HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

SCH HNG DN HC TP

GII TCH 2
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2006

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

SCH HNG DN HC TP

GII TCH 2

Bin son :

Ts. V GIA T

LI GII THIU

GIA TCH 2 (TON CAO CP A 3 ) l hc phn tip theo cc hc phn GII TCH 1, I S ( TON CAO CP A 1 , A 2 ) dnh cho sinh vin nm th nht thuc cc nhm ngnh khi k thut. Gio trnh ny dng lm ti liu hc tp cho sinh vin i hc vi hnh thc o to t xa. Gio trnh c bin son theo chng trnh qui nh nm 2001 ca B Gio dc- o to v theo cng chng trnh ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng ph duyt nm 2006 cho h o to chnh qui. Vit nam, hnh thc o to t xa tuy trin khai v nhn rng t 10 nm nay nhng vn cn kh mi m. Vi cch hc ny, i hi ngi hc phi lm vic c lp nhiu hn, ly t hc, t nghin cu l chnh. Do ti liu hc tp, c th l cc gio trnh phi c coi l phng tin c bn v quan trng nht. Cc yu t trn c chng ti ch khi vit gio trnh ny, c th l: Ni dung c trnh by ngn gn, chnh xc. Tr mt s nh l c chng minh nhm rn luyn t duy v cng c kin thc, cn hu ht cc nh l a ra c tha nhn vi mc ch p dng. Tng ng mi ni dung kin thc u c v d minh ha nhm hng ngi hc hiu su sc v bit cch p dng. Trong mi chng u c mc ch, yu cu v phn tm tt ni dung ngi hc d c, d thuc. Cc cu hi mang tnh trc nghim cui mi chng l c s nh gi kin thc c c ca ngi hc v ni dung chng . Gio trnh gm 5 chng, tng ng vi 4 n v hc trnh (60 tit). Chng 1 .Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s. Chng 2. Tch phn bi. Chng 3. Tch phn ng v tch phn mt. Chng 4. L thuyt trng. Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn. Mc d c gng rt nhiu, song khng trnh khi cc s sut v ni dung cng nh cc li v n lot, chng ti rt mong c s gp kin v rt cm n v iu . Nhn y, chng ti chn thnh cm n Ban Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Trung tm o to Bu chnh Vin thng 1, c bit Phng o to i hc t xa v cc bn ng nghip to iu kin, ng vin, gip chng ti hon thnh gio trnh ny. H Ni, 7-2006 Tc gi

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

CHNG 1. PHP TNH VI PHN HM S NHIU BIN S

GII THIU
Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s l s m rng mt cch t nhin v cn thit ca php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s. Cc bi ton thc t thng xut hin s ph thuc mt bin s vo hai bin s hoc nhiu hn, chng hn nhit T ca mt cht lng bin i theo su z v thi gian t theo cng thc T = e t z , nhit lng to ra trn dy dn ph thuc vo in tr ca dy, cng ca dng v thi gian dn in theo cng thc Q = 0, 24 RI 2t ,v.vV vy, kho st hm s nhiu bin s va mang tnh tng qut va mang tnh thc tin. hc tt chng ny, ngoi vic nm vng cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s, ngi hc phi c cc kin thc v hnh hc khng gian (xem [ 2] ).Trong chng ny, yu cu ngi hc nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau: 1. Cc khi nim chung ca khng gian
n

(n chiu).

M t c min xc nh v th ca hm hai bin. 2. Php tnh o hm ring v vi phn ton phn. Nm vng cc qui tc tnh o hm ring trn c s tnh o hm ca hm mt bin. Cng thc tnh o hm ring ca hm s n. Cng thc vi phn ton phn v bit cch p dng vo php tnh gn ng. 3. Nm vng khi nim v cch tnh o hm theo hng. Gii thch c o hm ring theo cc bin x, y, z chnh l o hm theo hng cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz. 4. Bi ton tm cc tr. Qui tc tm cc tr t do, phng php nhn t Lagrange.

NI DUNG
1.1. Cc khi nim chung
1.1.1. Khng gian n chiu * Ta bit mi im trong khng gian 3 chiu c c trng hon ton bi b 3 s (x, y, z) l 3 ta Descartes ca n: x l honh , y l tung v z l cao . Tng qut nh sau: Mi b c th t n s thc

( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) gi l mt im n chiu. K x1 , x2 ,..., xn . Tp cc im

n

hiu M ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) c ngha l im n chiu M c cc to

M ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) gi l khng gian Euclide n chiu. K hiu tp ny l * Cho M ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )

n

, N ( y1 , y 2 ,..., y n )

. Gi khong cch gia M v N, k

hiu d(M, N), l s thc tnh theo cng thc: 3

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

d ( M , N ) = ( x1 y1 ) + ...... + ( xn y n ) =
2 2

(x
i =1

yi ) 2
n

Tng t nh trong im A, B, C bt k trong

,
n

ta nhn c bt ng thc tam gic trong

. Tc l vi 3

ta c:

d ( A, C ) d ( A, B) + d ( B, C )
* Cho M 0 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
0 0 0

> 0 . Tp (M 0 ) = {M n : d(M, M 0 ) < } gi l

- ln cn hoc ln cn bn knh
* Cho E im N
n n

ca M0 hoc hnh cu m tm M0 bn knh

(H.1.1a).

. im

M E gi l im trong ca E nu c ( M ) E ( > 0) .

gi l im bin ca E nu bt k

( M ) u cha nhng im thuc E v im

E ( > 0) . Tp E gi l m nu mi im ca n u l im trong, gi l ng nu n cha mi im bin ca n. Tp cc im bin ca E k hiu E . Bao ng ca E hay tp E ng k hiu E v c E = E E (H.1.1a).
khng thuc * Tp E gi l b chn hay gii ni nu nh tn ti s N sao cho E N (0) . * Tp E gi l lin thng nu mi cp im M1, M2 trong E u c ni vi nhau bi mt ng cong lin tc no nm trn trong E. Tp lin thng E gi l n lin nu n b gii hn bi mt mt kn (mt ng cong kn trong 2 ; mt mt cong kn trong 3 ) (H.1.1a). Tp lin thng E gi l a lin nu n b gii hn bi t hai mt kn tr ln ri nhau tng i mt (H.1.1b).

V d 1: Xt cc tp sau trong

A = {( x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 < 4}
B = {(1,2), (1,0), (0,0)} v
2

Gii:

A = { x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 = 4} - ng trn tm O bn knh 2, A = { x, y ) : x 2 + y 2 4} - hnh ( (

trn k c bin. A,
2

l cc tp lin thng, B khng lin thng (gm 3 im ri rc). 4

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

A, B l cc tp gii ni,
2

khng gii ni (c mt phng 0xy).

1.1.2. nh ngha hm nhiu bin s Cho D

n

. Gi nh x:

f :DR
Hay l M(x1 , x 2 ,...., x n ) D gi l bin s ph thuc. 1.1.3. Min xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s Ngi ta quy c: Nu cho hm s u = f(M) m khng ni g v min xc nh D ca n th phi hiu rng min xc nh D ca hm s l tp hp cc im M sao cho biu thc f(M) c ngha. Min xc nh ca hm s thng l tp lin thng. Sau y l mt s v d v min xc nh ca hm s 2 bin s, 3 bin s. V d 2: Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau v m t hnh hc cc min : a) z = 1 x 2 y 2 , Gii: a. Min xc nh l tp (x, y)
2

u = f (M) = f (x1 , x 2 ,...., x n )

l mt hm s ca n bin

s xc nh trn D. D gi l min xc nh ca hm s f; x1 , x2 ,...., xn l cc bin s c lp, cn u

b) z = ln( x + y ) ,

c) u =

y 9 x2 y2 z2

sao cho 1 x 2 y 2 0 hay x 2 + y 2 1 . l hnh trn

ng tm O bn knh bng 1 (H.1.2a). Hnh trn ng ny c th m t bi h bt phng trnh:

1 x 1 1 x 2 y 1 x 2
b. Min xc nh l tp (x, y)
2

tho mn x + y > 0 hay y > -x. l na mt phng c

bin l ng y = -x (H.1.2b). Na mt phng ny c m t bi h bt phng trnh:

< x < + x < y < +

c. Min xc nh l tp (x, y, z)
3

tho mn x 2 + y 2 + z 2 < 9 . l hnh cu m tm O

bn knh bng 3 (H.1.2c). Hnh cu m ny m t bi h bt phng trnh:

3 < x < 3 2 2 9 x y 9 x 9 x 2 y 2 z 9 x 2 y 2

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

1.1.4. ngha hnh hc ca hm hai bin s Cho hm 2 bin z = f(x,y) vi ( x, y ) D . Tp cc im (x, y, z)

3

vi z = f(x,y) gi l

th ca hm s cho. Nh th th ca hm 2 bin thng l mt mt cong trong khng gian 3 chiu 0xyz. th ca hm s m t mt cch trc quan hm s th hin c ngha hnh hc ca hm s. Di y ta xt cc mt cong c bit v n gin, thng dng trong ton hc v ng dng. A. Mt phng: Mt phng l th ca hm hai bin tuyn tnh, ni cch khc phng trnh mt phng c dng: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 trong A2 + B 2 + C 2 > 0 . Chng hn C 0 c 1 z = ( D + Ax + By ) , hm s ny xc nh trn 2 . C B. Ellipsoid Ellipsoid l mt cong, phng trnh chnh tc ca n c dng (H.1.3)

x2 y2 z2 + + =1 a 2 b2 c 2 y l hm hai bin cho di dng khng tng minh (dng n). Hm s l a tr. Chng hn coi z l bin ph thuc vo x v y th min xc nh l hnh ellipse c cc bn trc x2 y 2 a v b: 2 + 2 1 a b
6

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

Khi a = b = c = R ta c mt cu tm gc to v bn knh l R: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2

C. Paraboloid elliptic Phng trnh chnh tc ca paraboloid elliptic c dng (H.1.4): Min xc nh ca hm s trn l
2

x2 y2 + =z a 2 b2

. Khi a = b tc l phng trnh c dng:

x +y =a z
2 2 2

Gi l paraboloid trn xoay.

D. Mt tr bc 2 * Mt tr elliptic (H.1.5) c phng trnh chnh tc:

x2 y2 + =1 a 2 b2
* Mt tr hyperbolic (H.1.6) c phng trnh chnh tc:

x2 a2

y2 b2

= 1

* Mt tr parabolic (H.1.7) c phng trnh chnh tc: 7

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s y 2 = 2 px

E. Mt nn bc 2 Phng trnh chnh tc ca mt nn c dng (H.1.8)

x2 y2 z2 + =0 a 2 b2 c 2
1.1.5. Gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s Khi nim gii hn ca hm s nhiu bin s cng c a v khi nim gii hn ca hm mt bin s. y mt bin s ng vai tr l khong cch d(M0, M) gia hai im M0 v M trong khng gian
n

. n gin trong cch vit chng ta xt trong khng gian 2 chiu

* Ni rng dy im Mn(xn, yn) dn n im M0(x0, y0); k hiu M n M 0 khi n

lim x n = x 0 n nu lim d ( M 0 , M n ) = 0 hay l n lim y n = y 0 n

* Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh ln cn M0(x0, y0), c th tr im M0. Ta ni rng hm f(M) c gii hn l l khi M(x,y) dn n M0(x0, y0) nu mi dy im Mn(xn, yn) thuc ln

cn dn n M0 ta u c: lim f ( x n , y n ) = l
n

Thng k hiu lim f ( M ) = l hay

M M 0

( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )

lim

f ( x, y ) = l

S dng ngn ng " , " c th nh ngha nh sau: Hm s f(M) c gii hn l khi M M 0 nu > 0, > 0 : 0 < d ( M 0 , M ) < f ( M ) l <
Ch : 1. Tt c cc khi nim gii hn v hn hoc cc nh l v gii hn: tng, tch, thng u ging nh hm s mt bin s.

2. T nh ngha ta nhn thy: Gii hn l ca hm s f ( x, y ) khi M M 0 khng ph thuc ng i ca M tin n M 0 , v th nu ch ra hai ng i ca M tin n M 0 m f ( M ) tin n hai gi tr khc nhau th hm s khng c gii hn ti M 0 .
V d 3: Tm cc gii hn a.

x2 y ( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) x 2 + y 2 lim

b.

xy ( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) x + y 2
lim
2

c.

( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 )

lim

xy x2 + y2

Gii: a. Ta c

x2 y 0 y, x2 + y2

d ( M ,O) = x 2 + y 2 y < x2 y 0 y < = x2 + y 2

> 0, = khi 0 < x 2 + y 2 <

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

Vy b. th

x2 y =0 ( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) x 2 + y 2 lim
Cho

M ( x, y ) O (0,0) theo

ng

Cx,

const

(hng

s)

xy C xy Cx 2 lim 2 = = chng t dy gi tr hm c gii hn khc nhau 2 2 2 2 2 x 0 x + y x +y (1 + C ) x 1+ C2 ph thuc vo C. Theo ch 2,.suy ra hm khng c gii hn.
c.

xy x 2 + y2

x x 2 + y2

. y y . Tng t a. suy ra

( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 )

lim

xy x2 + y2

=0

1.1.6. S lin tc ca hm s nhiu bin s A. nh ngha * Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D v M 0 D . Ta ni rng hm s f(M) lin tc ti M 0 nu lim f ( M ) = f ( M 0 ) .
M M 0

* Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D. Ni rng hm s lin tc trn min D nu n lin tc ti mi im M D . * Hm s f(M) lin tc trn min ng D nu n lin tc trn min D v lin tc ti mi im N D theo ngha lim f ( M ) = f ( N ), M D .
M N

* Nu t f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) gi l s gia ton phn ca hm s ti (x0,y0) th hm s f(x,y) lin tc ti (x0, y0) nu nh f ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 khi x 0 v y 0 . B. Tnh cht Hon ton tng t nh hm mt bin s ta c tnh cht quan trng sau y: nh l 1.1. Nu f(x,y) lin tc trong min ng D gii ni th n t gi tr ln nht v gi tr b nht trong min D tc l: M 1 D, M 2 D c bt ng thc kp:

f ( M 1 ) f ( M ) f ( M 2 ), M D
1.2. o hm v vi phn
1.2.1. o hm ring Cho hm s u = f(x,y) xc nh trong min D v M 0 ( x0 , y 0 ) D . Thay y = y0 vo hm s cho s nhn c hm s mt bin s u = f(x, y0). Nu hm s ny c o hm ti x0 th o hm c gi l o hm ring ca f(x, y) i vi x ti M0(x0, y0) v k hiu nh sau:

u ( x 0 , y 0 ) hay x

u f ( x0 , y 0 ) hay f x( x 0 , y 0 ) hay ( x0 , y 0 ) x x

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

t x f ( x0 , y 0 ) = f ( x0 + x, y 0 ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) gi l s gia ring ca hm f(x, y) theo bin x ti (x0, y0) v ta c:

f ( x0 , y 0 ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = lim x x 0 x x
Tng t ta c nh ngha o hm ring ca hm s i vi y ti M0(x0, y0) v k hiu:

u ( x0 , y 0 ) , y

u f ( x0 , y 0 ) , f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) , ( x0 , y 0 ) y y

Ch : C th chuyn ton b cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s: cng, tr, nhn, chia, sang php tnh o hm ring. V d 4: Tnh o hm ring sau:
/ a. u = x 3 y, u x (1,2), u (1,1) . y

b. u = x y ( x > 0), u ( x, y ), u ( x, y ) . x y c. u = x 2 z arctg Gii: a. u ( x, y ) = 3x 2 y u (1, 2) = 6 , x x

y , u ( x, y, z ), u y ( x, y, z ), u ( x, y, z ) . x z z

u y ( x, y ) = x 3 u (1, 1) = 1 . y
b. u = yx y 1 , u = x y ln x x y c. u ( x, y , z ) = 2 xzarctg x

y , z 1 y2 z2 y y x2 z 2 z z 1 1+ y
2

u y ( x, y, z ) = x 2 z

1 z

x2z2 y2 + z2

1+

u ( x, y, z ) = x 2 arctg z

= x 2 (arctg

y yz ). 2 z y + z2

z2

1.2.2. Vi phn ton phn A. nh ngha * Cho hm s u = f(x, y) xc nh trong min D cha (x0, y0). Nu s gia ton phn ca hm s ti (x0, y0) ng vi s gia x, y ca cc i s c dng:

f ( x0 , y 0 ) = A.x + B.y + .x + .y

(1.1)

trong A, B l nhng s ch ph thuc vo (x0, y0), cn , dn n 0 khi M M 0 tc l khi 10

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

x 0, y 0 th ni rng hm s f(x, y) kh vi ti M0, cn biu thc A.x + B.y c gi

l vi phn ton phn ca hm s ti M0 v k hiu l df(x0, y0), hay du(x0, y0). Nh vy

df ( x 0 , y 0 ) = A.x + B.y
* Hm s u = f(x, y) c gi l kh vi trong min D nu n kh vi ti mi im ca min D. B. iu kin cn ca hm s kh vi nh l 1.2. Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti (x0, y0) th lin tc ti . T (1.1) suy ra f ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 khi x 0, y 0 . nh l 1.3. Nu f(x, y) kh vi ti (x0, y0) th hm c cc o hm ring ti (x0, y0) v A = f x( x 0 , y 0 ), B = f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) . Chng minh: T (1.1) suy ra:

y f ( x0 , y 0 ) x f ( x0 , y 0 ) = A + , =B+ x y
Vy

f x( x 0 , y 0 ) = A,

f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) = B chng t
(1.2)

df ( x0 , y0 ) = f x( x0 , y0 )x + f y( x0 , y0 )y
C. iu kin ca hm s kh vi

nh l 1.4. Nu hm s u = f(x, y) c cc o hm ring f x( x, y ), f y ( x, y ) lin tc ti M0(x0,y0) th f(x, y) kh vi ti M0(x0, y0). Chng minh: Ta c f ( x0 , y 0 ) = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 )

= [ f ( x 0 + x , y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 + y ) ] + [ f ( x 0 , y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) ]
p dng cng thc s gia hu hn (cng thc Lagrange) cho hm mt bin s f(x, y0 + y) ti ln cn x0 v f(x0, y) ln cn y0 s nhn c:

f ( x0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 + y ) = f x( x0 + 1 x, y 0 + y ) x f ( x0 , y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) = f y ( x 0 , y 0 + 2 y ) y
Trong 0 < 1 < 1, 0 < 2 < 1 Cng theo gi thit f x( x, y ), f y ( x, y ) lin tc ti (x0, y0) nn:

f x( x0 + 1 x, y 0 + y ) = f x( x0 , y 0 ) + ( x, y ) f y ( x0 , y 0 + 2 y ) = f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) + ( x, y )
Trong 0, 0 khi x 0, y 0 . T nhn c:

11

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s f ( x0 , y 0 ) = f x( x0 , y 0 ) x + f y ( x0 , y 0 ) y + x + y

chng t hm s kh vi ti (x0, y0). Nu xt cc hm s h(x, y) = x v g(x, y) = y trong dh(x, y) = dx = 1.x dg(x, y) = dy = 1.y Vy vi phn ton phn ca hm s f(x, y) ti (x0, y0) c th vit di dng:
2

th r rng:

df ( x0 , y 0 ) = f x( x0 , y 0 )dx + f y ( x 0 , y 0 )dy
D. ngha ca vi phn ton phn Nu hm s f(x, y) kh vi ti (x0, y0) th r rng:

(1.2)

f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = df ( x 0 , y 0 ) + x + y
V rng

x + y
x 2 + y 2

+ 0 khi x 0, y 0 .

Suy ra df(x0, y0) khc s gia ton phn f(x0, y0) mt v cng b c bc cao hn v cng b

= x 2 + y 2

khi x 0, y 0 . Vy vi x , y kh b s nhn c:

f df
Cng thc (1.3) thng c s dng tnh gn ng gi tr ca hm s.

(1.3)

Ch : Tnh kh vi ca tng, tch, thng hai hm cng ging nh hm mt bin s. V d 5: Thc hin php tnh vi phn cc hm s:

a. Cho f(x,y) = x cos xy, tnh df 1, vi x = 0,01 , y = 0,02. 4

b. Cho f(x,y) = xy2, ( x y )e xy . Tnh df(x,y). Gii:
2

2 a. f x ( x, y ) = cos xy xy sin xy , f x 1, = 1 , 4 4 2 2 f y ( x, y ) = x 2 sin xy , f y 1, = , 2 4 2 2 2 df 1, = .0,02 = 1 .0,01 1 + .0,01 . 2 4 2 2 4 4

b. f x( x, y ) = e xy + y 2 ( x y )e xy ,
2 2

f y ( x, y ) = e xy + 2 yx( x y )e xy ,
df ( x, y ) = e xy {1 + y 2 ( x y ) dx + [2 xy ( x y ) 1]dy}.
2

12

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

V d 6: a. Tnh gn ng arctg

1,05 . 0,97

b. Mt hnh tr bng kim loi c chiu cao h = 20 cm v bn knh y r = 4 cm. Khi nng ln h v r n thm cc on h = r = 0,1 cm. Hy tnh gn ng th tch hnh tr khi nng ln. Gii: a. Ta vit arctg R rng arctg

1,05 1 + 0,05 x = arctg . Xt hm s f ( x, y ) = arctg 0,97 1 0,03 y

1,05 = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 + y ) , trong x0 = y0 = 1, x = 0,05 v y=-0,03. 0,97

p dng cng thc xp x (1.3) ta c:

f ( x0 + x, y 0 + y ) f ( x0 , y 0 ) + df ( x0 , y 0 ) = f (1,1) + f x (1,1).0,05 + f y (1,1).(0,03)

f x( x, y ) = 1 y x y x 1 1 , f y ( x, y ) = 2 = 2 = 2 2 2 2 x y x y +x y + x2 1+ 2 1+ 2 y y

1 1 1 f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) arctg + .0, 05 + .0, 03 = + 0, 04 = 0, 785 + 0, 04 = 0,825. 1 2 2 4

b. Ta c V = r 2 h, Vr = 2rh, Vh = r 2

p dng cng thc (1.3):

V (r + r , h + h) r 2 h + 2rhr + r 2 h .4 2.20 + 2 .4.20.0,1 + .4 2.0,1 .337,6 cm 3

Chng t sai s tuyt i khng qu 0,3 cm 3 v sai s tng i khng qu 1.2.3. o hm ring cp cao o hm ring cp hai ca mt hm l o hm ring cc o hm ring cp mt ca n. Hm hai bin f(x,y) c 4 o hm ring cp hai sau y:

0,3 1 . 337 100

f x2 =
hay

f , x x

f xy =

f , y x

f yx =

f , x y

f y2 =

f y y

2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f , , , x 2 xy yx y 2

Hon ton tng t ta cng c cc nh ngha o hm ring cp cao hn ca hm nhiu bin hn.
) (3) (3 V d 7: Tnh cc o hm ring f x(23y , f xyx , f xyz) bit f ( x, y, z ) = e x 2 y + 4 z .

13

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

Gii:

f x = e x 2 y + 4 z , f x = e x 2 y + 4 z , f x(23y) = 2e x 2 y + 4 z 2
(3 (3 f xy = 2e x 2 y + 4 z , f xyx) = 2e x 2 y + 4 z , f xyz) = 8e x 2 y + 4 z (3 Nhn xt: Trong v d trn c f x(23y) = f xyx) .

nh l 1.5(Schwarz). Nu f(x,y) c cc o hm ring hn hp f xy v f yx trong ln cn ( M 0 ) v lin tc ti M0(x0, y0) th cc o hm hn hp bng nhau ti M0: f xy ( M 0 ) = f yx ( M 0 ) .
Chng minh: Ly t, s b. Lp cc hm s sau y trong ln cn M0: g(x, y) = f(x + t, y) f(x, y) h(x, y) = f(x, y + s) f(x, y) R rng g(x0, y0 + s) g(x0, y0) = h(x0 + t, y0) h(x0, y0) p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm g(x0, y) ti y0 nhn c:

g ( x0 , y 0 + s ) g ( x 0 , y 0 ) = s. g ( x 0 , y 0 + 1 s ) y

= s[ f y ( x 0 + t , y 0 + 1 s ) f y ( x 0 , y 0 + 1 s ]
Tip tc p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f y ( x, y 0 + 1 s ) ti x0 nhn c:

g ( x 0 , y 0 + s ) g ( x 0 , y 0 ) = stf yx ( x 0 + 2 t , y 0 + 1 s )
Hon ton tng t cng c:

h( x0 + t , y 0 ) h( x0 , y 0 ) = stf xy ( x0 + 1t , y 0 + 2 s ) Cho t , s 0 , do tnh lin tc nhn c f xy ( x0 , y 0 ) = f yx ( x0 , y 0 )

Ch : nh l trn cng m rng cho cc o hm cp cao hn v hm nhiu bin hn. 1.2.4. Vi phn cp cao Ta nhn thy df ( x, y ) = f x( x, y )dx + f y ( x, y )dy cng l mt hm s ca x, y nn c th xt vi phn ca n. Nu df(x,y) kh vi th vi phn ca n gi l vi phn cp hai ca f(x, y), k hiu

d 2 f ( x, y ) = d ( df ( x, y )) v ni rng f(x, y) kh vi n cp 2 ti (x, y).

Tng qut vi phn cp n, nu c s k hiu: d n f ( x, y ) = d ( d n 1 f ( x, y )) Cng thc vi phn cp 2 nh sau:

d 2 f ( x, y ) = d ( df ( x, y )) =
=

f f f f dx + dy dx + dx + dy x x y y x y

2 f 2 2 f 2 f 2 f dxdy + 2 dy 2 + dx + xy yx x 2 y
14

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

Gi s cc o hm ring hn hp lin tc, theo nh l Schwarz ta c:

d 2 f ( x, y ) =

2 f 2 2 f 2 f dx + 2 dxdy + 2 dy 2 x 2 xy y

(1.4)

Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha tng trng vit gn nh sau:

df ( x, y ) = dx + dy f ( x, y ) x y Tng qut c d f ( x, y ) = dx + dy f ( x, y ) x y
n n

(1.5)

1.2.5. o hm ca hm s hp Cho D
n

v cc nh x : D

f : (D)
nh x tch f : D c th l u = f ((M)), M D, (M)
m

gi l hm s hp.

cho n gin, sau y ta xt n = 2, m = 2, khi hm hp f xc nh trn min phng D nh l 1.6. Cho u = f(x,y) vi x = x(s, t); y = y(s, t) tho mn: Cc bin trung gian x(s, t), y(s, t) c cc o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b), f(x, y) kh vi ti im (x0, y0) = (x(a, b), y(a, b)). Khi hm hp u = u(s, t) c o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b) tnh theo cng thc:

u u x u y = + s x s y s u u x u y = + t x t y t
Cng thc (1.6) c th vit di dng ma trn: (1.6)

x u u u u s = s t x y y s

x t y t

x x s t c gi l ma trn Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s; cn nh thc ca ma trn ny y y s t gi l nh thc Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s hay Jacobian ca x, y i vi t, s v k hiu:

15

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

x D( x, y) s = D(s, t) y s
u = e x ln y ,
Gii:

x t y t

(1.7)

V d 8: Tnh cc o hm ring

x = st ,

y = s2 t2 .

1 2s u = e x ln y. t + e x . .2 s = e st t ln( s 2 t 2 ) + 2 2 , y s t s 1 2t u = e x ln y.s + e x . .( 2t ) = e st s ln( s 2 t 2 ) 2 2 . y s t t 1 V d 9: Cho u = , r

Gii: Nhn xt: hm s u = v z.

r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Chng minh u = u 2 + u 2 + u 2 = 0 . x y z

1 i xng vi x, y, z. Do ta ch cn tnh u 2 , sau thay x bi y x r

u = u .rx = x u 2 = x

1 x x . = 3 , 2 r r r

1 1 x 1 3x 2 + 3x. 4 . = 3 + 5 , r3 r r r r 3 3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 3 + = 3 + 3 = 0. 3 5 r r r r

Suy ra u =

Ch : Nu u = f(x, y), y = y(x) khi u l hm s hp ca mt bin x. Do vy ngi ta du f f a ra khi nim o hm ton phn v cng thc tnh s l: = + . y . dx x y 1.2.6. Vi phn ca hm hp Xt hm hp u = f(x, y), x = x(s, t), y = y(s, t). Nu hm hp c cc o hm ring

u u , lin tc th n kh vi v ta c: s t

du =

u u ds + dt t s
By gi ta biu din du qua bin trung gian x, y theo cng thc (1.6) c:

u x u y u x u y du = x s + y s ds + x t + y t dt
16

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s = = y x u y u x ds + dt + ds + dt t t y s x s u u dx + dy . y x

Nh vy dng ca cng thc vi phn cp 1 khng i d x, y l cc bin c lp hay l hm ca cc bin s, t. Tnh cht ny gi l tnh cht bt bin dng ca vi phn cp 1. Ch : Cng nh hm mt bin s, vi phn cp cao khng c tnh bt bin dng. 1.2.7. o hm ca hm s n A. Hm n mt bin Cho mt h thc gia hai bin, x, y dng: F(x, y) = 0 trong F(x, y) l hm hai bin xc nh trong min m D cha (x0, y0) v F(x0, y0) = 0. Gi s rng x ( x0 , x0 + ), y ( x) sao cho ( x, y ( x)) D v F(x, y(x)) = 0. Hm s y = y(x) gi l hm n ca x xc nh bi phng trnh (1.8). nh l 1.7. Nu F(x, y) tho mn cc iu kin: F lin tc trong ln cn ( M 0 ) v F(M0) = 0. Cc o hm ring (1.8)

F F F lin tc v ( x0 , y 0 ) 0 trong ln cn ( M 0 ) th phng , x y y

trnh (1.8) xc nh mt hm n y(x) kh vi lin tc trong khong ( x0 , x 0 + ) v ta c:

F dy = x dx Fy

(1.9)

Ch : nhn c cng thc (1.9) chng ta ch vic ly vi phn 2 v ca (1.8) trong c y = y(x) v p dng tnh bt bin ca dng vi phn cp 1. Tht vy dF(x, y) = 0 hay Fxdx + Fydy = 0 hay Fx + Fy. y = 0 . T suy ra (1.9). V d 10: Tnh y (1) bit xy e x sin y = Gii: Ly o hm ton phn (hay vi phn) v coi y l hm ca x hai v ca phng trnh cho c:

y + xy e x sin y e x cos y. y = 0
Thay x = 1 vo phng trnh hm n, nhn c: y (1) = e sin y (1) . Dng phng php th gii phng trnh ny, nhn c nghim y (1) = . Vy

+ y (1) e sin e cos . y (1) = 0

y (1) =

1+ e

V d 11: Tnh y , y bit x y + arctgy = 0 17

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

Gii: Ly o hm ton phn hai v coi y = y(x)

1 y +

y 1+ y2 = 0 y = 1+ y2 y2

y 2 y = 1 + y 2 2 y(1 y) 2(1 + y 2 ) = y . y y5

Ly o hm tip ta c 2 yy 2 + y 2 y = 2 yy y = B. Hm n hai bin

nh l 1.8. Cho phng trnh hm n F(x, y, z) = 0 v F(x, y, z) tho mn cc iu kin: F(x, y, z) lin tc trong hnh cu m ( M 0 ) v F(M0) = F(x0, y0, z0) = 0; Cc o hm ring Fx, Fy , Fz lin tc v Fz( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) 0 trong hnh cu ( M 0 ) Khi phng trnh hm n xc nh mt hm n z = z (x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trong ln cn ( x 0 , y 0 ) ng thi:

Fy F z z = = x , Fz y Fz x
Tng t nh nh l 1.7. ta khng chng minh nh l ny.

