Ngi bn vi phm hp ng c th l khng giao hng. Ngy 20/9/1995, mt cng ty Vit Nam k hp ng mua bn vi ngi bn nc ngoi theo ngi bn phi giao hng cho ngi mua trong thng 12/1995, thanh ton bng tn dng th khng hy ngang c m trc ngy 30/9/1995. Ngy 28/9/1995, ngi mua m L/C cho ngi bn hng v thc gic ngi bn giao hng. Ngi bn vi ln cam kt s giao hng song n ht thng 5/1996 m hng vn cha c giao. Trong hai v d trn y, mt bn vi phm nghim trng hp ng gy thit hi cho bn kia v hp ng khng th v khng cn phi tip tc c thc hin nu bn vi phm vn khng thc hin ngha v ca mnh. Tuy nhin, trong hai trng hp trn, nu cc bn khng tha thun trong hp ng rng trng hp ny s c php hy hp ng th theo quy nh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam, ch ti ny khng th c p dng cho d bn b vi phm b thit hi nghim trng v quyn li cng khng c m bo nu ngi tip tc thc

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hin hp ng. Quy nh ca Lut thng mi v vy l cha cht ch v cha m bo c quyn li ca cc bn trong quan h mua bn. Vic hy hp ng li cho cc bn nhng hu qu php l nht nh. Lut thng mi cp nhng hu qu ny ti iu 237, trong c Khon 3 nh sau: Bn b thit hi c quyn i bn kia bi thng. iu ny c hon tan ph hp vi thc t khng? Chng hn trong v d 1 trn y, A khng m L/C nn B khng th giao hng. Nu trong hp ng c quy nh trng hp ny c php p dng ch ti hy hp ng th hp ng c hy v li cho cc bn hu qu php l nh quy nh ti iu 237 Lut thng mi (trong c Khon 3 nu trn). B b thit hi do giao hng ln tu, B thc hin ng ngha v ca mnh nhng A khng thc hin ngha v thanh ton, c th l khng m L/C. Do , B hon ton c quyn i A bi thng. Tuy nhin, mc d A vi phm, dn n hy hp ng nhng iu khng c ngha l A khng th b thit hi. V d A c k kt hp ng bn l hng ni trn cho khch hng trong nc, v hp ng b hy A khng c hng giao v phi chu trch nhim vt cht trc khch hng ca mnh tc l A cng b thit hi. Chiu theo iu 237, Khon 3 ni trn th A cng c quyn i B bi thng. iu ny hon ton khng hp l. y cng l mt sai st nh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 v trnh trng hp cc bn vi phm ngha v tranh ci, li dng k h ca php lut m gy kh d cho bn b vi phm, Lut thng mi nn ghi c th: Bn b vi phm chu thit hi c quyn i bn kia bi thng. cp n hu qu php l khi hy b hp ng, iu 419, Khon 4 Lut Dn s quy nh: Bn c li trong vic hp ng b hy b phi bi thng thit hi. Theo quy nh ny ca B Lut Dn s, trong trng hp trn, ngi phi bi thng thit hi s ch l A. iu ny ph hp vi thc t v hp l hn so vi quy nh ca Lut thng mi.

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II. Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v cc trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ng mua bn ngoi thng theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam - Kin ngh v gii php. 1. Cn quy nh mt s trng hp ph bin nh nh cng, lnh cm xut nhp khu ca Nh nc l nhng trng hp bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim.

Theo iu 77, Lut thng mi Vit Nam, bt kh khng l trng hp xy ra sau khi k kt hp ng, do nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng xy ra m cc bn khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c. Nh vy, quy nh ny ca Lut thng mi quy nh kh tng qut v trng hp bt kh khng m theo , mt s kin mun c coi l bt kh khng phi hi t 4 iu kin sau: L nhng s kin c tnh cht bt thng (s kin xy ra mt cch khch quan); Xy ra sau khi k hp ng; Cc bn khng th lng trc c; Cc bn khng th khc phc c. Tuy nhin, v lut php cc nc quy nh khc nhau v bt kh khng nn c hng cn c min trch ny, trong thc t k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi thng, cc bn thng lit k cc trng hp c coi l bt kh khng trong hp ng nhng Lut thng mi Vit Nam li khng h a ra mt s kin c th no c coi l bt kh khng. Trn thc t, c mt s trng hp m phn ln lut php ca cc nc u cng nhn l bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn quc t hng ha nh bo lt, thin tai, nh cng, lnh cm xut nhp khu... Trng hp nh cng c hu ht cc nc tha nhn l bt kh khng. Tuy nhin, theo quan im ca Lin X c, nh cng mun c coi l bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim cho bn vi phm hp ng th phi din ra trn quy m ton quc th mi khng th khc phc c hu qu ca n. Cn nu din ra quy m nh th cc nh chc trch a phng c th dp nh cng bng cch tha mn cc yu cu ca ngi nh cng, ngha l hu qu xy ra c th khc phc c nn khng th c coi l bt kh khng? Ngoi ra, cng theo lut v nh cng ca Lin X c, mun t chc nh cng th phi tin hnh thng bo trc cho chnh quyn mt s ngy. Nh vy, nu theo quan

