151

MC LC
Chng 1. TNG QUAN V PHN TCH V THIT K HTTT
1.1 Tng quan v h thng thng tin 5
1.1.1 t vn 5
1.1.2 H thng - H thng thng tin 6
1.2 Cc h thng thng tin thng dng 6
1.2.1 H x l d liu (DPS-Data Processing System) 6
1.2.2 H thng tin qun l (MIS-Management Information System) 7
1.2.3 H h tr quyt nh (DSS- Decision Support System) 7
1.2.4 H chuyn gia (ES-Expert System) 8
1.3 Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng thng tin qun l 8
1.4 Cc tnh nng ca mt HTTT 10
1.5 Mc ch, yu cu phng php phn tch thit k HTTT 11
1.5.1 Mc ch 11
1.5.2 Yu cu 11
1.6 Xy dng thnh cng mt h thng thng tin 11
1.6.1 Khi nim v mt d n cng ngh thng tin thnh cng 11
1.6.2 Qun l v pht trin mt d n cng ngh thng tin 12
1.6.2.1 Khi to d n 12
1.6.2.2 Lp k hoch d n 13
1.6.2.3 Thc hin d n 13
1.6.2.4 Kt thc d n 14
1.7 Gii thiu mt vi phng php phn tch thit k 15
1.7.1 Phng php phn tch thit k c cu trc 15
1.7.2 Phng php phn tch thit k Merise 16
1.7.4 Phng php phn tch GLACSI 19
1.8 Nhng sai lm c th xy ra khi phn tch thit k HTTT 20

152
1.9 Cc giai on xy dng mt h thng thng tin tin hc ha 20
1.9.1 Lp k hoch 21
1.9.2 Phn tch 22
1.9.2.1 Phn tch hin trng 22
1.9.2.2 Phn tch kh thi v lp h s nhim v 23
1.9.2.3. Xy dng m hnh h thng chc nng 23
1.9.3 Thit k 24
1.9.4 Giai on thc hin 24
1.9.5 Chuyn giao h thng 25
1.9.6 Bo tr 26
1.10 Cc mc bt bin ca mt h thng thng tin 26
1.10.1 Mc quan nim 26
1.10.2 Mc t chc 27
1.10.3 Mc vt l (tc nghip) 27
Chng 2. NGHIN CU HIN TRNG CA HTTT
2.1 Mt s vn chung khi nghin cu h thng 29
2.2 Yu cu t ra i vi h thng thng tin tin hc ha 30
2.2 Quy m tin hc ha 31
2.3 Vai tr ca nhng ngi tham gia pht trin h thng thng tin 32
2.3.1 Ngi qun l h thng thng tin 32
2.3.2 Ngi phn tch h thng 32
2.3.3 Ngi lp trnh 33
2.3.4 Ngi s dng u cui 33
2.3.5 K thut vin 34
2.3.6 Ch u t 34
2.4 Nghin cu hin trng 34
2.4.1 Mc ch 34

153
2.4.2 Ni dung nghin cu v nh gi hin trng 35
2.4.3 Cc k thut thu thp thng tin 35
2.4.3.1 Cc khi nim v thut ng s dng trong kho st hin trng 35
2.4.3.2 Cc phng php nghin cu hin trng 37
2.5 Cc cng vic sau kho st hin trng 41
2.5.1 X l s b kt qu kho st 41
2.5.2 Tng hp kt qu kho st 42
2.5.2.1 Tng hp cc x l 42
2.5.2.2 Tng hp cc d liu 43
2.5.3 Hp thc ho kt qu kho st 44
2.6 Gii thiu nghin cu hin trng ca mt s HTTT 45
2.6.1 H thng thng tin "Qun l kho hng" 45
2.6.2 H thng thng tin " Qun l cng chc" 49
2.5.3 H thng thng tin "Qun l o to" 50
2.7 Phn tch h thng v chc nng 51
2.7.1 Cc mc din t chc nng 52
2.7.2 Biu chc nng nghip v BFD 53
2.8.1 S ng cnh 55
2.8.2 Biu lung d liu DFD 56
2.8.3 K thut phn mc 60
Chng 3. M HNH QUAN NIM CA HTTT
3.1 Gii thiu v m hnh quan nim 64
3.2 M hnh thc th-mi quan h (m hnh ER) 64
3.2.1 ngha ca m hnh 64
3.2.2 Cc thnh phn ca m hnh ER 64
3.2.1 Thc th v tp thc th 65
3.2.2 Thuc tnh 66

154
3.3 Mi quan h gia cc tp thc th 67
3.3.1 Mi quan h 67
3.3.2 Bn s 70
3.3.3 Bn s trc tip gia cc mi quan h 71
3.3.4. Tch mt mi quan h a nguyn thnh cc mi quan h nh nguyn 72
3.3.5. Rng buc ph thuc hm trn mi quan h a nguyn 75
3.4 Mt vi nhn xt r sot li m hnh ER 78
3.4.1 i tng no c th lm tp thc th? 78
3.4.2 Yu t thng tin g c th lm thuc tnh cho mt tp thc th? 79
3.4.3 Loi b cc thuc tnh v ngha 79
3.4.4 Tnh c lp ca cc thuc tnh 79
3.4.5 Xc nh thuc tnh kha 79
3.4.6 Tch thuc tnh c dung lng ln 80
3.4.7 X l mt thuc tnh lp nm trong mt tp thc th 80
3.4.8 X l mt nhm thuc tnh lp nm trong cng mt tp thc th 81
3.4.8 X l cc thuc tnh phc hp 81
3.4.9 Cc tp thc th c mi quan h ISA 81
3.5 M hnh quan nim v d liu 82
3.6 M hnh quan nim x l 85
3.6.1 Mc ch 85
3.6.2 Mt s thut ng v khi nim 85
Chng 4. M HNH T CHC CA HTTT 94
4.1 Khi nim 94
4.2 M hnh d liu quan h 94
4.2.1 Cc nh ngha c bn 94
4.2 M hnh t chc d liu 96
4.2.1 Khi nim 96

155
4.2.2 Quy tc chuyn i 97
4.2.3. Thut ton chuyn i m hnh ER thnh cc quan h 105
4.2.3 M hnh t chc d liu 111
4.3 Chun ho v kim tra li m hnh ER 114
4.3.1 Mc ch ca chun ha 114
4.3.2 nh ngha cc dng chun 115
4.3.3 Chun ho cc lc quan h 116
4.3.4 Mt s v d v chun ho 118
4.4 Rng buc ton vn 129
4.5 M hnh t chc v x l 131
4.5.1 Mc ch 131
4.5.2 Cc khi nim 131
4.4.2 Bng cng vic 132
4.4.4 M hnh t chc v x l 133
Chng 5. MC VT L CA HTTT 138
5.1 M hnh vt l v d liu 138
5.1.1 Thit k c s d liu vt l 138
5.1.2 Thit k cc trng 139
5.1.2 Thit k cc file 140
5.1.3 Cc h qun l file 140
5.1.4 Cc cu trc d liu v phng thc truy nhp 141
5.1.6 Xc nh quy m file v khng gian lu tr cn thit 142
5.2 M hnh vt l v x l 145
5.2.1 Mc ch 145
5.2.2 M un x l 145

156
5.2.3 Phn r m un 146
5.2.4 S tng th phn r chc nng 147
5.2.5 M t cc m un 150


157
Chng 1: Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin

1.1 Tng quan v h thng thng tin
1.1.1 t vn :
- H thng thng tin tin hc ho l mt trong nhng ng dng y v ton
din nht cc thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin vo mt t chc.
- Ti sao phi phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin?
. C mt ci nhn y , ng n v chnh xc v h thng thng tin c
xy dng trong tng lai.
. Trnh sai lm trong thit k v ci t.
. Tng vng i (life cycle) h thng
. D sa cha, b sung v pht trin h thng trong qu trnh s dng hoc
khi h thng yu cu.
thy c s cn thit ca vic phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin t
ng, chng ta xem cc s liu lin quan n xy dng cc phn mm m cng
ty IBM thng k c trong giai on 1970-1980.
Phn tch v sai st:
nim /quan nim : 45%
M ha : 25%
Son tho : 7%
Cc sai st mc 2 : 20%
Cc sai st khng xp loi : 3%
Phn tch v chi ph
Bo tr : 54%
Pht trin : 46%
Phn tch phn b hot ng
Sn xut m : 15%
Pht hin v sa cha sai st : 50%
Khc : 35%
Cc s liu trn cho thy sai st ln nht trong tt c cc loi sai st mc
phi l phn nim, quan nim, tc l nm trong vic phn tch v thit k.
Chi ph chim t trng ln nht l chi ph bo hnh, lng cng vic chim t l
ln nht l pht hin v sa cha. Tnh trng ny bt ngun t cc thiu st
trong phn tch v thit k, do cc nh tin hc lun tm ra mt phng php
phn tch hu hiu nht nhm khc phc cc tnh trng trn.

158
1.1.2 H thng - H thng thng tin
- H thng l tp hp cc phn t c quan h qua li vi nhau cng hot ng
hng n mt mc tiu chung thng qua vic tip nhn cc u vo v sn
xut cc u ra nh mt qu trnh chuyn i c t chc. H thng ny cn
c gi l h thng ng (Dynamic System)
- H thng thng tin l mt tp hp gm nhiu thnh phn m mi lin h gia
cc thnh phn ny cng nh lin h gia chng vi cc h thng khc l lin
h thng tin vi nhau.

1.2 Cc h thng thng tin thng dng
Trong thc t, bn h di y thng c s dng.
1.2.1 H x l d liu (DPS-Data Processing System)
Chc nng
- X l cc giao dch v ghi li nhng d liu cho tng chc nng c th.
- D liu a vo c thng xuyn cp nht. D liu u ra nh k bao
gm cc ti liu hot ng v bo co.
H x l d liu c tnh cc b thng dnh cho cc cho cc nh qun l cp
tc nghip.
1.2.2 H thng tin qun l (MIS-Management Information System)
H thng tin qun l l mt h thng thng tin c s dng trong cc t
chc kinh t x hi, h gm nhiu thnh phn, mi thnh phn l mt h thng
con hon chnh.
V d: h thng thng tin qun l trong mt x nghip c cc h thng con l h
thng Qun l vt t, h thng Qun l ti chnh,..., h thng thng tin qun l
trong mt trng i hc c cc h thng con l h thng Qun l vt t, h
thng Qun l o to, h thng Qun l NCKH,...
Chc nng ca MIS:
- H tr cc chc nng x l d liu trong giao dch v lu tr.
- Dng mt c s d liu hp nht v h tr cho nhiu chc nng.
- Cung cp cho cc nh qun l cc thng tin theo thi gian ca h thng.
- C c ch bo mt thng tin theo tng cp c thm quyn s dng.
Cch xem xt tt nht mt h thng thng tin qun l l t n trong mc
ch ca t chc ang s dng h thng , mt trong cc cch nh vy l nhn

159
h thng thng tin di gc ca mt h h tr ra quyt nh.
1.2.3 H h tr quyt nh (DSS- Decision Support System)
Mc ch ca h l gip cho t chc nhng thng tin cn thit ra quyt
nh hp l v tin cy.
Kh nng ca h:
- Cung cp, sp xp cc phng n theo tiu chun ca ngi lm quyt nh.
- Cung cp v phn tch d liu, biu din d liu bng th mt cch t
ng.
- Chn la gip mt phng n ti u trn c s cc thng tin a vo.
c trng ca DSS
- H tr cc nh lm quyt nh trong qu trnh ra quyt nh.
- To nhng m hnh a chc nng, c kh nng m phng v c cc cng c
phn tch.
- To thun li cho lin lc gia cc mc lm quyt nh.
1.2.4 H chuyn gia (ES-Expert System)
H thng tin gip cc nh qun l gii quyt v thc hin vn mc
cao hn DSS. H ny lin quan n lnh vc tr tu nhn to, lm cho my tnh
c kh nng lp lun, hc tp, t hon thin nh con ngi. Chng hn cc
chng trnh lp k hoch ti chnh, chn an bnh, dch my,...

1.3 Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng thng tin qun l
Theo quan im ca h thng th mt h thng thng tin qun l thng c
3 thnh phn:
- Thnh phn quyt nh: thc hin chc nng ra quyt nh.
- Thnh phn thng tin: thc hin chc nng tip nhn, x l, truyn tin v
lu tr thng tin trong h thng.
- Thnh phn tc nghip: l thnh phn bo m cc hot ng c s ca
mt t chc.
V d: h thng thng tin qun l trong mt x nghip c thnh phn quyt nh

160
l Ban Gim c, thnh phn thng tin l cc phng ban chc nng, thnh phn
tc nghip l cc phn xng, c s sn xut.
Chng ta c th thy mi quan h gia cc thnh phn ca mt h thng thng
tin qua s di y.


