(1.10)

Cng nh trong trng hp hm n mt bin, tnh cc o hm ring cng nh vi phn z z ca hm n ta ly vi phn ton phn hai v ca phng trnh hm n sau i tm , , dz x y V d 12: Cho xyz= x + y + z. Coi z l hm s n, hy tnh z , z , dz . x y Gii: Ly vi phn ton phn phng trnh hm n s c: d(xyz) = d(x + y + z) yz dx + zx dy + xy dz = dx + dy + dz (xy 1) dz = (1- yz) dz + (1-zx) dy

dz =

1 [( yz 1)dx + ( zx 1)dy ] xy 1 yz 1 , yx 1 z = y xz 1 . xy 1

z = x

18

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

1.2.8. o hm theo hng. Grain (Gradient)

A. nh ngha: Cho u(x, y, z) xc nh trn min D trng bi vc t c vc t

3

v M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) D , mt hng c c v
0

(cos , cos , cos ) ,

tc

l:

= (Ox, ), = (Oy, ), = (Oz, ) . Ngi ta gi cos , cos , cos l cc csin ch phng ca

. R rng cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 1. (H.1.9) Ly M D sao cho M 0 M =
0

, lp t s

u(M ) u(M 0 )

Nu t s trn c gii hn hu hn khi 0 th gii hn y c gi l o hm ca hm u(M) theo hng ti M0 v k hiu l

u
0

( M 0 ) tc l:

lim
0

u( M ) u( M 0 )

(M 0 )

Ch : 1. Cng ging nh ngha ca o hm, c th coi rng o hm theo hng bin thin ca hm u(M) theo hng 2. Nu khi : c hng ca trc Ox th .
0 (1,0,0) .

biu th tc

Gi s M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) th M ( x 0 + , y 0 , z 0 )

u
0

( M 0 ) = lim
0

u( x0 + , y 0 , z0 ) u( x0 , y 0 , z0 )

u (M 0 ) x

Chng t cc o hm ring u , u , u l o hm ca hm u theo hng ca cc trc Ox, x y z Oy, Oz. B. Cng thc tnh 19

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

nh l 1.9. Nu hm s u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M0(x0, y0, z0) v phng cos , cos , cos th: bt k c cc csin ch

(M 0 ) =

u u u ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos x y z

(1.11)

Chng minh: Theo ngha ca hm kh vi ta c:

u = u ( M ) u ( M 0 ) = u ( M 0 )x + uy ( M 0 )y + u ( M 0 )z + o( ) x z
trong o( ) l VCB bc cao hn khi 0 . Mt khc x = cos , y = cos , z = cos suy ra:

= u ( M 0 )cos + uy ( M 0 )cos + u ( M 0 )cos + x z

o( )

Chuyn qua gii hn khi 0 s c (1.11) C. Grain Cho u(x, y, z) c cc o hm ring ti M 0 (x 0 , y0 , z 0 ) D

3

Gi vc t (u ( M 0 ), u ( M 0 ), u ( M 0 )) l grain ca hm u(x, y, z) ti M0 v k hiu l x y z grad u(M0).

grad u( M 0 ) = (u ( M 0 ), u ( M 0 ), u ( M 0 )) x y z = u ( M 0 )i + u ( M 0 ) j + u ( M 0 )k x y z
trong i, j, k l cc vc t n v ca cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz. D. Lin h gia grain v o hm theo hng. nh l 1.10. Nu u(M) kh vi ti M0 th ti c: (1.12)

= ch gradu .

(1.13)

Chng minh: Ta c
0

= cos i + cos j + cos k nn (1.11) c th vit nh sau:

0

( M 0 ) = grad u( M 0 ).

grad u( M 0 ) cos
v grad u(M0), m
0

trong l gc gia hai vc t

= 1,

grad u( M 0 ) cos = ch grad u( M 0 ) . Vy nhn c cng thc (1.13)

20

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s ( M 0 ) = grad u( M 0 ) khi cos = 1 , tc l cng phng vi grad u(M0) chng t grad u(M0) cho ta bit phng theo n tc bin thin ca u ti M0 c gi tr tuyt i cc i.
Ch : T (1.13) suy ra max V d 13: Cho u = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz , M0(1, 2, -3), Tnh grad u(M0) v Gii: (2, 1, -2).

(M 0 ) .

u = 3x 2 + 3 yz, u = 3 y 2 + 3zx, u = 3z 2 + 3 xy x y z
Vy grad u(1, 2, -3) = (3 18, 12 9, 27 + 6) = (-15, 3, 33) = 3(-5, 1, 11) (2, 1, -2)
0

u 2 1 2 2 1 2 = , , (1,2,3) = 3 5. + 1. 11. = 31 3 3 3 3 3 3

1.3. Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin

1.3.1. Cc tr t do A. nh ngha v iu kin cn ca cc tr im M 0 (x 0 , y0 )
2

gi l im cc i (a phng) ca hm f(M) nu c ln cn b

ca M0 trong ln cn (tr M0) xy ra bt ng thc f(M) < f(M0) Tng t ta c khi nim im cc tiu (a phng) ca hm s f(M). im M0(x0, y0) trong cc trng hp trn gi chung l im cc tr. Tng t nh nh l Fermat i vi hm mt bin s, ta c iu kin cn ca cc tr di y. nh l 1.11. Nu f(x, y) t cc tr ti M0 v c cc o hm ring ti th cc o hm ring bng 0. Chng minh: Gi s f(x, y) t cc tr ti (x0, y0). Theo nh ngha suy ra hm mt bin f(x,y0) t cc tr ti x0, f(x0, y) t cc tr ti y0. Theo nh l Fermat ta c:

df ( x, y 0 ) dx df ( x0 , y ) dy

=0
x = x0

hay

f (x0 , y 0 ) = 0 x f ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0 y

=0
y = y0

hay

Ch : im m ti cc o hm ring bng khng gi l im dng ca hm s. Nh vy im dng cha chc l im cc tr. Chng hn u = xy c im dng l (0 0) nhng trong bt k ln cn no ca gc to (0, 0) u c cc im ( x1 , y1 ) v ( x 2 , y 2 ) f ( x1 , y1 ) > f (0,0) v f ( x 2 , y 2 ) < f (0,0) (ly x1 > 0, y1 > 0, x 2 < 0, y 2 > 0 ). B. iu kin ca cc tr 21

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

Trong thc t thng gp hm hai bin f(x, y) v tm cc tr ca n, ngi ta thng s dng nh l sau y, coi nh l iu kin hm t cc tr. Ta khng chng minh nh l ny. nh l 1.12. Gi s f(x, y) c o hm ring cp hai lin tc ti ln cn im dng (x0, y0) v gi:

A=

2 f 2 f 2 f ( x0 , y 0 ), B = ( x0 , y 0 ), C = 2 ( x0 , y 0 ) v = B 2 AC (1.14) xy y x 2

Nu > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti (x0, y0) Nu = 0 th cha kt lun g c v (x0, y0) Nu < 0 th hm s t cc tr ti (x0, y0) C th t cc i nu A < 0, t cc tiu nu A > 0. V d 14: Xt cc tr ca hm s

z = x 4 + y 4 x 2 2 xy y 2 .
Gii: Nhn xt: Hm s z kh vi mi cp trn * Tm im dng:
2

, ta c th p dng nh l 1.12.

z = 4x 3 2x 2 y = 0 x 3 = y 3 x = y x 3 2 3 2 x x y = 0 z y = 4 y 2 y 2 x = 0 x( x 1) = 0
Nhn c ba im dng:

x = 0 , y = 0
*

x = 1 x = 1 , y = 1 y = 1

A = z 2 = 12 x 2 2, B = 2, C = 12 y 2 2 x = 4 4(6 x 2 1) 6 y 2 1 (0,0) = 0
Nhn thy z(0,0) = 0. Vi x = y = Vi x =

1 1 1 2 1 th z , = 2 2 2 < 0 vi n > 1 n n n n n

1 1 1 1 2 ,y=th z , = 4 > 0 . n n n n n

Nh vy trong bt k ln cn no ca gc to ta lun tm c cc im (tm c n) hm i du, chng t hm khng t cc tr ti (0, 0) (1, 1) = (-1, -1) = -96 < 0 v A (1, 1) = A(-1, -1) = 10 > 0. Vy hm t cc tiu ti (1,1) v (-1, -1) Gi tr cc tiu l z (1,1) = z(-1, -1) = -2. 22

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

1.3.2. Cc tr c iu kin A. nh ngha v iu kin cn im M0(x0, y0) 2 gi l im cc i ca hm s f(x, y) vi rng buc (hoc c iu kin) ( x, y ) = 0 nu tho mn ( M 0 ) = 0 ng thi tn ti ln cn b ca M 0 trn ng cong rng buc ( x, y ) = 0 , trong ln cn c bt ng thc f(M)<f(M0) Tng t ta c khi nim im cc tiu ca hm s vi rng buc ( x, y ) = 0 n gin bi ton tm cc tr ca hm hai bin vi iu kin ( x, y ) = 0 c k hiu nh sau:

extf ( x, y ) ( x, y ) = 0
Trong ext l vit tt ca t extremum ngha l cc tr.

(1.15) (1.16)

nh l 1.13. Gi s M0(x0, y0) l im cc tr c iu kin ca hm s f(x,y) vi iu kin (1.16) v tho mn: Cc hm f(x, y) v ( x, y ) c cc o hm ring cp 1 lin tc trong ln cn ca M0(x0, y0) ca ng cong rng buc (1.16) M0(x0, y0) khng phi l im dng ca hm ( x, y ) . Khi tn ti s thc tho mn h phng trnh:

f x ( x0 , y 0 ) + ( x0 , y 0 ) = 0 x y f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) + ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 0

(1.17)

Ch : Hm s L( x, y, ) = f ( x, y ) + ( x, y ) c gi l hm Lagrange v c gi l nhn t Lagrange. Nh vy vi iu kin cho php ta s i tm im dng (x0, y0, 0) ca hm Lagrange (do iu kin tin quyt ( x 0 , y 0 ) = F ( x 0 , y 0 , 0 ) =0), tip theo xem xt mt s cc iu kin ca bi ton (1.15) c kt lun chnh xc xem im (x0, y0) c phi l im cc tr c iu kin hay khng. V d 15: Tm cc tr ca hm s z = x2 + y2 vi rng buc ax + by + c = 0, c 0, a2 + b2 > 0. Gii:

23

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

c b

( x0 , y 0 )

( x, y )
x 0 H.1.10

c a

V hnh hc, y l bi ton tm cc tr ca bnh phng khong cch t gc to n cc im trn ng thng (H.1.10). Vy bi ton c duy nht cc tiu l chn ng vung gc h t O ti ng thng. Lp hm Lagrange: L = x2 + y2 + (ax + by + c)

L x = 2 x + a = 0 Tm im dng ca L: L = 2 y + b = 0 y L = ax + by + c = 0
Thay x =

a
2

, y=

b
2

vo phng trnh cui nhn c:

( a 2 + b 2 ) = c, =

2c a + b2
2

x=

bc ac , y= 2 2 a + b2 a +b
2

ac bc , 2 im dng duy nht M0 2 l im cc tiu v gi tr cc tiu bng 2 a + b2 a +b c2 . a2 + b2

B. iu kin

nh l 1.14. Gi s f(x, y) v ( x, y ) c o hm ring cp 2 lin tc ln cn (x0,y0)

v (x0, y0, ) l im dng ca hm Lagrange. Khi :
*

Nu

d 2 L( x0 , y 0 , ) = L x2 ( x0 , y 0 , )dx 2 + 2 L xy ( x0 , y 0 , )dxdy + L 2 ( x0 , y 0 , )dy 2 y

xc nh du i vi dx, dy trong min tho mn rng buc:

d ( x0 , y 0 ) = ( x0 , y 0 )dx + ( x0 , y 0 )dy = 0, dx 2 + dy 2 0 x y

th f(x,y) t cc tr c rng buc ti (x0, y0). t cc i nu d2L(x0, y0,) >0 v t cc tiu nu d2L(x0, y0,) <0.

24

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

* Nu d2L(x0, y0,) khng xc nh du trong min ni trn th hm khng t cc tr rng buc ti (x0, y0).

ext ( x + y + z ) V d 16: Gii bi ton xyz = 1 x > 0, y > 0, z > 0

Gii: * Hm Lagrange: L(x,y,z, ) = x + y + z + (xyz - 1) * Tm im dng:

L/x = 1 + yz = 0 / Ly = 1 + zx = 0 / Lz = 1 + xy = 0 xyz 1 = 0
Nhn 2 v ca phng trnh th nht vi x v n phng trnh th t s nhn c = 1 v x = y = z = 1
* Xt du ca d2L(1,1,1,-1) vi dx, dy, dz tho mn d ( xyz ) x = y = z =1 = 0 v

dx2 + dy2 + dz2 0 Ta c L x2 = 0 = L 2 = Lz2 , L xy = z , L = x, L zx = y yz y Suy ra d 2 L(1,1,1,1) = 2(dxdy + dydz + dzdx) Mt khc d ( xyz ) (1,1,1) = ( yzdx + zxdy + xydz) (1,1,1) = dx + dy + dz = 0 Suy ra dz = - dx dy d 2 L(1,1,1,1) = 2(dxdy (dx + dy ) 2 ) = (dx + dy ) 2 + dx 2 + dy 2 > 0 khi dx2 + dy2+dz2> 0 Vy hm s t cc tiu c rng buc ti (1,1,1) v min (x + y + z) = 3

TM TT CHNG 1.
Gii hn : lim f ( M ) = l hay lim f ( x n , y n ) = l , d ( M , M 0 ) = ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2
M M 0
( x , y )( x0 , y0 )

nu > 0, > 0 : 0 < d ( M 0 , M ) < f ( M ) l <

S lin tc ca hm s: Hm s f(M) xc nh trn min D v M 0 D . Ta ni rng hm

s f(M) lin tc ti M 0 nu lim f ( M ) = f ( M 0 )
M M 0

25

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

o hm ring: t x f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f ( x 0 + x, y 0 ) f ( x 0 , y 0 ) gi l s gia ring ca

hm f(x, y) theo bin x ti (x0, y0) v ta c:

f ( x0 , y 0 ) f , f x( x0 , y0 ) , ( x 0 , y 0 ) = lim x x 0 x x
Tng t ta c nh ngha o hm ring ca hm s i vi y ti M0(x0, y0) v k hiu:

u ( x0 , y 0 ) , y

u f ( x0 , y 0 ) , f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) , ( x0 , y 0 ) y y

C th chuyn ton b cc php tnh o hm ca hm mt bin s: cng, tr, nhn, chia, sang php tnh o hm ring.

Vi phn ton phn ca hm s f(x, y) ti (x0, y0) :

df ( x 0 , y 0 ) = f x( x0 , y 0 )dx + f y ( x 0 , y 0 )dy

f df hay f ( x0 + x, y0 + y ) f ( x0 , y0 ) + df ( x0 , y0 ) o hm ring cp cao

f x = 2 f , x x f xy = f , y x f yx = f , x y f y2 = f y y

2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f hay , , , x 2 xy yx y 2 Cng thc Schwarz : Vi phn cp cao

d 2 f ( x, y ) = 2 f 2 2 f 2 f dx + 2 dxdy + 2 dy 2 x 2 xy y
n

f xy ( M 0 ) = f yx ( M 0 ) .

Ngi ta dng k hiu lu tha tng trng vit gn nh sau:

d f ( x, y ) = dx + dy f ( x, y ) y x
n

o hm ca hm s hp u u x u y u u x u y , = + + = s x s y s t x t y t o hm ca hm n
F dy = x , dx Fy

Fy F z z = = x , Fz y Fz x
bt k c cc

o hm theo hng. Nu hm s u(x, y, z) kh vi ti M0(x0, y0, z0) v csin ch phng cos , cos , cos th:
u
(M 0 ) =

u u u ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos + ( M 0 ) cos z x y

26

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

Grain:

grad u ( M 0 ) = (u ( M 0 ), u ( M 0 ), u ( M 0 )) x y z

= u ( M 0 )i + u ( M 0 ) j + u ( M 0 )k x y z
trong i, j, k l cc vc t n v ca cc trc Ox, Oy, Oz.

= ch gradu f x/ ( x0 , y0 ) = 0 / f y ( x0 , y0 ) = 0

Cc tr: Gii h
A=

2 f 2 f 2 f ( x0 , y 0 ), B = ( x 0 , y 0 ), C = 2 ( x0 , y 0 ) Gi = B 2 AC xy y x 2

Nu > 0 th hm s khng t cc tr ti (x0, y0) Nu = 0 th cha kt lun g c v (x0, y0) Nu < 0 th hm s t cc tr ti (x0, y0) C th: t cc i nu A < 0, t cc tiu nu A > 0

Cc tr c iu kin. Phng php nhn t Lagrange

Tm ( x0 , y0 , ) tho mn h phng trnh:

f x( x , y ) + x ( x , y ) = 0 f y( x , y ) + ( x , y ) = 0 y ( x, y ) = 0

CU HI V BI TP CHNG 1
1.1. Min lin thng D l min c bin ch l mt ng cong kn. ng
y y0

Sai
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )

1.2. Nu tn ti lim f ( x0 , y ) th tn ti ng Sai

lim

f ( x , y ) v chng bng nhau.

1.3. Hm s f(x,y) c o hm ring ti ( x0 , y0 ) th kh vi ti . ng Sai 1.4. Hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) th lin tc ti . ng Sai 1.5. Hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) th c cc o hm ring ti . ng Sai
// // f xy ( x0 , y0 ) = f yx ( x0 , y0 ) // // 1.6. Tn ti f xy ( x0 , y0 ), f yx ( x0 , y0 ) th

ng

Sai

27

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

1.7. Nu f(x,y) c o hm ring lin tc n cp hai v x = x(t ), y = y (t ) kh vi n cp hai th
// d 2 f = f x// dx 2 + 2 f xy dx.dy + f y// dy 2 2 2

ng

Sai

1.8. Hm s f(x,y) t cc tr v kh vi ti ( x0 , y0 ) th cc o hm ring trit tiu ti . ng Sai 1.9. Cc o hm ring trit tiu ti ( x0 , y0 ) th hm s t cc tr ti ng Sai 1.10. Hm s t gi tr ln nht ti ( x0 , y0 ) D th t cc tr ti ng a. z = ln xy , c. z = Sai b. z = 9 x 2 y 2 x 2 + y 2 1 , d. z = 1.11. Tm min xc nh ca cc hm s sau:

1 1 , x+ y x y

1 . y x2 x , y

1.12. Tnh o hm ring cc hm s sau: a. z = ln( x + x 2 + y 2 ), c. z = x y , x > 0 ,

3

b. z = y 2 sin d.

y z = arctg . x

1.13. Chng minh cc h thc sau y vi cc iu kin tng ng

/ / a. xz x + yz y = 2 , vi z = ln( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) . / / b. yz x + xz y = 0 , vi z = f ( x 2 y 2 ) ,f(t) kh vi.

1.14. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s hp sau: a. z = eu

2

2 v2

, u = cosx,v= x 2 + y 2 . x . y

b. z = ln(u 2 + v 2 ), u = xy, v =

1.15. Tnh vi phn ton phn ca cc hm s sau: a. z = ln tg

y . x

b. z = e x (cosy + xsiny) . 1.16. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s n xc nh bi cc phng trnh tng ng a. x3 y y 3 x = a 2 , a = const , tnh y / . 28

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

b. arctg

x+y y = , a = const, tnh y / . a a

/ / c. x+ y+z = e z , tnh z x , z y / / d. x 3 + y3 +z 3 = 3xyz , tnh z x , z y .

1.17. Chng minh cc h thc sau y, vi cc iu kin tng ng

x // // // a. z x2 z y 2 = ( z xy ) 2 , vi z = xf ( ) , f(t) kh vi lin tc n cp hai. y

b.

2u 2u 1 + 2 = 0 , vi u = ln , r = x 2 + y 2 . 2 x y r

2u 2u + 2 = 0 , vi u = ln r 2 , r = x 2 + y 2 . c.. 2 x y 2u 2u 2u 1 d. + 2 + 2 = 0 , vi u = , r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . 2 x y z r
1.18. Cho u = xy 2 z 3 , M 0 (1, 2, 1), M 1 (0, 4, 3) . Tnh 1.19. Cho u = Khi no

u ( M 0 ) . M 0 M1

x2 y 2 z 2 u ( M ) + 2 + 2 , r = ( x, y, z ), . Tnh , r gi l vc t bn knh. 2 a b c r

u ( M ) = gradu r

1.20. Cho u =

1 = r

1 x +y +z
2 2 2

, l = (cos ,cos ,cos ) .Tnh

u ( M ) ? l

Khi no

u ( M ) =0. l

1.21. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s a. z = e x ( x + y )( x y + 4) . b. z = x 3 + y 3 3 xy . c. z = (2ax x 2 )(2by y 2 ), ab 0 . d. z = x 2 + xy + y 2 4 ln x 10 ln y. e. z = x 3 + y 3 x y . 29

Chng 1. Php tnh vi phn hm s nhiu bin s

f. z = x 4 + y 4 2 x 2 + 4 xy 2 y 2 .

g. z = xy +

50 20 + , vi x > 0, y > 0 . x y

h. z = x 3 + y 3 x 2 y . 1.22. Tnh khong cch t gc to n mt phng x + 2y + 3z = 3.

x2 y2 + = 1 , tm cc im trn c khong cch gn nht n ng 1.23. Cho ellipse 4 9 thng 3x 4y = 0.

30

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

CHNG 2. TCH PHN BI

GII THIU
Ta bit, ng dng ca tch phn xc nh, t hnh hc, c hc n vt l, k thut l rt a dng. Tuy nhin cc i lng cp n ch ph thuc vo mt bin s, l s hn ch ng k. S m rng t nhin ca hm mt bin ko theo s m rng ca tch phn n (tch phn xc nh) lm tng kh nng ng dng, chng hn tnh khi lng ca vt th hai chiu, ba chiu, t c th tnh c khi tm, cc m men qun tnh ca vt th, v.v...Chng ny cho chng ta phng php tnh tch phn bi hai, bi ba v trn nguyn tc c th m rng cho tch phn bi n (n lp). Cc khi nim v tch phn bi cng ging nh tch phn xc nh, u da trn s vi phn (tnh yu t vi phn ri ly tng). S tn ti, cng nh tnh cht ca tch phn bi ging nh tch phn xc nh. Chnh v th, hc tt chng ny, chng ta cn nm vng cc phng php tnh tch phn xc nh v m t c min xc nh ca hm nhiu bin. Trong chng ny, yu cu nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y: 1. Tch phn bi hai. M t c min ly tch phn bi hai bng hnh hc v h cc bt phng trnh. T suy ra cc cn ca cc tch phn n. Trong mt s trng hp nn thc hin php i bin s tnh d dng hn, c bit thng chuyn sang ta cc. 2. Tch phn bi ba. Tng t nh tch phn bi hai, phi m t c min ly tch phn bi ba. Trn c s tm c cc cn ca cc tch phn n. Ty tng hm di du tch phn v min ly tch phn c th thc hin php i bin s, c bit thng chuyn sang ta cu hoc ta tr tnh ton cho n gin.

NI DUNG
2.1 Tch phn bi hai ( Tch phn kp)
2.1.1 Bi ton m u Bi ton: Cho vt th V
3

gii hn bi cc mt sau y: mt phng Oxy, mt tr c

ng sinh song song vi trc Oz v ng chun L l bin ca min ng hu hn D 2 v mt cong cho bi phng trnh z= f(x,y), ( x, y ) D , trong f(x,y) lin tc v khng m trn min D. Hy tnh th tch vt th V ( thng gi V l hnh tr cong). Cch tnh:

31

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

z = f ( x, y )

S i

Chia hnh tr cong V thnh n hnh tr cong bng cch chia min D thnh n mnh khng dm ln nhau bi mt li cc ng cong trong mt phng Oxy. Gi tn v din tch cc mnh l S i , ( i= 1, n ) . Dng cc hnh tr cong c cc y di l S i ; y trn l phn ca mt phng cong z= f(x,y) , ng sinh song song vi trc Oz. Gi tn v th tch cc hnh tr cong thnh phn l Vi ( i = 1, n ). Nh vy V=

Vi
i =1

Nhn xt: Ly tu M i ( xi , yi ) S i ( i= 1, n ). V min S i l nh v hm f(x,y) lin tc nn trn min S i nn gi tr f(x,y) khc f( xi , y i ) rt t, do Vi f ( xi , y i ) S i . Nh vy V f ( xi , y i ) S i

i =1 n

d = Sup{d ( P, Q)}, P E , Q E )

Gi d i l ng knh ca mnh S i ( i= 1, n ) (ta gi ng knh ca min E l s

R rng s xp x theo cng thc trn ca V cng chnh xc nu ta chia cng nh min D . Vy th tch V s bng gii hn nu c ca tng v phi khi n sao cho max d i 0 .

V = lim

max di 0

f (x , y ) S i
i =1 i i

Ch : tng tnh th tch hnh tr cong hon ton nh tnh din tch hnh thang cong , dn n khi nim tch phn xc nh, cn y s dn n khi nim tch phn kp. 2.1.2 nh ngha tch phn kp. Cho hm z= f(x,y) xc nh trn min ng D
2

* Chia min D thnh n min nh bi mt li cc ng cong, gi tn v din tch cc min l s i ( i= 1, n ) ng thi k hiu d i l ng knh mnh th i ( i= 1, n ) 32

Chng 2. Tch phn bi * Ly tu M i ( xi , y i ) s i ( i= 1, n ) . * Gi I n =

f ( xi , yi ) S i
i =1

l tng tch phn cu f(x,y) trn min D ng vi mt phn

hoch v mt cch chn cc im M 1 , M 2 ,...,M n . Khi n sao cho maxd i 0 m I n hi t v I khng ph thuc vo phn hoch S i phn kp ca f(x,y) trn min D v k hiu l v cch chn M i S i (i = 1, n ) th s I gi l tch

f ( x, y)dS .
D

Nh vy

f ( x, y )dS =

max d i 0 i =1

lim

f ( xi , yi )S i

(2.1)

C c cng thc trn th ni rng f(x,y) kh tch trn min D; f(x,y) l hm di du tch phn cn x, y l cc bin tch phn, dS l yu t din tch. Ch : a. V tch phn kp khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D nn c th chia D bi mt li cc ng thng song song vi cc trc to Ox, Oy. Khi S i = xi y i suy ra dS = dx.dy. Do l tch phn kp thng k hiu l:

f ( x, y)dxdy
D

b. Cng nh tch phn xc nh, k hiu bin ly tch phn kp cng khng lm tch phn kp thay i, tc l:

f ( x, y)dxdy = f (u, v)dudv

D D

c. Nu f(x,y) 0 trn D th th tch hnh tr cong xt trong phn 2.1.1 c tnh theo cng thc V= f ( x, y )dxdy (2.2)

d. Nu f(x,y)=1 trn D th s o din tch min D tnh theo cng thc S= f ( x, y )dxdy
D

(2.3)

2.1.3. iu kin kh tch Tng t nh tch phn xc nh, ta c: * Nu hm s f(x,y) kh tch trn min D th f(x,y) b chn trn min D ( iu kin cn ca hm kh tch ). * Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min D, tng qut hn: nu hm s f(x,y) ch c gin on loi 1 trn mt s hu hn cung cong ca min D th kh tch trn min D. 2.1.4. Tnh cht ca tch phn kp. T nh ngha ca tch phn kp, tng t nh tch phn xc nh, suy ra c cc tnh cht sau: 33

Chng 2. Tch phn bi a. Nu D c chia thnh 2 min D1, D2 m D1 D 2 = th f(x,y) kh tch trn D khi v ch khi n kh tch trn D1 v D2 ng thi.

f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dxdy + f ( x, y )dxdy

D D1 D2

(2.4)

b..Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn D v k l hng s th:

k . f ( x, y )dxdy = k . f ( x, y )dxdy
D D

(2.5)

c.Nu f(x,y), g(x,y) kh tch trn D th

[ f ( x, y ) + g ( x, y )]dxdy = f ( x, y )dxdy + g ( x, y )dxdy

D D D

(2.6)

d. Nu f(x,y), g(x,y) cng kh tch trn D v f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) ( x, y ) D th:

f ( x, y )dxdy g ( x, y )dxdy
D D

(2.7)

e. Nu f(x,y) kh tch th f ( x, y ) kh tch v

f ( x, y )dxdy
D D

f ( x, y ) dxdy

(2.8)

f. Nu f(x,y) kh tch trn D v tho mn m f ( x, y ) M , ( x, y ) D th

mS f ( x, y )dxdy MS
D

(2.9)

trong S l din tch min D.