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im ny th trng hp nh cng c coi l bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim qu khng d cht no. Hy vng rng Lut thng mi Vit Nam trong thi gian ti nu c quy nh nh cng l trng hp bt kh khng th khng nn quy nh cng nhc nh vy. c bit, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng cn sm quy nh c th lnh cm xut nhp khu ca Nh nc phi c coi l trng hp bt kh khng v y chnh l mt trong nhng cng c hu ch Nh nc li dng nhm g th b cho cc thng nhn trong nc. Nhng v d sau s minh chng cho iu : V d 1: Mt cng ty ca Vit Nam k mt hp ng nhp khu mt chic my ch to giy qua s dng vi mt cng ty ca Nht Bn, tr gi hp ng l 3 triu USD. Nhng sau , qua tm hiu, pha Vit Nam bit c rng mt chic my mi cng ch c mc gi khong bng 2/3. Nh vy, nu vi phm hp ng khng nhp khu th c th b pht v c khi phi bi thng thit hi. Cn nu tin hnh nhp khu th r rng pha Vit Nam b l rt nng. V vy, cng ty Vit Nam nh Nh nc can thip bng cch ban hnh mt lnh cm nhp khu mt hng ny v sau ch cn gi lnh ny cho bn kia min trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn hng ha. V d 2: Mt cng ty ca Vit Nam k hp ng xut khu mt l hng sang nh nhp khu nc ngoi nhng gi bn trong hp ng li qu thp so vi gi tr thc t ca l hng . Lc ny, cu cng ty ca Vit Nam khi b thit hi nng, Nh nc li ban mt lnh cm xut khu mt hng ny. Do , pha bn kia cng khng th i cng ty ca Vit Nam bi thng thit hi c. 2. Giy chng nhn bt kh khng nh th no c coi l hp l.

Khi c bt kh khng xy ra, cng vi ngha v thng bo bng vn bn v bt kh khng pha bn kia c bit, Khon 2, iu 78, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn quy nh cc trng hp bt kh khng phi c c quan c thm quyn xc nhn. Nh vy, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng nh lut ca cc nc v cng c quc t hin hnh u khng c quy nh g v vic ngi gp bt kh khng phi cung cp giy chng nhn bt kh khng v c quan no c thm quyn cp giy chng nhn bt kh khng. Nhng trong thc t, chng minh bt kh khng xy ra, ngi gp bt kh khng u cung cp giy chng nhn
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bt kh khng do c quan c thm quyn ca nc xy ra bt kh khng cp. Ty tng trng hp m h c th ly giy chng nhn cc c quan khc nhau nh: i s qun, Phng thng mi... Tuy nhin nu ly giy chng nhn bt kh khng do thong v cp th s khng c coi l hp l bi v thng v khng th no l c quan cp loi giy chng nhn ny. Nn chng, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn quy nh c th hn v cc c quan c thm quyn cp giy chng nhn bt kh khng trnh tranh chp c th xy ra khi cc bn li dng quy nh c quan c thm quyn cp bi trn thc t khng phi trng hp no cng c th xc nh c u l c quan c thm quyn. Mt khc, Lut thng mi Vit Nam cng cn quy nh r v ni dung ca giy chng nhn. Mt giy chng nhn v bt kh khng ch c coi l hp l khi n c ni dung r rng, c th, chnh xc v thi gian, a im xy ra bt kh khng, hu qu ca bt kh khng v nh hng ca n i vi vic thc hin hp ng. Nu giy chng nhn bt kh khng khng ghi g v thi gian, a im xy ra bt kh khng, hoc hu qu ca bt kh khng th ni dng ca giy chng nhn bt kh khng b coi l khng hp l, tc l khng gi tr chng minh bt kh khng l c tht, mc d hnh thc ca giy chng nhn ny l hp l. 3. Cn quy nh thm trng hp min trch khi ngi th ba c quan h hp ng vi bn vi phm gp bt kh khng.