By gi chng ta i n mt nh ngha c tnh cht m t ca mt h thng
thng tin:
H thng thng tin ca mt t chc l tp hp cc phng tin, nhn lc, thng
tin v phng php x l tin nhm cung cp cc thng tin cho qu trnh ra
quyt nh ng thi hn v tin cy.
Trong :
TP QUYT NH
TP THNG TIN
TP TC NGHIP
Thng tin vo
t mi trng
ngoi
Thng tin ra
t mi trng
ngoi
Quyt
nh
Bo co
Thng tin
iu hnh
Thng tin
Kim tra
Nguyn liu vo Sn phm ra
H thng thng tin theo quan im h h tr ra quyt nh

161
*T chc: c th l c quan, x nghip, trng hc...
*Phng tin (phn cng-phn mm): c s vt cht dng thu nhp, x l,
lu tr, chuyn ti thng tin trong h thng nh my tnh, my in, in thoi ...
*Nhn lc: bao gm tp th, c nhn tham gia vo vic thu thp d liu, x
l, truyn tin,...nhng ngi pht trin v duy tr h thng.
*Thng tin (d liu): Cc thng tin c s dng trong h thng, cc thng
tin t mi trng bn ngoi vo h thng, cc thng tin t h thng ra mi
trng bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, khi ni n thng tin phi ni n cc yu t km
theo n nh:
.Gi mang thng tin: l cc phng tin lu tr tin nh giy, a t, m
thanh...
.Kiu thng tin: thng tin vn bn, m thanh, hnh nh, tri thc.
.Qui tc tip nhn v hnh trnh ca thng tin.
.Vai tr ca thng tin trong hot ng tc nghip, trong vic a ra quyt
nh.
*Phng php x l tin: l cc ti nguyn phi vt cht nh cc m hnh ton
hc, cc thut ton, tri thc ca con ngi trong h thng, cc phn mm tin
hc.
Tm li, h thng thng tin c cu thnh t 4 yu t chnh: thng tin,
phng php x l tin, con ngi v phng tin.

1.4 Cc tnh nng ca mt HTTT
- Thi gian tr li: c tnh bng khong thi gian t khi thng tin c h
thng tip nhn n khi h thng tc nghip nhn c quyt nh tng ng
vi thng tin n.
- Bn cht ca quyt nh thuc loi t ng ha c hay khng.
- Kiu sn phm ca h thng tc nghip.
- Khi lng thng tin c x l.
- phc tp ca d liu.

162
- phc tp ca x l.
- phc tp v cu trc ca h thng.
- tin cy ca h thng.

1.5 Mc ch, yu cu i vi mt phng php phn tch thit k
HTTT
1.5.1 Mc ch
. HTTT c vng i di (long life cycle)
. C chc nng l mt h h tr ra quyt nh
. Chng trnh ci t d sa cha, bo hnh
. H thng d s dng, c chnh xc cao.

1.5.2 Yu cu
. Quan im tip cn tng th: bng cch xem mi b phn, d liu,
chc nng l cc phn t trong h thng l cc i tng phi c nghin cu.
Do hiu bit tt c nhng iu l cn thit cho pht trin ca h thng.
. Quan im top-down: l quan im phn tch t trn xung theo hng
t tip cn tng th n ring bit.
. Nhn dng c cc mc tru tng v bt bin ca h thng ng vi
chu trnh pht trin h thng
. Nhn dng c cc thnh phn d liu v x l ca h thng.
. nh ra c cc kt qu cn t c cho tng giai on pht trin h
thng v cc th tc cn thit trong mi giai on.

1.6 Xy dng thnh cng mt h thng thng tin
1.6.1 Khi nim v mt d n cng ngh thng tin thnh cng
Trong thc t cha c mt tiu chun c th no xc nh c mt
h thng thng tin c xem l thnh cng. Ngay c mt h thng thng tin nh
ang hot ng tt th mi ngi vn khng ng vi nhau v hiu qu ca
n. Tuy nhin c c c cho vic nh gi mt h thng thng tin ngi ta
a ra mt s tiu chun v quy tc sau: Mt h thng thng tin c xem l c
hiu lc nu n gp phn nng cao cht lng hot ng v qun l tng th
ca mt t chc, n th hin c th trn cc mt:
. Ph hp vi chin lc hot ng ca t chc.
. t c mc tiu thit k ra ca t chc.
. Chi ph vn hnh l chp nhn c.
. C tin cy cao, p ng c cc chun mc ca mt h thng
thng tin hin hnh. Chng hn nh tnh sn sng: thi gian lm vic trong
ngy, tun; thi gian thc hin mt dch v, mt tm kim; cc kt xut thng

163
tin ng yu cu nh biu mu, s ch tiu...
. Sn phm c gi tr xc ng: thng tin a ra l ng n, kp thi, c
ngha thit thc i vi hot ng chc nng v qun l, nng cao cht lng
sn phm v dch v ca t chc, cc sai st c th cho php.
. D hc, d nh v d s dng.
. Mm do, hng m, d bo tr.

1.6.2 Qun l v pht trin mt d n cng ngh thng tin
Mc tiu ca vic qun l d n l m bo cho cc d n pht trin
HTTT p ng c s mong i ca khch hng v c thc hin trong
phm vi gii hn cho php (nh ngn sch, thi gian, iu kin ca t chc).
y l mt khu quan trng ca vic pht trin HTTT. Qun l mt d n l s
tin hnh c k hoch mt lot cc hot ng c lin quan vi nhau t mt
mc tiu, c im bt u v im kt thc. N bao gm 4 pha: Khi to d n
- Lp k hoch d n - Thc hin d n - Kt thc d n. Mi pha ca d n
yu cu mt s cng vic phi c thc hin.

1.6.2.1 Khi to d n
y l bc u tin ca qu trnh qun l d n m trong cn thc
hin mt s hot ng nh gi quy m, phm vi v s phc tp ca d n.
Cc hot ng l:
. Thit lp i d n ban u
. Thit lp mi quan h vi khch hng
. Thit lp d n s b: cng vic ny bao gm: xc nh quy m v
phm vi d n, lp lch trnh cho cc cuc hp
. Thit lp cc th tc qun l: bo m cho s thnh cng ca d n,
cn phi lp cc th tc qun l c hiu qu nh: th tc bo co, truyn thng,
xt duyt, thay i d n, xc nh thi hn cp vn, hon tt chng t,...
. Thit lp mi trng qun l d n v lp nht k cng vic d n:
Nht k d n nhm ghi li cc cng vic, cc s kin, ci vo, ci ra, th tc,
cc chun s dng cho vic kim tra d n.

1.6.2.2 Lp k hoch d n
Giai on ny tp trung vo vic xc nh v m t cc hot ng v
cng vic cn thit ca mi hot ng c th trong d n. Ni dung lp k
hoch d n bao gm:
. Pht ho mt k hoch truyn thng
. Xc nh cc chun v cc th tc d n
. M t phm vi d n, cc phng n c th v nh gi kh thi
. Phn chia d n thnh cc nhim v c th qun l c
. Pht trin mt lch trnh s b
Thit lp ban u d n
Xc nh bi ton, nhng cng
vic c th ca bi ton

164
. Xc nh v nh gi cc ri ro
. Lp k hoch v ngn sch ban u
. Thit lp m t cng vic
. Lp k hoch d n c s
1.6.2.3 Thc hin d n
Thc hin d n l a k hoch d n c s vo thc hin. Ni dung
ca vic thc hin d n bao gm:
. Trin khai k hoch d n c s, a d n c s vo thc hin: bao
gm khi ng d n, nhn v phn b ngun lc, nh hng v o to thnh
vin mi, theo di tnh hnh thc hin m bo cht lng ca sn phm to ra.
. Thc y tin trnh thc hin d n theo k hoch c s: nh gi kt
qu thc hin, iu chnh hot ng, ngun lc v ngn sch. Trong trng hp
c th phi sa i k hoch d n c s cho ph hp.
. Qun l s thay i i vi k hoch d n c s: mi thay i cn
c phn nh trong k hoch d n c s v nht k cng vic ca d n.
. B sung nht k cng vic ca d n: tt c cc s kin din ra ca d
n cn phi c ghi vo nht k cng vic. N cung cp cho nhng thnh vin
mi cc thng tin lm quen vi nhim v ca d n. N cung cp ti liu lch
s phn tch, ra cc quyt nh v lp bo co.
. Thng bo v tnh trng d n: mc ch l gi mi lin h gia
cc thnh vin ca d n. Vic thng bo kp thi cc din tin ca d n l mt
yu cu c c nhng hiu bit gia cc thnh vin cng lm vic vi
nhau. m bo s phi hp hnh ng mt cch c hiu qu.

1.6.2.4 Kt thc d n
Mc tiu ca giai on ny l hon tt d n, bao gm cc cng vic
sau:
. ng d n li: cn thc hin mt s cc hot ng nh nh gi cc
thnh vin v kin ngh li ch cho h, hon tt cc ti liu v chng t thanh
ton. Cm n nhng ngi ng gp, tham gia v h tr trong qu trnh thc
hin d n.
. Tng kt sau d n: mc tiu l xc nh c mt mnh, mt yu t
cc sn phm ca d n, ca qu trnh hnh thnh ln n v qu trnh qun l d
n, t rt ra nhng kinh nghim cho cc d n sau.
. Kt thc mi hp ng: k kt cc bn thanh l hp ng vi cc bn
lin quan.

1.7 Gii thiu mt vi phng php phn tch thit k
1.7.1 Phng php phn tch thit k c cu trc (SADT-Structured
Analysis and Design Technique-K thut phn tch v thit k c cu trc):
Phng php ny xut pht t M, tng c bn ca n l Phn r mt h

165
thng ln thnh cc h thng con n gin. SADT c xy dng da trn 7
nguyn l sau:
. S dng mt m hnh
. Phn tch kiu Top-down.
. Dng mt m hnh chc nng v mt m hnh quan nim (cn c gi
l m hnh thit k m t h thng.
. Th hin tnh i ngu ca h thng
. S dng cc biu din di dng ho
. Phi hp cc hot ng ca nhm
. u tin tuyt i cho h s vit.
Cng c phn tch:
. S dng s chc nng cng vic BFD (Business Function Diagram)
v lu lung d liu DFD (Data Flow Diagram) .
. M hnh d liu (Data Modes)
. Ngn ng c cu trc SL (Structured Language)
. T in d liu (Data Dictionary)
. Bng v cy quyt nh (Warnier/orr)
. c t cc tin trnh (Process Specification).
Phng php phn tch thit k SADT c u im l da vo nguyn l phn
tch c cu trc, thit k theo li phn cp, bo m t mt d liu vo sn xut
nhiu d liu ra. Nhc im ca phng php ny l khng bao gm ton b
cc tin trnh phn tch do nu khng thn trng c th a n tnh trng
trng lp thng tin.

1.7.2 Phng php phn tch thit k Merise
MERISE vit tt t cm t Methode pour Rassembler les Ides Sans
Effort (phng php tp hp cc tng khng cn c gng). Phng php ny
ra i vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 70. Xut pht t nhng suy ngh ca
mt nhm nghin cu ng u bi J.L.Lemoigne ti trng i hc Aix-En-
Provence - Php v nhng nghin cu hin thc ng thi Trung tm nghin
cu trang b k thut (CETE), di s lnh o ca H.Tardien.Trong s pht
trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh mi, MERISE cn c dng iu hnh d
n khng ch trong cng s m cn trong nhiu x nghip loi khc nhau.
tng c bn ca phng php Merise:
tng c bn ca phng php phn tch thit k Merise da trn 3 mt c
bn sau:
Mt th nht: quan tm n chu k sng (life cycle) ca h thng thng tin qua
cc giai on: Thai nghn (Gestation) - Quan nim/ nim - Qun tr - Cht.
Chu k sng ny c th ko di t 15n 20 nm i vi cc h thng thng tin
ln.
Mt th hai: cp n chu k c trng ca h thng thng tin, cn c gi

166
l chu k tru tng. Mi tng c m t di dng m hnh tp trung bao
gm tp hp cc thng s chnh xc. Theo khi nhng thng s ca tng di
tng trng, tng ang m t khng bin i v n ch thay i khi cc thng s
ca mnh thay i. Mi m hnh c m t thng qua mt hnh thc da trn
cc quy tc, nguyn l ng vng v c php quy nh. C nhng quy tc cho
php chuyn t m hnh ny sang m hnh khc mt cch t ng nhiu hoc t.
Mt th ba: mt ny lin quan n chu k cc quyt nh cn phi a ra trong
cc chu k sng ca sn phm.
c trng ca phng php Merise l tch ri d liu v x l nhm m bo
tnh khch quan trong qu trnh phn tch v cung cp y cc m hnh
din t cc bc cp nht. H thng bao gm d liu v x l c biu din
ba mc:
- Mc quan nim (Concept): xc nh cc thnh phn ca d liu v x l .
- Mc t chc (Oganization): chi tit ha nhng quan h gia chng.
- Mc tc nghip (Physic): cc thnh phn c th hin trong thc t nh
th no.
Cng c phn tch:
Trn c s ba mc bt bin ca h thng thng tin, phng php phn tch thit
k Merise s dng cc m hnh tng ng trn cc mc ny phn tch thit
k mt h thng thng tin.
MC D LIU X L
Mc quan nim MH quan nim v d liu MH quan nim v x l
Mc t chc MH t chc v d liu MH t chc v x l
Mc vt l MH vt l v d liu MH vt l v x l
u im ca phng php phn tch thit k MERISE l c c s khoa
hc vng chc. Hin l mt trong nhng phng php c dng nhiu Php
v Chu u khi phi phn tch cc h thng ln. Nhc im ca phng php
ny l cng knh. Do , gii quyt cc ng dng nh phng php ny
thng a n vic ko di thi gian.
Trong gio trnh ny, chng ti s bm st phng php ny trnh
by cc bc phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin
C th hnh dung cc bc pht trin ca mt h thng thng tin thng
qua m hnh khng gian ba chiu: chiu cc thnh phn ca h thng thng tin,
chiu cc mc bt bin ca h thng thng tin v chiu cc giai on phn tch
thit k mt h thng thng tin.