2.2. Tnh tch phn kp.

2.2.1. Cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong ta cc (Descartes). nh l 2.1. Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min D cho bi h bt phng trnh

a x b 1 ( x) y 2 ( x)
th

f ( x, y)dxdy = dx f ( x, y)dy
D a

2 ( x) 1 ( x )

(2.10)

34

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

S(x)

0 a x

1(x)

2 ( x)

b x H.2.2

Chng minh: Trc ht xt f ( x, y ) 0 v lin tc trn min D :

a x b 1 ( x ) y 2 ( x )
Trong 1 ( x ), 2 ( x ) lin tc trn [a,b]. Theo ngha hnh hc ta c: V = f ( x, y )dxdy
D

Trong V l th tch hnh tr cong. Mt khc, ng dng tch phn xc nh ta li c:

V = S ( x )dx Trong S(x) l din tch thit din ca hnh tr cong do mt phng vung gc vi
a

trc 0x ti im x to ra. (H.2.2).T hnh 2.2 ta thy S(x) l din tch hnh thang cong nm trn mt phng Oyz (bng php tnh tin) gii hn bi trc 0y, cc ng y = 1 ( x ), y = 2 ( x ) v ng cong z = f(x,y), vi x c nh. Theo ngha tch phn xc nh ta c: S ( x ) =
2 ( x ) 1 ( x )

f ( x, y )dy

Suy ra

2 ( x ) f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dy dx a 1 ( x )
b

Tch phn lp trn c qui c vit theo dng:

2 ( x ) b 2 ( x ) f ( x, y )dy dx = dx f ( x, y )dy x ) x ) a 1( a 1(
b

By gi xt f(x,y) lin tc v c du bt k trn min D. Xt cc hm s ph sau:

35

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

f ( x, y ) f 1 ( x, y ) = 0 f ( x, y ) f 2 ( x, y ) = 0

( x, y ), f ( x, y ) 0 ( x, y ), f ( x, y ) < 0 ( x, y ), f ( x, y ) < 0 ( x, y ), f ( x, y ) 0

Cc hm s f1(x,y), f2(x,y) lin tc v khng m trn min D ng thi f ( x, y ) = f 1 ( x, y ) f 2 ( x, y ) . Theo tnh cht c. ca tch phn bi v kt qu trn, ta c:

f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( x, y )dxdy f
1 D D D

( x, y )dxdy
2 ( x )

= dx
a

2 ( x )

1( x)

f 1 ( x, y )dy dx
a 1 2

f
1( x)

( x, y )dy

= dx
a

2 ( x ) 1 ( x )

[ f ( x, y ) f f ( x, y )dy

( x, y )]dy

= dx
a

2 ( x ) 1 ( x )

Vy ta nhn c cng thc (2.10). Nh vy, tnh tch phn kp ta a v tnh tch phn lp. Cng thc (2.10) th hin tnh tch phn theo bin y (trong khi tnh coi x l hng s) trc v theo bin x sau Ch : a. Nu min D cho bi h bt phng trnh:

c y d 1 (y) x 2 (y) th nhn c cng thc tnh tch phn kp tng t l:

f ( x, y )dxdy = dy f ( x, y )dx
D c
1( y)

2 ( y)

(2.11)

b. Cng thc thay i th t ly tch phn hay gi l cng thc Fubini. Trong trng hp ny, min D c tnh cht: Mi ng thng song song vi cc trc to ct min D nhiu nht hai im. Khi tn ti hnh ch nht:

a x b c y d
c cnh tip xc vi bin ca min D (H.2.3) Gi s ADB, ACB c phng trnh l:

y = 1 ( x ), y = 2 ( x ), a x b , CAD, CBD c

phng trnh l: x = 1 ( y ), x = 2 ( y ), c y d T cng thc (2.10), (2.11) nhn c cng thc Fubini sau y:

36

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

dx
a

2 ( x )

1( x)

f ( x, y )dy = dy
c

2 ( y)

f ( x, y )dx
1( y)

(2.12)

c. Khi min D khng c tnh cht nu trn th c th chia min D thnh mt s hu hn cc min D1, D2, ..., Dn c tnh cht m t hnh H.2.3 sau p dng tnh cht a. ca tch phn kp. d. Khi min D l hnh ch nht a x b, c y d v hm f ( x, y ) = h1 ( x ).h2 ( y ) thng gi f(x,y) l hm c bin s phn li th cng thc (2.10) tr thnh:
b d

f ( x, y )dxdy = h1 ( x)dx. h2 ( y )dy

a c

V d 1: Tnh tch phn sau:

x
D

ydxdy

trong D l min gii hn bi cc ng y = 0, y = 2x v x = a, a>0 Gii: c h phng trnh m t min D trc ht phi v min D (H.2.4).

0 x a Vy D: 0 y 2 x
a

0 y 2a hoc D: y 2 x a
2x a a y 2 2x dx = 2 x 4 dx 2 0 0

2 2 2 x ydxdy = dx x ydy = x D 0 0 0

2 5a 2 5 x = a 5 0 5
37

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

y 2a

y=2x

0 a H.2.4

V d 2: Tnh tch phn:

I = xydxdy
0

vi D gii hn bi cc ng y = x 4 v y 2 = 2x. Gii: V min D (H.2.5) v c min D trc ht phi tm giao ca cc ng bng cch gii h phng trnh:

y = x 4 2 y = 2x x = Ta suy ra: y =

x = 2 y2 y2 2 x= y 2 y = 2 x = 2 2 2 x = 8 y y 2 2 y 8 = 0 y = 4 4 y = 2 y = 4 2

Ta m t min D nh sau:

2x = y2
D2

x = y+4

D1

38

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

D:

2 y 4 2 hoc D = D1 D2 y 2 x y+4 2 x 8 D2 : x 4 y 2x

0 x 2 vi D1 : 2 x y 2 x

Trong trng hp ny nn p dng cng thc (2.11) tc l ly tch phn lp theo bin x trc v theo bin y sau:

I = dy
2 4

y+4

y2 2

y+4 x2 xydx = y. y 2 dx 2 2 2
4

1 y4 y(y 2 + 8y + 16 )dy 2 2 4

1 1 4 8 3 y6 4 2 = ( y + y + 8y ) = 90. 2 4 3 24 2
V d 3: Hy thay i th t ly tch phn sau:

I = dx
0

2 x 2

f ( x, y )dy
x

Gii: V min D trn c s bit cc cn ca tch phn. theo u bi min D gii hn bi cc ng : x = 0, x = 1, y = x, y = 2 x 2 .

x 2 + y 2 = 2 ng c phng trnh y = 2 x 2 chnh l na ng trn : y 0

D 2
D1

Do tnh khng trn ca bin min D nn ta m t: D = D1 D2

39

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

trong :
1

1 y 2 0 y 1 D1 : , D2 : 0 x y 0 x 2 y 2
2 x 2

Vy I = dx
0

f ( x, y )dy = dy f ( x, y )dx + dy f ( x, y )dx

x
0 0 1 0

2 y 2

V d 4: Tnh th tch V ca vt th gii hn bi cc mt z = 0, x 2 + y 2 = R 2 , z = y 2 Gii: Vt th c m t bi hnh H.2.7. Vt th i xng qua mt ta 0xz v 0yz. ta xt phn vt th trong gc phn tm th nht, phn vt th ny c gii hn bi cc mt

z = 0, x 2 + y 2 = R 2 , x 0, y 0 v z = y 2 .
Vy V = 4 y 2 dxdy trong D l phn t hnh trn x 2 + y 2 = R 2 , x 0, y 0 .
D

0 x R R rng D : 0 y R 2 x 2

R2

R R

4 V = 4 dx y dy = ( R 2 x 2 ) 2 dx 30 0 0
2

R2 x2

i bin x = R cos t , dx = R sin tdt

40

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

4 4 42 4 4 4 V = R sin tdt = R sin tdt 3 3 0

2

4 4 3!! R 4 R = 3 2 4!! 4

(Xem cng thc Wallis, Tr.139, Ton cao cp A1 ) 2.2.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong to cc Trc khi a ra cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong to cc, ta tha nhn nh l sau lin quan n php i bin tch phn kp. nh l 2.2: Gi s f(x,y) lin tc trn min D 0 xy ng thi tn ti cc hm s

x = x (u, v ) tho mn : y = y ( u, v )
* l song nh t D ln * c o hm ring lin tc trong min 0uv v nh thc Jacobi min

D ( x, y ) 0 trong D (u, v )
lp) khi :

hoc

ch

bng

mt

im

f ( x,y )dxdy = f [x(u, v ), y (u, v )]. D(u, v ) dudv

D

D ( x, y )

(2.13)

a. H to cc xc nh v tr ca cc im trong mt phng, ngoi h to Descartes, ngi ta cn dng h to cc c nh ngha nh sau: Chn im 0 tu gi l cc v mt trc 0x gi l trc cc. V tr ca im M bt k c xc bi hai s: gc gia trc 0x v vct 0 M gi l gc cc v r = 0 M gi l bn knh vct. Cp ( r, ) gi l to cc ca M v k kiu

M ( r, ) . Tt c cc im trn mt phng s ng vi bin thin t 0 n 2 hoc bin thin

t - 2 n 0 v r bin thin t 0 n . Nu chn h trc to Descartes 0xy tc l 0 trng vi cc, trc honh trng vi trc cc th ta nhn c lin h sau y gia cc to Descartes v to cc ca im M (xem H.2.8):

41

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

M ( r , ), M ( x , y )

x = r cos y = r sin
v ngc li:

r 2 = x 2 + y 2 , x cng du vi cos hoc y cng du vi sin . y tg = x

b. Phng trnh ng cong trong h to cc H thc F ( r, ) = 0 hoc r = r ( ) hay = ( r ) gi l phng trnh ng cong trong to cc, chng hn r = a l phng trnh ng trn bn knh bng a v tm gc to , = 0 l phng trnh na ng thng xut pht t gc to v lp vi trc cc mt gc l

0 .
c. Cng thc tch phn kp trong to cc Ta thc hin php i bin s:

x = r cos y = r sin
Do :

D ( x, y ) cos = D ( r, ) sin

r sin =r r cos

T cng thc (2.13) suy ra:

f ( x, y )dxdy = f ( r cos , r sin )rdrd

D

(2.14)

42

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

r2 ()

r1()
1

Thng gp min c gii hn bi hai tia = 1 , = 2 v ng cong

r = r1 ( ), r = r2 ( ) (H.2.9), tc l trong h to cc, min D c m t bi h bt phng

trnh:

1 2 D: r1 ( ) r r2 ( )
Khi cng thc (2.15) s c dng:

f ( x, y )dxdy = d f ( r cos , r sin )rdr

D
1

r2 ( )

(2.15)

r1 ( )

Ch : * Mi quan h gia cc nh thc Jacbi ca php bin i tho mn

D(x, y) D(u, v) =1 . D(u, v) D(x, y)

* Nu cc l im trong ca min D v mi bn knh cc ct bin min D ti mt im c bn knh r ( ) th

f ( x, y )dxdy = d f ( r cos , r sin )rdr

D

r ( )

V d 5: Tnh

x
D

x 2 + y 2 dxdy = I trong D l hnh trn ( x R ) 2 + y 2 R 2

Gii: ng trn (x R) 2 + y 2 = R 2 chuyn sang to cc c phng trnh:

( r cos R ) 2 + r 2 sin 2 = R 2 hay r = 2 R cos ,

Tng t ng trn x + ( y R ) = R
2 2 2

chuyn sang to cc c phng trnh

r = 2R sin ,0 (H.2.10)
43

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

r = 2R sin
r = 2 R cos

Vy min D trong h to cc c m t:

2 2 0 r 2 R cos
Theo cng thc (2.15) s c:
2R cos

I=

d
2

r.cos .r.rdr

2 1 2R cos cos r 4 d = 8R 4 cos5 d 0 4 0

= 8R 4

4!! 2.4 64R 4 . = 8R 4 = 5!! 3.5 15

(Xem cng thc Wallis,Tr139 Ton cao cp A1) V d 6: Tnh I = ( x + y )dxdy trong D l min gii hn bi cc ng thng:
D

y = x, y = x + 3, y = 2x 1, y = 2x + 1.

44

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

y 3

1
1

0 -1

H.2.11

Gii: Phng trnh cc ng thng to ra min D vit li di dng:

x + y = 0, x + y = 3, 2 x y = 1, 2 x y = 1 u = x + y D(u , v) 1 1 , khi i bin = = 3 D ( x, y ) 2 1 v = 2 x y 0 u 3 : 1 v 1

3 1 1 1 2 u2 3 = 3. Suy ra I = u. dudv = udu. dv = 3 30 3 2 0 1

(xem H.2.11)

Nhn xt: Nu gii v d trn bng cch trc tip dng cng thc tnh tch phn kp trong h to cc th phi chia min D thnh cc min thnh phn ri p dng tnh cht a ca tch phn kp. Nh vy s phc tp hn. Ta c th kim tra li kt qu bng cch dng cng thc (2.10) hoc (2.11).

2.3. Tch phn bi ba ( Tch phn 3 lp)

2.3.1. Bi ton m u: Tnh khi lng vt th. Bi ton: Cho vt th V khng ng cht, bit khi lng ring l

= ( x, y, z ), ( x, y, z ) V
Hy tnh khi lng ca vt th V. Cch tnh: Tng t nh tch phn bi hai, ta chia V tu lm n phn khng dm ln nhau bi mt h thng cc mt cong. Gi tn v th tch cc phn l Vi (i = 1, n ) . Trong mi phn th i ly im Pi ( xi , y i , z i ) tu v gi ng knh ca phn l d i , (i = 1, n ) . Khi lng xp x ca vt th l : m = ( Pi )Vi = ( xi , y i , z i )Vi .
i =1 i =1 n n

45

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

Nu tn ti gii hn

max d i 0 i =1

lim

( xi , y i , z i )Vi

th chnh l khi lng ca vt th

cho. Trong thc t nhiu bi ton dn n vic tm gii hn hn ca tng dng trn. Chnh v th cn phi c nh ngha ton hc tch phn bi ba. 2.3.2. nh ngha tch phn bi ba. Cho hm s f(x,y,z) xc nh trn min V ng knh mnh Vi l d i . * Ly tu Pi ( xi , y i , z i ) Vi , (i = 1, n ) * Lp tng I n = f ( x i , y i , z i ) Vi , gi l tng tch phn bi ba ca hm f(x,y,z) ly
i =1 n

* Chia V tu thnh n mnh nh. Gi tn v th tch cc mnh l Vi , (i = 1, n ) , k hiu

trn min V ng mi mt phn hoch v cc im Pi Vi , (i = 1, n ) Khi n sao cho max d i 0 m In hi t v I khng ph thuc vo phn hoch V1 v cch chn im Pi Vi , (i = 1, n ) th s I gi l tch phn bi ba ca f(x,y,z) trn min V, k hiu l

f ( x, y, z )dV .
V

Nh vy:

f ( x, y, z )dV = lim

max d i 0

f ( x , y , z ) V
i i i i =0

(2.16)

Tng t, ta cng ni rng f(x,y,z) kh tch trn min V. Ch : * Ging nh tch phn kp, yu t th tch dV c thay bng dxdydz v khi thng k hiu tch phn bi ba l:

f (x, y, z)dxdydz.
V

* Tng t nh tch phn kp, tch phn bi ba khng ph thuc vo k hiu bin ly tch phn: f (x, y, z)dxdydz = f (u, v, )dudvd.
V V

* ngha c hc: Nu f ( x, y , z ) 0 trn min V th

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz
V

l khi lng

ca vt th V khi vt th c khi lng ring (mt hay t khi) l f(x,y,z). * R rng th tch V ca vt th V tnh theo cng thc: V = dxdydz
V

(2.17)

* iu kin kh tch v tnh cht ca tch phn bi ba tng t nh tch phn kp.

46

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

2.4. Tnh tch phn bi ba

2.4.1. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to cc nh l 2.3: Nu f(x,y,z) lin tc trong min V cho bi h bt phng trnh:

a x b y1 ( x ) y y 2 ( x ) z ( x, y ) y z ( x, y ) 1 2
th

(2.18)
b y2 ( x ) z2 ( x , y )

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = dx dy f ( x, y, z )dz
V a y1 ( x ) z1 ( x , y )

(2.19)

H bt phng trnh (2.18) m t min V l mt hnh tr cong gii hn pha trn bi mt z = z 2 (x, y), gii hn pha di bi mt z = z1 ( x, y ) v gii hn xung quanh bi mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc 0z, ng chun l bin ca min D (min Dxy l hnh chiu ca V trn mt phng 0xy (H.2.12), c th min D cho bi h bt phng trnh:

a x b y1 ( x ) y y 2 ( x )

z2(x, y)

y1 ( x )

y2 ( x)

z1(x, y)

Cng thc (2.19) chng t tnh tch phn bi ba ta a v tnh tch phn lp. Khi tnh tch phn theo bin z ta coi x,y l hng s. Khi tnh tch phn theo bin y coi x l hng s. Cui cng tnh tch phn theo bin x. Ch : a. T cng thc (2.10) suy ra cng thc (2.119) c th vit li nh sau: 47

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

f ( x, y , z )dxdydz = dzdy
Dxy

z2 ( x , y )

z1 ( x , y )

f ( x, y, z )dz

(2.19)

b. Thay i vai tr ca cc bin x,y,z ta cng c cng thc thay i th t ly tch phn bi ba:
z2 ( x , y ) x2 ( y , z )

D xy

dxdy

z1 ( x , y )

f ( x, y , z )dz = dydz
D yz

x1 ( y , z )

f ( x, y, z )dx

(2.19)

trong D yz l hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng 0yz, cn x = x1 ( y , z ) v x = x 2 ( y , z ) l cc mt cong di v trn theo hng 0y to ra min V. Tng t:
z2 ( x , y ) y2 ( x , z )

Dxy

dxdy f ( x, y, z )dz = dzdx f ( x, y, z )dy

z1 ( x , y ) Dzx y1 ( x , z ) V

(2.19)

V d 7: Tnh I =

dxdydz trong min V c cho gii hn bi cc mt (1 + x + y + z ) 3

phng x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y = 1, x + y z = 0. Gii: V min V (H.2.13). V l hnh chp t gic c nh l gc to , y l hnh ch nht ABCD. Mt trn ca V (tam gic OCD) l mt phng c phng trnh z = x + y. Mt di ca V (tam gic OAB ) l mt phng c phng trnh z = 0 . Chiu V ln mt phng Oxy c tam gic OAB cho bi h bt phng trnh:

0 x 1 0 y 1 x

T theo cng thc (2.19) c: 48

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

1 1 x 0

I = dx dy
0

x+ y

(1 + x + y + z )3 0

dz

1 = dx 20

1 x

(1 + x + y + z )2 0

dy

x+ y

1 1 x 1 1 1 dy = dx 2 2 20 (1 + x + y ) 0 (1 + 2 x + 2 y )

1 1 1 = 2(1 + 2 x + 2 y ) 1 + x + 2 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 dx = dx dx 4 0 3 1 + 2x 2 0 2 1+ x y0
1 0

1 x

1 1 1 1 = ln 1 + 2 x 0 + ln 1 + x 2 6 8

1 1 1 = ln 2 ln 3 . 2 4 3
V d 8: Tnh I = xdxdydz vi V cho bi h bt phng trnh:
V

x 0 y 0 x 2 + y 2 z 4
Gii: Min V cho bi H.2.14. Ta thy mt trn ca V l z = 4 , mt di l paraboloid trn xoay z = x 2 + y 2 . Hnh chiu D ca V ln mt Oxy l phn t hnh trn:

0 x 2 0 y 4 x 2

Do : 49

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

I = dxdy
D 2

x2 + y2

xdz = x(4 x
D 2

y )dxdy = dx
2 0

4 x 2

x (4 x
0

y 2 )dy

4 x 2 x = x ( 4 x 2 ) 4 x 2 dx y 3 dx 3 0 0 0

2 1 1 2 64 = (4 x 2 ) d(4 x 2 ) = . (4 x 2 ) 2 = . 30 3 5 15 0

5 2

Tng t nh tch phn kp, ta cng c cng thc i bin s trong tch phn bi ba di y. nh l 2.4: Cho hm f ( x, y , z ) lin tc trn min V Oxyz ng thi tn ti cc hm s:

x =x(u,v,w) y =y(u,v,w) z = z(u, v, w)

(u, v, w)
tho mn cc iu kin: - l song nh t V ln - c cc o hm ring lin tc trong min 0uvw v nh thc Jacobi D ( x, y , z ) 0 trong min (hoc ch bng 0 mt s im c lp). Khi : D(u , v, w)

f (x, y, z)dxdydz = f [ x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)] D(u, v, w) dudvdw
V

D(x, y, z)

(2.20)

2.4.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to tr a. To tr : To tr ca im M ( x, y , z ) 0 xyz l b ba s sp th t ( r, , z ) trong ( r, ) l to cc ca im M(x,y), hnh chiu ca M ln mt phng 0xy (H.2.15). Vy vi mi im ca khng gian, ta c: r 0,0 < 2 , < z < + .

50

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

Gia to cc v to tr ca im M c mi lin h:

x = r cos y = r sin z = z
cos D ( x, y , z ) Trong trng hp ny = sin D ( r, , z ) 0

r sin r cos 0

0 0 =r 1
(2.21)

b. Phng trnh mt cong trong to tr H thc F (r , , z ) = 0 hoc gii ra c i vi cc bin s r = r ( , z ), z = z ( r, ) hoc

= (r , z ) gi l phng trnh mt cong trong to tr. Cc trng hp c bit thng gp

sau y:

r = r0 l phng trnh mt tr trn xoay bn knh l r0 v trc i xng l Oz (Trong h to

Oxyz , mt tr ny c phng trnh x 2 + y 2 = r 2 ).

= 0 l phng trnh na mt phng lp vi mt phng Ozx mt gc l 0 (tng ng

trong Oxyz phng trnh l y = tg 0 . x vi x. cos 0 0 ).

z = z 0 l phng trnh mt phng song song vi mt phng Oxy ct trc Oz ti im c to

z 0 . Nh vy mt cong c m t trong h to tr i khi c phng trnh rt n gin so vi trong h to cc. c. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to tr T cng thc (2.20) v (2.21) ta nhn c:

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = f ( r cos , r sin , z )rdrddz

V

(2.22)

Thng thng min trong to tr m t bi h bt phng trnh:

51

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

1 2 r1 ( ) r r2 ( ) z (r , ) z z (r , ) 2 1
Khi (2.22) tr thnh:
2 1
r2 ( ) r1 ( ) z 2 ( r , ) z1 ( r , )

f ( x, y , z )dxdydz = d

rdr

f ( r cos , r sin , z )dz

(2.23)

V d 9:
2 2 2

Tnh I = ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdydz trong V gii hn bi cc mt

V

z = 0, a z = x + y , x + y 2 = R 2 , z 0, a > 0 .
2

Gii: Min V nm trong gc phn tm th nht c cho trn hnh H.2.16 c gii hn bi mt 0xy, mt nn, mt tr. Cc mt nn v mt tr c phng trnh vit trong to tr l: az = r, r = R (nhn c bng cch thay x = r cos , y = r sin vo phng trnh cc mt cong cho). Nh vy min cho bi h bt phng trnh:

0 2 0 r R r 0 z a
Suy ra

2 4 2 5 I = d r dr dz = r dr = 5a R a 0 0 0 0
R R 3

r a

52

Chng 2. Tch phn bi Ch : Khi min V c dng hnh tr v hm di du tch phn cha cc biu thc

x 2 + y 2 th thng tnh tch phn trong to tr s n gin hn trong to cc.

2.4.3. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to cu a. To cu: To cu ca mt im M ( x, y , z ) 0 xyz l b ba s ( r, , ) trong

r = OM , l gc gia trc 0 z v 0 M v l gc gia trc 0 x v 0M ' , y M l hnh

chiu ca M trn 0xy (H.2.17). Vy vi mi im ca khng gian s r 0,0 ,0 < 2 . D thy gia cc to cc v to cu c mi quan h: c:

x = r sin cos y = r sin sin z = r cos sin cos D ( x, y , z ) V nh vy = sin sin D ( r, , ) cos r cos cos r cos cos r sin
z z

sin sin r sin cos = r 2 sin 0

(2.24)

M ( x, y , z )

x
M ' ( x, y,0)

x H.2.17

b. Phng trnh mt cong trong to cu H thc F ( r, , ) = 0 hoc gii ra c i vi cc bin s r = r ( , ); = ( , r ); = ( r, ) gi l mt phng trnh mt cong trong to cu. Cc trng hp c bit thng gp sau y:

r = r0 m t mt cu tm gc to 0 v bn knh r0 ( trong h to 0xyz, mt cu ny c

phng trnh x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r02 ).

= 0 l phng trnh ca mt nn trn xoay, nh 0 v trc i xng l 0z c gc m l

2 (mt nn ny trong h 0xyz c phng trnh

x 2 + y 2 = tg . z ).

= 0 l phng trnh na mt phng lp vi mt phng 0xy mt gc 0 (na mt phng

ny trong h to 0xyz c phng trnh y = tg 0 . x vi x cos 0 0 ). 53

Chng 2. Tch phn bi c. Cng thc tnh tch phn bi ba trong to cu T cng thc (2.20) v (2.24) ta nhn c:

f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = f ( r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r

V

sin drdd (2.25)

Ta hay gp min trong to cu m t bi h bt phng trnh:

1 2 1 ( ) 2 ( ) r ( , ) < r r ( , ) 2 1
Khi cng thc (2.25) tr thnh:
2 1 2 ( ) 1 ( ) r2 ( , ) r ( , )

f (x, y, z)dxdydz = d
V

sin d

f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r 2 dr

(2.26)

V d 10: Tnh I =
V

1 x + y2 + z2
2

dxdydz , trong V l min gii hn bi hai mt

cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 v x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 Gii: Chuyn sang to cu, hai mt cu cho c phng trnh ln lt l r = 1, r = 2 . Gc to l im trong ca min V nn min cho bi h bt phng trnh:

0 2 0 1 r 2
Do :
2

I=
V d 11:
2 2 2

1 2 2 1 d sin d .r 2 dr = 2( cos ) r = 6. 0 02 1 r 0 1
2

Tnh I = ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdydz trong V l min ngoi gia hnh tr

V

x + y R v hnh cu x + y 2 + z 2 4R 2 .
2

Gii: Mt thit din ca min V cho trn hnh H.2.18. Xt trong h to cu, mt cu c R (thay x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin phng trnh r = 2 R , mt tr c phng trnh r = sin vo phng trnh x 2 + y 2 = R 2 s nhn c kt qu trn). tm s bin thin ca ta xt giao ca mt cu v mt tr: r = 2 R =

1 5 R . Suy ra sin = , = , = 2 6 sin 6

54

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

V V l vt th trn xoay nhn Oz lm trc i xng, nhn mt phng Oxy lm mt phng i xng v hm di du tch phn chn i vi x, y cho nn

I = 2 d sin d
0

2 2R R sin

4 r 4 sin 2 dr = 5 R 5 (32

1 sin
5

) sin 3 d

5 2 2 4 5 1 d 4 2 = R 32 sin (1 cos 2 )d = R 32( cos + cos 3 ) + cot g 2 5 3 sin 5 6 6 6

44 3 R 5 . 5

Ch : Khi min V c dng hnh cu, hm di du tch phn cha cc biu thc dng x 2 + y 2 hoc x 2 + y 2 + z 2 nn chuyn sang to cu, hoc to tr tnh ton cho n gin hn.Ta c th kim tra li kt qu ca v d trn bng cch dng to tr.

TM TT CHNG 2.
Tnh tch phn kp trong to cc
Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min D cho bi h bt phng trnh

a x b th 1 ( x) y 2 ( x)

f ( x, y)dxdy = dx f ( x, y)dy
D a

2 ( x) 1 ( x )

Tnh tch phn kp trong to cc

Nu hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn min cho bi h bt phng trnh 55

Chng 2. Tch phn bi

1 2 r1 ( ) r r2 ( )

th

f ( x, y )dxdy = d
1

r2 ( )

r1 ( )

f ( r cos , r sin )rdr

Thay i th t ly tch phn (cng thc Fubini )

dx
a

2 ( x ) 1 ( x )

f ( x, y )dy = dy
c

2 ( y) 1 ( y )

f ( x, y )dx

Tnh tch phn bi ba trong to cc

Nu f(x,y,z) lin tc trong min V cho bi h bt phng trnh:

a x b y1 ( x ) y y 2 ( x ) z ( x, y ) y z ( x, y ) 1 2
th

f ( x, y , z )dxdydz = dx
a

y2 ( x )

y1 ( x )

dy

z2 ( x , y )

z1 ( x , y )

f ( x, y, z )dz

Tnh tch phn bi ba trong to tr

Nu f(x,y,z) lin tc trong min m t bi h bt phng trnh:

1 2 r1 ( ) r r2 ( ) z (r , ) z z (r , ) 2 1
th

f ( x, y , z )dxdydz = d
1

r2 ( ) r1 ( )

rdr

z 2 ( r , ) z1 ( r , )

f ( r cos , r sin , z )dz

CU HI V BI TP CHNG 2.
2.1. Dng tch phn bi hai c th xc nh c din tch hnh phng D ng Sai 2.2. Khi hm di du tch phn bi hai c dng bin s phn ly th tch phn bi hai s l tch ca hai tch phn xc nh. ng thin t 0 n 2 . ng t 0 n 2 . ng ng Sai Sai 56 2.5. C th tnh khi lng vt th khi bit hm mt nh vo tch phn bi 3. Sai 2.4. Khi gc to l im trong ca min D th chuyn sang to cc ta c bin thin Sai 2.3. Khi gc to l im trn bin ca min D th chuyn sang to cc ta c bin

Chng 2. Tch phn bi 2.6. C th tnh th tch vt th nh tch phn bi 3 ng 2. ng Sai 2.8. Hnh chiu min V ln mt phng Oxy nhn gc to l im trong th chuyn sang to tr hoc to cu s c 0 2 ng Sai 2.9. Hnh chiu min V ln trc Oz nhn gc to l im trong th chuyn sang to cu s c 0 2 . ng
2 4

Sai

2.7. C th biu din tch phn bi 3 qua tch phn lp gm tch phn xc nh tch phn bi

Sai

2.10. i th t tch phn cc tch phn sau: a.

2
3

dx f ( x, y)dy,
x2
2y 1 0

b.

dy f ( x, y)dx,

c.

cosx

dx

f ( x, y )dy,

d.

dx
1

2 x x2

f ( x, y )dy.

2 x

2.11. Tnh cc tch phn bi hai sau: a. b. c. d.

(x+y)
D
D

dxdy
3

, D = {( x, y ) : x 1, y 1, x + y 3} .
D = {( x, y ) : x 1, y 1} .
D l min gii hn bi cc ng x = 1, y = 1, y = 1 + x.

x + y dxdy ,

ln( x + y)dxdy ,
D

x
D

( y x)dxdy , D l min gii hn bi cc ng y = x 2 , x = y 2 .

2.12. Tnh cc tch phn bi hai sau: a.

x 2 + y 2 dxdy

D l min gii hn bi cc ng trn x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 4a 2 , a > 0 b.

( x
D

+ y 2 + 1)dxdy , D l min gii hn bi ng x 2 + y 2 x = 0

57

Chng 2. Tch phn bi c. d.

( x + 2 y + 1)dxdy , D l giao ca hai hnh trn x

D

+ y 2 2 y, x 2 + y 2 2 x

4 x 2 y 2 dxdy, D = {( x, y ) : y 0, x 2 + y 2 2 x} .