Trng hp xy ra khi bn vi phm hp ng khng trc tip gp bt kh khng song vn i c min trch nhim v ngi th ba c quan h hp ng vi mnh gp bt kh khng. Chng hn, sau khi k hp ng mua hng ca nh sn xut (gi l ngi th 3), ngi xut khu (gi l ngi th 2) k hp ng bn l hng cho ngi nhp khu nc ngoi (gi l ngi th 1). Nhng nh sn xut gp bt kh khng nn khng c hng giao cho ngi xut khu. (C th l khi nh xut khu k kt hp ng vi ngi nhp khu, bt kh khng cha xy ra i vi nh sn xut, m n xy ra sau cho nn nh xut khu khng th lng trc c.) V vy, ngi xut khu cng khng c hng giao cho ngi nhp khu. Ngi xut khu i c min trch trc ngi nhp khu v nh sn xut bn hng cho mnh gp bt kh khng. Nh vy, trnh tranh chp, trng hp ny cn c Lut thng mi Vit Nam a vo cc quy nh v trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ng v nhng l do sau:

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L do th nht, ngi th 2 trong trng hp ny khng c li g trong vic vi phm hp ng m theo lut quy nh th bn vi phm hp ng ch chu trch nhim khi mnh c li. S d, ngi th 2 khng c li g l v ngi th 2 vi phm hp ng l do ngi th 3 gp bt kh khng nn vi phm trc. L do th hai, lc k hp ng vi ngi th 1, ngi th 2 khng d kin c l bt kh khng s xy ra vi ngi th 3. Do vy, bt kh khng xy ra i vi ngi th 3 cng c coi l bt kh khng xy ra i vi ngi th 2 v vo lc k kt hp ng, ngi th 2 khng lng trc c hin tng khch quan . L do th ba, nu bt ngi th 2 chu trch nhim th va tri vi nguyn tc suy on li, va l s mt cng bng v ngi th 3 gp bt kh khng c min trch vi ngi th 2, cn ngi th 2 li phi b tin ti ra np pht hoc bi thng thit hi cho ngi th 1.

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Kt lun
Lut thng mi Vit Nam 1997 c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/1998 l mt bc tin quan trng gp phn hon thin khung php lut thng mi, m rng giao lu hng ha, tng trng kinh t x hi. Tuy nhin, lut thng mi l thc tin php l kh mi m nc ta cho nn trin khai p dng lut thng mi c hiu qu trong thc t vn cn tn ti nhng vn cn gii quyt. Lut thng mi i vi nc ta l mt vn mi, v vy, a lut thng mi vo cuc sng ni chung v trong lnh vc ngoi thng ni ring mt vn quan trng l vic tuyn truyn, ph bin, gii thch, nghin cu, bnh lun khoa hc v lut thng mi. Cng tc ny cn c tin hnh mt cch rng ri, khn trng trong cn ch trng vic nghin cu, x l mi quan h gia lut thng mi vi b lut dn s, vi php lnh hp ng kinh t cng nh cc vn bn php lut khc c lin quan nhm lm cho php lut iu chnh thng mi noi chung v hot ng ngoi thng ni ring c vn dng mt cch thng nht, khc phc tnh trng chng cho hay b trng. Mc d c son tho cng phu trong mt thi gian kh di nhng trong thi gian p dng vo thc t, nhng qui nh ca lut thng mi v hp ng mua bn quc t hng ha th hin nhng bt cp nht nh. Do , Lut thng mi cn phi c iu chnh cho ph hp vi thc tin v thng l Quc t khng nh vai tr l mt o lut quan trng trong h thng php lut Vit Nam. Hy vng rng trong tng lai, Lut thng mi Vit Nam s to iu kin thun li cho cc hot ng kinh t i ngoi pht trin, c bit l vic thng thng hng ha vi th gii bn ngoi ngy cng si ng, nhn nhp hn. Do ti liu thu thp cn cha y v trnh hiu bit cn hn ch nn tiu lun ny khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, chng em rt mong s ng gp kin ca Thy gio v cc bn. Cui cng, chng em xin chn thnh cm n Thy gio Bi Ngc Sn gip tn tnh trong vic hng dn chng em hon thnh tiu lun ny.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Lut thng mi v cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh; Cng c ca Lin hip quc v hp ng mua bn quc t; Incoterm 1990; Lut mua bn hng Quc t, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, 1993; Tm hiu Lut Kinh t, Trn Anh Minh, L Xun Th, NXB Thng K; Gio trnh K thut nghip v ngoi thng- V Hu Tu, NXB Gio dc, 1997; Gio trnh Php lut trong hot ng kinh t i ngoi- Nguyn Th M, Hong Ngc Thit, NXB Gio dc, 1997; Gio trnh T php Quc t, Trng i hc Lut H ni, NXB Cng an Nhn dn; Tm hiu Lut thng mi Vit Nam, Phm Duy Ngha, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia;