167













1.7.3 Phng php phn tch MCX (Mthode de xavier castellani)
Phng php phn tch MCX c ngun gc t Php, do gio s ca Hc vin
Tin hc cho cc x nghip IIE (Institut Informatique dEntrerise) sng to.
Phng php phn tch MCX da trn cc nguyn l v c trng c bn sau:
Cho php xy dng c mt m hnh tng qut chnh xc biu din h
thng thng tin hoc cc phn h ca h thng thng tin.
Cho php phn tch, nm d liu, qu trnh x l v truyn thng ca h thng
thng tin.
Cho php lng ho cc x l.
MCX c u im l thch hp vi vic thc hnh. Nhc im l rm r.
1.7.4 Phng php phn tch GLACSI (Groupe d Animation et de Liaison
pour l Analyse et de conception de Systme d Information)
Phng php ny cng c ngun gc t Php, ra i vo thng 4 nm 1982.
Tc gi ca n l mt nhm gio s ca Hc vin Cng ngh Php (IUT). Ni
dung c bn ca phng php l trnh by mt tp hp cc cng c v nguyn
liu tin hnh cc giai on c bn sau y ca tin trnh phn tch:
- Nghin cu h thng
Nghin cu hin trng
Nghin cu kh thi
- Phn tch chc nng
Thit k
Thc hin
Lp k hoch
Phn tch
Mc quan nim
Mc t chc
Mc vt l
Thng tin X l con ngi thit b

168
M hnh d liu
M hnh x l
- Phn tch cu trc
T chc d liu: mc logic v mc vt l
T chc x l: x l theo l, x l theo thi gian thc
Mi trng tip nhn: my tnh, mng my tnh, ngn ng, cc
phn mm chuyn dng
Giao din ngi-my
Nhc im ca phng php l cha th nghim nhiu trong thc t.
u im ca phng php l mt cng c tt ging dy.
Ngoi cc phng php phn tch thit k ni trn cn c phng
php phn tch hng i tng (OOA: Object Oriented Annalysis) s c
bn n chng cui cng.
1.8 Nhng sai lm c th xy ra khi phn tch thit k HTTT
Nhng phng php phn tch hin i mong mun v hng ti gii quyt
ton b hoc tng phn cc tn ti v khim khuyt trong qu trnh phn tch
nh sau:
- Thiu s tip cn tng th trong pht trin h thng:
.Ngi phn tch b nh hng n nhu cu trc tip ca ch u t v
NSD.
- Thu thp nhiu ln cng mt thng tin
- Dng cc thut ng khc nhau i vi cng mt quan nim
- S phin din, khng y ca h s
- S bt hp tc ca ngi s dng.
- Thiu mt chun thng nht
.Ngi phn tch thiu mt chun thng nht m t, ci t cc ng
dng trong h thng
1.9 Cc giai on xy dng mt h thng thng tin tin hc ha
Mi phng php phn tch thit k h thng thng tin phi tri qua cc
giai on sau:
- Nghin cu nhu cu (h thng cn g?)
QUAN TRNG

169
- Nghin cu kh thi (cn nhc gia nhu cu v kh nng)
- xut mt kiu kin trc mi ca h thng
- M ha (t chc d liu v lp trnh)
- Th nghim v khai thc
Qu trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin phi bt u t tnh trng ca h
thng thng tin c v t s thiu hiu qu ca h thng c so vi nhim v t
ra ca t chc.

170















1.9.1 Lp k hoch (kho st h thng):
y l giai on u tin thng qua vic tip xc gia ngi phn tch
v ch u t nhm xc nh cc cng vic cn thit trc khi c th tin hnh
nghin cu cc lnh vc, b phn, h thng con, cc t chc c lin quan n h
thng thng tin cn xy dng. Giai on ny l lm r c mun ca ch
u t l: xy dng 1 h thng thng tin mi hay nng cp 1 h thng thng tin
c. Mc ch cn lm sng t nhng vn sau:
- C cn thit xy dng h thng thng tin mi hoc nng cp HTTT c
khng? Nu c,
- Thi gian bt u, thi gian kt thc
- c tnh chi ph thc hin
- Nhn lc, vt lc phc v cho h thng tng lai.
- C ch li v nhng cn tr g.
- Trch nhim mi bn cng c tha thun s b vo giai on ny.
Ni tm li, kt thc ca giai on ny l mt hp ng khng chnh thc gia
ngi phn tch thit k v ch u t.
H thng c
hat ng nh
th no?
Xc nh h thng
mi phi lm nh
th no?
H thng c
lm g?
Tm hiu yu cu
thc t v yu cu
s dng.
M ha, chuyn
giao, bo tr.
Bt u
THC HIN
PHN TCH THIT K
H thng mi
phi lm g?
S xy dng mt h thng thng tin tin hc ha


171
1.9.2 Phn tch:
L giai on trung tm khi xy dng 1 h thng thng tin, giai on ny
bao gm cc giai on v khi s ngay trong giai on lp k hoch. Phn tch
bao gm cc cng on sau:
1.9.2.1 Phn tch hin trng:
Giai on ny nhm hiu r tnh trng hot ng ca h thng c trong
mc ch hot ng ca t chc. C th, n bao gm cc cng vic:
- Tm hiu hin trng: thng qua vic nghin cu h s, ti liu tm
hiu thng tin chung v ngnh dc ca t chc.
- Tm hiu hot ng hin ti ca t chc
- Xc nh cc thnh phn tham gia trong t chc
- Cc nhim v ca cc t chc thnh vin v cc t chc bn ngoi c
lin quan
- Cc mi quan h thng tin gia cc thnh vin trong t chc
1.9.2.2 Phn tch kh thi v lp h s nhim v:
Phn tch kh thi phi tin hnh trn 3 mt:
. Phn tch kh thi v k thut: xem xt kh nng k thut hin c
xut gii php k thut p dng cho h thng thng tin mi.
. Phn tch kh thi kinh t: xem xt kh nng ti chnh chi tr cho vic
xy dng h thng thng tin mi cng nh ch ra nhng li ch m h thng s
em li.
. Phn tch kh thi hot ng: kh nng vn hnh h thng trong iu kin
khun kh, iu kin t chc v qun l cho php ca t chc.
Sau , ngi phn tch phi nh ra mt vi gii php v so snh, cn
nhc cc im tt v khng tt ca tng gii php. Tm li, trong giai on ny
ngi phn tch phi tm ra mt im cn bng gia nhu cu v kh nng.
Sau khi chn la xong gii php ngi phn tch cn phi lp h s
nhim v. Cng vic ny nhm mc ch:
- nh hnh cc chc nng h thng cn t c.
- nh ra cc th tc xy dng quan nim v thc hin h thng.
- nh hnh s lc giao din ca h thng vi ngi s dng trong tng

172
lai. Lm cc bn mu (prototype) NSD hnh dung c h thng trong tng
lai.
Tm li, lp h s nhim v l mt tha thun khng chnh thc gia 3
pha: Ngi phn tch, Ch u t v Ngi s dng.
1.9.2.3. Xy dng m hnh h thng chc nng:
Ngi phn tch da vo kt qu phn tch xy dng m hnh nghip v
ca h thng, t lm r m hnh thng tin v m hnh hat ng ca h
thng. Trong ton b hot ng phn tch th y l giai on quan trng nht.
Qu trnh tm hiu v xy dng m hnh h thng c gi l hon tt nu
khng cn mt phn hi no t pha ch u t.
1.9.3 Thit k:
Thit k v phn tch khng phi l hai giai on ri nhau. Thit k h
thng s cho mt phng n tng th hay mt m hnh y ca h thng
thng tin. N bao gm tt c cc c t v hnh thc v cu trc ca h thng.
Trong giai on thit k ngi phn tch phi xc nh mt cch chi tit:
- Cc thng tin.
- Cc qui tc pht sinh, tip nhn v x l thng tin
- Cc kiu khai thc
- Cc phng tin cng v mm c s dng trong h thng.
Tm li, thit k bao gm cc cng vic sau:
- Thit k d liu: xc nh cc i tng (tp thc th) v cu trc d liu
c s dng trong h thng.
- Thit k chc nng: nh ra cc modun x l th hin cc chc nng x l
ca h thng thng tin.
- Thit k giao din: chi tit ha hnh thc giao tip ngi - my
- Thit k an ton h thng
- Thit k phn cng: tnh ton cc yu cu k thut cho h thng
- D kin nhn s ti cc v tr cng tc ca h thng.

173
1.9.4 Giai on thc hin
Trong giai on ny xy dng h thng bao gm xy dng cc file c bn.
Vit cc chng trnh thc hin cc chc nng ca h thng mi tng ng vi
cc kiu khai thc t ra. Thc cht ca giai on ny l thc hin m ha d
liu v gii thut nn cn c gi l giai on m ha (coding)
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca giai on ny l lm ti liu s
dng cho hng dn cho ngi s dng v lm ti liu k thut cho cc
chuyn gia tin hc pht trin h thng sau ny.
1.9.5 Chuyn giao h thng
Giai on ny l giai on cui cng ngi phn tch hiu chnh h
thng thng tin v a h thng vo khai thc, vn hnh th bng s liu gi
pht hin sai sot. Sau o ngi phn tch phi o to ngi s dng ti mi v
tr trong h thng.
1.9.6 Bo tr
L qu trnh sa i, khc phc nhng thiu st ca h thng thng tin
lm cho h thng thch nghi hn, thun tin hn trong s dng.
Tm li, qu trnh xy dng mt h thng thng tin c th m t theo s
di y:









1.10 Cc mc bt bin ca mt h thng thng tin
Vic nh ra cc mc tru tng ha ca mt h thng thng tin xut pht
t nhu cu ca cc nh phn tch. Cc nhu cu bao gm:
- Cn c mt m hnh hoc mt ngn ng c t n gin nhng n ngha
xc nh nhng yu cu trong mi giai on phn tch.
Lp k ho ch
Thc hi n
Phn t ch
Thi t k
Chuyn gi ao
Bo t r


174
- Cn c mt m hnh hoc mt ngn ng i thoi vi nhng ngi khng
chuyn tin hc trong h thng thng tin.
- Cn c mt ngn ng m t cc mc quan nim khc nhau ca h thng
thng tin lin quan n chu k sng ca h thng.
C 3 mc tru tng ca mt h thng thng tin:
1.10.1 Mc quan nim
Mc quan nim ca mt h thng thng tin l s m t mc ch h
thng thng tin v nhng rng buc phi tn trng trong mi quan h vi
mc ch ca h thng. Cc m t ny phi c lp vi mi gii php ci t
sau ny. V d, h thng thng tin qun l cc chuyn bay ca mt cng ty hnh
khng.
C th, mc quan nim ngi ta cn m t:
- Cc i tng c s dng trong h thng.
- Cc hin tng v cc mi quan h thng tin gia cc i tng, gia cc
h thng con trong h thng v gia h thng vi mi trng bn ngoi.
- Th t cng vic c thc hin trong h thng.
- Cc qui tc bin i, cng thc tinh ton, thut ton.
- Cc nhim v m h thng phi thc hin v cc rng buc m h thng
phi tn trng.
C 3 loi quy tc:
+ Qui tc qun ly: qui inh mc tiu v rng buc ca h thng (thng l
nhng quy nh, lut l p t t mi trng ngoi). V d: "SV phi np hc
ph khi vo hc", "doanh nghip phi ong thu VAT". Mt cch xem xt
mt quy tc c phi l quy tc qun l khng l nu hy b quy tc ny th h
thng c nguy c b ph v khng?
+ Qui tc t chc: qui tc lin quan n gii php hat ng ca h thng.
+ Qui tc k thut: qui tc lin quan n cc yu cu k thut m bo
h thng c th hat ng c.
Tm li mc quan nim cn tr li cc cu hi:

175
. Chc nng ca h thng thng tin l g?
. H thng thng tin cn nhng yu t g?
. H thng gm nhng d liu v cc quy tc qun l nh th no?
1.10.2 Mc t chc
Mc ch ca mc t chc l xc nh cc phng tin, nhn lc, my
mc, cch t chc cung cp cc thng tin cho ngi s dng ng thi hn
v tin cy. Ti mc ny, cn tr li cc cu hi: Ai lm? Lm u? Lm
khi no?
Thng tin mc t chc c m t theo gii php c s d liu v thc
cht l quan h logic ca chng. Do , i vi d liu mc t chc cn gi l
mc logic.
1.10.3 Mc vt l (tc nghip)
y l mc t tru tng nht v n chnh l h thng c th hat ng v
vn hnh. Ti mc ny, cn tr li cc cu hi h thng hot ng nh th no?
Mc tiu ca mc vt l l xc nh cch thc hin ca h thng thng tin
trong mt mi trng ci t no , thng tin y c m t vi cc cu
trc, gi mang v phng thc truy nhp.