2.13. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng: a. x = 4 y y 2 , x + y = 6 b. y 2 = x 3 , y 2 = 8(6 x)3

x c. y = 2 x , y = , y = 4 2
d. y 2 = x, y 2 =

5 1 x, x 2 = y, x 2 = 2 y. 2 3

2.14. Tnh th tch vt th gii hn bi cc mt: a. z = x 2 + y 2 , z = x + y b. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 z , x 2 + y 2 = z 2 . 2.15. Tnh cc tch phn bi ba sau: a. b. c.

zdxdydz, V = ( x, y, z ) : 0 x 4 , x y 2 x, 0 z
V V

1 x2 y 2

(1 x y z)dxdydz, V = {( x, y, z ) : x 0, y 0, z 0, x + y + z 1} xyz dxdydz, V = {( x, y, z ) : 0 z a, x

V
2

+ y 2 2 z}

d.

x2 + y 2 z 2 + 2 1, a > 0 . ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz , V = ( x, y, z ) : 2 a 3a V

58

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

CHNG 3. TCH PHN NG V TCH PHN MT

GII THIU
Tch phn ng v tch phn mt l s m rng ca tch phn nhiu lp trn hai phng din: ly tch phn trn cc cung cong thay cho trn on thng, tch phn trn mt cong thay cho min phng, c bit n vic nh hng ca ng cong v mt cong. Chnh v th ngha thc tin ca tch phn ng, tch phn mt l rt ln. Hu ht cc bi ton k thut lin quan n trng vct u lin quan n tch phn ng, tch phn mt: tnh cng ca lc, tnh thng lng ca trng. Tnh tch phn ng dn n tnh tch phn xc nh, tnh tch phn mt dn n tnh tch phn bi hai, vy mt ln na yu cu ngi hc phi c k nng tnh tch phn xc nh. Trong chng ny yu cu nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y: 1. Tch phn ng loi 1 Trc ht nh li cng thc vi phn cung (xem cng thc 4.26, mc 4.4.2,TON CAO CP A 1 ) v rng cn trn lun lun ln hn cn di. 2. Tch phn ng loi 2 Khi tnh phi lu n hng ca ng cong ty theo hng nh m tm cn trn, cn di ca tch phn xc nh. Trng hp ng cong kn nn vn dng cng thc Green nu cc iu kin ca nh l c tha mn, tng qut hn phi s dng cng thc Xtc. 3. Tch phn mt loi 1 Ch n cng thc tnh yu t din tch ca mt cong cho bi phng trnh dng tng minh (chng hn z = z (x,y)) t a v tnh tch phn bi hai trn hnh chiu ca mt cong ln mt phng ta tng ng (mt phng ta Oxy). 4. Tch phn mt loi 2 tnh tch phn mt loi hai, trc ht phi xc nh cc pha ca mt cong nh hng thng qua cc csin ch phng ca vct php tuyn. Tip theo, tm hnh chiu ca mt cong ln cc mt phng ta . Khi mt cong kn thng s dng cng thc xtrgratxki.

59

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

NI DUNG.
3.1. Tch phn ng loi mt.
3.1.1. nh ngha

Ai

Mi
Ai 1

yi

xi

Cho hm s f ( x, y ) xc nh trn mt cung phng AB (H.3.1) * Chia cung AB l n cung nh bi cc im chia A0 A, A1 ,..., Ai 1 , Ai ,... An B gi di cung Ai 1 Ai l si , (i = 1, n ) * Ly tu M i ( xi , yi ) Ai 1 Ai , (i = 1, n) * Lp tng I n = f ( xi , y i )s i gi l tng tch phn ng loi mt ca hm f ( x, y ) ly
i =1 n

trn cung AB ng vi mt phn hoch v mt cch chn tu cc im M i Ai 1 Ai , (i = 1, n) . Nu khi n sao cho max si 0, I n hi t v s I khng ph thuc cch chia cung AB v cch chn M i Ai 1 Ai , (i = 1, n) th s I gi l tch phn ng loi mt ca f(x,y) dc theo cung

AB v k hiu

AB

f ( x, y )ds

Vy I =

max si 0 i =1

lim

f ( xi , yi )si =

f ( x, y )ds

(3.1)

AB

Nu c tch phn (3.1) th ni rng f(x,y) kh tch trn AB .Trong tch phn (3.1), ds k hiu di yu t ca cung AB hay vi phn ca cung AB . M rng: Nu f(x,y,z) kh tch trn cung AB 3 th tch phn ng loi mt ca f(x,y,z) trn cung AB k hiu l

60

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt I=

Ch : a. T nh ngha trn ta thy chiu i ca cung AB khng ng vai tr g c v In khng ph thuc vo hng ca cung AB . Vy
AB

AB

f ( x, y, z )ds

(3.2)

f ( x, y )ds =

BA

f ( x, y )ds

(3.3) (3.4)

b. R rng nu gi l l di cung AB th l =

AB

ds

c. Nu mt dy vt cht c dng cung AB v mt khi lng l ( x, y ) th khi lng ca dy vt cht tnh theo cng thc: m =
AB

( x, y )ds

(3.5)

d. Ngi ta chng minh c: nu cung AB l cung trn (tip tuyn ca cung bin thin lin tc) hoc trn tng khc (chia cung AB thnh hu hn cc cung thnh phn, cc cung thnh phn l cc cung trn) v f(x,y) lin tc trn cung AB th f(x,y) kh tch trn cung AB. e. V nh ngha trn tng t vi tch phn xc nh, tch phn bi nn tch phn ng loi mt c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh. 3.1.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi mt nh l 3.1. Gi s cung AB trn cho bi phng trnh:

y = y ( x ),

a xb

v hm s f(x,y) lin tc trn cung AB . Khi :

AB

f ( x, y )ds = f ( x, y ( x)) 1 + y '2 ( x) dx

a

(3.6)

Chng minh: Thc hin php chia cung AB bi cc im Ai ( xi , y i ), i = 1, n nh nh ngha trnh by. Gi xi = xi xi 1 , y i = y i y i 1 (i = 1, n ) (xem H.3.1). Vi xi , y i kh b th:

s i x i2 + y i2 = 1 + (
Theo cng thc Lagrange, ta c

y i xi

) 2 . x i

yi = y '(i ), x i
2

i (x i 1 , x i ),i = 1,..., n

Suy ra

s i 1 + y / ( i ) xi , i ( xi 1 , xi )

Sau khi thc hin php chia cung AB , ta chn M i (i , y (i )) Ai 1 Ai , i = 1, n 61

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Vy tng tch phn tng ng s l:

I n = f ( i , y ( i ))s i f ( i , y ( i )) 1 + y ' 2 ( i ) xi
i =1 i =1

Cho n sao cho max xi 0 hay max si 0 th do s tn ti ca tch phn ng loi mt nn v tri dn n
AB

f ( x, y )ds , cn v phi chnh l tch phn xc nh ca hm s

f ( x, y ( x)) 1 + y ' 2 ( x)

trn [a,b] ngha l ta nhn c cng thc (3.6).

Nu cung AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:

x = x(t) , t1 t t 2 y = y(t)
th

y' ( x) =

y ' (t ) 1 , dx = x ' (t )dt , 1 + y ' 2 ( x ) = x' (t ) x ' (t )

x ' 2 (t ) + y ' 2 (t )

V a b v t1 t 2 nn cng thc (3.6) tr thnh :

AB

f ( x, y )ds =

t2 t1

f [ x(t ), y(t )]

x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t ) dt

(3.7)

c bit khi AB cho trong to cc r = r ( ), 1 2 . Ta c th coi rng AB cho di dng tham s:

x = r ( ) cos y = r ( ) sin

1 2

Khi x 2 ( ) + y 2 ( ) = r 2 ( ) + r 2 ( ) . Suy ra (3.6) c dng:

AB

f (x, y)ds = f [ r() cos , r() sin ]

1

r 2 () + r 2 ()d

(3.8)

Tng qut cung AB

x = x (t ) cho bi phng trnh tham s y = y (t ) t1 t t 2 z = z (t )

v nu f(x,y,z) kh tch trn cung th:

AB

f ( x, y, z )ds =

t2 t1

f ( x(t ), y(t ), z (t ))

x2 (t ) + y2 (t ) + z2 (t ) dt

(3.9)

V d 1: Tnh

( x + y)ds , C l bin tam gic vi cc nh O (0,0), A (1,0), B (0,1).

Gii: ng C cho bi H (3.2) 62

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Theo tnh cht ca tch phn ta c:

C

OA

AB

BO

on OA c phng trnh y = 0, 0 x 1

OA

( x + y )ds = x 1 + 0dx =
0

1 2 1 x = 2 0 2

on AB c phng trnh: y = 1 x, 0 x 1

AB

( x + y )ds = 1
0

1 + 1dx = 2

on BO c phng trnh: x = 0, 0 y 1

1 2 ( x + y)ds = y 1 + 0dy = 2 y BO 0

=
0

1 2

(S dng cng thc (3.6) trong thay i vai tr cc bin x v y cho nhau)

(x + y)ds = 1 +
C

2.

V d 2: Tnh I = x 2 + y 2 ds , L l ng trn x 2 + y 2 = 2x.

L

Gii: ng trn L cho bi H 3.3.

y
L

H.3.3
63

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Trong to cc phng trnh ng L c dng r = 2 cos , (3.8) th:

. Theo cng thc

I=

2 2 cos 4 cos 2 + 4sin 2 d = 8 cos d = 8sin 0 = 8. 0

Bn c c th gii v d 2 bng cch vit phng trnh ng trn x 2 + y 2 = 2 x di dng

x = 1 + cos t tham s: y = sin t

t .

3.2. Tch phn ng loi hai

3.2.1. Bi ton m u: Tnh cng ca lc bin i Bi ton: Mt cht im M di chuyn dc theo mt cung phng AB t im A n im B di tc dng ca lc F ( M ) = P ( M )i + Q ( M ) j = ( P, Q), M AB . Hy tnh cng W ca lc sinh ra. Cch tnh: Chia cung AB lm n cung nh bi cc im chia A0 , A1 ,..., An . Gi si l di cung Ai 1 Ai v cc thnh phn ca vc t Ai 1 Ai l xi , y i ; i = 1, n (H 3.4)
y B

Ai
Ai 1
A
M
i

yi

xi
x

H.3.4

Ly tu M i ( xi , yi ) Ai 1 Ai . Nu cung Ai 1 Ai kh nh c th coi n xp x dy cung

Ai 1 Ai v F (M ) khng i (c chiu v ln) trn cung . V th c th coi rng cng ca lc

sinh ra khi cht im di chuyn t Ai-1 n Ai theo cung

Ai 1 Ai s xp x bng

F ( M i ). Ai 1 Ai = P( M i )xi + Q( M i )y i
Suy ra cng W ca lc sinh ra s xp x l: 64

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt W P( xi , y i ) xi + Q ( xi , y i ) y i

i =1 n

Nh vy gii hn ca tng trn khi n sao cho max si 0 chnh l cng ca lc:

W = lim

max si 0

P( x , y )x
i i i =1

+ Q ( xi , y i ) y i

tng tnh cng ca lc dn n khi nim tch phn ng loi hai. 3.2.2. nh ngha Cho hai hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) xc nh trn cung L (hay cung AB ) * Chia cung L thnh n cung nh bi cc im chia: A A 0 , A1 ,... Ai 1 , Ai ,..., An B Gi ta ca vect Ai 1 Ai l xi , y i v di cung Ai 1 Ai l si , i = 1, n . * Ly tu M i ( xi , yi ) Ai 1 Ai , i = 1, n . * Lp tng I n = P( M i ) xi + Q ( M i ) y i , gi l tng tch phn ng loi hai ca
i =1 n

hm s P ( x, y ), Q ( x, y ) dc theo L i t A n B ng vi mt phn hoch ca L v mt cch chn M i Ai 1 Ai . * Khi n sao cho max si 0 hay max xi 0 v max y i 0 m I n hi t v s I khng ph thuc cch chia cung L v cch chn tu M i Ai 1 Ai th s I gi l tch phn ng loi hai ca cc hm P(x,y),Q(x,y) dc theo cung AB i t A n B v k hiu l
AB

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy .

* Nh vy

AB

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = lim

xi 0 i =1 yi 0

P( xi , yi )xi + Q( xi , yi )yi

(3.10)

Ch : a. Khc vi tch phn ng loi mt, tch phn ng loi hai, hng ly tch phn ca L l quan trng. Nu ta dc theo cung AB i t B n A th cc vect Ai 1 Ai i hng, tc l cc thnh phn ca vect l xi , y i , (i = 1, n ) . Vy tng tch phn s i du, suy ra:
AB

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy =

BA

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy

(3.11)

b. Cng sinh ra do lc F = P(x, y)i + Q(x, y) j cht im dch chuyn t A n B theo cung AB s l:

W=

AB

P(x,y)dx + Q( x, y )dy
65

(3.12)

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

c. Nu AB l ng cong trong khng gian c ba hm s P(x,y,z),Q(x,y,z),R(x,y,z) xc nh trn cung AB th tch phn ng loi hai ca ba hm s cng c k hiu l:
AB

P( x, y, z )dx + Q( x, y, z )dy + R( x, y, z )dz

(3.13)

d. Cho L l ng cong phng (nm trn mt phng 0xy) v kn. Ngi ta qui c gi hng dng ca ng cong L l hng sao cho mt ngi i dc L theo hng th thy min gii hn bi L gn mnh nht bn tri. Tch phn ly theo hng dng thng k hiu l :
L+

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy
L

Cn tch phn ly theo hng ngc li s dng du

e. Tng t tch phn ng loi mt, ngi ta cng chng minh v s tn ti tch phn ng loi hai: Nu cung AB trn hoc trn tng khc v cc hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn cung th tn ti tch phn ng loi hai ca hai hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) ly theo cung AB. f. Tch phn ng loi hai cng c cc tnh cht tng t nh tch phn xc nh. 3.2.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi hai. nh l 3.2. Gi s hai hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn cung AB trn cho bi phng trnh tham s:

x = x (t ) y = y (t )
tB

im A ng vi gi tr tham s t = t A , B ng vi gi tr tham s t B . Khi :

AB

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = [ P ( x(t ), y (t )) x '(t ) + Q( x(t ), y (t )) y '(t )]dt

tA

(3.14)

Chng minh: Ta thc hin php chia cung AB nh trnh by trong phn nh ngha. Khi on [t A , t B ] tng ng c chia thnh n on bi cc s ti tng ng vi cc im

Ai , i = 1, n t A t 0 , t B t n v theo nh l Lagrange ta c: xi = x (t i ) x (ti 1 ) = x ' (ti* )ti y i = y (ti ) y (ti 1 ) = y ' (ti** )ti
trong ti* , ti** l im nm trong khong (ti 1 , ti ), ti = ti ti 1 . lp tng tch phn
n

P( x , y )x
i i i =1

, ta chn cc im M i ( xi , yi ) Ai 1 Ai , sao cho xi = x (ti* ), y i = y (ti* ) . Khi

AB

P( x, y )dx =

max ti 0 i =1

lim

P( x(ti* ), y(ti* )) x '(ti* )ti

66

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

V iu kin tn ti tch phn tho mn nn vi cch chn M i nh trn ta c:

AB

P( x, y )dx =

tB

tA

P( x(t ), y(t )) x '(t )dt Q( x, y)dy = Q( x(t ), y(t )) y '(t )dt

tA tB

(3.15)

L lun tng t ta c:

(3.16)

AB

Vy cui cng ta nhn c cng thc (3.14). Trng hp ng cong AB trong khng gian 0xyz cho bi phng trnh tham s:

x = x (t ) y = y (t ) z = z (t )
Cc im A,B tng ng vi cc tham s t A , t B kh chng minh hon ton tng t, ta c: :
tB

AB

P( x, y, z )dx + Q( x, y, z )dy + R( x, y, z )dz =

tA

P( x(t ), y(t ), z (t )) x (t ) + Q() y (t ) + R() z (t ) dt

/ / /

(3.17) Khi cung AB phng cho bi phng trnh dng tng minh y=y(x), A,B c honh tng ng l a, b th theo cng thc (3.14) , coi x l tham s, ta nhn c:

AB

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = [ P ( x, y ( x)) + Q( x, y ( x)) y '( x)] dx

a

(3.18)

hoc nu AB cho bi phng trnh x=x(y) , A,B c tung tng ng l c,d th

AB

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = [ P ( x( y ), y ) x '( y ) + Q( x( y ), y ) ] dy

c

(3.19)

V d 3: Tnh cng sinh bi lc F = y i + x j sinh ra dc theo ellipse hng dng ca n. Gii: Phng trnh tham s ca ng ellipse cho l:

x2 y2 + = 1 v theo a 2 b2

x = a cos t y = b sin t
l:

0 t 2

t tng t 0 n 2 ng vi hng dng ca ng ellipse. Do cng sinh bi lc F s

67

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt A=

xdy ydx =
+

(a cos t.bcost + b sin t.a sin t)dt

0

= ab dt = 2ab.
0

V d 4: Tnh I = ( 2 xy x 2 )dx + ( x + y 2 )dy trong L l cung ca parabn y = 1 x 2

L

i t im A(0,+1) n im B(-1,0). Gii:

1

y = 1 x 2 dy = 2 xdx

I = 2x(1 x 2 ) x 2 + (x + 1 2x 2 + x 4 )(2x) dx
0

7 = (2x 5 + 2x 3 3x 2 )dx = . 6 0

3.3. Cng thc Grin (Green)

Gi s D l min lin thng, b chn c bin l L gm mt hay nhiu ng cong kn trn hoc trn tng khc. Sau y ta s a ra cng thc lin h gia tch phn ng loi hai dc theo L v tch phn bi hai trn min D c tnh cht nu ra. nh l 3.3. Cho cc hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc cng cc o hm ring cp mt trong min D c bin l ng L, khi :

( x y )dxdy = Pdx + Qdy

D L+

(3.20)

y2(x)

y1(x)

Chng minh: a. Trc ht xt min D n lin v n gin theo ngha n c m t bi h bt phng trnh: (Xem H.3.5)

a x b y1 ( x ) y y 2 ( x )
hoc

c y d x1 ( y ) x x 2 ( y )
68

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

L = AB BC CA
AC c phng trnh : y = y1 ( x ), a x b

BC c phng trnh x = b, y1 (b) y y 2 (b)

AB c phng trnh y = y 2 ( x ), a x b

Theo cng thc tnh tch phn kp ta c:

y2 ( x ) b b y ( x) P P dxdy = dx dy = P( x, y ) 2 dx y y1 ( x ) y D a y1 ( x ) a

= P( x, y 2 ( x ))dx P( x, y1 ( x ))dx
a a

Theo cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi hai (3.18) v ch a. ta c:

b

P( x, y2 ( x))dx =
a

AB

P ( x, y )dx, P( x, y1 ( x)) dx =
a

AC

P( x, y ) dx ,suy ra

y dxdy =
D

P ( x, y )dx +

AB

CA

P ( x, y )dx

Mt khc

BC

P ( x, y )dx = 0 v BC c phng trnh x=b nn dx=0. Vy

P( x, y ) dx +

y dxdy =
D

AB

BC

P( x, y ) dx +

CA

P( x, y ) dx =

P( x, y)dx
L

Tng t ta c:

x dxdy = Q( x, y )dy
D L

T cc kt qu ny suy ra cng thc Green (3.20) b. Xt D l min n lin bt k (H.3.6). Ta lun c th phn hoch min D thnh hu hn cc min n gin, chng hn c th chia D thnh 3 min c chung bin l on AB v BC. Theo tnh cht ca tch phn bi hai v kt qu chng mnh phn trn, ta c
y C B
D3
D2

D1

n x b

0 A H.3.6

69

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

( x
D

P )dxdy = + + y D1 D2 D3
Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy +

( x y )dxdy =
D1

AB

BC

Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy Pdx + Qdy

CmA

Pdx + Qdy

D2

( x y )dxdy =
Q P

CB

BpC

D3

( x y )dxdy =

BA

AnB

Cng cc v vi cc h thc trn v n ch a. ca tch phn ng loi hai, ta nhn c c cng thc Green (3.20). c. Trng hp D l min a lin, chng hn D l min nh lin (H.2.7), bin L gm hai ng L1 v L2 ri nhau. Ta c th chia min D thnh 4 min nh. p dng cng thc Green cho c 4 min v s dng ch a, ta cng nhn c cng thc (3.20). Trong trng hp ny cn lu : Tch phn dc theo L1 c hng ngc chiu kim ng h, cn tch phn dc theo L2 c hng thun chiu kim ng h. Nh vy tch phn bin L nh qui c ch d.
y
L

Pdx + Qdy
+

ng l ly theo hng dng ca

L2

L1

x 0 H.3.7

Ch : Cng thc Green (3.20) cho ta cng thc tnh din tch min phng D nh vo tch phn ng loi hai nh sau: Ly trong (3.20) cc hm P ( x, y ) = y v Q ( x, y ) = x th Suy ra:

P Q = 1, =1 y x
(3.21)

S=

1 xdy ydx trong S l din tch min D. 2 L+

V d 5: Tnh din tch ellipse vi cc bn trc a,b.

x2 y2 Gii: C th coi ellipse c phng trnh 2 + 2 = 1 hay dng tham s a b x = a cos t , y = b sin t , 0 t 2 .

70

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

p dng (3.21) c S =

1 1 2 2 + xdy ydx = 2 (ab cos t + ab sin t )dt = ab 2L 0

3

V d 6: Tnh I = ( xarctgx + y 2 )dx + ( x + 2 xy + y 2 e y )dy

L+

L l bin na hnh trn cho bi bt phng trnh x 2 + y 2 2 y , x 0 .

Gii: ng L cho trn hnh H.3.8 l bin ca na hnh trn bn knh l 1. t:

P = 2y y 3 Q Q = x + 2 yx + y 2 e y = 2y +1 x P = xarctgx + y 2
Vy: I = (
D

Q P )dxdy = dxdy = x y 2 D
C

(na din tch hnh trn bn knh l 1).

3

V d 7: Tnh J = ( xarctgx + y 2 )dx + ( x + 2 yx + y 2 e y )dy vi C l na ng trn bn phi i t gc to n A(0,2): x 2 + y 2 = 2 y , x 0 . Gii: Gi L l ng cong gm na ng trn C v on OA. R rng :
3

I=J+

AO

( xarctgx + y 2 )dx + ( x + 2 yx + y 2e y )dy

ca v d 6.

trong I l tch phn on thng AO c phng trnh x = 0, 0 y 2 dx = 0 . p dng cng thc tnh tch phn ng (3.19) ta c:
0

AO

( xarctgx + y )dx + ( x + 2 yx + y e

2 y3

)dy = y e
2

2 y3

3 1 dy = e y d ( y 3 ) 3

3 0 1 1 1 = e y = ( 8 1). 2 3 e 3

Cui cng J =

1 1 + (1 8 ). 2 3 e
71

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Ch : Trong v d 7 ta thm mt ng thng thch hp p dng cng thc Green, ng nhin sau phi bt i tch phn ly dc theo on thng (hay cng vi tch phn ly theo hng ngc li). Nhiu bi ton phi lm nh vy bi v nu tnh trc tip s rt kh khn.

3.4. nh l bn mnh tng ng

Xut pht t cng thc Green (3.20), sau y ta s nhn c cc iu kin biu thc P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) no ; tch phn ng ca mt biu thc khng ph thuc vo dng ng cong ly tch phn. Trong cc trng hp ny, min lin thng D phi l n lin (bin c duy nht mt ng cong kn). nh l 3.4: Gi s cc hm P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng trong min n lin D. Khi bn mnh sau y tng ng vi nhau: (1). (2). (3).

P Q = , ( x, y ) D y x

Pdx + Qdy = 0 , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min D.

L

AB

Pdx + Qdy , trong cung AB nm trong min D, ch ph thuc vo 2 im A,B

m khng ph thuc dng cung AB . (4). Biu thc Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) no trn min D. Chng minh: nh l c chng minh theo s sau: (1) ( 2) (3) ( 4) (1)

(1) ( 2) : Gi D1 l min gii hn bi L, L D suy ra D1 D . p dng cng thc

Green (3.20) cho min D1 ta c:

L+

Pdx + Qdy = ( x y )dxdy = 0dxdy = 0

D1 D1

Suy ra

Pdx + Qdy = 0,
L

L D

( 2) (3) : Ly A D, B D v AmB D, AnB D (dng ca cc cung l tu . H.3.9)

Suy ra ng cong kn AmBnA D . Theo (2) ta c:

AmBnA

Pdx + Qdy = 0 hay :

AmB

Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy =

BnA

Pdx + Qdy = 0 Pdx + Qdy.

Suy ra :

AmB

AnB

Chng t cc tch phn khng ph thuc vo dng cung AB .

(3) (4) : Ta s xy dng hm u(x,y) di y sao cho: du( x, y ) = Pdx + Qdy

72

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

M1
A( x0 , y 0 )

Ly A(x0,y0) c nh thuc D v im M(x,y) chy trong min D (H.3.10). Xt hm s

u ( x, y ) =

AM

Pdx + Qdy + C vi AM D, C l hng s tu .

(3.22)

R rng hm s ny ph thuc vo im M(x,y) ch khng ph thuc dng cung AM v u u( x 0 , y 0 ) = C . Ta s chng minh = P( x, y ) . Tht vy, theo nh ngha o hm ring ti x (x,y) ta c

u u ( x + h, y ) u ( x, y ) 1 = lim = lim ( x h0 h h 0 h

AM1

Pdx + Qdy

AM

Pdx + Qdy )

trong M1 v M cng c tung l y, cn honh ca M1 l x+h vi h b M1 D . Theo (3) c th ly AM1 gm cung AM v on thng nm ngang MM1. Vy

u 1 = lim x h0 h

MM1

Pdx + Qdy

on MM1 vung gc vi trc Oy v hng i t M(x,y) n M1(x+h,y), suy ra dy=0 Vy:

u 1 = lim h 0 h x
x+h

x+h

P( x, y )dx
x

Theo nh l v gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn xc nh th:

P( x, y )dx = P( x
x

, y )h

trong x * = x + .h,

0 < < 1 , t ta c:

u = lim P( x * , y ) x h 0
73

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Do tnh lin tc ca hm P(x,y) vy Tng t ta chng minh c

u = P ( x, y ) . x

u = Q ( x, y ). Vy tn ti hm u(x,y) cho bi (3.22) c y u u = P, = Q . Suy ra: x y

du = P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy

( 4) (1) : u( x, y ) du = Pdx+Qdy hay

2 u P 2 u Q , = = xy y yx x

Do cc o hm ring ca P,Q lin tc trn min D nn cc o hm hn hp

2u v xy

2u 2u 2u cng lin tc trn D. Theo nh l Schwarz, ta c hay l: = yx xy yx

P Q = , ( x, y ) D y x
H qu 1: Nu du( x, y ) = Pdx + Qdy trong min D th :

AB

Pdx + Qdy = u ( B) u ( A)

(3.23)

Chng minh:

AB

Pdx + Qdy =

AB

du ( x, y )

Gi s AB cho bi phng trnh y=y(x) v A(xA,yA),B(xB,yB) r rng yA=y(xA),yB=y(xB). Chuyn tch phn ng v tch phn xc nh theo cng thc (3.18), ta c:

AB

du ( x, y ) =

xB

xA

du( x, y( x)) = u( x, y( x)) xA = u ( B) u( A)

xB

H qu 2: Nu Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) trn ton mt phng R2 th hm u(x,y) cho bi cng thc:
x y

u ( x, y ) = P( x, y )dx + Q( x 0 , y )dy + C
x0 y0

(3.24)

hoc

u ( x, y ) = P( x, y 0 )dx + Q( x, y )dy + C
x0 y0

(3.25)

trong A( x 0 , y 0 ) R 2 , M ( x, y ) R 2

74

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

y
y0
x0

Chng minh: Lp hm s u(x,y) theo cng thc (3.22). V tch phn khng ph thuc dng

AM v th c th chn AM l ng gp khc ANM hoc ALM (H.3.11)

on AL song song vi trc 0y nn dc theo n dx=0. on LM song song vi trc 0x nn dc theo n dy=0.

u ( x, y ) = =

AM

Pdx + Qdy + C =

AL

Pdx + Qdy +

LM

Pdx + Qdy + C

AL

Q( x, y)dy +
x

P( x, y )dy + C

LM

p dng cng thc (3.18) c:

u ( x, y ) = Q ( x 0 , y )dy + P( x, y )dx + C
y0 x0

Tng t, ly tch phn theo ng ANM s nhn c cng thc (3.25) Ch : a. Cc hm u(x,y) nu tn ti s sai khc nhau hng s cng C. b. Thng thng ly ( x 0 , y 0 ) = (0,0) th tnh tch phn (3.24) hoc (3.25) s n gin hn. V d 8: Chng minh biu thc:

( x 2 2 xy 2 + 3)dx + ( y 2 2 x 2 y + 3)dy
l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) trn R2 v hy tm hm . Gii: t:

P = 4 xy y Q P Q ( x, y ) = y 2 2 x 2 y + 3 = 4 xy = , ( x, y ) R 2 x y P ( x, y ) = x 2 2 xy 2 + 3
Vy c hm s u(x,y) du=Pdx+Qdy. Ta c:

75

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

u( x, y ) = P( x, y )dx + Q (0, y )dy + C
0 0 x y

= ( x 2 xy + 3)dx + ( y 2 + 3)dy + C
2 2 0 0

1 = ( x 3 + y 3 ) x 2 y 2 + 3( x + y ) + C 3
V d 9: Tnh I =

AB

xdy ydx x2 + y 2

, A(1,1), B(2, 4)

a. Cung AB cho bi phng trnh: y = x 2 , 1 x 2 , b. Cung AB bt k to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn khng bao gc to . c. Cung AB bt k to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn bao gc to

Gii: t

P y y2 x2 P= 2 = y ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 x + y2 Q= x2 Q y2 x2 P = 2 = , ( x, y ) (0,0) 2 2 2 2 x ( x + y ) y x +y

a. y = x 2 dy = 2 xdx ,(cung AnB)

I =

2 2 2x2 x2 2dx dx = dx = arctgx = arctg 2 2 4 2 1 4 x +x 1+ x 1 1 2

b. V cc hm P, Q tho mn nh l 4 mnh tng ng trn bt k mt min n lin khng cha gc to ,do tch phn cho khng ph thuc vo dng cung AB ,sao cho cung to vi on AB mt ng cong kn khng bao gc to (H.3.12). Vy I = arctg2 . 4 c. Khi cung AB to vi on AB mt ng cong kn bao gc to th khng th p dng nh l 4 mnh tng ng c na do P,Q khng lin tc trong min n lin cha 76

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

gc to . Trc ht, t cng thc Green suy ra: Tch phn khng ph thuc dng cung AB , min l cung to vi on AB thnh ng cong kn bao gc to . By gi ta v ng trn C tm gc to , bn knh b r. Xt min lin thng nh lin D c bin l C v ng cong kn. Theo cng thc Green ta c:

0 = (
D

Q P )dxdy = x y

AnB

Pdx + Qdy +

BmA

Pdx + Qdy +

Pdx + Qdy

Suy ra:

Pdx + Qdy = arctg 2

AmB

Pdx + Qdy

C cho bi phng trnh tham s:

x = r cos , y = r sin

0 2
d = 2

Pdx + Qdy =
+

r 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2 r2
9 . 4

Vy I =

AmB

Pdx + Qdy = arctg 2

3.5. Tch phn mt loi mt

3.5.1. nh ngha Cho hm s f ( M ) = f ( x, y, z ) xc nh trn mt cong S. * Chia mt cong S thnh n mnh khng dm ln nhau, gi tn v din tch ca mnh th i l

S i , i = 1, n v k hiu ng knh ca mnh th i l d i , i = 1, n.