10. Bo co chuyn v cc lnh vc ca khung php lut kinh t ti Vit Nam, NXB Vn ha dn tc & B t php, 1998; 11. Cc tp ch Thng mi, Dn ch v Php lut, Nh nc v Php lut cc nm 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000.

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Mc lc

Li ni u 1 Phn I:
I.

Khi qut chung v lut Thng Mi Vit Nam............................. 2

Hon cnh v mc ch ra i .................................................................................... 2

1. Hon cnh ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam....................................... 2 2. Mc ch ra i ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam ......................................... 3
II. Vai tr ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam ..................................................................... 4

1. Bo m qun l nh nc i vi hot ng thng mi. ........................ 4 2. Thc hin quyn t do kinh doanh ca cng dn trn lnh vc thng mi. ... 5 3. Thc hin quyn bnh ng trc php lut ca thng nhn thuc mi thnh phn kinh t trong cc hot ng thng mi............................ 5 4. Qui nh nhng iu kin i vi thng nhn trong cc hot ng thng mi ............................................................................. 5
III. Phm vi iu chnh ca Lut thng mi Vit Nam vi t cch l ngun lut iu chnh hp ng mua bn gia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhn nc ngoi. 6

Phn II:
I.

Ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng ........................................ 8

Cc yu t cu thnh trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn ngoi thng. ............................................................................... 8

1. Th tri c hnh vi vi phm php lut .......................................................... 8 2. Phi c li ca bn vi phm hp ng. ........................................................ 9 3. Tri ch b thit hi vt cht, thit hi v ti sn hoc cc quyn c gi tr ti sn. ......................................................................... 10 4. C mi quan h trc tip gia hnh vi vi phm hp ng v thit hi vt cht. ..................................................................................... 11
II. Cc ch ti p dng cho vic vi phm hp ng trong hot ng mua bn hng ha theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. ....................................................................................... 12

1. Buc thc hin ng hp ng.................................................................... 12 2. Pht vi phm ................................................................................................. 14 3. Bi thng thit hi...................................................................................... 16
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4. Ch ti hy hp ng. .................................................................................. 20 5. Mi quan h gia cc ch ti theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. ............... 24
III. Cc trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ng trong hot ng mua bn hng ha ca th tri. ................................................... 26

1. Min trch khi gp cc trng hp c tha thun trong hp ng. ..... 27 2. Min trch khi gp bt kh khng............................................................... 27 Phn III: Hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch trch nhim do vi phm hp ng mua bn theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Kin ngh v gii php ........................................................................................ 31

I.

Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v ch ti thng mi theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam. Kin ngh v gii php. ............................................................................... 31

1. V mi quan h gia ch ti buc thc hin ng hp ng v cc ch ti khc. ...................................................................................... 32 2. V ch ti pht vi phm................................................................................ 37 3. V ch ti bi thng thit hi. ................................................................... 39 4. V ch ti hy hp ng............................................................................... 40
II. Nhng hn ch ca cc quy nh v cc trng hp min trch do vi phm hp ng mua bn ngoi thng theo Lut thng mi Vit Nam - Kin ngh v gii php. ......................................................................................................... 43

1. Cn quy nh mt s trng hp ph bin nh nh cng, lnh cm xut nhp khu ca Nh nc l nhng trng hp bt kh khng lm cn c min trch nhim. ..................................................................... 43 2. Giy chng nhn bt kh khng nh th no c coi l hp l. ............ 44 3. Cn quy nh thm trng hp min trch khi ngi th ba c quan h hp ng vi bn vi phm gp bt kh khng............................................ 45 Kt lun 47

Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................. 49

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