176
M hnh ca khng gian pht trin h thng:













C th xem mi bc trong qu trnh phn tch thit k h thng l mt
im trong khng gian 3 chiu trong hnh v trn.
Mc D liu X l
Quan nim
Logic
Vt l
M hnh quan nim v d liu
M hnh t chc d liu
M hnh vt l d liu
M hnh quan nim v x l
M hnh t chc x l
M hnh vt l x l

TTin XL Cngi Thb
MVL



MTC



MQN
MVL



MTC



MQN
MVL



MTC



MQN
MVL



MTC



MQN
Lp k hoch

Phn tch

Thit k

177
Chng 2 NGHIN CU HIN TRNG
CA H THNG THNG TIN

2.1 Mt s vn chung khi nghin cu h thng
Trong thc t gn 75% cc h thng thng tin ln v phc tp hot
ng yu km, khng t c mc tiu ra ban u. Nhng yu km ny
thng ri vo cc vn c bn sau:
Sai lm v thit k: khng hiu bit y cc yu cu thng tin ca t
chc. Nhiu chc nng ca t chc khng c p ng. Giao din
ngi-my ngho nn, kh s dng. Cu trc ri rm, phc tp kh bo
tr v hn ch cng vic pht trin. Chng trnh khng mm do.
Nguyn nhn ca sai lm ny thc cht l do vic phn tch khng y
v h thng.
Sai lm v d liu: D liu trong h thng khng thng nht, khng y
hoc khng thch hp cho mc ch ca h thng, i khi cn sai lch
v ngha.
Hot ng yu km: h thng hot ng khng hiu qu, lm mt nhiu
thi gian bo tr sa cha, cha p ng chc nng ca mt h h tr
ra quyt nh. Khng t c yu cu cc chun v thng tin, ngi
dng khng mun s dng.
Khng bo m tnh nng hon vn u t: h thng hot ng vi chi
ph cao, tn km nhn lc. i khi khng s dng h thng cn tt hn,
nhanh hn.
Nhng vn trn c nghin cu v ci thin tng bc tng ng vi
mi nguyn nhn gy ra chng. Cch thc gii quyt cc vn trn tp trung
vo ba mt:
- Nng cao k nng ca cc nh pht trin h thng.
- Khng ngng hon thin v pht trin cng ngh, tng cng s dng

178
cc cng c tin ch t ng ho ngy cng nhiu cc hot ng pht trin,...
lm cho h thng c tnh m (openning) cao.
- Hon thin qu trnh qun l cc d n pht trin phn mm.
2.2 Yu cu t ra i vi h thng thng tin tin hc ha
Mi tp th hoc c nhn tham gia vo vic pht trin h thng thng c
nhng quan im khc nhau tu theo v tr ca h trong h thng.
Yu cu t pha ch u t (ngi lnh o): vi t cch l ngi i din cho
quuyn li ca t chc, ngi lnh o quan nim h thng theo kha cnh li
ch c tnh chin lc. Cc yu cu m ch u t thng t ra i vi nhng
ngi pht trin h thng l:
. H thng thng tin tin hc ho phi ph hp vi chin lc hot ng
ca t chc. Yu cu cu ny l hin nhin, v mc ch ca vic tin hc ho l
lm th no c nhng thng tin chnh xc v nhanh nht phc v cho qu
trnh ra quyt nh ph hp vi hot ng ca t chc.
. H thng thng tin tin hc ho phi c chc nng h tr ra quyt nh
v gim thi gian ra quyt nh. Trong thc t nhiu ngi nhm ln rng, mt
cng vic no c thc hin trn my tnh l mt h thng thng tin, v d
nhp im v in im cho sinh vin mt trng i hc, nhp s KW in
tiu th hng ca khch hng in ra ho n tin tin in,... ch l mt cng
on no trong h thng thng tin bi v kt qu ca cng on ny khng
c chc nng h tr ra quyt nh.
. H thng thng tin tin hc ho phi cho sn phm hoc dch v mi tt
hn. V d nu h thng thng tin qun l trong ngn hng khng c tin hc
ho th vic chuyn khon, thanh ton khng c hiu qu tc thi, cng khng
ny sinh ra cc dch v tin li khc nh rt tin t ng trn cc my ATM,
Credit Card, mua hng ho tr vo ti khon,...
. Kh nng hon vn u t: khng nn hiu hon vn l chuyn nhng
h thng thng tin ny cho nhng t chc khc thu li nhun. Mt h thng
thng tin c kh nng hon vn u t nu h thng c th em li cho t

179
chc nhiu dch v, to ra u th cnh tranh, a ra thng tin c gi tr gip cho
t chc c nhng chin lc ng n.
Yu cu t pha ngi s dng: ngi s dng u cui thng quan nim h
thng nh l mt s m phng cng vic thng ngy ch c khc l c s tham
gia ca my tnh. Cc yu cu m ngi s dng thng t ra i vi nhng
ngi pht trin h thng l:
. H thng thng tin phi c nhiu kh nng. Ngha l h thng phi lm
c cc cng vic ca ngi s dng u cui. V d, trong h thng thng tin
Qun l nhn s c th in n v thng k theo mt hoc nhiu iu kin khc
nhau ca cn b cng chc trong c quan.
. H thng thng tin phi d s dng v c ch thc s cho ngi s
dng: h thng phi lm cho ngi s dng thy c s ni tri, hn hn so
vi khi cha s dng h thng. Tuy nhin, ngi pht trin h thng phi lm
th no h thng thn thin v d s dng nht.
. H thng phi c tin cy cao
Ngi k thut vin quan nim h thng nh l s t chc li cc cng
vic theo mc ch x l thng tin. Cc quan nim ny i khi mu thun nhau
m s thnh cng ca h thng i hi chng ta phi dung ho cc quan nim
c th rt khc nhau.
Quan nim ng n nht l h thng thng tin tn ti ngay trong
hot ng ca t chc, v n phc v cho mc ch chin lc ca t chc.
Nh vy i vi h thng thng tin tin hc ho th trc ht phi phc v cho
mc ch chin lc ca t chc sau mi n nhu cu c th ca ngi s
dng cng nh nhn vin k thut.
2.2 Quy m tin hc ha
Quy m tin hc ho ca mt t chc cho bit trnh qun l v mc
tin hc ho ca t chc , n ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
. T chc c nhu cu tin hc ho nhiu hay t.
. Trnh qun l ca t chc cao hay thp.

180
. Quy m hot ng ca t chc
Trong thc t vic tin hc ho mt h thng thng tin xy ra mt trong
hai dng: tin hc ho ton th v tin hc ho tng b phn.
Vic tin hc ho ton th thng i hi mt tp th ngi phn tch
ng thi tham gia v phi c mt u t ln ban u, thi gian xy dng i
vi tin hc ho loi ny cng di hn. Mt kh khn i vi tin hc ho ton b
l vn tm l, bi v n thay i hu nh ton b cc hot ng c bn ca t
chc v thi quen ca ngi s dng. Nhng c mt u im l h thng ng
hot ng ng b, khng manh mm, chp v.
Vic tin hc ho tng b phn thng xy ra i vi t chc ln. Phng
php ny c nhiu u im: khng gy xo trn hot ng ca t chc, u t
dn dn. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l s khng nht qun
gia cc phn h thng tin trong h thng. iu ny thng xy ra i vi cc
h thng thng tin m nhng ngi pht trin h thng khng cng trong mt
tp th phn tch hoc hot ng c lp ln nhau.
2.3 Vai tr ca nhng ngi tham gia pht trin h thng thng tin
Mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca mt h thng
thng tin l tp th v c nhn tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin h thng.
Thng thng c su i tng tham gia vo cng vic ny.
2.3.1 Ngi qun l h thng thng tin:
l nhng ngi c lnh o ca t chc giao trch nhim a ra
cc yu cu chi tit cho phn tch vin v trin khai t chc thc hin khi h
thng hot ng. i vi cc h thng thng tin va v nh th ngi qun l
h thng thng tin thng l cc trng phng ban chc nng c nhim v cung
cp tnh hnh, s liu, phng thc x l, cng thc tnh ton,... trong hot ng
ni b ca phng mnh v mi quan h thng tin gia phng mnh vi cc b
phn khc.
2.3.2 Ngi phn tch h thng
L ngi ch cht trong qu trnh pht trin h thng, nhng ngi ny

181
s quyt nh vng i ca h thng. Trong cc h thng thng tin va v nh
mt phn tch vin c th l l ngi lp trnh cho h thng. Tuy nhin i vi
cc HTTT ln th b phn phn tch vin phi l mt tp th, v nh th mi c
kh nng nm bt cc lnh vc v hot ng ca t chc. Mt phn tch vin
c gi l c nng lc nu h hi cc iu kin sau:
. C k nng phn tch: c th hiu c t chc v s hot ng ca n.
C th xc nh c cc vn t ra v gii quyt chng. C kh nng suy
ngh mang tnh chin lc v h thng.
. C k nng k thut: hiu bit v thit b v phn mm. Bit chn la
cc gii php phn cng v mm cho cc ng dng c bit ni cn tin hc ho.
Hiu bit cng vic ca ngi lp trnh v ngi s dng u cui.
. C k nng qun l: c kh nng qun l nhm lm vic, bit c
im mnh, im yu ca nhng ngi lm vic trong nhm. Bit lng nghe,
xut v gii quyt vn . C kh nng lp k hoch, iu phi cc ngun lc.
. C k nng giao tip: phn tch vin phi ng vai tr chnh trong vic
lin kt gia cc i tng: ch u t, ngi s dng, ngi lp trnh v cc
thnh phn khc trong h thng. K nng giao tip ca phn tch vin th hin
ch: nng lc din t v thuyt phc, kh nng ho hp vi mi ngi trong
nhm lm vic. C kh nng t chc v iu hnh cc cuc hp.
2.3.3 Ngi lp trnh
L tp th hoc c nhn c nhim v m ho cc c t c thit k bi
phn tch vin thnh cc cu trc m my tnh c th hiu v vn hnh c.
Ngi lp trnh cng phi vit cc ti liu chng trnh v cc chng trnh th
nghim h thng, chun b cc s liu gi kim nh chnh xc ca h
thng.
2.3.4 Ngi s dng u cui
Trong qu trnh phn tch thit k phn tch vin phi lm vic vi ngi
s dng bit c chi tit cc thng tin ca tng b phn, tng mng cng
vic trong h thng. Ngi s dng s cho phn tch vin bit u im v

182
nhc im ca h thng thng tin c, cho nn nhng kin ca h c ngha
quan trng n vic s dng h thng mt cch c hiu qu.
2.3.5 K thut vin
L b phn ph trch v mng k thut ca h thng nh: bo m s
hot ng ca phn cng my tnh, ng truyn d liu t b phn ny n b
phn khc trong h thng v t h thng n mi trng ngoi.
2.3.6 Ch u t
Thng l thnh phn quyt nh ca t chc, l ngi cung cp cho
phn tch vin nhng thng tin chung ca t chc. H thng thng tin tin hc
ha bao gi cng c chc nng h tr ra quyt nh, chc nng ny gip cho
lnh o ca t chc nhng thng tin cn thit trong qu trnh ra quyt nh.
2.4 Nghin cu hin trng
2.4.1 Mc ch
Trong thc t mt h thng thng tin mi c xy dng l nhm thay
th h thng thng tin c bc l nhiu yu km. V vy m vic tm hiu nhu
cu i vi h thng mi thng bt u t vic kho st v nh gi h thng
c . V rng h thng ny ang tn ti v ang hot ng nn chng ta gi l
hin trng. Nghin cu hin trng mt h thng thng tin l nhm cc mc ch
sau:
. Tip cn vi nghip v chuyn mn, mi trng hot ng ca h thng.
. Tm hiu cc chc nng, nhim v v cung cch hot ng ca h thng.
. Ch ra cc u im ca h thng k tha v cc khuyt im ca h thng
nghin cu khc phc.
Tm li, mc ch ca vic nghin cu hin trng l tr li cho c cc cu
hi sau:
. H thng ang lm g? Gm nhng cng vic g? ang qun l ci g?
. Nhng cng vic trong h thng do ai lm? Lm u? Khi no lm?
. Mi cng vic c thc hin nh th no? Mi cng vic lin quan n d
liu no?