* Ly tu M i ( xi , y i , z i ) S i , i = 1, n * Lp tng I n = f ( M i )S i gi l tng tch phn mt loi mt ng vi mt cch chia
i =1 n

mt cong S v mt cch chn M i S i , i = 1, n Nu khi n sao cho max d i 0 m I n hi t v s I khng ph thuc cch chia mt cong S v cch ly im M i S i , i = 1, n th s I gi l tch phn mt loi mt ca f(M) trn mt cong S k hiu

f ( x, y, z )dS .
S

Nh vy

f ( x, y, z )dS =

f ( xi , yi , z i )S i max d 0
lim
i

(3.26)

i =1

77

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Ch : a. T nh ngha ta thy cng thc tnh din tch mt cong S nh vo tch phn mt loi mt:

S = dS
S

(3.27)

b. Nu S l mt cong vt cht c hm mt khi lng l ( x, y, z ) th khi lng ca mt cong vt cht s l:

m = ( x, y , z )dS
S

(3.28)

c. Ngi ta chng minh c rng: Nu mt cong S trn (mt cong S c php tuyn bin thin lin tc) hoc l trn tng mnh (chia S thnh hu hn cc mt cong trn) v hm s f ( x, y, z ) lin tc hoc lin tc tng mnh trn mt cong S th tn ti tch phn mt loi mt ca hm s trn S. d. Tng t, tch phn mt loi mt c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn kp. 3.5.2. Cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi mt nh l 3.5: Gi s hm s f(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong S trn cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D . Khi :

f ( x, y, z )dS = f ( x, y, z ( x, y))
S D

1 + z ' 2 ( x, y ) + z ' 2 ( x, y ) dxdy (3.29) x y

Chng minh: Trc ht, ta tha nhn cc kt qu sau: Nu mt cong S cho bi phng trnh F ( x, y, z ) = 0 th cc csin ch phng ca vct php tuyn ti M(x,y,z) c tnh theo cng thc:

cos =

Fx' F '2 +F '2 +F '2 x y z Fz' F '2 + F '2 + F '2 x y z

, cos =

' Fy

F '2 + F '2 + F '2 x y z

(3.30)

cos =

Trong cng thc (3.30), , , l gc lp bi vct php tuyn ca mt cong S ti M(x,y,z) vi cc trc to 0x,0y,0z (H.3.13)

78

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Do nu mt cong S cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D th cc csin ch phng ca vct php tuyn s l:

' zx

cos =

1+

z'2 + z'2 x y

, cos =

z 'y 1+ z'2 + z'2 x y

, cos =

1 1+ z'2 + z'2 x y

(3.31)

Khi vct php tuyn n xc nh th gc , , xc nh v nh vy trong cc cng thc trn ch c du + hoc du -. By gi ta chia S thnh n mnh nh S i , i = 1, n , tng ng nhn c n hnh chiu cc mnh trn mt phng 0xy l Di , i = 1, n . Ngha l ta gin tip chia min D, hnh chiu ca mt cong S trn mt 0xy, lm n phn Di (H.3.14).

n(M i )

Mi
Si

Di

79

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Ly tu M i ( xi , y i , z i ) S i v dng tip din Ti ( M i ) ca mt S ti Mi (mt phng vung gc vi php tuyn n ti Mi hay l mt phng tip xc vi mt S ti Mi). Gi Ti l mnh ca tip din c hnh chiu trn 0xy trng vi mnh Di . Vi ng knh ca S i kh nh th din tch mnh Ti xp x din tch mnh S i v r rng S i theo cng thc (3.31) nhn c:

Di , cos i

I n = f ( M i )S i f ( xi , y i , z i ) 1 + z ' 2 + z ' 2 .Di x y

i =1 i =1

V phi chnh l tng tch phn kp ly trn min D ca hm s:

f ( x, y, z ( x, y )) 1 + z ' 2 + z ' 2 x y
Vy cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi mt khi mt cong S cho di dng hin z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D c cho bi cng thc (3.29). Ch : a. Nu mt cong S cho bi phng trnh y = y ( z , x) hoc x = x( y, z ) th ta phi chiu S ln mt phng 0zx hoc 0yz tm min tnh tch phn kp tng ng. b. Nu mt cong kn, ta phi chia thnh hu hn cc phn tho mn nh l trn, sau p dng cng thc (3.29). V d 10 : Tnh din tch phn pha trn mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4a 2 nm trong hnh tr

x 2 + y 2 2ay, a > 0 .
Gii : Xem H.3.15

80

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Do tnh i xng, ta ch cn tnh din tch mt phn hai ca phn mt cu trn.. Phn mt cu trn c phng trnh : z = 4a 2 x 2 y 2 . Hnh chiu trn mt 0xy l na hnh trn D c bt phng trnh :

x 2 + ( y a)2 a 2 , x 0
Vy S = dS = 2 1 + z ' 2 + z ' 2 dxdy x y
S D

z'2 = x

x2 4a 2 x 2 y 2

, z'2 = y

y2 4a 2 x 2 y 2

S = 2
D

2a 4a x y
2 2 2

dxdy

Chuyn sang to cc ta c :

S = 4a d
0

2a sin

rdr 4a 2 r 2

= 2a d
0

2a sin

d( r 2 ) 4a 2 r 2

= 4a
0

2 2a sin 4a r d = 4a (2a-2a cos)d 0 0 2 2

= 8a 2 ( sin 2 ) = 8a 2 ( 1). 2 2 0

3.6. Tch phn mt loi hai

3.6.1. Mt nh hng Mt cong S trn gi l nh hng c nu vct php tuyn n v n(M ) hon ton xc nh ti mi M S (c th tr bin ca S) v bin i lin tc khi M chy trn S. Tp hp

n( M ), M S ca mt cong c nh hng xc nh pha dng ca mt cong, l pha m ngi

ta ng th n(M ) hng t chn ln u. V rng n(M ) cng l vct php tuyn nn mt nh hng lun c hai pha. Khi mt cong S khng kn nh hng c, ngi ta thng dng t pha trn v pha di ch hng xc nh bi n(M ) . Pha trn ca mt S l pha m n(M ) lp vi trc 0z gc nhn, cn pha di l pha m n(M ) lp vi trc 0z gc t.

81

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

n
Pha trn Pha trong Pha ngoi

Pha di

Khi mt cong S kn nh hng c, ngi ta dng t pha trong v pha ngoi m t hng xc nh. Pha ngoi l pha m n(M ) hng ra pha ngoi vt th V bao quanh bi mt cong S, pha trong l pha ngc li. (H.3.16). C mt cong khng nh hng c, chng hn mt cong sau y gi l l Mobius c to nh sau : Ly ch nht ABCD vn cong hai u gn nhau sao cho A trng vi C v B trng vi D (H.3.17). Xc nh mt vct n(M ) ti M no ca l Mobius v cho M di chuyn theo l khng ct bin mt vng v li im ban u th n(M ) i hng. Chng t n(M ) khng bin thin lin tc. Vy l Mobius l mt mt pha.

3.6.2. nh ngha Cho mt cong S nh hng theo pha trn hoc pha di. Tc l vct php tuyn

n(M ) lp vi trc 0z mt gc nhn (hoc gc t) v hm R(x,y,z) xc nh trn S.

Chia mt cong S thnh n mnh khng dm ln nhau S i , i = 1, n . K hiu ng knh ca mnh th i l d i , i = 1, n . Gi Di l hnh chiu ca S i ln mt to 0xy km theo du xc 82

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

nh theo quy tc : S nh hng theo pha trn th Di c du dng, cn S nh hng theo pha di th Di c du m, i = 1, n . Ly tu M i ( xi , y i , z i ) S i , i = 1, n Lp tng I n = R ( xi , y i , z i )Di gi l tng tch phn mt loi hai ca hm R ( x, y, z ) ly
i =1 n

trn mt cong S nh hng ng vi mt cch chia v mt cch chn M i S i , i = 1, n . Nu khi n sao cho max d i 0 m I n hi t v s I khng ph thuc cch chia S v cch chn M i S i th s I gi l tch phn mt loi hai ca biu thc R ( x, y, z )dxdy trn mt cong S nh hng v k hiu :

I = R ( x, y , z )dxdy
S

(3.32)

Tng t, nu chiu ln cc mt phng 0yz v 0zx v thm cc hm P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z) xc nh trn S th ta gi :

I = P ( x, y, z )dydz + Q ( x, y, z )dzdx + R ( x, y, z )dxdy

S

(3.33)

l tch phn mt loi hai ca cc hm P, Q, R, chnh xc hn l ca biu thc Pdydz+Qdzdx+Rdxdy ly trn mt cong S nh hng. Ch : a. Theo nh ngha, nu i hng (pha ngc li ca S) th tch phn mt loi hai s i du. b. Cng thc (3.33) m t thng lng ca trng vct F = P i + Q j + R k qua mt cong S nh hng.

= Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy

S

(3.34)

V (M )

83

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

thy r ngha thc t ca tch phn mt loi hai v t thng lng ta xt bi ton sau y : Gi s c mt dng cht lng chy trong min V R 3 v trong min V c mt mt cong S nh hng vi vct php tuyn n( M ), M S . Gi s tc ca dng cht lng l

v(M ) (H.3.18). Hy tnh lng cht lng chy qua S trong mt n v thi gian.
Trc ht ta tnh trong mt thi gian, lng cht lng chy qua yu t din tch dS ca mt cong S. V mnh dS l rt b nn c th coi vct n(M ) v vct vn tc v(M ) l vct hng ti mi im M dS . Vy lng cht lng chy qua dS s l (ct cht lng) d = v.n.dS . Gi cc thnh phn ca v l v x, v y , v z , cn cc thnh phn ca n l cos , cos , cos th :

= (v x cos + v y cos + v z cos )dS

S

= v x dydz + v y dzdx + v z dxdy

S

(3.35)

chnh l tch phn mt loi hai ca cc hm v x , v y , v z trn S nh hng. Cng thc (3.35) m t mi lin h gia tch phn mt loi mt v loi hai. Trong trng hp tng qut khi c trng vct F ( P, Q, R ) th thng lng ca n qua mt cong S nh hng cho bi cng thc (3.34). c. Ngi ta cng chng minh rng, nu mt S nh hng c, trn hoc trn tng mnh v cc hm P,Q,R lin tc trn S th tch phn mt loi hai (3.33) tn ti. d. Tch phn mt loi hai cng c cc tnh cht nh tch phn ng loi hai. 3.6.3. Cng thc tnh nh l 3.6 : Gi s R(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong nh hng S trn cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D . Khi

R( x, y, z )dzdy = R( x, y, z ( x, y))dxdy
S D

(3.36)

Du + khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha trn ca mt S. Du khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha di ca S. Chng minh : T cng thc (3.35) v (3.29)

R( x, y, z )dxdy = R( x, y, z ) cos .dS = R( x, y, z ( x, y)) cos

S S S

dxdy nu cos 0 cos

R( x, y, z ) = 0 nu cos = 0 .
S

Vy khi ly theo pha trn ca mt S tc l cos 0 th cos = cos . Do : 84

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

R( x, y, z )dxdy = R( x, y, z ( x, y))dxdy
S D

cn khi ly theo pha di ca mt S tc l cos 0 th cos = cos . Do :

R( x, y, z )dxdy = R( x, y, z ( x, y))dxdy
S D

Tng t ta c :

P( x, y, z )dxdy = P( x( y, z ), y, z )dydz
S D yz

(3.37) (3.38)

Q( x, y, z )dxdy = Q( x, y( z, x), z )dzdx

S Dzx

Trong Dyz l hnh chiu ca S ln mt 0yz v mt S c phng trnh : x = x( y, z ), ( y, z ) D Dzx l hnh chiu ca S ln mt 0zx v mt S c phng trnh :

y = y ( z , x), ( z , x) D .
Ch : Khi ly tch phn mt loi hai, phi c bit lu n vic nh hng ca mt S, tc l hng ca n(M ) . Tu theo n(M ) lp vi cc trc to gc nhn hay t m xc nh du cng hay tr trong cc cng thc (3.36), (3.37), (3.38). V d 11 : Tm thng lng ca trng vct F = ( z ,0, x 2 ) qua pha trn ca mt

z = x 2 + y 2 ,1 x 1,1 y 1 .
Gii : Mt cong z = x 2 + y 2 l paraboloid trn xoay .H.3.19 m t phn mt cong nm gc phn tm th nht. Thng lng tnh theo cng cng thc (3.35).

= zdydz + x 2 dxdy
S

85

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

1 D H.3.19
S c nh hng ln trn nn cos 0, cos = xng qua cc mt to 0yz,0zx nn

1 x

2x 4x + 4 y + 1
2 2

. Do mt cong S i

zdydz = 0 v
S

x
S

dxdy = 4 x dxdy = 4 x dx dy =
2 2
D

4 3
)

(D l hnh vung

0 x 1 0 y 1

V d 12 : Tnh I = zdxdy vi S l pha ngoi ca mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2

S

Gii : Mt cu cho bi H.3.20. Chia mt cu thnh na trn S + v na di S c phng trnh ln lt l :

z = R 2 x 2 y 2 v z = R 2 x 2 y 2
Chiu cc na mt cu ln 0xy ta c hnh trn :

x 2 + y 2 R 2 D: z = 0

86

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

z
R

z = R2 x2 y2
-R R

0
R

x
H.3.20

z = R2 x2 y2

I = zdxdy + zdxdy
S+ S

Tch phn ly theo pha trn ca S + v tch phn ly theo pha di ca S . T ng thc (3.36) ta c :

zdxdy =
S+ D S D

R 2 x 2 y 2 dxdy R 2 x 2 y 2 dxdy

zdxdy =

Vy I = 2 R 2 x 2 y 2 dxdy
S

Chuyn sang to cc ta c :

I = 2 d
0 0

3 2 (R 2 r 2 ) 2 R = 4 R 3 R r .r.dr = 2 3 0 3 2 2

3.7. Cng thc Stokes

Di y ta s c cng thc m rng cng thc Green, l mi lin h gia tch phn ng loi hai trong khng gian vi tch phn mt loi hai. nh l 3.7(Stokes) : Gi s mt cong S nh hng c, trn tng mnh c bin l ng L trn tng khc. Nu cc hm s P,Q,R lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng trn mt cong S th :

L+

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = y

S

Q P Q P R dydz + dzdx + x y dxdy (3.39) z z x

trong tch phn ng v tri ly theo hng dng quy c nh sau : i theo hng dng ca L sao cho mt cong S pha tay tri, khi mt cong S c nh hng bi vct php tuyn n hng t chn ln u (H.3.21). 87

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

Gi (3.39) l cng thc Stokes.

Ch : a. Cng thc Green l trng hp ring ca cng thc Stokes ( khi thay z = 0, R( x, y, z ) = 0 vo (3.39) nhn c cng thc (3.20)). b. Tnh tch phn ng loi hai khi L R 3 thng rt kh khn (ta mi ch a ra cng thc tnh khi L cho bi phng trnh tham s, xem cng thc (3.17)). Do cng thc Stokes t ra rt hiu lc khi m L l bin ca cc mt cong no m tch phn mt loi hai trn n c th tnh d dng. c. Xut pht t cng thc Stokes, ta nhn c nh l bn mnh tng ng xt trong khng gian R 3 tng t nh nh l 3.4. nh l 3.8: Gi s cc hm P ( x, y, z ), Q ( x, y, z ), R ( x, y, z ) lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng trn min n lin V. Khi bn mnh sau y l tng ng vi nhau: (1). (2). (3).

R Q P R Q P = = , , = , ( x, y , z ) V y z z x x y

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min V.

L
AB

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz , trong

AB V , ch ph thuc vo hai im A,B m khng

ph thuc dng cung AB . (4). Biu thc Pdx + Qdy + Rdz l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y,z) no trn min V. Trng hp min V l khng gian th hm u(x,y,z) c th tnh theo cng thc :
x y z

u ( x, y, z ) = P( x, y, z )dx + Q( xo , y, z )dy + R ( x0 , y0 , z ) dz + C
x0 y0 z0

(3.40)

trong ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) V , ( x, y, z ) V , C l hng s tu v:

AB

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = u( A) u( B)

88

(3.41)

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

trong AB V . V d 13: Tnh I = ydx + zdy + xdz , vi C l ng trn, giao ca mt cu
C

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 v mt phng x + y + z = 0 v hng ca L l ngc chiu kim ng h nu

nhn v pha z > 0 .
z
R

0
x

H.3.22

Gii : Mt phng x + y + z = 0 i qua tm mt cu. Vy giao tuyn l ng trn ln . Xem hnh H.3.22. Ly hnh trn l mt cong S c bin l C. Cc csin ch phng ca n nh 1 (Xem cng thc (3.30)). t hng theo hng ca C l cos = cos = cos = 3 P = y, Q = z , R = x , p dng cng thc Stokes v cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi hai v loi mt theo cng thc (3.35), ta c :

I = dydz + dzdx + dxdy = 3 dS = 3R 2 .

S S

3.8. Cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski

Di y ta c cng thc lin h gia tch phn bi ba v tch phn mt loi hai, gi l cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski. nh l 3.9 (Gauss Ostrogradski) : Gi s V l min gii ni trong R3 c bin l mt S trn tng mnh. Nu cc hm s P,Q,R lin tc cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng trong min V th :

Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = x + y

S V

R dxdydz z

(3.42)

trong mt ly tch phn nh hng ra pha ngoi min V. Ch : 89

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

a. Nu trong cng thc (3.41) t P = x, Q = y, R = z th ta nhn c cng thc tnh th tch vt th V nh vo tch phn mt loi hai : 1 V = xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy 3S trong S c nh hng ra phi ngoi min V. b. C th coi rng cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski l m rng cng thc Green t khng gian hai chiu ra ba chiu. V th i khi tnh tch phn trn mt S khng kn, ta c th thm mt cong no p dng cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski. V d 14 : Tnh thng lng ca trng in t F =

q.r r3

trong q l in tch t ti gc

to , r = xi + y j + z k , r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 qua pha ngoi mt cu :

x2 + y2 + z2 = R2
Gii : t P = q

x r
3

,Q = q

y r
3

,R =q

z r3

, ( x, y, z ) (0,0,0) .

V th ta khng th p dng cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski Ta c

= q
S

r3

( xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy ) .

Do mt cu i xng qua gc to v biu thc di du tch phn i xng i vi x,y,z do : = 24q

r
S

z
3

dxdy , S l phn mt cu gc phn tm th nht nh hng ln trn.

= 24q
D1

R 2 x 2 y2 dxdy R3

D1 l phn t hnh trn tm 0, bn knh R. Chuyn sang to cc ta c :

q = 24 3 R

d
0 0

3 1 2 2 2R R r rdr = 24q 3 (R r ) = 4q. 2R 3 0 2 2

V d 15 : Tnh I = xzdydz + yxdzdx + zydxdy ly theo pha ngoi ca S l bin ca hnh

S

chp x 0, y 0, z 0, x + y + z 1. Gii : Hnh chp V cho trn hnh H.3.23

90

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

z

1 0 1 x H.3.23

p dng cng thc (3.41) c : I = ( z + x + y )dxdydz

V

x + y 1 Chiu V ln mt phng 0xy c tam gic : x 0, y 0

I = dx dy = dx
0 0 1 0 1 x 1 1 x 1 x y 0

( x + y + z)dz

1 1 x 1 x y 1 1 ( x + y + z) dy = dx 1 ( x + y ) 2 dy 0 2 2 0 0

= =

1 1 2 1 (1 x)dx 1 ( x + y ) 3 1 x dx = 1 x 1 1 + 1 x 4 1 2 4 0 6 24 0 0 2 3 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 + = 2 4 6 24 8

TM TT CHNG 3

Cch tnh tch phn ng loi mt

1. Gi s cung AB trn cho bi phng trnh: y = y ( x ), tc trn cung AB . Khi :

a x b v hm s f(x,y) lin

AB

f ( x, y )ds = f ( x, y ( x)) 1 + y '2 ( x) dx

a

2. Nu cung AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:

x = x (t ) , ti t t 2 : y = y (t )
91

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

AB

f ( x, y )ds =

t2 t1

f [ x(t ), y(t )]

x '2 (t ) + y '2 (t ) dt

Cch tnh tch phn ng loi hai

1. Gi s hai hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc trn cung AB trn cho bi phng trnh tham

x = x (t ) s: im A ng vi gi tr tham s t = t A , B ng vi gi tr tham s t B . Khi : y = y (t )

AB

P( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = [ P( x(t ), y (t )) x '(t ) + P( x(t ), y (t )) y '(t )]dt

tA

tB

2 .Khi cung AB phng cho bi phng trnh dng tng minh y=y(x), A,B c honh tng ng l a, b, ta nhn c:

AB

P ( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = [ P( x, y ( x)) + Q( x, y ( x)) y '( x)] dx

a

. Cng thc Green.. Cho cc hm s P(x,y), Q(x,y) lin tc cng cc o hm ring cp mt trong min D c bin l ng L, khi :

( x y )dxdy = Pdx + Qdy

D L+

. . Bn mnh sau y tng ng trong khng gian R 2 (1). (2). (3).

P Q = , ( x, y ) D y x

Pdx + Qdy = 0 , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min D.

L

AB

Pdx + Qdy , trong cung AB nm trong min D, ch ph thuc vo 2 im A,B

m khng ph thuc dng cung AB . (4). Biu thc Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) no trn min D.
y

u ( x, y ) = P( x, y )dx + Q( x 0 , y )dy + C
x0 y0

u ( x, y ) = P ( x, y 0 )dx + Q( x, y )dy + C
x0 y0

trong A( x0 , y0 ) D, M ( x, y ) D

Cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi mt: Hm s f(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong S trn cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D . Khi :

92

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

f ( x, y, z )dS = f ( x, y, z ( x, y))
S D

1 + z ' 2 ( x, y ) + z ' 2 ( x, y ) dxdy x y

Cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi hai : Hm s R(x,y,z) lin tc trn mt cong nh hng S trn cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y ), ( x, y ) D .
Khi

R( x, y, z )dzdy = R( x, y, z ( x, y))dxdy
S D

Du + khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha trn ca mt S. Du khi ly tch phn mt loi hai theo pha di ca S.

Cng thc Stokes

L+

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = y

S

Q P Q P R dydz + dzdx + x y dxdy z z x

Bn mnh tng ng trong khng gian R 3

(1). (2). (3).

R Q P R Q P = , = , = , ( x, y, z ) V y z z x x y

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 , L l ng cong kn bt k nm trong min V.

L
AB

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz , trong

AB V , ch ph thuc vo hai im A,B m khng

ph thuc dng cung AB (4) Biu thc Pdx + Qdy + Rdz l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y,z) no trn
x y z

u ( x, y, z ) = P( x, y, z )dx + Q( xo , y, z )dy + R( x0 , y0 , z )dz + C

x0 y0 z0

trong ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) V , ( x, y, z ) V , C l hng s tu v:

AB

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = u ( A) u ( B) Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = x + y

S V

Cng thc Ostrogradski P Q + R dxdydz z

ng dng tnh th tch pha ngoi min V.

V=

1 xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy trong S c nh hng ra 3 S

CU HI V BI TP CHNG 3.
3.1. C th dng tch phn ng loi 1 tnh di mt cung 93

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

ng ng ng ng ng 3.6. Pdx + Qdy = 0
L

Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai

3.2. Tch phn ng loi 1 ph thuc vo hng i ca ng cong 3.3. C th dng tch phn ng loi 2 tnh cng ca mt lc. 3.4. Tch phn ng loi 2 ph thuc vo hng i ca ng cong. 3.5. C th dng tch phn ng loi 2 tnh din tch mt hnh phng.

Q P = trong min D gii hn bi ng cong L x y

Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai Sai

ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng a.

3.7 Cng thc Green ch ng cho min n lin. 3.8. nh l 4 mnh tng ng ng vi min lin thng. 3.9. C th dng tch phn mt loi 1 tnh din tch mt cong. 3.10. Tch phn mt loi 1 khng ph thuc vo hng ly tch phn mt 3.11. Dng tch phn mt loi 2 tnh thng lng ca mt trng vct. 3.12. C th biu din tch phn mt loi 2 qua tch phn mt loi 1 3.13. C th biu din tch phn ng loi 2 theo ng cong kn qua tch phn mt loi 2. 3.14 C th biu din tch phn mt loi 2 theo pha trong ca mt cong qua tch phn bi 3. 3.15. Tnh tch phn mt loi 1, mt loi 2 phi a v tch phn bi 2. 3.16. Tnh cc tch phn ng loi 1 sau:

xyds , L l bin hnh ch nht ABCD vi A(0,0), B(4,0), C(4,2), D(0,2)

L

94

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt x = t t2 b. xyzds , L cho bi phng trnh y = , 0 t 1 2 L 8t 3 z = 3

3.17. Tnh khi lng ca dy vt cht c phng trnh y = khi lng ring ( x, y ) =
x x a a e + e a , 0 x a vi 2

1 y

3.18. Tnh cc tch phn ng loi 2 sau: a. b.

ABC

( x y ) 2 dx + ( x + y ) 2 dy , ABC l ng gp khc vi A(0,0), B(2,2), C(4,0)

2

ydx ( y + x
L

)dy , L l cung parabol y = 2 x x 2 nm pha trn trc 0x theo chiu

kim ng h. 3.19. Tnh

( xy 1)dx + x
L

ydy t A(1,0) n B(0,2) theo:

a. ng 2 x + y = 2 b. ng 4 x + y 2 = 4

x = cos t c. ng y = 2 sin t
3.20. Tnh

xdy v ydx theo chiu dng vi L l:

L L

a. ng trn x 2 + y 2 = a 2 b. bin ca na hnh trn x 2 + y 2 a 2 , y > 0 c. tam gic c ba nh O(0,0), A(a,0) v B(0,b) 3.21. Tnh

(x
L

+ y 2 )dx + ( x 2 y 2 )dy vi L l bin ca tam gic OAB theo chiu dng,

bit O(0,0), A(1,0), B(0,1). a. bng cch tnh trc tip b. dng cng thc Green 3.22. Tnh bng hai cch: 95

(1 x
L

) ydx + x(1 + y 2 )dy vi L l ng x 2 + y 2 = R 2 (theo chiu dng)

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

a. trc tip b. dng cng thc Green

3.23. Tnh cc tch phn ng sau theo chiu dng: a. b.

xy y + 2 dy x + 2 dx , L l bin ca tam gic ABC, A(-1,0), B(1,-2), C(1,2).

L

x
L

y x 3 2 2 y + dy y x + dx , L l ng x + y = 2 x 4 4

3.24. Tch phn ng sau y c ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn khng? Tnh tch phn theo AB tng ng: a.

y2 y y y y 1 2 cos dx + sin + cos dy vi A(1, ), B(2, ), AB khng ct trc Oy. x x x x x AB x 2 + y 2 3x 2 y 2 3 y 2 x2 dx + dy vi A(1,1), B ,2 xy x y 2 AB

b.

2 x = t + cos t AB c phng trnh , 0 t v khng ct cc trc to . 2 y = 1 + sin 2 t

3.25. Chng minh rng cc biu thc Pdx + Qdy sau y l vi phn ton phn ca hm u(x,y) a. x 2 xy + 3 dx + ( y 2 x y + 3) dy
2 2 2 2

no

Tm

u?

b. e x + y + cos( x y ) dx + e x + y cos( x y ) + 2 dy c. e x e y ( x y + 2) + y dx + e x e y ( x y ) + 1 dy

1 x2 y2 xdx ydy + d. 2 x + y2 x2 + y2
3.26. Tnh

1 2

ydx + xdy vi: x2 + y2

a. L l ng x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (theo chiu ngc kim ng h) b.L l bin hnh vung vi nh (-1,-1), (-1,1), (1,1), (1,-1) (theo chiu thun kim ng h). 3.27. Tm m, a, b cc biu thc sau l vi phn ton phn ca hm s u no v tm hm s a.

( x y )dx + ( x + y )dy (x 2 + y 2 ) m
96

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

b.

(ax

+ 2 xy + y 2 dx ( x 2 + 2 xy + by 2 )dy (x 2 + y 2 )2

3.28. Tnh

( x
S

+ y 2 )dS nu:

a. S l mt nn z 2 = x 2 + y 2 , 0 z 1 b. S l mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 3.29. Tnh cc tch phn mt loi mt sau: a. th nht. b.

z + 2 x +
S

4y x y z dS , S l phn ca mt phng + + = 1 nm trong gc phn tm 2 3 4 3

S l phn ca mt nn z = x 2 + y 2 nm trong mt tr

( yz + zx + xy )dS ,
S

x 2 + y 2 = 2ax, a > 0
c.

xdS , S l phn ca mt tr parabolic z =

S 2

x2 nm trong gc phn tm th nht ca 2

mt tr x + y 2 = 1 . 3.30. Tnh cc tch phn mt loi hai sau: a. b.

xyzdxdy , S l mt ngoi ca phn hnh cu xc nh bi x

S

+ y 2 + z 2 1, x 0, y 0.

xdydz + dzdx + xz dxdy ,

2 S

S l mt ngoi ca phn hnh cu xc nh bi

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1, x 0, y 0, z 0 .
c. d.

dydz dzdx dxdy x2 y2 z2 , S l mt ngoi ca ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 1 + + x y z a b c S

x
S

y 2 zdxdy , S l mt trn na mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 , z 0 .

3.31. Tnh cc tch phn ng sau theo hng ngc kim ng h nhn t pha z > 0 : a.

x 2 + y 2 = R 2 x 2 y 3 dx + dy + zdz , L l ng trn z = 0 L x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 ydx + zdy + xdz , L l ng trn x + y + z = 0 L

b.

3.32. Tnh cc tch phn mt theo pha ngoi ca vt th bao bi mt cong S. a.

xzdydz + yxdzdx + zydxdy , S l bin ca hnh chp

S

x 0, y 0, z 0, x + y + z 1.

97

Chng 3: Tch phn ng v tch phn mt

b. c.

x dydz + y dzdx + z dxdy , S l mt cu x

3 3 3 S

+ y2 + z2 = R 2 .
bin ca hnh lp phng

x dydz + y dzdx + z dxdy ,

2 2 2 S

0 x a, 0 y a, 0 z a.