183
. Chu k, tn sut, khi lng cng vic?
. nh gi cc cng vic hin ti: tm quan trng nh th no? Cc thun li,
kh khn? Nguyn nhn dn n kh khn?
2.4.2 Ni dung nghin cu v nh gi hin trng
Vi mc ch ni trn, nghin cu hin trng mt h thng thng tin,
phn tch vin nn kho st cc ni dung sau:
. Tm hiu mi trng x hi, kinh t v k thut ca h thng. Nghin
cu c cu t chc ca c quan ch qun ca h thng .
. Nghin cu cc chc trch, nhim v, cc trung tm ra quyt nh v
iu hnh, s phn cp quyn hn trong t chc (s t chc).
. Thu thp v nghin cu cc h s, s sch, cc file d liu cng vi cc
phng thc x l cc thng tin .
. Thu thp v m t cc quy tc qun l, tc l cc quy nh, cc quy tc,
cc cng thc tnh ton,...
. Thu thp v tm hiu cc chng t giao dch. M t cc lung thng tin
v ti liu giao dch c lun chuyn nh th no.
. Thng k cc phng tin v ti nguyn v c th s dng.
. Thu thp v tm hiu cc kin khen ch v h thng thng tin c v
nhng yu cu, i hi v h thng tng lai.
. Lp h s tng hp v hin trng
Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng quyt nh s thnh cng ca h
thng thng tin l giai on nghin cu hin trng ca h thng. iu ny i
hi phn tch vin phi lm vic nghim tc v chnh xc.
2.4.3 Cc k thut thu thp thng tin
2.4.3.1 Cc khi nim v thut ng s dng trong kho st hin trng
im cng tc (ni lm vic)
L cc im, u mi pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin. Thng thng th
im pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin cng l ni lu tr v x l n. C hai

184
loi im cng tc: im cng tc trong v im cng tc ngoi. im cng tc
trong c th l ni lu tr, x l, thu nhn v pht sinh thng tin. Trong khi
im cng tc ngoi ch c th l ni pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin. Trong
SADT im cng tc trong v im cng tc ngoi cn c gi l tc nhn
trong v tc nhn ngoi. V d, trong HTTT Qun l kho hng th im cng
tc K ton kho l im cng tc trong, v y l ni lu tr, x l, pht sinh v
thu nhn thng tin. Trong khi im cng tc Nh cung cp phi l im cng
tc ngoi, v y khng cn thit phi lu tr thng tin ca h thng m ch l
ni pht sinh hoc thu nhn thng tin m thi.
Ti liu
c dng vi ngha l mi gi mang thng tin c s dng trong h
thng. V d: ti liu giy nh ho n, h s,...; ti liu s ho nh cc file d
liu, nh s,...
Ti liu lu tr-Kho d liu
Cc thng tin c lu tr phc v cho cc chc nng cng vic ca h
thng.
Chc nng-Cng vic
Mt chc nng c hiu l mt hoc nhiu cng vic nhm thc hin mt
nhim v mt phm vi no c tc ng trc tip ln d liu v thng tin
ca h thng . Nhng tc ng trc tip ln d liu v thng tin thng c
nhc n nh: cp nht, lu tr, truyn thng tin, x l v biu din thng tin.
Kt thc mt chc nng thng cho mt sn phm cng l thng tin v c th l
sn phm trung gian hoc sn phm cui cng. V d, trong HTTT Qun l
o to mt trng i hc, chc nng Xp loi sinh vin c thc hin khi
cc cng vic Nhp im thi, Tnh im trung bnh c thc hin. Kt thc
ca chc nng ny l mt danh sch (thng tin) sinh vin c xp loi.
Quy tc nghip v
Quy tc nghip v l nhng quy nh hoc nhng hng dn c chp
nhn m chng s chi phi cc hot ng ca t chc nhm bo m cho hot

185
ng ca t chc t c cc mc tiu ra trong nhng iu kin c th. Cc
quy tc nghip v c chia lm 3 loi:
a. Quy tc v qun l: l cc quy tc quy nh mc tiu v rng buc ca
h thng. Cc quy tc ny c th c p t t bn ngoi h thng,
cng c th l do t chc quy nh. V d, Sinh vin c c s tit
vng hc ln hn 1/3 tng s tit ca hc phn th khng c d thi
kt thc hc phn hoc Doanh nghip phi ng thu VAT l 5% v
thu li tc l 35% l cc quy tc v qun l c p t t bn ngoi
h thng. Xt quy tc, Sinh vin c th hc li ln th 3 theo phng
php t hc. l quy tc do h thng quy nh.
b. Quy tc v t chc: l cc quy tc lin quan n gii php hot ng
ca h thng. y l cc quy nh, trnh t lm vic cn tun th
t c mc tiu trong iu kin ca t chc. V d, quy tc Ch t
chc thi ln 2 cho sinh vin sau khi hon tt vic thi ln 1 l mt
quy tc t chc.
c. Quy tc v k thut: l cc quy tc lin quan n cc yu cu k thut
bo m s hot ng ca h thng. V d, quy tc my in khng
c s dng lin tc qu 1 gi l mt quy tc k thut.
xc nh hin trng ca h thng thng tin, phn tch vin cn nghin
cu, tm hiu nm c tnh trng hot ng ca HTTT c, cc cng vic,
quy tc hot ng ca mi b phn trong t chc, trn c s quyt nh
phi lm g v lm nh th no. C nhiu phng php nghin cu hin
trng mt HTTT nh: phng php quan st, phng php iu tra bng phiu
thm d, phng php phng vn,...

2.4.3.2 Cc phng php nghin cu hin trng
a. Phng php quan st
Phng php ny phn tch vin c th quan st trc tip hoc gin tip
(quan st qua phng tin hoc c ti liu) v hin trng h thng thng tin.

186
Vi phng php ny phn tch vin phi ghi chp li cc yu cu sau:
- Cc b phn trong t chc
- Mi quan h nghip v gia cc b phn trong t chc
- Cc hot ng tc nghip ca mi b phn
- Cch thc giao tip v trao i thng tin gia cc b phn
- Khi lng cng vic ca mi b phn
- Nhng yu t bt thng xc nh tnh kh thi ca d n m
trong giai on lp k hoch trc y chng ta cha lng c ht.
Phng php ny c nhiu khim khuyt:
- Mang li mt kt qu c tnh ch quan do s thiu hiu bit ca
ngi phn tch.
- Kh gii hn c lnh vc nghin cu vi phn tch vin c phn
th ng trc cc hin tng.
- Ch c th nm bt c cc yu t bn ngoi
- Gy tm l kh chu cho ngi b quan st
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cho mt bc tranh khi qut v h thng thng
tin tng lai. Chng ta nn s dng phng php quan st kt hp vi cc
phng php khc th c hiu qu hn.
b. Phng php iu tra bng phiu thm d
Phng php ny thng c s dng trong x hi hc, nhng iu tra
mang tnh v m. i vi vic nghin cu hin trng mt h thng thng tin
phng php ny t c s dng, n ch thch hp vi mc ch iu tra tn
sut trong nghin cu kh thi. Thng thng phng php ny ch ly nhng
thng tin mang tnh nh hng.
c. Phng php phng vn
Phng php ny thng c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin kinh
t x hi, bi v n mang li nhng thng tin xc thc v chi tit cho qu trnh
phn tch v thit k. Phn tch vin cn phi phng vn: Ban lnh o v cc

187
im cng tc.
Phng vn lnh o:
Mc ch l nm cc thng tin chung nht ca t chc, c th l cn nm:
- Nhim v chung ca t chc
- S t chc - Chng s cho danh sch cc im cng tc v vai
tr ca chng trong h thng
- Cc s liu chung - Chng s cho bit quy m ca h thng
- Cc lnh vc cn nghin cu c lin quan n h thng thng tin
sp c xy dng
Phng vn cc im cng tc:
Mc ch l thu thp cc thng tin chi tit lin quan n cc hot ng c
th v tt c cc thng tin lin quan n h thng thng tin. Ti mi im
cng tc cn phi m t v lit k cc quy trnh ca cng vic phi thc
hin. Mi qui trnh phi nm cho c:
- Phng thc hot ng: cng vic c thc hin t ng hay th
cng.
- Cc thng tin v khi lng thng tin lin quan n cng vic, cc
quy tc thc hin cng vic.
- iu kin khi ng: khi no, vi iu kin no th cng vic c
khi ng.
- Thi gian v chu k thc hin cng vic: cng vic c thc hin
khi no v khong thi gian bao lu thi cng vic c thc hin
li.
Ngoi ra, phn tch vin cng phi nm:
- Ngn ng cng vic ti mi im cng tc thit k giao din
ngi-my gia ngi s dng vi h thng thng tin tng lai.
- Cc lung thng tin tc nghip i t im cng tc ny n im
cng tc khc hoc n mi trng ngoi ca h thng.

188
T chc phng vn
Trc khi phng vn phn tch vin nn thng bo trc thi gian, a
im v ni dung phng vn vi ngi c phng vn. Phng vn vi lnh
o v cc im cng tc khng phi l mt ln duy nht, nn phn tch vin
phi to to quan h tt vi ngi c phng vn. Cn m u hp l, biu l
thin cm, s tin cy v tn trng i vi ngi c phng vn. Sau khi phng
vn xong, phn tch vin phi tm tt ni dung phng vn, khng nh cc
tho thun, ng kh nng tranh lun pht huy tnh tch cc ca ngi
c phng vn.
c c ti liu tng kt giai on nghin cu hin trng, sau mi ln
phng vn phn tch vin phi ghi chp li cc thng tin v cuc phng vn
nh: ngi c phng vn, chc v, ch phng vn, tn d n, ai hi, thi
gian hi, a im hi, cc cu hi, cc cu tr li tng ng, nh gi ca
ngi phng vn, ngy thng nm phng vn,... cc thng tin ny nn t chc
trn cc phiu phng vn nh sau:

Tn d n: <..............> PHIU PHNG VN S: <......>
Tn d n con: <................................> Ni phng vn: <........................>
Ni dung phng vn (cc cu hi v cc cu tr li)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Cc tho thun tip theo
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Mt s nh gi ca ngi phng vn
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Ngi phng vn (H tn v ch k) <........................................................>

189

Ni dung mt phiu phng vn
d. Nghin cu cc ti liu
Nghin cu ti liu cng l mt phn cng vic ca nghin cu hin
trng. Qua cc ti liu ca h thng phn tch vin c th nm c:
- Cc chc nng ca t chc.
- Cc quy tc, cng thc tnh ton,... ti mi im cng tc.
- Cc ti liu nghin cu bao gm:
- Cc vn bn php quy, quy nh v chc nng, nhim v ca t
chc.
- Cc vn bn php quy, quy nh v tiu chun, quy tc, phng thc
lm vic.
- Cc ch trng chnh sch ca t chc nh nc ban hnh.
- Cc bo co, bo biu, thng k c.
Phn tch hin trng mt h thng thng tin l vic lm rt quan trng,
quyt nh s thnh cng ca d n, thng thng phn tch vin phi s dng
tt c cc phng php trn mt cch kho lo t c mc tiu ra.

2.5 Cc cng vic sau kho st hin trng
Sau khi dng cc phng php khc nhau thu thp thng tin v d liu
lin quan n h thng tng lai, phn tch vin phi x l s b, phn loi v
tng hp cc d liu thu c tin vic theo di, qun l, phc v trc tip
qu trnh kho st v lm t liu cho cc bc tip theo.
2.5.1 X l s b kt qu kho st
D liu thu thp c trong qu trnh kho st hin trng l mt khi cc
d liu th, phn tch vin phi xem li v hon thin ti liu thu c. Cng
vic ny bao gm vic phn loi, sp xp, b sung,... lm cho n tr nn y ,
chnh xc, cn i, gn gng, d kim tra v d theo di. Pht hin ch thiu

190
b sung, ch sai sa cha. Nhng vic cn lm l:
. Lm r cc chc nng ca h thng: qua kho st hoc bng kinh
nghim phn tch vin c th xc nh c cc chc nng v d liu ca h
thng: nh cc i tng, cc im cng tc, cc hot ng. i vi mi chc
nng cn lm r: iu kin khi ng, kt qu thu c, thi gian thc hin, tn
s, chu k, cc quy tc phi tun th.
. R sot li d liu: ngoi cc kt qu ca phng vn, phn tch vin nn
sao chp li cc bng biu, ti liu tch cc thng tin cn s dng. Kim tra
li cc thng tin sau v d liu:
- Tn d liu: do ngi phn tch la chn
- nh ngha v d liu: m t bng li hoc bng cng thc
- Kiu d liu (s, chui,...)
- Loi: l d liu c s hay d liu c suy t d liu khc.
- Rng buc v gi tr
2.5.2 Tng hp kt qu kho st
Vic phng vn ti cc im cng tc cha ni ln c mi quan h
gia cc im cng tc vi nhau nh th no. Lc ny ngi phn tch cn tng
hp li c c mt bc tranh tng th ca h thng. Vic tng hp c
tin hnh theo hai loi: tng hp cc x l v tng hp theo d liu.
2.5.2.1 Tng hp cc x l
Mc ch ca tng hp cc x l l lm r cc thiu st v s ri rc ca
cc yu t lin quan n cng vic khi phng vn. C hai cch tng hp cc x
l: tng hp kt hp vi yu t t chc v tng hp tch ri cc yu t t chc.
Tng hp kt hp vi yu t t chc
Tng hp kt hp vi yu t t chc s kt hp cc chc nng vi im
cng tc. Tng hp ny cho php chng ta kt ni c nhng cng vic
cng thuc mt chc nng chung nhng lin quan n nhiu im cng tc.
Thng qua tng hp ny chng ta s r sot c cc khim khuyt ca vic
iu tra ti cc im cng tc khc nhau. Tng hp kt hp vi yu t t

191
chc da trn c s lnh vc hot ng trong h thng. Lnh vc hot ng
l mt tp hp cc nhim v cng lin quan n mt tp d liu v mt
nhm quy tc qun l. tch ra mt lnh vc hot ng cn phi:
- Nhm cc hot ng c mi quan h vi nhau theo mc ch
- Kt hp cc hnh ng vi mt tp hp cc quy tc qun l
chung.
- Kt hp cc hnh ng vi mt tp hp cc d liu chung.
Tng hp tch ri cc yu t t chc
Mc ch ca tng hp loi ny l lm xut hin mc bt bin cao nht
(mc quan nim) ca h thng. Nu b i cc yu t t chc (nh cc im
cng tc) v yu t k thut th h thng ch cn li cc im cng tc ngoi,
cc chc nng v thng tin v cc i tng c x l.
2.5.2.2 Tng hp cc d liu
Mc ch ca tng hp d liu l lit k ra tt c cc d liu c lin quan
n h thng nhm xy dng mt t in d liu chung cho ton nhm phn
tch. Nu khng sau ny c th gy nhiu rc ri khi xy dng quan nim v m
ho h thng. Cc mc t a vo t in cn phi chn lc v chnh xc ho,
loi b nhng t ng ngha v a ngha.
V d: Bng tng hp h s, ti liu theo thc th d liu
STT Tn - vai tr Cng vic lin quan
1 PHIU VT T: ghi hng ho xut hoc nhp T1
2 N T HNG: ghi lng hng ho t gi nh
cung cp
T1
3 PHIU GIAO HNG: ghi s lng hng ca Nh
cung cp pht ra
T2,T3
4 S T HNG: tp hp cc n hng t T1,T2
..... ..... .....
V d: Bng tng hp t in d liu

192
ST
T
Tn gi-
ngha
Kiu c Khun
dng
Lnh
vc
Quy tc, rng
buc
1 S HO N k t 8 K ton Ch hoa
2 TN HNG k t 20 K ton
3 NGY HO N ngy 8 dd-mm-yy K ton
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....