98

Ti liu tham kho

99

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

CHNG 4. L THUYT TRNG

GII THIU
Trong vt l, c bit trong k thut thng gp khi nim trng: Trng nhit , t trng, in trng,.... Khi nim trng trong ton hc l tng qut ho cc trng hp c th . Min
3

xc nh mt trng v hng u(x,y,z) nu ti mi im M ( x, y, z ) u xc

3

nh i lng v hng u(M). Chng hn trng nhit l mt trng v hng. Vy c trng ca trng v hng l mt hm v hng. Min xc nh mt trng vct

F ( x, y, z ) nu ti mi im M ( x, y, z ) u xc nh i lng vct:

F ( x, y, z ) = P( x, y, z ).i + Q( x, y, z ). j + R( x, y, z ).k = ( P, Q, R )
Chng hn t trng l mt trng vc t. Vy c trng ca trng vct l mt hm vct. Mt trng vct xc nh khi bit ba thnh phn ca vct c trng cho trng : P( x, y, z ), Q( x, y, z ), R( x, y, z ) , tc l bit ba trng v hng. T nay v sau ta dng cc k hiu:

r = ( x, y , z )

thay cho 0 M , trong M c to (x,y,z),

d r = (dx, dy, dz )

d S = (dydz, dzdx, dxdy ) .

hc tt chng ny, ngi hc cn thng tho php tnh vi tch phn hm nhiu bin. Trong chng ny, yu cu nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y: 1. Cc c trng ca trng v hng. Mt mc, Grain v ngha vt l ca cc i lng . 2. Cc c trng ca trng vct. ng dng, thng lng, phn k, hon lu, vct xoy v ngha vt l ca cc i lng . 3. Cc trng c bit iu kin nhn bit v tnh cht ca cc trng c bit: trng ng, trng iu ho, trng th.

NI DUNG
4.1. Cc c trng ca trng v hng
4.1.1. Mt mc Cho trng v hng u(x,y,z), ( x, y, z ) . Tp cc im ( x, y, z ) tho mn phng trnh:

u ( x, y, z ) = C , C l hng s

(4.1)

101

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

gi l mt mc ca trng v hng ng vi gi tr C. R rng cc mt mc khc nhau (cc gi tr C khc nhau) khng giao nhau v min b ph kn bi cc mt mc. Nu nim ng mc (ng ng tr) cho bi phng trnh:
2

th ta c khi

u ( x, y ) = C
Chng hn, mt in tch q t gc to gy nn mt trng in th 1 q u ( x, y , z ) = . Khi mt mc c phng trnh: =C 2 2 2 2 2 2 x +y +R x +y +z hay x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.1.2.Grain (Gradient) Cho trng v hng u = u ( x, y, z ), ( x, y, z ) v u ( x, y, z ) kh vi trn . Khi

q2 C
2

= R 2 . l cc mt cu ng tm 0.

u u u gradu ( x, y, z ) = , , , ( x, y, z ) . (4.2) x y x (Xem mc 1.2.8,Chng 1.) Vy mt trng v hng u ( x, y, z ) sinh ra mt trng vct

gradu ( x, y, z ) .
T tnh cht ca php tnh o hm, ta c cc tnh cht sau y ca Grain grad (u ) = gradu , l hng s.

grad (u + v) = gradu + gradv grad (u.v) = v.gradu + u.gradv

grad u 1 = (vgradu ugradv) , v v2
nu v 0

gradf (u) = f '(u)gradu.

4.2. Cc c trng ca trng vct
4.2.1. ng dng Cho trng vct F ( M ) = P ( x, y , z )i + Q ( x, y, z ). j + R ( x, y, z )k , ( x, y, z ) . ng cong C gi l ng dng ca trng vct F (M ) nu ti mi im M trn ng cong C, tip tuyn ca C ti c cng phng vi vct F (M ) . Chng hn cc ng sc trong t trng hoc in trng l cc ng dng. Nu ng dng c phng trnh :

x = x(t ) y = y (t ) z = z (t )
v P,Q,R l cc thnh phn ca F th ta c h thc: 102

Chng 4. L thuyt trng x' (t ) y ' (t ) z ' (t ) = = P ( x, y , z ) Q ( x , y , z ) R ( x, y , z )

(4.3)

Gi (4.3) l h phng trnh vi phn ca h ng dng ca trng vct F ( x, y, z ) . Chng hn mt in tch q t ti gc to to ra mt in trng E , theo nh lut Culng th :

E=

q.r r
3

qx qy qz , , = 3 3 3 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2

Khi h phng trnh vi phn ca h ng dng l :

dx dy dz = = x y z
gii h phng trnh ny, bn c c th xem trong [ 2] , [ 6] . Kt qu h ng dng ( trong vt l, thng gi l cc ng sc) cho bi phng trnh :

x = k1t , y = k 2 t , z = k 3t , k1 , k 2 , k 3 l cc hng s tu .
l h ng thng i qua gc to . 4.2.2. Thng lng ca trng vct Trong mc 3.6.2 ta a ra nh ngha thng lng ca trng vct F ( x, y, z ) qua mt cong nh hng S xc nh theo cng thc (3.35) :

= F .n.dS = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = F .d S

S S S

(4.4)

Trong n(cos , cos , cos ) l vct n v ca vct php tuyn ca mt S c nh hng, P, Q, R l cc thnh phn ca F . 4.2.3. ive (Divergence, phn k) Ta gi phn k hay gi tt l dive ca trng vct F ( x, y, z ) ti im M(x,y,z) l i lng v hng, k hiu div F ( x, y, z ) , xc nh theo cng thc :

div F ( x, y, z ) =

P Q R + + x y z

(4.5)

Vy mt trng vct F sinh ra mt trng v hng div F . Nu min V c bin l S th cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski (3.42) c dng :

F .n.dS = div F ( x, y, z)dxdydz

S V

(4.6)

103

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

Ngha l thng lng ca trng vct F qua pha ngoi mt S bao min V bng tng phn k ti tt c cc im trong min V ca trng vct. Theo ngha c hc ca tch phn bi ba, suy ra div F ( x, y, z ) chnh l mt thng lng ti im M(x,y,z) ca trng. T ngha vt l ca trng vn tc ta thy thng lng ca trng vn tc qua mt kn S ra pha ngoi l hiu ca lng vt cht t trong chy ra v t ngoi vo qua S (chng hn lng nc). Nu thng lng > 0 , t ngha vt l, cng nh t tnh cht ca tch phn ta thy trong min V bao bi S phi c im ngun. Chnh v th ta gi M l im ngun ca trng nu div F ( M ) > 0 , ngc li nu div F ( M ) < 0 th M l im ht. 4.2.4. Hon lu Cho trng vct F ( x, y, z ) = ( P, Q, R) v mt ng cong L trong trng vct. Ta gi :

C = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = F d r

L L

(4.7)

l hon lu hay lu s ca trng F ( x, y, z ) theo ng cong L. Theo ngha c hc ca tch phn ng loi hai ta thy nu F ( x, y, z ) l trng lc th hon lu ca n theo L l cng do lc

F ( x, y, z ) sinh ra khi vt di chuyn dc theo L.

4.2.5. Rta (Rotation,Vc t xoy) Cho trng vct F ( x, y, z ) = ( P, Q, R) , vct xoy ca trng, k hiu l rot F , xc nh theo cng thc :

R Q P R Q P rotF = k i + j+ y z z x x y i = x P j y Q k z R
(4.8)

Vy mt trng vct F sinh ra mt trng vct rot F( x, y, z ) . Gi s c mt cong S trong trng c nh hng v bin ca n l ng L trn tng khc. Khi cng thc Stokes (3.39) c dng :

F .d r = rot F.n.dS = rot F.d S

L S S

(4.9)

Ngha l hon lu ca trng vct F dc theo chu tuyn L ca mt cong S chnh bng thng lng ca vct xoy qua mt cong S ca trng. 104

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

T ngha c hc, ta thy

F .d r l cng ca trng lc F ( x, y, z) khi di chuyn dc

L

theo L. Nu L l ng cong kn th cng sinh ra thng bng khng v cng sn ra trn phn thun chiu ca ng cong kn L cn bng vi cng sn ra trn phn ngc chiu, nu khng c xoy ( rot F = 0 ). Do , t cng thc Stokes ta thy hon lu theo chu tuyn kn L c trung cho tnh xoy ca trng trn mt S c chu tuyn L, ni cch khc l tnh cht xoy ca trng theo chu tuyn . Do , nu rot F( M ) 0 ta ni rng M l im xoy ca trng v

rot F( M ) = 0 ta ni rng M l im khng xoy.

4.3. Mt s trng c bit.

4.3.1. Trng th a. nh ngha : Trng vct F (M ) gi l trng th nu tn ti mt trng v hng

u (M ) sao cho :
F ( M ) = gradu ( M ), M V
(4.10)

Khi hm u ( M ) c gi l hm th hay hm th v ca trng F (M ) , cn

V ( M ) = u ( M ) gi l th nng ca trng.
Gi s F ( M ) = ( P, Q, R ) l trng th vi hm th l u (M ) . Khi

P=

u u u , ,Q = ,R = z y x

tc l :

du = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz

ngha l

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz l vi phn ton phn ca hm u ( M ) .

b. Tnh cht : Xut pht t nh l bn mnh tng ng (mc 3.4,Chng3.), suy ra : 1. trng F (M ) l trng th, iu kin cn v l trng F (M ) khng xoy

(rot F( M ) = 0, M V ) .
2. Hon lu ca trng F (M ) theo mi chu tuyn kn, trn tng khc trong V u bng 0

F .d r = 0 . L
V d 1 : Chng t rng trng lc hp dn to bi tri t tc ng ln v tinh l trng th v tm hm th ca n. Gii : Theo nh lut Newton, trng lc hp dn s l :

F ( x, y, z ) =

M .m r
3

105

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

trong M l khi lng tri t, m l khi lng v tinh. l h s hp dn, P(x, y, z) l v tr ca v tinh, cn gc to coi l v tr tri t. Ta c :

rotF = 0, P(x, y, z)

\{0,0,0} (xem v d 14 chng 3)

Vy trng lc hp dn l trng th. Hm th tnh theo cng thc (3.40) :

u ( P) =

M 0M

F d r + u ( M 0 ) = Mm

M 0M

xdy + ydy + zdz ( x2 + y2 + z 2 )

3 2

= Mm

M0

1 Mm d ( ) + u(M 0 ) = + u(M 0 ) r r M

trong cc im P0 , P khng trng gc to . 4.3.2. Trng ng a. nh ngha : Trng vct F (M ) gi l trng ng nu div F ( M ) = 0, M V hay :

P Q R + + =0 x y z

(4.11)

Ta gi ng dng ca trng vct l phn khng gian trong V to bi cc ng dng ta trn bin ca mt mt cong S no trong trng. Bn thn mt S cng nh cc thit din ngang ca ng gi l thit din ca ng dng. b. Tnh cht : T cng thc Gauss Ostrogradski ta suy ra cc tnh cht sau y ca trng ng : * Thng lng ca trng ng qua mt cong kn S bt k trong trng u bng khng. Tht vy, = F .d S = div F dxdydz = 0 .
S

* Nu V l n lin th thng lng ca trng ng qua mt S c bin L trong trng ch ph thuc vo bin L m khng ph thuc vo mt S. Tht vy, gi s S1 v S 2 l hai mt cng cng bi bin L. Gi l min gii hn bi hai mt ny th :

0 = div F dxdydz = F .d S F .d S
S1 S2

Suy ra

Fd S = F d S .
S1 S2

* Thng lng qua mi thit din ca mt ng dng trong trng ng u bng khng. Tht vy, gi s S1 v S 2 l hai thit din ca ng dng (H.4.1). Gi S xq l mt xung quanh ca ng dng gia S1 v S 2 v l vt th gii hn bi S xq , S1 , S 2 .

106

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

F
S2

n2

n1
S1
H.4.1

Theo tnh cht 1, ta c : 0 = F .n.dS + F .n.dS + F .n.dS .

S1 S2 S xq

y n nh hng ra pha ngoi ca . Theo nh ngha ca ng dng, nn trn bin S xq th F .n = 0 . Mt khc, trn bin S1 th n1 ngc hng vi n , tc l F .n = F .n1 . Cn trn bin S 2 th n 2 cng hng vi n . T suy ra : 0 = F .n1dS + F .n 2 dS .
S1 S2

Hay l : F d S = F d S .
S1 S2

D dng kim tra thy c trng hp dn (v d 1) hay in trng (v d 14 chng 3) u l cc trng ng v trng th tr gc to . Do thng lng qua mi mt cong kn khng bao gc to u bng 0. V d 2 : Tm thng lng ca in trng sinh ra bi in tch q t gc to qua pha ngoi mt cong kn S bt k bao gc to .

S
n

SR
n

Gii : T v d 14 chng 3 ta c in trng :

E = q.

r r3
107

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

v thng lng qua mt cu bn knh R l 4. .q ngha l khng ph thuc bn knh R. Gi s S l mt cong kn no bao gc to . Gi S R l mt cu tm gc to v bn knh R ln sao cho S R bao c S (H.4.2). Gi min gii hn bi S v SR. Khi :
S S R

E.n.dS = div Edxdydz = 0

Suy ra

E.n.dS = E.n.dS , trong vct

SR S

n ca S hng vo gc to . Vy thng

lng qua pha ngoi mt cong S chnh bng thng lng qua pha ngoi mt cu S R v bng

4. .q
4.3.3. Trng iu ho a. nh ngha : Trng vct F ( M ) gi l trng iu ho nu n va l trng ng va l trng th, tc l :

rot F = 0 div F = 0
hm th u (M ) tho mn phng trnh Laplace : u = 0 Hay

(4.12)

b. Tnh cht : Hm th u (M ) ca trng iu ho F (M ) l hm iu ho, ni cch khc

2u x 2

2u y 2

2u z 2

=0

(4.13)

Tht vy, F (M ) l trng th nn hm th u tho mn Mt khc F (M ) l trng ng nn Do

u u u = P, = R. = Q, x z y

P Q R + + = 0. x y z

2u x 2

2u y 2

2u z 2

= 0.

Theo nh ngha th trng hp dn v in trng l cc trng iu ho trong min V C khng cha gc to . Hm th ca trng c dng 1 + C 2 . Trong C1 , C 2 l cc hng r s. Cc v d sau s ch ra cc hm iu ho tng qut hn. V d 3. Chng minh hm s :

u(M) =

C1 + C2 , r = (x x 0 ) 2 + (y y0 ) 2 + (z z 0 ) 2 , C1 , C2 l cc hng s tu r

l hm iu ho trong mi min V khng cha im M 0 ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) . Gii : Ta chng minh hm u (M ) tho mn phng trnh Laplace (4.13). 108

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

C1rx' x x0 u = 2 = C1 Tht vy x r r3 2u x 2
Tng t :

= C1

r 2 3( x x0 ) 2 r5

r 2 3( y y 0 ) 2 2u = C1 r5 y 2 r 2 3( z z 0 ) 2 2u = C1 r5 z 2
Do : u = C1

3r 2 3 ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y0 ) 2 + ( z z 0 ) 2 r5

]= 0

1 Tng t kim tra thy rng hm u ( x, y ) = ln , r = ( x x0 ) 2 + ( y y 0 ) 2 l hm iu r

ho trong mi min phng D khng cha im M 0 ( x0 , y 0 ) , tc l hm u cho tho mn phng trnh Laplace trong mt phng :

u =

2u 2u + =0 x 2 y 2

4.4. H ta cong trc giao

4.4.1..nh ngha: Mi mt im M trong khng gian thc c xc nh bi mt b 3 s sp th t (u1 , u 2 , u 3 ) v ngc li, c k hiu M (u1 , u 2 , u3 ) . Cc s u1 , u 2 , u 3 gi chung l to cong ca im M. Cc mt cong ln lt c phng trnh: u 1 = u10 , u 2 = u 20 , u 3 = u 30 , ( u10 , u 20 , u 30 l cc hng s) gi l cc mt to trong h to cong. Giao ca cc mt to gi l cc ng to . Nu cc ng to trc giao tng i th h to cong c gi l h to cong trc giao. Nh vy h to cc, h to tr (xem mc 2.4.2.), h to cu (xem mc 2.4.3.) l cc h to trc giao (H.4.3, H 4.4)

109

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

k3

k1
k

k3

k2

k1

4.4.2. Lin h gia ta cc v ta cong trc giao Mi lin h gia cc ta c cho bi h phng trnh:

x = x(u1 , u 2 , u 3 ) y = y (u1 , u 2 , u 3 ) z = z (u , u , u ) 1 2 3
Cc ng ta l1 , l 2 , l3 cho bi h phng trnh:

(4.14)

u i ( x, y, z ) = u i 0 , u j ( x, y , z ) = u j 0

(i, j = 1,2,3.) v i j .

(4.15)

Cc vct n v ca cc ng ta ti im M l k1 , k 2 , k 3 (H 4.5), chng tho mn:

k i k j = 0, khi i j.
t hi =

1 u u u ( i )2 + ( i )2 + ( i )2 x y z

, i = 1,2,3. Ngi ta chng minh c nhng cng

thc sau y, cho mi lin h gia to cc v to cong.

d r = (dx, dy, dz ) = (h1du1 , h2 du 2 , h3 du3 )

d S = (dx, dy, dz ) = (h2 h3 du 2 du 3 , h3 h1 du 3 du1 , h1h2 du1 du 2 )

(4.15)

dV = dxdydz = h1h2 h3 du1du 2 du3

Trong to cu (r , , ) , ta c: h1 = 1, h2 = r , h3 = r sin .

110

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

Trong to tr (r , , z ) , ta c: h1 = 1, h2 = r , h3 = 1 . 4.4.3.Cc c trng ca trng trong h to cong trc giao a. GradU(u 1 , u 2 , u 3 ) Cng thc tng qut: gradU =

1 U 1 U 1 U k1+ k2+ k3. h1 u1 h2 u 2 h3 u 3

Trong to cu cho U (r , , ) , ta c:

gradU =

U 1 U 1 U k1+ k2+ k3. r r r sin U 1 U U k1+ k3. k2+ z r r

(4.16) (4.17)

Trong to tr cho U (r , , z ) , ta c: gradU =

b. Div F(u 1 , u 2 , u 3 ) Cng thc tng qut: div F =

1 h1h2 h3

( F1h2 h3 ) + ( F2 h3 h1 ) + ( F3 h1h2 ) u 2 u 3 u1

Trong to cu (r , , ) , cho F = ( Fr , F , F ) , ta c:

div F =

2 r ( Fr r sin ) + ( F r sin ) + ( F r ) r sin 1

2

(4.18)

Trong to tr (r , , z ) , cho F = ( Fr , F , Fz ) , ta c:

div F =

1 r ( Fr r ) + ( F ) + z ( Fz r ) r

(4.19)

c. Rot F(u1 , u 2 , u 3 ) Cng thc tng qut:

k1

h2 h3 rot F = u1 h1 F1

k2 h3 h1 u 2 h2 F2

k3 h1h2 u 3 h3 F3

(4.20)

Trong to cu (r , , ) , cho F = ( Fr , F , F ) , ta c: 111

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

k2 rot F = 2 ( F r sin ) ( F r ) + r sin r sin
k1

( Fr ) r ( F r sin ) +
(4.21)

k3 r

r ( F r ) ( Fr )

Trong to tr (r , , z ) , cho F = ( Fr , F , Fz ) , ta c:

k1 rot F = r

k3 ( Fz ) ( F r ) + k 2 ( Fr ) ( Fz ) + + r ( F r ) ( Fr ) z r r z
(4.22)

d. Biu din U Cng thc tng qut:

U =

1 h1h2 h3

h2 h3 U h3 h1 U h1h2 U ( )+ ( )+ ( ) u 2 h2 u 2 u 3 h3 u 3 u1 h1 u1

Trong to cu cho U (r , , ) , ta c:

U =

2U r 2

2 U 1 2U cos U 1 2U + 2 + 2 + 2 r r r 2 r sin 2 r

(4.23)

Trong to tr cho U ( r , , z ) , ta c:

U =

2U 1 U 1 2U 2U . + + + r 2 r r r 2 2 z 2

(4.24)

V d 4. Cho hm s U = r (cos + sin ) , trong r l khong cch t gc to O n im M, cn l gc gia OM v trc Oz. a. Tnh gradU b. Xc nh vct n v n 0 ca mt phng U = Const ti im c = Gii: a. Theo gi thit, hm s U c cc i s l cc to cu. Thay U vo cng thc (4.16), ta nhn c

. 3

gradU = (cos + sin ) k 1 + (cos sin ) k 2

112

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

b. Ta c n o // gradU, theo trn gradU = 2 , thay =

vo cng thc trn suy ra:

n0 =

1 2 2

(1 + 3) k 1 + (1 3) k 2 .

V d 5: Tm hng s k trng vct cho trong h to cu F = r k r c thng lng bo ton (trng ng). Gii: Biu din

F = r k r = (r k +1 ,0,0) , theo cng thc (4.18) nhn c:

div F =

k +3 sin ) = (k + 3)r k = 0, suy ra k = 3 . r (r 2 r sin

V d 6: Chng minh trng vct cho trong h to cu F = r k r l trng th vi mi s k. Gii:

Biu

din

F = r k r = (r k +1 ,0,0) ,

theo

cng

thc

(4.21)

nhn

k2 rot F = r sin
trng th.

k +1 k 3 k +1 (r ) r (r ) = 0 , vi mi k. Vy trng vct cho l

V d 7. Bit u = 0 v u = u ( x 2 + y 2 ) . Tm dng tng qut ca hm u . Gii : R rng hm u c cho trong to tr. Theo cng thc (4.24), ta c

u =
Suy ra

d 2 u 1 du 1 d du + = (r ) = 0 dr 2 r dr r dr dr

du dr = C1 , du = C1 , u = C1 ln r + C 2 . dr r
( C1 , C 2 , l cc hng s tu )

V d 8. Bit u = 0 v u = u ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) . Tm dng tng qut ca hm u Gii :R rng hm u c cho trong to cu. Theo cng thc (4.23), ta c

u =
Suy ra ra

d 2 u 2 du 1 d 2 du + = (r )=0 dr dr 2 r dr r 2 dr r2 du dr 1 = C1 , du = C1 2 , u = C1 + C 2 . dr r r

( C1 , C 2 , l cc hng s tu )

113

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

TM TT CHNG 4

Phng trnh mt ng tr :

u ( x, y, z ) = C , C l hng s u u u gradu ( x, y, z ) = , , , ( x, y, z ) x y x x' (t ) y ' (t ) z ' (t ) = = P ( x, y , z ) Q ( x , y , z ) R ( x , y , z )

Grain ti im (x,y,z).
Phng trnh ng dng :

Thng lng ca trng vc t F ( P, Q, R ) qua mt cong S :

= F .n.dS = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = F .d S
S S S

phn k ca trng vc t F ( P, Q, R) ti im (x,y,z):

div F ( x, y, z ) =

P Q R + + x y z

Hon lu ca trng vc t F ( P, Q, R ) dc theo ng cong L :

C = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = F .d r

L L

Rta ca trng vc t F ( P, Q, R) ti im (x,y,z).

R Q P R Q P .k rotF = .i + .j + y z z x x y i = x P j y Q k z R

Trng th : F ( M ) l trng th nu :

u ( M ) : F ( M ) = gradu ( M ), M V hay
Trng ng : F ( M ) l trng ng nu :
div F ( M ) = 0, M V

rot F( M ) = 0, M V .

P Q R + + =0 x y z
114

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

Trng iu ho : F ( M ) l trng iu ho nu

rot F = 0 div F = 0 =0

Phng trnh Laplace :

2u x 2

2u y 2

2u z 2

Nghim ca phng trnh Laplace gi l hm iu ho.

CU HI V BI TP CHNG 4.
4.1. Cc mt mc ca mt trng v hng khng giao nhau. ng ng Sai Sai 4.2. gradu ( x, y, z ) l mt vc t.

4.3. divF ( x, y, z ) l mt vc t. ng Sai

4.4. rot F ( x, y, z ) l mt vc t. ng ng ng ng Sai Sai Sai Sai 4.5. Trng th l mt trng v hng c gradu = 0. 4.6. Trng th l mt trng khng xoy v ngc li 4.7 Trng iu ho l trng v hng u m u tho mn phng trnh Laplace. 4.8. Chng minh cc cng thc a. div(uF ) = gradu.F + udivF b. div G, F = FrotG GrotF c. rot (uF ) = gradu , F + urotF 4.9. Cho u = arcsin

[ ]

x . Tnh gc gia gradu ti im (1,1) v (3,4). x+ y

1 16 4.10. Cho u = ln x + . Xc nh im ti gradu = 1, 9 y

4.11. Tm thng lng ca cc trng vc t sau: a. F = xyi + yzj + zxk qua phn ca mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2 , x 0, y 0, z 0 hng ra ngoi. b. F = x 3 i + y 3 j + z 3 k qua mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = x hng ra ngoi. 115

Chng 4. L thuyt trng

c. F = xi + yj + zk qua mt z = 1 x 2 + y 2 , z 0 hng ln trn. 4.12. Tnh lu s ca trng F = ( y + z )i + ( z + x) j + ( x + y )k dc theo cung trn nh nht ca ng trn ln ca mt cu x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 ni cc im M(3,4,0) v N(0,0,5). 4.13.Tnh 2 xy 2 zdx + 2 x 2 yzdy + ( x 2 y 2 2 z )dz ,
L

L c phng trnh x = cos t , y =

3 1 sin t , z = sin t hng theo chiu tng ca t. 2 2

4.14. Chng minh rng cc trng vect sau y l nhng trng th, tm hm th v ca chng.

1 ex a. F = e x j ln( x + y ) i + x+ y x + y
b. F = yz (2 x + y + z )i + zx(2 y + z + x) j + xy (2 z + x + y )k c. F = ( y + z )i + ( z + x) j + ( x + y )k 4.15. Cho u v v l cc hm iu ho. Chng minh trng vc t ugradv vgradu l trng ng.

116

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

CHNG 5. PHNG TRNH VI PHN

GII THIU
Cng nh php tnh o hm v vi phn, phng trnh vi phn (PTVP) c tm quan trng rt ln v c ng dng rng ri trong mi lnh vc khoa hc k thut v kinh t. C th l nhiu bi ton kinh t, k thut in t, y hc,... u dn n phng trnh vi phn. Trong ton hc, phng trnh vi phn l mt chuyn ngnh rt pht trin. Chng ny cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v phng trnh vi phn thng ( gi vn tt l phng trnh vi phn). hc tt chng ny, yu cu ngi hc phi nhn dng c tng loi phng trnh vi phn, qua mi c th tch phn c (tm c nghim), bi v khng c mt phng php chung no gii phng trnh vi phn. Gii PTVP l mt qu trnh tnh tch phn, v th yu cu ngi hc phi thng tho php tnh tch phn v vi phn, l ni dung ct li ca ton hc cao cp.

Mt

PTVP

mt

phng

trnh

dng

F ( x, y, y ' ,..., y ( n ) ) = 0

hay

dy d 2 y d (n) y F ( x, y, , 2 ,..., ( n) ) = 0 trong x l bin s c lp, dx dx dx

y = y (x) l hm s phi tm,

y ' , y ' ' ,..., y ( n ) l cc o hm ca hm s phi tm, (trong PTVP nht thit phi c mt t nht

o hm cp k no ca hm phi tm). Cp cao nht ca o hm ca hm s y phi tm c mt trong PTVP c gi l cp ca PTVP, chng hn:
y '+ x = 0 (PTVP cp 1)
y"+ ( y ' ) 2 = 0 (PTVP cp 2)

Hm s y = y ( x) l mt nghim ca PTVP nu nh n tho mn phng trnh tc l thay n vo phng trnh s nhn c ng nht thc. Chng hn vi phng trnh y ' = x ta c nghim
y= x2 x2 thm ch y = + C trong C l hng s tu . , 2 2

Gii hay tch phn mt PTVP l tm tt c cc nghim ca n. V mt hnh hc, mi nghim ca PTVP l mt ng cong ( th ca nghim), v th ngi ta gi ng cong l ng cong tch phn ca PTVP. PTVP c gi l tuyn tnh cp n nu hm s F l bc nht i vi y, y ' ,..., y ( n ) , tc l phng trnh c dng:
y ( n) + a1 ( x) y ( n1) + ... + a n1 ( x) y '+ a n ( x) y = f ( x)

trong a1 ( x),..., a n ( x), f ( x) l cc hm s cho trc. Nu f ( x) 0 th ngi ta gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp n thun nht. Nu f ( x) 0 th ngi ta gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp n khng thun nht.
126

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Trong chng ny cn nm vng cc ni dung chnh sau y:

1. Cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt thng gp.

Cn phn bit c tng dng phng trnh vi phn v phng php tch phn tng ng vi tng dng.
2. Cc tnh cht ca PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai.

T cc tnh cht ca PTVP tuyn tnh c th tch phn c khi bit mt nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng, hoc hai nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht cho, c bit l khai thc nguyn l chng cht nghim.
3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai c h s hng s.

Bn cnh phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange, cn nhn bit dng hm c bit v phi tch phn PTVP bng phng php h s bt nh.Vn dng, c th gii PTVP tuyn tnh c h s hng s cp n.

NI DUNG
5.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp 1
Trc ht ta xt mt bi ton hnh hc dn n PTVP. Hy tm phng trnh ng cong L ( y = y ( x)) c tnh cht: mi on ca tip tuyn vi ung cong C nm gia hai trc to u b tip im chia thnh hai phn bng nhau.

M ( x, y )
L

Gi s M ( x, y ) L , khi h s gc tip tuyn vi ng cong ti M l:

y ' ( x) = tg =

y (xem H.5.1) PA y' = y . x

Do M l trung im ca AB nn OP = PA = x , suy ra

127

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Nh vy hm s phi tm tho mn PTVP cp 1. Sau ny chng ta s c cch gii phng C tho mn phng trnh vi C l trnh trn, nhng trc ht ta c th th li rng hm s y = x hng s tu . Tm li, h cc ng hyperbol c tnh cht t ra. 5.1.1. Cc khi nim c bn Dng tng qut ca PTVP cp 1:

F ( x, y, y ' ) = 0 hay

F ( x, y ,

dy )=0 dx

(5.1)

Nu t (5.1) gii ra c y th ta c PTVP cp 1 gii ra i vi o hm:

y ' = f ( x, y )
A. nh l tn ti duy nht nghim Cauchy-Peano Cho phng trnh (5.2): y ' = f ( x, y ) v ( x0 , y 0 ) D

(5.2)

(5.3)

nh l 5.1. Nu f(x,y) lin tc trn min D trong mt phng Oxy th tn ti nghim: f y = y ( x) trong ln cn x0 tho mn y 0 = y ( x0 ) . Ngoi ra nu ( x, y ) cng lin tc trn min y D th nghim tm c l duy nht. Bi ton tm nghim ca PTVP tho mn iu kin (5.3) gi l bi ton Cauchy. iu kin (5.3) gi l iu kin ban u. B. Nghim tng qut, tch phn tng qut Ta gi nghim tng qut ca PTVP cp 1 l hm s y = ( x, C ) trong C l hng s tu , tho mn cc iu kin sau: a. Tho mn PTVP vi mi hng s C. b. C th tm mt gi tr C = C 0 sao cho y = ( x, C 0 ) tho mn iu kin ban u (5.4)

y 0 = y ( x0 ) = ( x0 , C 0 ) vi ( x0 , y 0 ) tho mn nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim.

Nghim tng qut cho di dng n:

( x, y , C ) = 0

(5.5)

H thc ny gi l tch phn tng qut ca PTVP cp 1. V mt hnh hc, nghim tng qut hay tch phn tng qut xc nh mt h ng cong trong mt phng khng ct nhau gi l cc ng cong tch phn ca PTVP cp 1. C. Nghim ring, tch phn ring Hm s y = ( x, C 0 ) gi l mt nghim ring ca PTVP, tc l c suy ra t nghim tng qut (5.4) vi hng s C xc nh C = C 0 . Tng t ta c mt tch phn ring ca PTVP

( x, , C 0 ) = 0

128

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Ch : PTVP cn c cc nghim khc na, khng th nhn c t nghim tng qut, c gi l nghim k d. 5.1.2. Cc PTVP cp mt thng gp A. Phng trnh vi bin s phn li a. nh ngha: Phng trnh vi bin s phn li (phng trnh tch bin) l PTVP c dng:

f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y )dy = 0
Chng hn:

(5.6)

x 2 dx 1+ x2

ydy 1+ y2

= 0 l phng trnh vi bin s phn li.

b. Phng php tch phn Phng trnh (5.6) c dng:

f1 ( x)dx = f 2 ( y )dy = f 2 ( y ) y ' ( x)dx

Ly tch phn hai v ta c :

f1 ( x)dx = f 2 ( y) y dx + C = f 2 ( y)dy + C
,

Vy

f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y)dy = C

(5.7)

l tch phn tng qut ca (5.6) Ch : Phng trnh dng : M 1 ( x) N1 ( y )dx + M 2 ( x) N 2 ( y )dy = 0 c th a v dng tch bin. Tht vy, nu M 2 ( x) 0 v N1 ( y ) 0 th chia hai v ca phng trnh cho

M 2 ( x).N1 ( y ) s c : N ( y) M 1 ( x) dy = 0 dx + 2 N1 ( y ) M 2 ( x)
l phng trnh vi bin s phn li. Nu M 2 ( x) = 0 ti x = a hoc N1 ( y ) = 0 ti y = b th bng cch thay trc tip nhn c x = a hoc y = b l nghim. V d 1 : Tm tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh :

x 3 ( y + 1)dx + ( x 4 1)( y 2)dy = 0

Gii : Vi y + 1 0 v x 4 1 0 ta c :

x3 x 1
4

dx +

y2 dy = 0 y +1

Tch phn tng qut l :

1 d ( x 4 1) 3 x 4 1 dx + 1 y + 1 dy = C 4

129

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

1 ln x 4 1 + y 3 ln y + 1 = C 4
Ngoi ra y + 1 = 0 hay y = 1 v x 4 1 = 0 hay x = 1 u l cc nghim. V d 2 : Tm nghim ca bi ton Cauchy

y ' = cos( x + y ) + cos( x y ) y (0) = 0

Gii :

y ' = cos( x + y ) + cos( x y ) = 2 cos x cos y

cos y 0 tc y

+ k , k Z

Ta c :

dy = 2 cos xdx cos y dy cos y = 2 cos xdx + C

y ln tg ( + ) = 2 sin x + C 2 4
T iu kin ban u suy ra : ln tg

= C, C = 0
y + ) = 2 sin x . 2 4

Vy nghim ca bi ton Cauchy cho l ln tg ( B.Phng trnh ng cp cp mt

a. nh ngha : Phng trnh ng cp cp mt l PTVP c dng

y y y , = f ( ), hay y, = f (t), vi t = . x x
b. Phng php tch phn Coi t =

(5.8)

y' y y' t y l hm ca x, t ' = = 2 x x x x x

hay

Thay vo phng trnh s c :

t + xt ' = f (t )

xt ' = f (t ) t

* Nu f (t ) t 0 ta c phng trnh dng (5.6)

dx dt = x f (t ) t y y * Nu f (t ) t = 0 tc l f ( ) = . Vy ta c phng trnh tch bin dng (5.6) x x

130

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn dy y = dx x

* Nu f (t ) t = 0 ti t = t 0 hay y = t 0 .x th bng cch th trc tip ta c nghim y = t 0 x V d 3 : Gii phng trnh

2 xyy' y 2 + x 2 = 0
Gii : Chia hai v cho x 2 ta c :

2
t t =

y y y '( ) 2 + 1 = 0 x x

y , y = tx y ' = t + xt ' vo phng trnh s nhn c : x

2tt ' x + t 2 + 1 = 0 dx 2tdt = 2 x 1+ t dx 2tdt 1 + t 2 = x + C1

ln(1 + t 2 ) = ln x + C1
Hay :

1+ t2 =

C x y2 x
2

Tr v bin c ta c : 1 +
2

C x

Hay

C C2 2 x + y = 2 4

l cc ng trn c tm nm trn trc Ox V d 4 : Tch phn phng trnh :

(y x 1)dx = (x + y + 2)dy
Gii :

dy y x 1 = dx x + y + 3
y cha phi l dng (5.8), tuy nhin thc hin php i bin :

x = u + x0 y = v + y0
c th a c v dng (5.8). Tht vy

dy dv = v chn ( x0 , y 0 ) sao cho : dx du

131

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

v + y 0 u x0 1 = v u u + x0 + v + y 0 + 3 = u + v
Hay

x 0 y0 + 1 = 0 x 0 + y 0 + 3 = 0,

x 0 = 2 y 0 = 1

Khi

v 1 v dv v u u = = = f( ) u du v + u v +1 u

t t =

v dv = t + ut ' u du
u u dt t 1 +t = du t +1

t 2 1 dt t 1 = t = du t + 1 t +1 (t + 1)dt du (t + 1)dt du = , 2 = + C1 2 u u t +1 t +1

1 ln(t 2 + 1) + arctgt = ln u + C1 2 C arctgt = ln t 2 + 1.u

Tr v bin c s c tch phn tng qut :

arctg

y +1 = ln x+2

C ( x + 2) 1 + y +1 x+2

C. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1 a. nh ngha : PTVP c dng sau y c gi l PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 :

y '+ p ( x) y = q ( x)
vi p ( x), q ( x) lin tc trn (a,b) Nu q ( x) 0 trn (a,b) th gi l PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht. Nu q( x) 0 trn (a,b) th gi n l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht. b. Phng php tch phn

(5.9)

Cho phng trnh khng thun nht (5.9). Gi phng trnh vi phn sau y l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng vi (5.9) :

y '+ p ( x). y = 0

(5.10)

Trc ht, nhn thy (5.10) l PTVP vi bin s phn li. Nghim tng qut ca n c dng :

132

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

dy = p( x)dx y dy y = p( x)dx + C1
- p(x)dx y = Ce

(5.11)

By gi ta tm nghim tng qut ca (5.9) bng phng php coi hng s C trong (5.11) l hm s v gi l phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. C th thay
p ( x ) dx y = C ( x )e

(5.12)

vo (5.9) ta c :
p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx C ( x ) p ( x )e + C ( x ) p ( x )e = q ( x) C ' ( x )e

C ' ( x ) = q ( x )e

p ( x ) dx
p ( x ) dx

C ( x ) = q ( x )e

dx + C1

(5.13)

Nh vy tn ti hm s C(x) ph thuc vo mt hng s cng C1 tu (5.12) l nghim ca PTVP (5.9). Chng t nghim tng qut ca (5.9) c dng :
p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx +e y = Ce dx q ( x )e

(5.14)

Nu trong (5.13) ly C = 0 ta c mt nghim ring ca (5.9). Do cng c th ni rng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange l phng php tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht khi bit nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng. Dng nghim (5.14) c th m t tng qut sau y :

y = y + y*

(5.15)

trong y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP thun nht tng ng v y * l mt nghim ring ca chnh phng trnh khng thun nht. Dng (5.15) ng cho PTVP tuyn tnh c cp bt k ni ring v ng cho cc h tuyn tnh ni chung. V d 5 : Tch phn phng trnh :

y '

y =x x 1 , q( x) = x , ta c : x

Gii : t vo cng thc (5.14) trong p ( x) =

y = Ce
Xt vi x > 0 :

dx x

+e

dx x

xe

dx x dx

y = Ce ln x + e ln x x.e ln x dx = Cx + x dx = Cx + x 2
133

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Xt vi x < 0

y = Ce

ln x

+e

ln x

x.e

ln x

dx = C x + x x.

1 dx x

= Cx x (1)dx = Cx + x 2 .
V C tu nn x 0 , nghim tng qut c th vit di dng :

y = Cx + x 2 .
D. Phng trnh Bernoulli y l PTVP khng tuyn tnh (phi tuyn) tuy nhin c th a v dng PTVP tuyn tnh bng cch thay i bin s thch hp. a. nh ngha : PTVP c dng y '+ p ( x) y = y q ( x) trong R v 0, 1 , cc hm p ( x), q( x) cho trc, lin tc trn (a,b) b. Phng php tch phn Chia hai v ca (5.16) cho y ta s c: (5.16)

y' y

+ p( x)

1 y
1

= q( x)
(5.17)

y' 1 t u ( x) = , do u ' = (1 ) . y y 1

Thay vo phng trnh trn s nhn c PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 i vi hm u (x) :

u '+(1 ) p( x)u = (1 )q( x)

Sau khi tch phn phng trnh (5.18), ta tr v bin c theo (5.17). V d 6: Tch phn phng trnh:
x 2 =e

(5.18)

y '+ y
Gii: Chia hai v cho

y s c:
x 2 e

y' y
t u =

+ y=

y , u' =

y' 2 y

phng trnh c a v dng:

x

1 1 u '+ u = e 2 2 2

134

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

1 dx Ce 2

u=

1 dx +e 2

dx 1 2 e 2 e 2 dx
x

y = Ce y = Ce

x 2 x 2

+e

x 2.1 x

e 2

dx

y = C 2e x

1 + e2 2 1 x + e +C 4

E. Phng trinh vi phn ton phn a. nh ngha: Phng trnh vi phn dng:

P ( x, y )dx + Q( x, y )dy = 0
trong

(5.19) (5.20)

Q P = , ( x, y ) D x y

gi l mt PTVP ton phn. iu kin (5.20) chng t v tri ca phng trnh (5.19) l vi phn ton phn ca hm u ( x, y ) no . b. Phng php tch phn iu kin (5.20) chng t tn ti hm u ( x, y ) du = P ( x, y )dx + Q ( x, y )dy theo cng thc (3.24) th :
x y

u ( x, y ) = P( x, y )dx + Q( x0 , y )dy
x0 y0

Nh vy tch phn tng qut c dng : u ( x, y ) = C V d 7 : Gii PTVP

(5.21)

( x 3 + 3xy 2 )dx + (3x 2 y + y 3 )dy = 0

Gii : t P = x 3 + 3x y 2 , Q = 3x 2 y + y3

Q P Q P = 6xy, = 6xy = , (x, y) x y x y

Vy phng trnh cho l PTVP ton phn.
x y

u ( x, y ) = ( x + 3 xy )dx + y 3 dy
3 2 0 0

1 4 3 2 2 1 4 x + x y + y 4 2 4

Tch phn tng qut : Hay

u ( x, y ) = C

x 4 + 6x 2 y 2 + y 4 = C.
135

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

c. Tha s tch phn Trong mt s trng hp iu kin (5.20) khng tho mn. Khi PTVP (5.19) cha phi l PTVP ton phn. Nu tn ti hm s ( x, y ) phng trnh :

Pdx + Qdy = 0
l PTVP ton phn, tc l tho mn iu kin :

(5.19) /

(Q) = (P), ( x, y ) D x y
th hm s ( x, y ) gi l tha s tch phn ca PTVP.

(5.22)

Ngi ta chng minh c rng nghim ca PTVP (5.19) / cng l nghim ca PTVP (5.19). V vy gii PTVP (5.19) khng tho mn iu kin (5.20) ngi ta c th tm mt tha s tch phn (x, y) v i tch phn PTVP ton phn. V d 8 : Cho phng trnh :

2 sin y 2 dx + xy cos y 2 dy = 0
Chng t rng ( x, y ) = x 3 l tha s tch phn ca phng trnh v gii phng trnh . Gii : Nhn hai v ca phng trnh vi x 3 ta c :

2 x 3 sin y 2 dx + x 4 y cos y 2 dy = 0
t

P = 2 x 3 sin y 2 , Q = x 4 y cos y 2 ,

Q P Q P = 4x 3 y cos y 2 , = 4x 3 y cos y 2 = , (x, y) x y x y

Chng t ( x, y ) = x 3 l tha s tch phn. Theo cng thc (3.24.Chng 3), tch phn tng qut ca PTVP l u(x,y)= C, trong u = 2 x 3 sin y 2 dx =
0
x

1 4 x sin y 2 2

Vy :

x 4 sin y 2 = C .

Trong mt s trng hp c bit ta c th kt lun v s tn ti tha s tch phn ph thuc vo mt bin x hoc y. Tht vy gi s = (x) l tha s tch phn ca PTVP khng ton phn (5.19). Khi tc l

[ ( x).Q( x, y)] = [ ( x).P( x, y)] y x

P Q = Q + y x

Chia hai v cho Q v bin i ta c :

1 d 1 Q P = dx Q x y
136

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Chng t

1 Q P ch l hm ca x v tch phn s c : Q x y = 1 Q P Q x y

1 Q P dx Q x y

( x) = e
Tng t nu

(5.23)

1 Q P ch l hm ca y th s tn ti tha s tch phn l hm ca P x y

P x y dy

1 Q P

mt bin y v cng thc tm:

( y) = e

(5.24)

V d 9. Tch phn PTVP :

( x 2 + y 2 )dx + (2 xy + xy 2 +
Gii. t P = x 2 + y 2 , Q = 2 xy + xy 2 +

x3 )dy = 0 3

x3 3

Q P = 2y + y2 + x2 , = 2y x y Q P 1 dy = e y x y P = 1 Suy ra mt tha s tch phn l ( y ) = e

Nhn hai v ca phng trnh trn vi ey s c :

e y ( x 2 + y 2 )dx + e y (2 xy + xy 2 +
V tri l vi phn ton phn ca hm s :
x y

x3 )dy = 0 3

u ( x, y ) = e ( x + y )dx + 0dy
y 2 2 0 0

x u ( x, y ) = e y + y2x 3
3

Vy tch phn tng qut ca PTVP l :

x2 + y2 = C e x 3
y

(C l hng s tu ).

137

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

5.2 Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai
Trc ht, ta xt mt bi ton dn n PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai. Xt mch RLC (hnh 5.2).

Gi u(t) l tng in p trn cc phn t ca mch, vy u(t) = 0. i(t) l cng dng in trong mch. Trong k thut in t bit hiu in th trn in tr l Ri(t), trn cun t cm l

t di 1 v trn t l idt + q 0 trong q0 l in lng ban u trn t. Vy ta c mi lin h dt C 0

sau y:

0 = u (t ) = Ri (t ) + L

t di 1 + i (t )dt + q 0 dt C 0

Ly o hm 2 v ta s c :

u (t ) = Ri + Li +

i C

Vy nhn c phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 i vi hm s i :

Li + Ri +

i =0 C
(5.25)

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 l phng trnh c dng :

y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = f ( x)
trong a1 ( x), a 2 ( x), f ( x) lin tc trn (a,b). Nu f ( x) 0 th (5.25) gi l PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht. Nu f ( x) 0 th (5.25) gi l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht.

Ngi ta chng minh rng vi cc gi thit trn, PTVP (5.25) lun tn ti nghim v nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y l duy nht. Tm nghim ca PTVP (5.25) tho mn:

y ( x0 ) = y 0 y ( x0 ) = y 0

(5.26)

138

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

trong (x0, y0, y0) cho trc. Cc iu kin (5.26) gi l cc iu kin ban u. Bi ton trn gi l bi ton Cauchy Ngi ta gi PTVP (gi nguyn v tri ca (5.25))

y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = 0

(5.27)

l PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng vi PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht (5.25). Mi h tuyn tnh u c tnh cht chung nn tng t nh PTVP cp mt, nghim ca PTVP (5.25) c quan h vi nghim ca PTVP (5.27). V th trc ht ta xt PTVP (5.27). 5.2.1 Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht. Xt PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht:

y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = 0

(5.28)

nh l 5.2. Nu y1 v y2 l nghim ca PTVP (5.28) th y1+y2 v Cy1 (hoc Cy2) vi C l hng s tu , cng l nghim ca (5.28). Chng minh : Tht vy thay y = y1+ y2, y = Cy1 vo PTVP (5.28) s nhn thy chng tho mn PTVP :

( y1 + y 2 ) + a1 ( x)( y1 + y 2 ) + a 2 ( x)( y1 + y 2 ) = y1 + a1 ( x) y1 + a 2 ( x) y1 + [ y 2 + a1 ( x) y 2 + a 2 ( x) y 2 ] 0

(Cy1 ) + a1 ( x)(Cy1 ) + a 2 ( x)Cy1 = C [ y1 + a1 ( x) y1 + a 2 ( x) y1 ] 0

Trc ht ta xt khi nim hai hm ph tuyn tnh, c lp tuyn tnh. Cc khi nim ny cng tng t nh cc khi nim ca vc t trong khng gian hc trong ton cao cp A2. Cc hm 1 ( x), 2 ( x) lin tc trn (a,b) gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh trong (a,b) nu tn ti 2 hng s 1 , 2 khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho :

11 ( x) + 2 2 ( x) 0, x (a, b)

(5.29)

Ngc li, tc l (5.29) ch xy ra khi 1 = 2 = 0 th ni rng 1 ( x), 2 ( x) l c lp tuyn tnh trn (a,b). D dng ch ra rng : Hai hm s c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi t s ca chng khng phi l hng s. Hai hm s ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi chng t l vi nhau Chng hn :

1 ( x) = 1, 2 ( x) = x, 3 ( x) = x 2

4 ( x) = sin x, 5 ( x) = cos x, 6 ( x) = e x , 7 ( x) = e 2 x l c lp tuyn tnh tng

i trn khong (a,b) bt k. nh l 5.3. Nu cc hm 1 ( x), 2 ( x) ph thuc tuyn tnh trn (a,b) th :

W [1 , 2 ] =
Gi

1
1

2
2
1 1

0, x (a, b)
2 . 2
139

W [ 1 , 2 ] =

(5.30)

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

l nh thc Wronski ca hai hm 1 , 2 Chng minh : Tn ti 1 , 2 khng ng thi bng khng 11 ( x) + 2 2 ( x) 0 Gi s 2 0 , vy 2 ( x) =

1 1 ( x) suy ra : 2

W [1 , 2 ] =

1 1

1 ( x) 2 1 = 1 1 2 1 1 1( x) 2

1 0. 1

tnh trn (a,b) th W [ y1 , y 2 ] 0, x (a, b) Chng minh :

nh l 5.4. Nu cc nghim y1, y2 ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht (5.28) l c lp tuyn (5.31)

Ga s ngc li W [ y1 ( x0 ), y 2 ( x0 )] = 0 vi a < x0 < b. Xt h phng trnh i s vi cc n C1, C2 :

C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = 0 C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = 0
H ny c nghim khng tm thng C1, C2 (gi s C 2 0 ) v nh thc ca h bng khng. Mt khc hm s ~ = C y + C y cng l nghim ca (5.28) (theo nh l 5,2). y
1 1 2 2

y y y Theo trn th ~ ( x0 ) = 0, ~ ( x0 ) = 0 . T tnh duy nht nghim suy ra ~ = 0 trn (a,b) tc

l :

C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 0, x (a, b)
M C 2 0 chng t y1, y2 ph thuc tuyn tnh, mu thun vi gi thit. nh l 5.5. Nu y1, y2 l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (5.28) th nghim tng qut ca y = C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 (5.32) PTVP (5.28) c dng : trong C1 , C 2 l cc hng s tu Chng minh : Trc ht ta thy (5.32) l nghim ca (5.28) (theo nh l 5.2) v ph thuc vo 2 hng s C1, C2 tu .

Ngoi ra vi iu kin u y ( x0 ) = y 0 , y1 ( x0 ) = y 0 th s tm c C1, C2 duy nht. Tht

vy h phng trnh :

y1 ( x0 ) y ( x0 ) = C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = y 0 c y1 ( x0 ) y ( x0 ) = C1 y1 ( x0 ) + C 2 y 2 ( x0 ) = y 0
Suy ra nghim (C1, C2) tn ti duy nht. 140

y 2 ( x0 ) 0 y 2 ( x0 )

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

nh l 5.6 Nu bit y1 0 l nghim ca (5.28) th c th tm c nghim y2 ca (5.28) c lp tuyn tnh vi y1 dng :

y 2 ( x) = y1 ( x)

1
2 y1 ( x)

a ( x ) dx e 1 dx

(5.33)

Ch : Trong tch phn trn hng s cng ca tch phn bt nh lun ly bng 0. Chng minh : Trc ht ta c th tm nghim y2 trong dng y 2 ( x) = y1 ( x)u ( x) t vo (5.28) s nhn c PTVP i vi hm u(x)

y1u + 2 y1u + y1u + a1 ( x)[ y1u + y1u ] + a 2 y1u = 0

2 y u ( y1 + a1 y1 + a 2 y1 ) + y1 u + + a1 ( x)u = 0 y1
Chn u khc hng s tho mn phng trnh :

2 y + a1 ( x)u = 0 u + y1 2 y + a1 ( x) v = 0 t v = u c v , + y1
y l PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1, do :
2 y + a1 ( x ) dx y1 Ce 2
y dx y1

v=

= Ce

a ( x ) dx .e 1

a ( x ) dx = Ce 2 ln y1 .e 1 1 a ( x )dx = C 2 .e 1 y1

Ly C = 1 do c th chn u l :

u ( x) =
V u(x) = tnh.

1
2 y1 ( x)

a ( x ) dx .e 1 dx

1 a1 (x )dx 0 nn u(x) khng phi l hng s, chng t y1, y2 c lp tuyn e 2 y1

V d 10 : Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh :

y +

sin x 2 y + y = 0 bit mt nghim ring y1 = . x x

Gii : Tm y2 c lp tuyn tnh vi y1 trong dng (5.33) 141

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

2 2 dx .e x

y2 = =

sin x x x sin 2 x

dx =

sin x x 2 .e 2 ln x dx x sin 2 x

sin x dx sin x cos x sin 2 x = x ( cot gx) = x . x

Vy nghim tng qut :

y=

1 ( C1 sin x + C2 cos x ) . x

V d 11 : Gii phng trnh

x 2 (ln x 1) y xy + y = 0 bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng y = x , R

Gii : Trc ht tm t y1 = x vo phng trnh s c :

x 2 (ln x 1) ( 1) x 2 x + x = 0, x (a, b)

(ln x 1)( 1) + 1 = 0, x (a, b)

( 1) = 0 = 1 y1 = x suy ra + 1 = 0
Tm y2 trong dng (5.33)
xdx

y2 = x = x = x

x 2 (ln x 1) x
d ln x

dx

ln x 1 x2

dx = x

e ln(ln x 1) x2

dx

ln x 1 x2

dx 1 dx = x (ln x 1) + 2 = ln x x x

Nghim tng qut y = C1 x + C2 ln x Ch : bit c mt nghim khng tm thng ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht l rt kh khn. V th trong qu trnh tch phn ta phi xem xt dng phng trnh suy on c nghim hoc tm nghim theo s gi ca bi ton. 5.2.2 Tnh cht nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht Xt PTVP (5.25) v PTVP thun nht tng ng(5.27). nh l 5.7. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.25) bng tng nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.27) cng vi mt nghim ring bt k ca chnh phng trnh (5.25)

y = y + y*
142

(5.34)

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

y ngi ta dng k hiu :

y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP (5.27)

y * l nghim ring ca PTVP (5.25)
Chng minh : Thay y = y + y * vo (5.25) ta c:

y + y * + a1 ( x)( y + y * ) + a 2 ( x)( y + y * ) = f ( x)
y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y + y * + a1 ( x) y * + a 2 ( x) y = f ( x)
" ' " '

"

"

'

'

0 + f ( x) = f ( x)
Chng t y = y + y * l nghim ca (5.25). N ph thuc hai hng s tu C1 , C 2 (c trong biu thc ca nh l 5.5
* * nh l 5.8 (Nguyn l chng cht nghim): Nu y1 , y 2 ln lt l cc nghim ring ca

y ) v vi iu kin u th C1 , C 2 s tm c duy nht nh chng minh

phng trnh khng thun nht

y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f1 ( x) y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f 2 ( x)

th
* * y * = y1 + y 2

l nghim ring ca phng trnh (5.25) vi v phi

f ( x) = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x)
* * Chng minh nh l ny cng tng t nh trn bng cch thay y * = y1 + y 2 vo PTVP

(5.25) s nhn c ng nht thc. ngha ca nguyn l l ch: v phi f(x) c th phn tch thnh tng hu hn cc hm s, ng vi mi hm s, nghim ring thnh phn c th tm c d dng hn v nh vy nghim ring y * s tm c.
* * * * nh l 5.9: Nu bit hai nghim ring ca PTVP (5.25) y1 , y 2 th hm s y = y1 y 2

l nghim ca PTVP (5.27).

* * Chng minh nh l ny bng cch thay y = y1 y 2 vo phng trnh (5.27) v n * * y1 , y 2 l cc nghim ring ca (5.25) s nhn c ng nht thc.

nh l 5.10: Nu bit hai nghim ring y1 , y 2 c lp tuyn tnh ca (5.27) th mt nghim ring ca (5.25) c th tm c bng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. Nghim c dng:

y * = C1 ( x) y1 ( x) + C 2 ( x) y 2 ( x)
trong :
/ / C1 y1 + C2 y 2 = 0 / / / / C1 y1 + C2 y 2 = f (x)

(5.35)

(5.36)

143

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Chng minh: Gi s bit hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca PTVP (5.27) l y1 , y 2 . Khi nghim tng qut ca (5.27) l:

y = C1 y1 ( x) + C 2 y 2 ( x)
Ni dung ca phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange l: Coi y * = C1 ( x) y1 ( x) + C 2 ( x) y 2 ( x) l nghim ring ca (5.25), vi s tn ti ca

C1 ( x), C 2 ( x) .
Tht vy
' ' ' ' y * = C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 + C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 '

Trc ht t iu kin:
, , ' ' C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 = 0 , khi y *, = C1 y1 + C 2 y 2

(*)

By gi thay y * vo (5.25) s nhn c:

" ' " ' ' ' ' ' C1 ( y1 + a1 y1 + a 2 y1 ) + C 2 ( y 2 + a1 y 2 + a 2 y 2 ) + C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 = f ( x)

y * l nghim th phi c:
' ' ' ' C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 = f ( x)

(**)

Cc iu kin (*) v (**) by gi l:

' ' C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 = 0 ' ' ' ' C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 = f ( x) ' ' H phng trnh ny hon ton tm c C1 , C 2 do W [ y1 , y 2 ] 0 . T tm c

C1 ( x), C 2 ( x) .
V d 12: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh:

y"+

2x x +1 2x x2 +1
2

y' =

1 x +1
2

Gii: Phng trnh thun nht tng ng l:

y"+

y' = 0

D nhn thy phng trnh thun nht ny c mt nghim l y1 = 1 Nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh tm theo cng thc (5.33) s l:
2x

y2 = e

x 2 +1dx

dx =

dx x +1
2

=arctgx

Nghim ring ca PTVP cho tm trong dng:

y * = C1 ( x) + C 2 ( x)arctgx
trong : 144

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

' ' C1 + C 2 arctgx = 0 ' 1 1 ' = C1 .0 + C 2 . 1+ x2 1+ x2

Gii h ny s c:
' C2 = 1 C2 = x ' C1 = arctgx C1 = arctgxdx = x.arctgx +

1 ln(1 + x 2 ) 2

Vy nghim tng qut l:

y=

1 ln(1 + x 2 ) + C1 + C 2 arctgx 2

5.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 c h s khng i

5.3.1. Cc dng nghim ca phng trnh thun nht Cho phng trnh:

y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = 0
trong a1 , a 2 l cc hng s thc. Tm nghim ring ca (5.37) di dng

(5.37)

y = e kx , k = const
Vy k tha mn iu kin:

y ' = k.e kx , y" = k 2 e kx , e kx (k 2 + a1k + a 2 ) = 0 k 2 + a1k + a 2 = 0

(5.38)

Phng trnh (5.38) gi l phng trnh c trng ca (5.37). Thng qua phng trnh ny, chng ta c th bit c dng nghim ca chnh (5.37). * Nu (5.38) cho 2 nghim thc khc nhau k1 , k 2 th c 2 nghim ring ca (5.37) l

y1 = e k1x , y 2 = e k 2 x . Chng c lp tuyn tnh v

nghim tng qut ca (5.37) s l:

y1 = e ( k1 k 2 ) x khng phi l hng s. Vy y2

(5.39)

y = C1e k1 x + C 2 e k 2 x
ring y 2 c lp tuyn tnh vi y1 tm c theo cng thc 5.33

* Nu (5.38) cho 2 nghim thc trng nhau th (5.37) c 1 nghim ring, y1 = e kx . Nghim

y 2 = uy1 v e kx u"+ e kx (a1 + 2k )u ' = 0

v k l nghim kp ca (5.38) do a1 + 2k = 0 . Suy ra:

u" = 0, u = Ax + B , ly u = x.
Vy nghim tng qut ca (5.37) : 145

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn y = (C1 + C 2 x)e kx

y1 = e x e ix = e x (cos x + i sin x) y 2 = e x e ix = e x (cos x i sin x)
Do a1 , a 2 l cc s thc, vy cc phn thc v phn o ca y1 , y 2 cng l nghim ca (5.37). Chng ta ly 2 nghim l e x cos x, e x sin x . Chng c lp tuyn tnh. Vy nghim tng qut ca (5.37) trong trng hp ny c dng: (5.40)

* Nu (5.38) cho 2 nghim phc k = i th hai nghim ring di dng phc s l:

y = e x (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x)

V d 13:

(5.41)

y"+5 y '+6 y = 0

Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n: k 2 + 5k + 6 = 0 cho nghim k1 = -3,k2 = -2. Vy :

y = C1e 3 x + C 2 e 2 x
V d 14: y"2 y '+ y = 0 Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n k 2 2k + 1 = 0 c nghim k1=k2=1. Vy

y = e x (C1 + C 2 x)
V d 15: Tm nghim ca bi ton Csi:

y"+2 y '+2 y = 0, y (0) = y ' (0) = 1

Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca n:

k 2 + 2k + 2 = 0, k = 1 i
Nghim tng qut:

y = e x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) y ' = e x ( (C 2 C1 ) cos x (C 2 + C1 ) sin x ) y(0) = 1 = C1 y '(0) = 1 = C2 C1 C2 = 2

y = e x (cos x + 2 sin x) .
5.3.2. Phng php tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht Cho phng trnh :

y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = f ( x)
trong a1,a2 l cc hng s thc.

(5.42)

Nh vo phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange v cc dng nghim ca phng trnh thun nht ta c th tm c nghim tng qut ca (5.42) vi f(x) l hm lin tc bt k.