2.5.3 Hp thc ho kt qu kho st
Mc ch ca vic hp thc ho kt qu kho st l nhm xc nh tnh
ng n ca thng tin v d liu phn nh yu cu thng tin ca h thng v
bo m tnh php l ca n cho vic s dng sau ny. Hp thc ho kt qu
kho st bao gm cc cng vic:
- Hon chnh v trnh by cc d liu thu c ngi s dng xem xt
v cho kin.
- Tng hp cc ti liu cc nh qun l v cc nh lnh o nh gi
v b sung.
- t thm mt s quy tc mi (nh cc quy tc v an ton h thng,
cc yu cu v nhn s,...) Do hp thc ho cn mang ngha l s tho
thun cc quy tc mi.
Hp thc ha l mt khu khng th b qua, nu khng c th s i mt
vi nhng kh khn khng lng trc c khi trin khai d n.
2.6 Gii thiu nghin cu hin trng ca mt s HTTT
Di y chng ta hy xt mt s nghin cu hin trng ca h thng
thng tin thng thng trong thc t. Cc h thng thng tin ny c s dng
trong cc chng sau.
2.6.1 H thng thng tin "Qun l kho hng"
Mt cng ty sn xut bnh ko, c nhiu kho cha vt t v hng ho:
. Kho nguyn liu: cha ng, bt, hng liu, bao b,...

193
. Kho nhin liu: cha xng, du, than
. Kho ph tng: cha cc thit b thay th
. Kho thnh phm: cha bnh ko sn xut c
Mi kho u c th kho chuyn trch. Nhim v ca th kho l xut nhp
vt t hng ho theo phiu xut hoc phiu nhp do ngi qun l kho vit ra.
V d, phiu xut hoc phiu nhp kho thnh phm do b phn kinh doanh vit,
phiu xut hoc phiu nhp kho nguyn liu do phng cung ng vit theo cng
vic thc t. Ngoi ra nh k, ngi th kho phi kim k v bo co tn kho
tng loi mt hng trong kho. Bo co tn kho c dng vi mc ch sau:
. lm k hoch sn xut, v d xem xt kh nng c th p ng mt
hp ng hay khng.
. i chiu vi cc chng t xut nhp xem tn kho trn thc t c ph
hp vi tn kho theo chng t hay khng. Cng vic ny nhm mc ch xem
c tht thot v vt t hoc c nhm ln v chng t khng.
. bo m sn xut n nh, mt s mt hng v vt t phi t c
mt d tr ln hn mt mc no c gi l d tr ti thiu, nu mc
d tr ny thp hn th qun l kho phi lm n t hng b sung. M s mt
hng no cng quy nh mt mc gi l d tr ti a, nu tn kho vt qu
mc ny th phi c bin php khc phc trnh ng vn trn nguyn vt
liu hoc hng ho khng tiu th c.
Nu khng c s ph hp gia thc t v theo chng t th hoc c s
tht thot v vt t hng ho hoc c s nhm ln v chng t. Cn kim tra.
tin theo di xut nhp theo chng t, th kho lp cho mi mt hng mt th
kho. Mi ln xut hoc nhp hng u ghi vo th kho s lng xut, s
lng nhp, s lng tn kho tng ng. Bn bo co tn kho c dng nh
trong ti liu A v th kh c dng nh trong ti liu B.
Ngi qun l kho khng trc tip xut nhp hng ho m ch l ni pht
sinh cc chng t xut nhp. Cc chng t ch yu l chng t xut hoc nhp.
Khi c nhu cu v vt t, ngi qun l kho tip xc vi Nh cung cp lm

194
n t hng. Khi hng v, sau khi gim nh cht lng, ngi qun l kho
vit phiu nhp lu li mt bn, mt bn gi cho k ton thanh ton, mt bn
gi cho Nh cung cp v mt bn cho th kho lm th tc nhp kho. i vi
kho thnh phm, vic nhp kho ch l th tc ni b theo thng bo ca cc
phn xng di s kim tra ca nh my. Mt phiu nhp kho cng c th c
nhiu mt hng nhng ch t mt Nh cung cp hoc t mt phn xng m
thi. Phiu nhp kho c dng nh ti liu C.
i vi kho nguyn liu hoc kho nhin liu, phiu xut kho c thc
hin theo yu cu ca sn xut do Ban gim c ra lnh.
i vi kho thnh phm, vic xut kho chnh l bn hng, phiu xut kho
c vit theo lnh ca Phng kinh doanh. Mt phiu xut cng gm bn bn
nh phiu nhp. Ho n kim Phiu xut kho c dng nh ti liu D.
Cng ty khng bn l m bn bun cho mt s i l c hp ng vi
cng ty, v vy cc phiu xut khng nht thit phi thanh ton ngay. tuy nhin,
nu khch hng thanh ton ngay s c mt khon khu tr trn gi gi l
chit khu. H s khch hng (lp t hp ng i l) cng c lu tr xc
nhn khi h n ly hng. H s c dng nh trong ti liu E
nh k (hng ngy, hng tun, hng thng, hng qu, hng nm) ngi
qun l kho phi bo co vi Ban lnh o bin ng ca kho hng bao gm:
tn kho mi mt hng u k, s lng nhp, s lng xut trong k v tn kho
cui k. Ban lnh o cn c vo cc s liu ny nm tnh hnh kinh doanh
ca cng ty. Bo co tn kho c dng nh trong ti liu F.
Mt s ti liu lin quan n HTTT Qun l kho hng".
Ti liu A
Cng ty Hi H bo co tn kho tnh n ngy ..............
Stt Tn hng M hng n v n gi Tn kho Ghi ch
1 Bnh Chocola A01 Kg 356
2 Ko chanh B07 Kg 250

195
3 Bnh quy b A12 Kg 57
4 .... .... .... .... ....
Ti liu B






Cng ty Hi H TH KHO S .....
Tn kho: Kho Thnh phm

Tn vt t hng ho: Ko Chocola M hng: A01
D tr ti thiu: 50Kg n gi: 2500
D tr ti a: 500Kg n v tnh: Kg



Ngy S chng t Nhp Xut Tn
Tn u k 25
12/01/2004 8345 200 225
16/01/2004 5467 150 75
02/03/2004 2345 20 55
... ... ... ... ...




196










Ti liu C
Cng ty Hi H PHIU NHP KHO Ngy .....
Kho Nguyn liu S phiu: 015

H tn ngi giao: T th p a ch: 16 Phan nh Phng
n v: Cng ty Nng sn thc phm Tnh TT Hu
Theo Hp ng s: 1234/KT Ngy 12/10/2004
Stt Tn hng M hng n v n gi S lng Thnhtin
1 ng RE C09 Kg 5000 12000 60000000
2 Bt m Php B14 Kg 2500 5000 12500000
3 Sa H lan B16 Lit 8000 1500 12000000
... ... ... ... ...
Tng cng: 84500000
Ngi giao Ngi kim tra Th kho Th trng





197








Ti liu D
Cng ty Hi H HO N KIM PHIU XUT KHO
Kho Thnh phm Ngy xut..... S phiu: 215

H tn ngi nhn: Hong Di a ch: 18 Hng vng
n v: i l s 4
Theo Hp ng i l s : 124/HDDLngy 12/02/2004
Stt Tn hng M hng n v n gi S lng Thnhtin
1 Ko Chcla A09 Kg 7000 120 840000
2 Bnh quy b A14 Kg 3000 50 150000
3 Ko sa C16 Kg 8000 10 80000
... ... ... ... ...
Tng cng: 1070000
Ngi nhn Ngi vit phiu K ton Th kho Th trng


Ti liu E

Cng ty Hi H DANH SCH I L


198
M Tn i l a ch S hp
ng
Ngy k i din S
CMND
D1 Ca hng 1-5 01-L Dun 1356 1/2/03 B Nm 1234567
D2 B Ni 12 L li 5678 4/6/02 Ch To 9876544
D3
... ... ... ...




Ti liu F
Cng ty Hi H BNG CN I KHO
Kho Thnh phm Tnh t ngy ......... n ngy ...........

Stt Tn vt t
hng ho
M n
v
Tn u
k
Lng
xut
Lng
nhp
Tn cui
k
1 Ko Chcla A09 Kg 120 200 150 70
2 Bnh quy b A14 Kg 80 20 0 60
3 Ko sa C16 Kg 40 250 300 90
... ... ... ...



2.6.2 H thng thng tin " Qun l cng chc"
Mt c quan hnh chnh s nghip cn tin hc ho vic qun l cn b
cng chc ca c quan mnh. Qua nghin cu hin trng phn tch vin nm
c cc thng tin sau:
Mi cng chc c c quan qun l cc thng tin sau y: H tn, n v cng
tc, gii tnh, ngy sinh, ni sinh, a ch, dn tc, tn gio, chnh tr, trnh

199
vn ha, ngoi ng, loi hnh o to, cu chin binh, ngy vo c quan, ngy
vo bin ch, cha m, v chng, con, khen thng, k lut.
Trong l lch, qun l:
Ni sinh ch qun l cp huyn v tnh.
a ch c phn lm hai loi: Nu a ch thnh th th qun l s nh, ng
ph. Nu a ch nng thn th qun l x, huyn.
Cha m bao gm Tn, ngh nghip, c quan, chc v ca cha v m.
V chng bao gm: Tn, ngy sinh, ngh nghip, c quan v chc v ca v hay
chng.
Con bao gm: Tn, ngy sinh, ngh nghip ca tng a con.
Chnh tr bao gm on vin, ng vin. Nu l ng vin th qun l: Ngy
V, ngy CT, ni vo ng (Tnh).
i nc ngoi vo thi gian no, nc i.
Cu chin binh: Ngy NN, ngy XN, binh chng, cp bc khi xut ng.
Cng vic tin hc ho h thng nhm p ng:
. Bt k lc no cng c th tr li cc thng tin chnh xc v tnh hnh
cng tc, l lch ca mt cng chc.
. Thng k theo mi lnh vc.
2.5.3 H thng thng tin "Qun l o to"
Mt trng i hc dn lp cn tin hc ho vic qun l o to ca
trng, qua nghin cu hin trng, mt phn tch vin nm c cc thng
tin nh sau:
Trng i hc dn lp ny ch gm mt b my qun l, cn ton b
gio vin phi thu t cc trng i hc khc v cc vin nghin cu di
danh ngha cng tc vin. Trng lp sn mt h s cc cng tc vin gm
tn, tui, gii tnh, a ch, trnh chuyn mn (c nhn, thc s, tin s). Ty
theo trnh , cng tc vin c tr mt th lao (tnh theo tit) khc nhau.
Trng c mt s lp, mi lp c th c s sinh vin khc nhau. Cc

200
mn hc c tun theo mt chng trnh o to c B GD & T ph
duyt v ni dung chuyn mn v s tit cn thit. Trng phi thu mt s
phng hc nhiu ni nn phi c mt h s v cc phng hc bao gm s
phng v a ch. Vic xp lch hc cho cc lp phi ph hp vi s ch ca
mi phng hc.
u nm hc, hi ng nh trng lp mt bng phn cng ging dy
gm thy no, dy lp no, mn no. Cn gio v phi xp lch hc v phng
hc. D nhin mt thy c th dy nhiu mn v nhiu lp khc nhau. Do thi
gian ca gio vin ph thuc rt nhiu thi gian cng tc ca h ti c quan,
nn thi kha biu ch c th lp v iu chnh theo tng tun. Gio vin phi
t yu cu ca h vo th nm hng tun kp lm lch hc cho tun sau.
Trong thi kha biu s ch ra th my, t tit no n tit no, ai dy lp no,
mn no, phng hc no. Trong thi kha biu pht cho cc lp, mi ca
thi kha biu u c mt khong trng gio vin k xc nhn ging dy.
V vy nhng bn ny cng gi l phiu ging dy. Cui tun cc lp phi np
li cho gio v phiu ging dy ny.
Hng thng cn c vo bng xc nhn, nh trng lm bng thanh ton
cho gio vin trn c s s gi thc dy. i khi cng phi lp bng thanh ton
theo yu cu ca gio vin hay hiu trng trong nhng trng hp c bit, v
d nh gio vin chm dt hp ng ging dy gia thng.
Cui mi hc k, gio v cn c vo bng xc nhn xc nh s gi
dy ca mi mn. Nu mn no ca lp no dy cha thi gian th lp k
hoch dy b.
Ngoi vic qun l v thanh ton ging dy, h thng thng tin ny cn
phi p ng c cc thng tin v gio vin, hc sinh, mn hc, cc phng
hc c hu v cc phng hc thu mn ca trng.
2.7 Phn tch h thng v chc nng
c th m t cc kt qu nghin cu qua tng giai on v m t cc
chc nng nghip v ca h thng, ngi phn tch cn s dng mt s phng

201
tin v m hnh c ni di y.
2.7.1 Cc mc din t chc nng
Chc nng c ni y l cc chc nng x l thng tin trong cc h
thng thng tin qun l. Tu theo ng cnh m vic m t cc chc nng ca h
thng c th hin nhiu mc khc nhau.
M t vt l v m t logic: m t chc nng mc vt l
i hi phi ni r mc ch v cch thc hin ca qu trnh x l,
ngha l phi tr li cu hi: lm g? v lm nh th no?. S m t
chc nng mc logic li n gin hn, ch cn tr li y cu
hi lm g? Ngha l ch din t mc ch, bn cht ca qu trnh x l
m khng cn quan tm n cc yu t v thc hin, ci t nh
phng php, phng tin, tc nhn, thi im, thi gian,... Thng
thng m t vt l c s dng trong giai on kho st s b mt
h thng c sn, cn m t logic c s dng trong giai on thit k.
C th thy s thay i mc m t vt l/logic trong hnh di y,
trong cc bc chuyn i (1) v (2) thuc giai on phn tch cn
bc chuyn i (3) thuc giai on thit k.
M t i th v m t chi tit: mc i th mt chc nng c
m t di dng hp en. Ni dung bn trong hp en khng c ch r
m ch m t cc thng tin vo v ra hp en . V d qu trnh lp ho
n xut hng c m t qua hp en nh sau:




mc chi tit th ni dung ca qu trnh x l phi c ch r hn.
Thng thng th cn ch ra cc chc nng con, cc mi quan h thng tin v
iu khin gia nhng chc nng . Nu mt chc nng c nhiu chc nng
con th m t chi tit ngi phn tch phi phn r cc chc nng con ny
(3)
M t HT mi lm
nh th no?
(1)
M t HT c lm
nh th no?
M t HT mi
lm g?
M t HT c lm
g?
Mc vt l
Mc logic
(2)
Mt trnh t m hnh ho h thng
Phiu xut kho n t hng
Lp
Ho n
Thng tin v tn kho

202
thnh nhiu mc. Cc mc ny c biu din qua biu phn cp chc nng
di y.
2.7.2 Biu chc nng nghip v BFD (Business Function Diagram)
Biu chc nng nghip v l mt s hnh hc dng m t s phn
r c th bc cc chc nng ca h thng t i th n chi tit. Mi nt trong
biu l mt chc nng, cc chc nng ny c quan h bao hm vi nhau v
chng c ni vi nhau bng cc cung to nn mt cu trc cy.
V d: Biu chc nng nghip v ca h thng thng tin qun l
doanh nghip







C hai dng biu din m hnh chc nng nghip v l dng phn cp chc
nng v dng phn tch cng ty.
a. Xy dng BFD theo phn cp chc nng:
hnh thnh biu phn cp chc nng ngi ta phn chia mt chc nng ca
mt b phn thnh cc chc nng con v da trn nguyn tc sau:
Tnh thc cht ca mi chc nng: mi chc nng c phn r t mt
chc nng mc trn phi l mt b phn thc s tham gia thc hin chc
nng phn r ra n. Do , hnh thnh mt mc tip theo, ngi phn
tch phi t cu hi hon thnh chc nng ny th cc chc nng con no
s c thc hin?
Qun l
Doanh nghip
Qun l
Nhn s
Qun l
Vt t
Qun l
Ti chnh
Ti sn
c nh
Thit
b
Lng
tin
K
ton

203
Tnh y ca mi chc nng con: Vic thc hin cc chc nng
mc k tip phi bo m thc hin c chc nng mc trn phn r ra
chng
B tr, sp xp cc chc nng: khi thit lp biu BFD khng nn c
qu 6 mc, mt h thng nh thng thng c khong 3 mc. Mi chc
nng trong m hnh c th c nhiu chc nng con. mi mc cc chc
nng con nn t trn cng mt hng. S nn cn bng, ngha l cc chc
nng cng mt mc nn c kch thc v phc tp tng ng nhau.
t tn cho chc nng: Mi chc nng nn c mt tn ring n gin
nhng th hin bao qut cc chc nng con v phn nh c thc t nghip
v ca n.
M t chi tit chc nng l: cc chc nng cui cng ca mt BFD
c gi l chc nng l. Cc chc nng ny thc hin trc tip cng vic
ca h thng nn n cn phi c m t mt cch trnh t v chi tit.
V d: BFD v Qun l trng gi xe













Qun l trng gi xe
1. Nhn xe 2. Tr xe 3. Gii quyt s c
1.1 Nhn dng xe
1.2 Ktra ch trng
1.3 Ghi v xe
1.4 Ghi s xe vo
2.1 Kim tra v
2.2 i chiu v
2.3 Thanh ton
2.4 Ghi s xe ra
3.1 Kim tra s gi
3.2 Ktra hin trng
3.3 Lp bin bn
3.4 Thanh ton s c

204
b Xy dng BFD theo dng cng ty:
BFD dng cng ty c s dng m t chc nng tng qut ca t
chc, thng c s dng trong cc h thng ln, i hi phi phn tch sao cho
d liu phi c x l v s dng chung trong ton b h thng. m t BFD
dng cng ty phn tch vin phi xc nh tt c cc chc nng nghip v mc
cao nht ca t chc v ch rng bt k d n no cng l b phn ca mt
hoc nhiu chc nng cao nht ny.
V d: Biu chc nng nghip v mc cao nht (dng cng ty) ca h thng
thng tin qun l o to trong mt trng i hc.






Ch : cn phn bit mt BFD vi mt s t chc ca mt c quan. S t
chc ca mt c quan m t cc b phn, cc t chc hp thnh ca c quan
nn cng c dng hnh cy. S t chc thng dng m t lung thng tin
i t b phn ny n b phn khc trong t chc.
2.8 M hnh ho cc tin trnh ca h thng
Trong qu trnh phn tch, mt yu cu thng tin cn phi c m t khi
h thng vn hnh l cc lung d liu i t v tr ny n v tr khc ca t
chc. Hai loi biu thng c cc phng php phn tch thit k h thng
s dng l s ng cnh v cc loi biu lung d liu. Chng th hin vic
chuyn ti, lu tr thng tin trong h thng, gip phn tch vin hnh dung c
cc loi thng tin c s dng v lu chuyn nh th no.

2.8.1 S ng cnh
Qun l
o to
Qun l
Sinh vin
Qun l
Gio vin
Qun l
Mn hc

205
a. Cc biu tng trnh by ti liu








b. S ng cnh: l s hnh hc c xy dng theo im cng tc no
dng lm r mi quan h thng tin gia cc im cng tc ca h thng. im
trung tm l im ang xt, cc im cng tc khc c lin h thng tin vi im
trung tm s c m t bng mi tn v ghi ch km theo.
V d: S ng cnh ca bi ton "qun l kho". im trung tm l Ngi
qun l kho












Lung d liu
im cng
tc ngoi
im cng
tc trong
Nhim v hoc
chc nng
CSDL
S kin
Ti liu
Ti liu
lu tr
Ngi qun
l kho
i l
Th kho
K ton
Phn xng
Lnh o
Nh cung cp
Phiu
Xut
Phiu
Xut/Nhp
Phiu
Xut/Nhp
Phiu
Xut/Nhp
Bo co
Phiu
Nhp
Biu tng v s ng cnh

206

2.8.2 Biu lung d liu DFD
Biu lung d liu (DFD-Data Flow Diagram ) l mt s hnh hc
nhm din t cc lung ti liu thng qua cc chc nng ca h thng.
a. Nhng h tr ca DFD
Xc nh yu cu ca ngi dng.
Lp k hoch v minh ho nhng phng n cho phn tch vin v ngi
dng xem xt.
Trao i gia nhng phn tch vin v ngi dng trong h thng.
Lm ti liu c t yu cu hnh thc v c t thit k h thng.
b. Cc thnh phn ca mt DFD:
Lung d liu (Data flow): m t d liu di chuyn t mt v tr ny n
mt v tr khc, mt DFD c m t bi mt mi tn vi tn d liu km
theo, chiu ca mi tn ch hng di chuyn ca d liu. Tn ca lung d
liu th hin trng thi logic ca thng tin ch khng phi dng vt l ca
n.






V d: Mt lung d liu l Phiu xut i t tc nhn trong Ngi qun l kho
n tc nhn ngoi i l
Kho d liu (Data store): l cc d liu c lu gi ti mt ni no
trong h thng. V mt vt l, kho d liu l cc tp tin d liu trong my
tnh hoc nhng tp ti liu c lu tr vn phng. Do mt kho d
liu c th biu din cc d liu c lu tr nhiu v tr khng gian
Ngi qun
l kho
i l
Phiu Xut

207
khc nhau, nh cc th mc khc nhau, cc my tnh khc nhau,... Kho d
liu l cc d liu c lu gi trn gi mang n, v vy ngi ta thng
ly tn ca vt mang n lm tn ca kho d liu.
V d: Phiu xut kho, n t hng




Tin trnh (Proccess) hoc chc nng: l mt cng vic hoc mt hnh
ng c tc ng ln d liu lm cho chng di chuyn, thay i hoc c
phn phi. Ch c xem l mt tin trnh trong DFD nu chng nhn
thng tin u vo v c thng tin u ra.
V d: Tin trnh Lm ho n trong h thng thng tin Qun l Kho hng




Trong SADT mt tin trnh cn c k hiu bi mt vng trn






Tc nhn ngoi (extenal entity): Tc nhn ngoi cn c gi l i tc, l
mt c nhn hoc mt t chc bn ngoi lnh vc nghin cu ca h thng, c
th hiu tc nhn ngoi nh l im cng tc ngoi. Ngha l ni thu nhn, ni
pht sinh thng tin nhng khng phi l ni lu tr chng. Tc nhn ngoi l
D Phiu xut kho n t hng D
Lm ho n
Lm
ho
n
KHO D LIU
Tin trnh lm
ha n

208
phn sng cn ca h thng, bi v chng l ngun cung cp thng tin cho h
thng v l nguyn nhn kch hot h thng.
V d: mt lung d liu l Phiu nhp n mt tc nhn ngoi l Nh cung cp..




Tc nhn trong (intenal entity): tng t nh im cng tc trong. Ngha
l, c th l ni thu nhn, ni pht sinh v ni lu tr v x l thng tin.
V d: mt lung d liu l Phiu xut/nhp n mt tc nhn trong l Th
kho



c. Cc ch khi xy dng mt DFD
xy dng mt DFD ngi ta da vo biu chc nng nghip v v
s ng cnh. S dng BFD xc nh cc tin trnh theo tng mc cho
DFD. Bi v BFD c thc hin phn r thnh cc mc nn n dng ch ra
cc mc tng ng trong DFD. S dng s ng cnh nhn dng ra c
cc lung d liu vo v ra h thng, cc tc nhn ngoi ca h thng. Tuy nhin
kim tra tnh ng n ca cc thnh phm trong mt DFD cn phi da vo
cc c trng di y.
Tin trnh:
- Khng mt tin trnh no ch c ci vo m khng c ci ra. Nu mt i tng
no m ch c ci vo th c th l mt tc nhn (ch-thu nhn thng tin).
- Khng mt tin trnh no ch c ci ra m khng c ci vo. Nu mt i tng
no m ch c ci ra th c th l mt tc nhn (ngun-pht sinh thng tin).
- Ci vo ca mt tin trnh phi khc vi ci ra ca tin trnh .
Nh cung cp
Phiu nhp
Th kho
Phiu nhp/xut
Tc nhn ngoi

209
- Tn mt tin trnh phi l mt mnh ch hnh ng.
Kho d liu:
- Tn mt kho d liu phi l mt mnh danh t.
- D liu khng th di chuyn trc tip t mt kho d liu ny n mt kho d
liu khc.
- Khng th di chuyn trc tip d liu t mt tc nhn n mt kho d liu.
- Khng th di chuyn trc tip d liu t mt kho d liu n mt tc nhn.
Tc nhn:
- Tn mt tc nhn phi l mt mnh danh t.
- D liu khng th di chuyn trc tip t mt tc nhn ny n mt tc nhn
khc.
Lung d liu:
- Tn mt lung d liu phi l mt mnh danh t.
- Mt lung d liu ch c mt hng ch hng di chuyn ca d liu.
- Mt lung d liu khng th quay lui ni n va i khi.
- Mt lung d liu i vo mt kho c ngha l kho c cp nht d liu.
- Mt lung d liu i ra khi mt kho c ngha l kho d liu c c.

2.8.3 K thut phn mc
Cn c vo vic phn r chc nng ca mt BFD, chng ta c th m t
mt DFD theo nhiu mc khc nhau. Mi mc c th hin trong mt hoc
nhiu trang.
. Mc 0: cn gi l mc bi cnh, ch gm mt DFD, trong ch c mt chc
nng duy nht (chc nng tng qut ca h thng) trao i cc lung thng tin
vi cc i tc. Tn ca trang mc 0 l tn ca h thng.
. Mc 1: cn gi l mc nh, cng ch gm mt DFD, v cc mc 2,3,4,... mi
mc gm nhiu DFD c thnh lp nh sau:
C mi chc nng mc trn, ta thnh lp mt DFD mc di, gi l
ng t
V ngc li

210
biu DFD nh ngha chc nng theo cch sau:
- Phn r chc nng thnh nhiu chc nng con;
- V li cc lung d liu vo v ra chc nng trn, nhng by gi
phi vo hoc ra chc nng con thch hp;
- Nghin cu cc quan h v d liu gia cc chc nng con, nh
b sung cc lung d liu ni b hoc cc kho d liu ni b.
Cc chc nng c nh s theo k php chm tin theo di vt trin
khai t trn xung.
Tng qut, c th nh ngha mt cch quy np biu lung d liu cc mc
nh sau:
Biu lung d liu mc n l biu lung d liu nhn c t vic
phn r mt tin trnh thuc biu lung d liu mc n-1.
Nh vy biu lung d liu mi mc l tp hp cc DFD mc .