146

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

V d 16: Tch phn PTVP y" y = Gii: PTVP thun nht tng ng:

ex ex +1

y" y = 0
Phng trnh c trng ca n:

k 2 1 = 0 k = 1
Nghim tng qut ca PTVP thun nht tng ng:

y = C1e x + C 2 e x
By gi tm nghim ring ca PTVP cho bng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange:

y * = C1 ( x)e x + C 2 ( x)e x
' C1e x + C'2 e x = 0 trong ex ' x ' x C1e + C2 e = 1 + ex

Suy ra:

1 1 1 e 2x ' , C1 = 2 ex + 1 2 1 + ex 1 dx C2 = x 2 e +1 C'2 =
t e x + 1 = t , dx =

dt , t 1

C2 =

dt 1 1 1 1 t (t 1) = 2 t 1 t dt 2 1 t 1 1 1 = ln = ln(e x + 1) + x 2 t 2 2

1 e2x 1 t 1 C1 = x dx = dt t 2 e +1 2 = ex +1 1 + ln(e x + 1) 2 2

Vy nghim tng qut:

y=

ex ex ln(e x + 1) e x + C1 + x ln(e x + 1) + C 2 2 2

Di y chng ta xt cc dng c bit ca f(x) ng vi n, nghim ring ca (5.42) tm c m khng cn phi dng n php tnh tch phn. Trng hp 1: f ( x) = e x Pn ( x) = e x ( An x n + An 1 x n 1 + ... + A0 ) 147

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

trong , A1 R, (i = 0, n), An 0 Nu khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng vi (5.42) :

k 2 + a1 k + a 2 = 0
th mt nghim ring ca (5.42) tm di dng:

(5.43)

y * = ex Qn (n) = e x ( Bn x n + Bn 1 x n 1 + ... + B0 ) vi n+1 h s Bi cha

Thay y vo (5.42) th:
" ' Qn + (2 + a1 )Qn + ( 2 + a1 + a 2 )Qn = Pn
*

bit.

ng nht cc h s ca ly tha cng bc ca x ta s c h (n+1) phng trnh tuyn tnh vi vi (n+1) n s Bi ( i = 0, n ). Phng php tm cc h s ca Qn nh trn gi l phng php h s bt nh vi h hm s 1, x, x 2 ,..., x n ,... Nu l nghim n ca (5.43), nghim ring tm di dng:

y * = xex Qn ( x) = xex ( Bn x n + ... + B0 )

Nu l nghim kp ca (5.43) th:

y * = x 2 ex Q n ( x) = x 2 e x ( Bn x n + ... + B0 )
V d 17: Tm mt nghim ring ca PTVP:

y"+2 y '+ y = x(= e 0. x P1 ( x))

Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng:

k 2 + 2k + 1 = 0 c nghim kp k = -1 y * = B1 x + B0 , y * = B1 , y * = 0
2 B1 + B1 x + B0 = x B1 = 1 B0 = 2 B1 = 2 2 B1 + B0 = 0
/

"

y* = x 2 .
V d 18: Tm mt nghim ring ca PTVP: y " + 2 y '3 y = e x x(= e1.x P1 ( x)) Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca PTVP thun nht:

k 2 + 2k 3 = 0 c nghim k = 1, k = -3
y * = x.e x ( B1 x + B0 ) = e x ( B1 x 2 + B0 x) y * = e x ( B1 x 2 + ( B0 + 2 B1 ) x + B0 ) y * = e x ( B1 x 2 + ( B0 + 4 B1 ) x + 2 B0 + 2 B1 )
Thay vo phng trnh s c:
" '

8B1 x + 2 B1 + 4 B0 = x
148

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

1 B1 = 8 8B1 = 1 2B1 + 4B0 = 0 B = 1 B = 1 1 0 2 16 1 1 y* = x.e x (x ). 8 2
V d 19: Tm nghim ca bi ton Csi:

y"4 y ' + 4 y = e 2 x ( x + 1), y (0) = y ' (0) = 1

Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng k 2 4k + 4 = 0 cho nghim k1 = k 2 = 2 . Trc ht tm mt nghim ring:

y * = x 2 e 2 x ( B1 x + B0 ) = e 2 x ( B1 x 3 + B0 x 2 ) y * = e 2 x 2 B1 x 3 + (2 B0 + 3B1 ) x 2 + 2 B0 x y * = e 2x
" 3 1 '

[ (4B x

+ (4 B0 + 12 B1 ) x 2 + (8 B0 + 6 B1 ) x + 2 B0

6 B1 x + 2 B0 = x + 1
6 B1 = 1 1 1 B1 = , B0 = 2 6 2 B 0 = 1
Nghim tng qut:

1 y = e 2x (C1 + C2 x) + x 2 e 2x (x + 3) 6 1 y' = e 2x (2C1 + C2 + C2 x) + e2x (2x 3 + 9x 2 + 6x) 6 y(0) = C1 = 1 y '(0) = 2C1 + C2 = 1 C1 = 1, C2 = 1 1 y = e 2x (1 x) + x 2 e 2x (x + 3). 6
Trng hp 2: f ( x) = e x [Pn ( x) cos x + Qm ( x) sin x ] trong , R, Pn ( x), Qn ( x) l cc a thc bc n,m cho trc vi cc h s thc. Nu i khng phi l nghim ca (5.43) th mt nghim ring ca (5.42) c tm di dng:

y * = e x [Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]

trong Rl ( x), S l ( x) l cc a thc bc l = max(n, m) c cc h s c tm bng phng php h s bt nh vi cc h hm: 1, x, x 2 ,..., sin x, cos x 149

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Nu i l nghim ca (5.43) th tm nghim trong dng:

y * = ex x[Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]

V d 20: Tm nghim tng qut: y " + y ' = x cos x Gii: Phng trnh c trng tng ng k 2 + k = 0 cho nghim k = 0,k = -1 Nhn thy i khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng. Vy

y * = ( A1 x + A0 ) cos x + ( B1 x + B0 ) sin x y * = ( B1 x + A1 + B0 ) cos x + ( A1 x + B1 A0 ) sin x y * = ( A1 x + 2 B1 A0 ) cos x + ( B1 x 2 A1 B0 ) sin x

Vy
" '

(( B1 A1 ) x + A1 + 2 B1 + B0 A0 ) cos x + ( ( A1 + B1 ) x + B1 2 A1 A0 B1 ) sin x = x cos x

B1 A1 = 1, A1 + 2B1 + B0 A 0 = 0 B1 + A1 = 0, 2A1 + B1 B0 A 0 = 0 1 1 1 B1 = , A1 = , A 0 = 1, B0 = 2 2 2

Nghim tng qut: y = C1 + C 2 e x

1 1 ( x 2) cos x + ( x + 1) sin x 2 2

V d 21: Tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh:

y"+2 y '+2 y = e x (1 + sin x)

Gii: Da vo nguyn l chng cht nghim, ta tm cc nghim ring ca cc phng trnh sau:

y"+2 y '+2 y = e x sin x y"+2 y '+2 y = e x

Phng trnh c trng tng ng k 2 + 2k + 2 = 0 cho nghim k = 1 i
* y1 = xe x ( A0 cos x + B0 sin x) * y1 = e x (( B0 x A0 x + A0 ) cos x + ( B0 B0 x A0 x) sin x ) * y1 = e x ((2 B0 2 A0 2 B0 x) cos x + (2 B0 2 A0 + 2 A0 x) sin x ) " '

2 B0 cos x 2 A0 sin x = sin x 1 * xe x B0 = 0, A0 = , y1 = cos x 2 2

* * * y 2 = C 0 e x , y 2 = C 0 e x , y 2 = C 0 e x * C 0 = 1, y 2 = e x ' "

150

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

* * Nghim ring y * = y1 + y 2 = e x (1

x cos x) 2

Cc phng php trnh by trn c p dng cho phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp cao c h s hng s, chng hn xt bi ton Csi sau: V d 22: Gii PTVP:

y ' ' '2 y ' '+2 y ' y = x 2 , y (0) = 0, y ' (0) = y" (0) = 1
Gii: Phng trnh c trng ca PTVP thun nht tng ng:

k 3 2k 2 + 2 k 1 = 0

(k 1)(k 2 k + 1) = 0, k1 = 1, k 2,3 =

1 (1 i 3 ) 2

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng:

1

y = C1 e x + e 2 (C 2 cos
Mt nghim ring tm di dng:

3 3 x + C 3 sin x) C1,C2,C3 l cc hng s ty . 2 2

y * = A2 x 2 + A1 x + A0 y * = 2 A2 x + A1 y * = 2 A2 y * = 0, A2 = 1 4 A2 A1 = 0 A1 = 4 2 A1 A0 4 A2 = 0, A0 = 4
Nghim tng qut :
1 x + e 2 (C 1
''' " '

A2 x 2 + (4 A2 A1 ) x + 2 A1 A0 4 A2 = x 2

y = C1e

cos

3 3 x + C 3 sin x) x 2 4 x 4 2 2

1 x 3 3 y ' = C1e + e 2 (C 2 + C 3 3 ) cos x + (C 3 C 2 3 ) sin x 2x 4 2 2 2

x

1 x 3 3 y" = C1e + e 2 (C 3 3 C 2 ) cos x (C 2 3 + C 3 ) sin x 2 2 2 2

x

C1 + C 2 4 = 0 1 C1 + (C 2 + C 3 3 ) 4 = 1 T iu kin ban u c: 2 1 C1 + 2 (C 3 3 C 2 ) 2 = 1 C1 = C 2 = 2, C 3 = 0
151

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

1

Vy nghim ca bi ton Csi l: y = 2e x + 2e 2 cos

3 x 2

TM TT CHNG 5.

Phng trnh c bin s phn ly. Dng phng trnh:

Tch phn tng qut:

f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y )dy = 0

f1 ( x)dx + f 2 ( y)dy = C
y y y , = f ( ), hay y , = f (t ), t = x x

Phng trnh ng cp cp mt. Dng phng trnh:

Phng php tch phn: Coi t l hm s ca x, thay vo phng trnh s a v dx dt dng c bin s phn ly = x f (t ) t

Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp mt. Dng phng trnh: y '+ p( x) y = q( x)

Nghim tng qut:
p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx +e y = Ce dx q ( x )e

Phng trnh Bernoulli. Dng phng trnh: y '+ p( x) y = y q( x)

1 Phng php tch phn: t u ( x) = 1 , y
Thay vo phng trnh trn s nhn c PTVP tuyn tnh cp 1 i vi hm u (x) :

u '+(1 ) p ( x)u = (1 )q ( x)

Phng trnh vi phn ton phn.

trong

Dng phng trnh: P ( x, y )dx + Q ( x, y )dy = 0

Q P = , ( x, y ) D x y

Tch phn tng qut:

x

x0 y

P( x, y )dx +

y0

Q( x0 , y)dy = C

hoc:

x0

P( x, y)dx + Q( x0 , y)dy = C
y0

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht:

y + a1 ( x) y + a 2 ( x) y = 0
Tnh cht nghim: 1. Nu y1 v y2 l nghim ca PTVP(*) th y1+y2 v Cy1 (hoc Cy2) vi C l hng s tu , cng l nghim ca(*) (*)

152

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

2. Nu y1, y2 l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (*) th nghim tng qut n c dng : y = C1 y1 + C 2 y 2 trong C1 , C 2 l cc hng s tu 3. Nu bit y1 0 l nghim ca (*) th c th tm c nghim y2 ca n c lp tuyn tnh vi y1 dng :

y 2 ( x) = y1 ( x)

1
2 y1 ( x)

a ( x ) dx e 1 dx

Ch : Trong tch phn trn hng s cng ca tch phn bt nh lun ly bng 0

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai khng thun nht y + a1 ( x) y + a2 ( x) y = f ( x)

Tnh cht nghim :

(**)

1. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP (**) bng tng nghim tng qut ca PTVP (*) cng vi mt nghim ring bt k ca chnh phng trnh (**)

y = y + y*
y ngi ta dng k hiu :

y l nghim tng qut ca PTVP (*)

y * l nghim ring ca PTVP (**)
* * 2. (Nguyn l chng cht nghim): Nu y1 , y 2 ln lt l cc nghim ring ca phng

trnh khng thun nht

y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f1 ( x) y"+ a1 ( x) y '+ a 2 ( x) y = f 2 ( x)

th
* * y * = y1 + y 2 l nghim ring ca phng trnh (**) vi v phi f ( x) = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x)

3. Nu bit hai nghim ring y1 , y 2 c lp tuyn tnh ca (*) th mt nghim ring ca (**) c th tm c bng phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange. Nghim c dng:

y * = C1 ( x) y1 ( x) + C 2 ( x) y 2 ( x)
/ C1/ y1 + C2 y2 = 0 trong : / / / / C1 y1 + C2 y2 = f ( x)

* * * * 4. Nu bit hai nghim ring ca PTVP (**) y1 , y 2 th hm s y = y1 y 2 l nghim ca

PTVP (*)

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 thun nht c h s khng i

y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = 0 ,
(1)

a1 , a 2 l cc hng s thc

k 2 + a1k + a2 = 0 (2) gi l phng trnh c trng ca (1)

153

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

Dng nghim tng qut: Nu (2) cho 2 nghim thc khc nhau k1 , k 2 th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l:

y = C1e k1 x + C 2 e k 2 x
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim thc trng nhau th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l

y = (C1 + C 2 x)e kx
Nu (2) cho 2 nghim phc k = i th nghim tng qut ca (1) s l

y = e x (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x)

Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2 khng thun nht c h s khng i

y"+ a1 y '+ a 2 y = f ( x) , (3)
a1,,a2 l cc hng s thc Trng hp 1: f ( x) = e x Pn ( x) = e x ( An x n + An 1 x n 1 + ... + A0 ) trong , A1 R, (i = 0, n), An 0 Nu khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng vi (3) th mt nghim ring ca (3) tm di dng

y * = e x Qn (n) = e x ( Bn x n + Bn 1 x n 1 + ... + B0 )
Trng hp 2: f ( x) = e x [Pn ( x) cos x + Qm ( x) sin x ] trong , R, Pn ( x), Q n ( x) l cc a thc bc n,m cho trc vi cc h s thc. Nu i khng phi l nghim ca (2) th mt nghim ring ca (3) c tm di dng:

y * = e x [Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]

trong Rl ( x), S l ( x) l cc a thc bc l = max(n, m) c cc h s c tm bng phng php h s bt nh vi cc h hm: 1, x, x 2 ,..., sin x, cos x Nu i l nghim ca (2) th tm nghim ring trong dng:

y * = ex x[Rl ( x) cos x + S l ( x) sin x ]

CU HI V BI TP CHNG 5
5.1. Nghim tng qut ca PTVP cp n ph thuc vo n hng s tu . ng ng ng ng Sai Sai Sai Sai 154 5.2. Nghim ca bi ton Cauchy lun duy nht nghim 5.3. Phng php bin thin hng s Lagrange p dng ch cho PTVP tuyn tnh. 5.4. Phng trnh Bernoulli l PTVP tuyn tnh

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

5.5. PTVP ton phn l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht. ng ng Sai Sai 5.6. PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht lun lun c nghim 5.7. Bit 2 nghim y1 v y2 ca PTVP tuyn tnh thun nht th bit c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh . ng Sai 5.8. Bit 2 nghim ca PTVP tuyn tnh khng thun nht th c th bit c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh . ng ng ng Sai Sai Sai 5.9. Gii PTVP tuyn tnh c h s hng s khng cn dng n php tnh tch phn 5.10. PTVP tuyn tnh c tnh cht chng cht nghim. 5.11. Gii cc phng trnh: a. y =

1 1+ x y ln y

b. y ' = x 2 e x

c. y ' cos x =

d.

xdy 1 y2

ydx 1 x2

=0

e. y '+ sin( x + y ) = sin( x y )

f. y = cos( x y )

5.12. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy: a.

dy dx + = 0, y (1) = 1 x( y 1) y ( x + z )

b. (1 + e 2 x ) y 2 dy = e x dx, y (0) = 0 c. sin xdy y ln ydx = 0, y (0) = 1 d. ( x 2 + 1) y = y 2 + 4, y (1) = 2 5.13. Gii cc phng trnh: a. xdy ydx = x 2 + y 2 dx b. xyy'+ x 2 2 y 2 = 0 c. x cos

y ( ydx + xdy ) = y sin y (xdy ydx ) x x

d. ( y x)dx + ( y + x)dy = 0 5.14. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1: 155

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

a. x(1 + x 2 ) y '( x 2 1) y + 2 x = 0 b. y '+2 xy = xe x
2

c. (1 + x 2 ) y '2 xy = (1 + x 2 ) 2 d. 2 ydx + ( y 2 6 x)dy = 0 5.15. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy: a. y '

2y 1 = ( x + 1) 3 , y (0) = x +1 2

b. (1 + x 2 ) y '+ xy = 1, y (0) = 0 5.16. Chng minh hm s y = x e t dt l mt nghim ca phng trnh xy ' y = x 2 e x .

2 2

Hy tm nghim ca phng trnh tho mn iu kin y(1)=1 5.17. Gii cc phng trnh: a. y '+ xy = x 3 y 3 b.

dy 2 3 ( x y + xy ) = 1 dx

c. ( y ln x 2) ydx = xdy d. ydx + ( x + x 2 y )dy = 0 5.18. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn ton phn:

y2 1 1 x2 a. dx + dy = 0 2 2 x ( x y) y ( x y)
b.

xdx + (2 x + y )dy =0 ( x + y) 2

1 1 y y y x x x 1 c. sin 2 cos + 1dx + cos 2 sin + 2 dy = 0 y x y x x x y y y x3 dy = 0 d. 3x 2 (1 + ln y )dx 2 y y

5.19. Gii cc phng trnh sau y bng cch tm tha s tch phn a. (2 y + xy )dx + 2 xdy = 0, ( x)

y3 2 xy + x 2 y + dx + ( x 2 + y 2 )dy = 0, ( x) b. 3
c. y (1 + xy )dx xdy = 0, ( y ) d. xdy + ydx xy 2 ln xdx = 0, ( xy ) 156

Chng 5. Phng trnh vi phn

5.20. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau: a. x 2 (ln x 1) y xy + y = 0 , bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng y1 = x , R b.

(2 x + 1) y + (4 x 2) y '8 y = 0 , bit rng n c mt nghim ring dng

y 1 = e x , R
c. ( x 2 1) y 6 y = 0 , bit rng n c mt nghim ring y1(x) c dng a thc. d. (2 x x 2 ) y + 2( x 1) y '2 y = 2 bit rng n c hai nghim ring y1 = 1, y 2 = x 5.21. Gii cc phng trnh sau khi bit mt nghim ring ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng. a. x 2 y 2 xy '+2 y = 2 x 3 , y1 = x b. y + c. y +

1 x y ' y = x 1, y1 = e x 1 x 1 x 1 2 y = e x + ln x , y1 = ln x x ln x x
2

5.22. Gii cc phng trnh: a. y y =

ex ex +1

b. y + 2 y '+ y = 3e x x + 1 c. y + y = tgx d. y + y =

1 cos 2 x cos 2 x

5.23. Gii cc phng trnh: a. y 7 y '+6 y = sin x b. y 3 y ' = 2 6 x c. y 2 y '+3 y = e x cos x d. y + 2 y '+ y = 4e x e. y 9 y '+20 y = x 2 e 4 x f. y + y = x 2 cos 2 x 5.24. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy a. y 2 y '+2 y = 5 cos x, y (0) = 1, y (0) = 0 b. y + y = cos 3 x, y (0) = y ' (0) = 0

157

p s v gi

P S V GI
P S V GI CHNG 1.
1.11. a. {( x, y ), x > 0, y > 0 hoc x < 0, y < 0} b. Vnh trn ng gii hn bi 2 ng trn tm gc ta bn knh 1 v 3. c. Min m nm trong 2 ng y = x v y = -x, nm bn phi trc Oy d. Ton mt phng tr ng parabol y = x2 1.12. a. z = x

1 x2 + y2

, z y =

y x2 + y2 + x2 + y2

x x x b. z = y cos , zy = 2 y sin x cos x y y y

c. z = y 3 x y x d. z = x 1.14. a. z = ecos x b. z = x 1.15. a. dz =
2 3

, z y = x y ln x

y x , z y = 2 2 x +y x + y2
2

x 2( x 2 + y 2 )

(sin 2 x + 4 x ), zy = ecos

x 2( x 2 + y 2 )

.4 y

2 2 y4 1 , zy = x y y4 + 1

( (

) )

2( xdy ydx ) 2y x 2 sin x

b. dz = e x [( x cos y sin y )dy + (sin y + cos y + x sin y )dx ] 1.16.

y (3 x 2 y 2 ) a. y ' = x 3 y2 x2

b. y ' =

a2 ( x + y)2

161

p s v gi
c. z ' x = z ' y =

1 x + y + z2 1
2 2

x 2 yz y 2 xz d. z = 2 , zy = 2 x z xy z xy
1.18. 1.19.

28 3

u 2u = khi a = b = c r r

cos( , r ) u = 1.20. r2
1.21. a.

trit tiu khi

im dng: (2,2), (4,2),

// // = z xy z xx z // = 4(2 y )e 2 x + 2( x 2 y 2 + 8 x + 4 y + 10)e 2 x yy 2

(2,2) = 4e 4 > 0,

( 2,2) = 4e 8 < 0, z // (4,2) = 2e 2 < 0, yy

Vy z max = z (4,2) = 4e 4 b. im dng: (0,0), (1,1),

( x, y ) = 9 36 xy,

(0,0) = 9 > 0,

(1,1) = 27 < 0,
c.

// z xx (1,1) = 6 > 0, vy z min = z (1,1) = 1

C 5 im dng: (0,0), (0,2b), (2a,0), (2a,2b), (a, b),

( x, y ) = 16(a x 2 )(b y ) 2 4 xy (2a x)(2b y ), (0,0) = (0,2b) = (2a,0) = (2a,2b) > 0, (a, b) = 4a 2 b 2 < 0
// z xx (a, b) = 2b 2 < 0, Vy z max = z (a, b) = a 2 b 2 .

d.

im dng: (1,2),

( x, y ) = 1 4(1 +

2 x
2

)(1 +

5 y2

),

(1,2) = 26 < 0

// z xx (1,2) = 6 > 0, vy z min = z (1,2) = 7 10 ln 2

162

p s v gi
e. Tn ti 4 im dng: (

1 3

1 3 1

), ( x, y ) = 36 xy, , , 1 3 1 3 ) = 12 > 0,
// ) = 12 < 0, z xx (

1 3

1 3

) = 12 > 0, ( ) = 12 < 0, (

3 1 3

(
// z xx (

1 3 1 3

, , 1

1 3 3

1 3

1 3

) < 0,

) > 0,

Vy z max = z (

1 3 1

, ,

1 3 1 3

)=

4 3 4 3 .

z min = z (

)=

f.

Tn ti 3 im dng: (0,0), ( 2 , 2 ), ( 2 , 2 ),

( x, y ) = 16 16(3 x 2 1)(3 y 2 1),

( 2 , 2 ) = ( 2 , 2 ) = 384 < 0,

// // z xx ( 2 , 2 ) = z xx ( 2 , 2 ) = 20 > 0, z min = z ( 2 , 2 ) = z ( 2 , 2 ) = 8.

Ngoi ra

z (0,0) = 0, z ( x, x) = 2 x 4 > 0, x 0, z ( x,0) = x 4 2 x 2 < 0, khi x b.

Vy hm s khng t cc tr tai (0,0)

g.

im dng: (5,2).
// z xx (5,2) =

( x, y ) = 1

4000 x3 y3

(5,2) = 3 < 0

4 > 0 , z min = z (5,2) = 30. 5

( x, y ) = 4 x 2 12 y (3x y ), (0,0) = 0,

h.

im dng: (0,0),

Nhn xt: z (0,0) = 0, z ( x, x) = x 3 , i du khi x i du, chng t hm s khng t cc tr. 1.22. d = 1 1.23. x =

4 3 , y= 5 5

P S V GI CHNG 2.
2.10.

163

p s v gi
2 2

4 1 arccos y

a.

dy f ( x, y)dx + dy f ( x, y)dx
0 arccos y 2 2 arccos y

b.

dy f ( x, y)dx
0 y
3

c.

dx f ( x, y)dy + dx f ( x, y)dy
0 1 2 x 2

d.

dy f ( x, y)dx
0 2 y

1+ 1 y 2

2.11. a. b. c.

1 36 8 3 9 3 ln 3 2 ln 2 4 4 1 504

d.

2.12. a. b. c. d.

14 3 a 3 11 32 5 1 2 2 8 2 3 2 3 1 6 2 5

2.13. a.

b. 38 c.

97 7 4 2 ln 2
164

p s v gi
d.

5 6

2.14. a.

b. 2.15. a. b. c.

43 3072 1 4! a4 2

4a 5 d. (chuyn sang ta cu hoc ta tr) 3

P S V GI CHNG 3.
3.16. a. 24 b.

16 2 143

3.17. 1 3.18. a. b. 4 3.19. a. 1 b. c.

32 3

1 5

4 3

3.20. a. a 2 v a 2 b.

a 2
2

a 2
2
165

p s v gi
c.

ab ab v 2 2

3.21. 0 3.22. 3.23. a. 4 b.

R 4
2

5 2

3.24. a. 1 + b.

+ 16 ) 4 16
2

3.25. a.

1 3 1 x x 2 y 2 + 3x + y 3 + 3 y + C 3 3

b. e x + y + sin( x y ) + 2 y + C c. e x y + e y ( x y + 1) + C

1 y2 2 2 +C d. ln( x + y ) 2 2
3.26. a. 1 b. 1 3.27. a. m = 1, u =

1 y ln x 2 + y 2 + arctg + C 2 x x y +C x2 + y2

b. a = b = 1, u = 3.28. a. 2 b.

8 4 a 3

3.29. a. 4 61

166

p s v gi
b. c.

64 4 a 2 15

8 2 15 5 2 + 12 15 4 2 2 a b + b 2c 2 + c 2 a 2 abc

3.30. a. b. c.

2R 7 d. 105
3.31. a.

R 6
8

b. R 2 3 3.32. a. b.

1 8 12R 5 5

c. 3a 4

P S V GI CHNG 4.
4.9. cos 0,99, 8 0

1 3 7 3 4.10. , , , 3 4 3 4
4.11. a. b.

3R 4 16

c. 2 4.12. 12 167

p s v gi
4.13. 0 (Hng dn: (2 xy 2 z , 2 x 2 yz, x 2 y 2 2 z ) = grad ( x 2 y 2 z z 2 ) cn L l giao ca

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 v mt y = 3 z )
4.14. a. u = e x ln( x + y ) + C b. u = xyz ( x + y + z ) + C c. u = xy + yz + zx + C

P S V GI CHNG 5.
5.11.

a. y = 2 x ln( x + 1) + C b. y = e x ( x 2 2 x + 2) + C c.

d. 1 1 x 2 1 1 y 2 = Cxy e. 2 sin x + ln tg f. x + cot g 5.12. a. x + y + 2 ln x ln y = 2 b. y 3 = 3arctge x

1 2 x ln y = ln tg + + C 2 2 4

)(

y =C 2

x y =C 2

3 4

c. Mi nghim u tha mn d. y = 5.13. a. 1 + 2Cy C 2 x 2 = 0 b. y = x 1 + C 2 x 2 c. xy cos

2( x 2 1) + 4 x 1 x 2 + 2x

y =C x

d. y 2 + 2 xy x 2 = C 2 5.14.

168

p s v gi
a. y = Cx + (1 + C )

1 x

2 x2 b. y = e x C + 2

c. y = (1 + x 2 )( x + C ) d. y 2 2 x = Cy 3 (gii x theo y) 5.15.

x2 1 a. y = ( x + 1) 2 2 + x + 2
b. y = 5.17. a. y 2 ( x 2 + 1 + Ce x ) = 1 b.
y2 1 = Ce 2 y 2 + 2 (gii x theo y) x 1
2

ln x + x 2 + 1 x2 + 1

1 1 c. y ( ln x + + Cx 2 ) = 1 2 4
d. x = 5.18. a. ln

1 (gii x theo y) y (ln y + C )

y xy =C x x y

b. ln x + y c. sin

x =C x+ y

y x 1 cos + x = C x y y

d. x 3 (1 + ln y ) y 2 = C 5.19. a. = e
1 x 2

, x2 y 2e x = C

y2 =C b. = e x , ye x x 2 + 3

169

p s v gi
c. = d. = 5.20. a. y = C1 x + C 2 ln x

1 2x , + x2 = C 2 y y 1 1 1 , ln 2 x + =C 2 xy x y 2
2

(2 x + 1) 2 b. y = C1 e 2 x + C 2 2 x 2 3 3x( x 2 1) x +1 c. y = C1 ( x 3 x) + C 2 1 x 2 + . ln 4 x 1 2
d. y = C1 x 2 + C 2 ( x 1) + 1 5.21. a. y = C1 x + C 2 x 2 + x 3 b. y = C1 e x + C 2 x ( x 2 + 1)

dx c. y = ln x C1 + C 2 2 + e x ln x
5.22.

ex ex x x ln(e + 1) + C1 x ln(e x + 1) + C 2 a. y = 2 2
5 4 b. y = e C1 + C 2 x + ( x + 1) 2 5 x

x c. y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x cos x ln tg + 2 4

d. y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x cos 2 x 5.23. a. y = C1 e x + C 2 e 6 x + b. y = C1 + C 2 e 3 x + x 2 c. y = e x C1 cos 2 x + C 2 sin 2 x + d. y = (C1 + C 2 x )e x + 2 x 2 e x 170

5 sin x + 7 cos x 74

ex (5 cos x 4 sin x) 41

p s v gi 1 e. y = C1 e 5 x + C 2 e 4 x x 3 + x 2 + 2 x e 4 x 3
f. y = C1 cos x + C 2 sin x + 5.24. a. y = cos x + 2(e x 1) sin x b. y =

x2 x 2 cos 2 x 4 x sin 2 x 13 cos 2 x 1 + + 2 6 9 27

1 (cos x cos 3x ) + 3x sin x 32 8

171

p s v gi

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. G. M. FICHTENGN, Gio trnh php tnh vi tch phn, Tp 1,2,3, Nauka, Moskva, 1969. (ting Nga). 2. NGUYN NH TR (ch bin),Ton hc cao cp, Tp 1,2,3, NXB Gio dc, H ni, 2004. 3. K. MAURIN, Analiza, Czes, c,1 , PWN, Warszawa, 1976. 4. PHAN QUC KHNH, Php tnh vi tch phn, Tp 2, NXB Gio dc, 2000. 5. JEAN-MARIE MONIER, Gio trnh ton, Tp 1,2,3,4, NXB Gio dc, H ni, 1999,(dch t ting Php, DUNOD, Paris, 1999). 6. V. V. STEPANOV, Gio trnh phng trnh vi phn, Nh xut bn Quc gia, Moskva, 1959.(ting Nga).

172