Biu phn r mc 0
0
3.0
2.0 1.0
3.1
3.2
2.3
2.2 2.1
1.0
Biu phn r mc 1
mc 0

211












V d: Xt h thng thng tin Qun l tn dng c BFD nh sau:









Hy xy dng cc DFD ca cc mc c phn r t BFD cho.
. Mc 0: chc nng tng qut ca h thng l: Qun l tn dng. Tc nhn ca h
thng l Khch vay. Ta c DFD mc bi cnh nh sau:


Qun l
tn dng
Cho vay Thu n

Nhn n Duyt vay

Tr li n

Xc nh k
hn tr
X l n tr
trong hn

X l n tr
ngoi hn

Qun l tn dng
Khch vay
n vay
Tr li n vay

212







. Mc 1: chc nng mc 0 c phn r thnh 2 chc nng con l Cho vay v
Thu n. Ngoi ba lung d liu c chc nng 0 phi c bo ton, th ta
thy lung d liu trao i gia hai chc nng Cho vay v Thu n khng trc tip
m phi thng qua mt kho d liu l S n. Ta c DFD mc nh nh hnh
di y.

. Mc 2: chc nng Cho vay mc 1 c phn r thnh 3 chc nng con l Nhn
n, Duyt vay v Tr li n; chc nng Thu n mc 1 c phn r thnh 3
chc nng con l Xc nh k hn tr, X l n tr trong hn v X l n tr ngoi
hn. bo ton cc lung d liu vo/ra v thm cc lung d liu ni b ta
thnh lp c hai DFD nh ngha cho hai chc nng 1 v 2 nh sau:










1.Cho vay
Khch vay
n vay
N hon tr
Tr li n vay
DFD mc 1 (mc nh)
2. Thu n
S n

213























Ch :
- Qu trnh phn r thnh cc mc khng th ko di mi m phi dng sau mt
s mc. Ta quyt nh dng vic phn r khi c nhng biu hin sau:
. Cc chc nng c phn r cui cng kh n gin
1.1 Nhn n
Khch vay
n vay
p ng
vay
T chi vay
DFD mc 2 (nh ngha chc nng 1: Chovay)
S n
1.3 Tr li n
1.2 Duyt vay
n
kim tra
n
duyt
Khch vay
2.1 Xc nh
k hn tr
2.2 X l n
tr trong hn


2.3 X l n
tr ngoi hn

S n
N tr
ngoi hn
N tr
trong hn
N hon
tr
DFD mc 2 (nh ngha chc nng 2: Thu n)

214
. Nu phn r tip s vt ra ngoi cu hi Lm g? v bt u sang cu
hi Lm nh th no?
- S mc vo khong 72 (tu thuc h thng l n gin hoc phc tp)


215
Chng 4 M HNH T CHC CA HTTT
4.1 Khi nim
M hnh t chc ca mt h thng thng tin c thit lp t hai m hnh
lin quan n nhau l m hnh t chc v d liu v m hnh t chc v x l.
M hnh t chc v d liu c hnh thnh do s chuyn i cc tp thc th
v cc mi quan h trong m hnh quan nim d liu. mc t chc thng tin
c m t theo gii php c s d liu v thc cht chnh l quan h logic ca
chng, nn mc t chc cn c gi mc logic. Cn m hnh t chc v x l
s tr li cc cu hi: Ai?, Khi no?, u?, Nh th no?
4.2 M hnh d liu quan h
M hnh d liu quan h do Codd xut nm 1970, c hon thin v
s dng rng ri trong cc h qun tr c s d liu thng mi. M hnh d
liu quan h c nhiu u im nh: n gin, cht ch, tnh c lp gia d liu
v chng trnh cao, cung cp cho cc ngn ng truy cp d liu mc cao, d
s dng. M hnh quan h cho php phn bit r rng gia ng ngha v cu
trc ca d liu. iu quan trng hn c, m hnh quan h c hnh thc ho
l mt m hnh i s quan h, do c nghin cu v pht trin vi nhiu
kt qu l thuyt cng nh nhng ng dng trong thc tin, c bit l cc ng
dng vo vic thit k CSDL.
c nhiu h qun tr CSDL c xy dng da trn m hnh ny v
a vo s dng rng ri nh: DB2, Ingres, Sybase, Foxpro, Oracle, Informix,
Microsoft SQL Server, ...
y chng ta khng trnh by chi tit l thuyt c s d liu quan h
m ch nhc li cc kin thc lin quan s dng cho qu trnh thit k d liu
ca h thng.
4.2.1 Cc nh ngha c bn
a. Quan h:
Cho D
1
, D
2
,..., D
n
l n min gi tr ca cc thuc tnh A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
n
. Mt
quan h r trn cc min D
1
, D
2
, ..., D
n
l mt tp con ca tch -cat D
1
x D
2

216
x... x D
n
. Ngha l, quan h r s bao gm nhng n-b <d
1
, d
2
, ...,. d
n
> e D
1
x D
2
x... x D
n
, d
i
e D
i
. Ngi ta m t mt quan h l mt bng hai chiu cc gi tr,
l tp hp cc b ca quan h ti mt thi im no .
b. Lc quan h:
Mt lc quan h (relation scheme) l s hp thnh bi hai yu t:
- Mt cu trc, gm tn quan h v mt danh sch cc thuc tnh (mi
thuc tnh gn vi mt min) thng cho di dng R(A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
n
).
- Mt tp hp cc rng buc, tc l cc iu kin m mi quan h trong
lc u phi tho mn.
Mt th hin ca quan h r (relation instance) trong lc quan h R l
tp cc b tho tt c cc rng buc thuc ca lc quan h R (gi tt l th
hin).
Nu cho mt b t thuc th hin r ca lc quan h R, v X _ U={A
1
,
A
2
, ..., A
n
}, ta k hiu: t[X] l b t ch cha cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong
X.
Cho lc quan h R, X _ U, X c gi l kho (key) ca lc
quan h R nu tho mn hai iu kin sau:
(1). Vi mi th hin r, v vi bt k hai b t
1
, t
2
e r sao cho:
t
1
[X] = t
2
[X] suy ra t
1
[U]= t
2
[U] (hay t
1
=t
2
).
(2). Khng tn ti tp c X (X l tp con thc s ca X) tho iu kin
trn.
Mt tp X tho iu kin (1) c gi l siu kho (super key) ca lc
quan h R.
c. Ph thuc hm
nh ngha: Cho tp U l tp cc thuc tnh ca mt lc quan h R, X v Y
l cc tp con ca U. Ta ni rng R tho ph thuc hm X Y (c l: X xc
nh Y, hoc Y ph thuc hm vo X) nu v ch nu: vi mi r l th hin ca

217
R, vi mi t
1
, t
2
e r ta c: t
1
[X] = t
2
[X] ko theo t
1
[Y]= t
2
[Y].
V d: Trong quan h Nhn vin, ta c: M NV (H tn, qu qun, ngy
sinh)
tng ca ph thuc hm: mi phn t ca mt lp i tng no s c
xc nh thng qua mt i din ca mt s lp i tng khc.
V d:




Vi quy tc qun l: "mi cng nhn lun thuc v mt x nghip no . Bit
c mt cng nhn th s bit c x nghip". Ta c cc ph thuc hm:
MaCN Hten MaXN TenXN Cng nhn X nghip
V d 2: Xt mi quan h 4 chiu trong HTTT qun l thi kha biu






Ta c cc ph thuc hm:
(LP HC, MN HC) GIO VIN, (LP HC, MN HC) PHNG HC
Nu hai tp thc th c quan h ISA vi nhau, gi s (E
1
isa E
2
) th ta
lun lun c E
1
E
2
4.2 M hnh t chc d liu
4.2.1 Khi nim
M hnh t chc d liu ca mt h thng thng tin cn gi l m hnh
Cng nhn
MaCN
Hten
X nghip
MaXN
TenXN
thuc
(1,1)
(0,n)
PHNG HC MN HC

GIO VIN LP HC
Dy hc

218
d liu logic. Hin nay, d liu c biu din di nhiu m hnh khc nhau:
m hnh phn cp, m hnh mng, m hnh quan h, m hnh hng i tng.
Tuy nhin, phn ln cc h qun tr c s d liu thng mi hin nay u s
dng cc d liu theo m hnh quan h, nn m hnh t chc d liu c thit
k y chnh l cc quan h m u vo ca chng l m hnh thc th - mi
quan h ca h thng. y cng l bc trung gian chuyn i gia m hnh
quan nim d liu (gn vi ngi s dng) v m hnh vt l d liu (m hnh
trong my tnh), chun b cho vic ci t h thng.
4.2.2 Quy tc chuyn i
Cho n nay c nhiu h thng thng tin, c bit l cc CSDL quan
h, c thit k xut pht t m hnh ER. Theo cch ny, ngi ta xem qu
trnh thit k mt CSDL phi tri qua ba giai on. u tin l giai on thit
k m hnh khi nim, tip n l giai on thit k m hnh logic, v cui cng
l giai on thit k CSDL vt l. Vic chuyn i mt m hnh ER thnh m
hnh quan h l thuc giai on thit k m hnh logic t mt m hnh khi
nim.
lm c s cho vic chuyn i t m hnh quan h sang m hnh ER
c bn n trong chng sau, mt phng php chuyn i truyn thng t
m hnh ER sang m hnh quan h s c cp n trong phn ny. Phng
php ny thng c s dng thit k cc CSDL quan h trong giai on
thit k logic vi m hnh khi nim ban u l m hnh ER.
Khi chuyn i t m hnh quan nim d liu sang m hnh t chc d liu
chng ta theo cc quy tc di y.
a. Chuyn cc tp thc tp thc th thnh cc quan h
Quy tc 1: Mi tp thc th trong m hnh quan nim d liu c chuyn
thnh mt quan h: c tn l tn l tn ca tp thc th; c thuc tnh v kha l
thuc tnh v kha ca tp thc th v c th c thm thuc tnh l kha ngoi nu
c.
V d: Tp thc th Nhn vin vi cc thuc tnh nh di y c chuyn

219
thnh mt quan h nh sau:


Nhn vin (M NV , H NV, Tn NV, Ngy sinh)
-
-

Quy tc 2: Tp thc th tham gia vo mi quan h hai ngi khng c thuc
tnh ring, c cp bn s (1,1) ----- (1,n) (mi quan h mt - nhiu) th quan h
sinh ra bi tp thc th nhnh (1,1) s nhn thuc tnh kha ca tp thc th
nhnh (1,n) lm kha ngoi.
V d: Trong h thng thng tin Qun l cng chc, gia hai tp thc th
Nhn vin v n v c mi quan h Thuc vi cp bn s (1,1) ----- (1,n)
nh m t di y.





c chuyn thnh cc quan h:
Nhn vin (M NV , H NV,Tn NV, Ngy sinh, M n v)
n v (M n v, Tn n v)
Ch , thuc tnh kha trong quan h, c gch di lin nt, thuc tnh
kha ngoi c gch di khng lin nt.
Quy tc3: Chuyn tp thc th con trong mi quan h ISA thnh quan h
Tp thc th con trong mi quan h ISA ca m hnh thc th mi quan h
c chuyn thnh mt quan h: c tn l tn ca tp thc th con; c cc thuc
tnh l cc thuc tnh ca tp thc th con; v c kha l kha ca tp thc th
Nhn vin
- M NV
- H NV
- Tn NV
- Ngy sinh


Nhn vin
- M NV
- H NV
- Tn NV
- Ngy sinh

n v
- M n v
- Tn n v

(1,1)
(1,n)
Thuc

220
cha.
V d 1: Mt trng i hc cn qun l cn b cng chc theo 3 i tng: cng
chc bin ch, cn b hp ng di hn v cn b hp ng ngn hn. Mi cn
b nhn vin c qun l cc thng tin: M nv, H tn, qu qun.
- Nu l cng chc bin ch th qun l thm: H s lng, ph cp, trnh
chuyn mn (trung cp, cao ng. i hc, thc s, tin s). Nu l tin s th
qun l thm: chuyn ngnh o to, ngy bo v, ni cp bng.
- Nu l cn b hp ng di hn th qun l thm: S hp ng, H s
lng.
- Nu l cn b hp ng ngn hn th qun l: S hp ng, lng tha
thun. Ty theo i tng, cng ty c cc cch tnh tin lng khc nhau.

V d 1: Vi s di y s c chuyn thnh cc quan h:











c chuyn thnh:
Binh chng (M BC, Tn BC)
Cp bc (M CB, Tn CB)
ng vin (M NV,Ngy V, Ngy CT)
B i (M NV,Ngy NN, Ngy XN, M CB , M BC,)
1
1 n n ng vin
- Ngy V
- Ngy CT
Nhn vin
- M NV
- H NV
- Tn NV
- Ngy sinh
B-BC B-CB
Binh chng
- M BC
- Tn BC
Cp bc
- M CB
- Tn CB
ISA
(1,1) (1,1)
(1,n) (1,n)
B i
- Ngy NN
- Ngy XN
ISA

221
Nhn vin (M NV,H NV, Tn NV, Ngy sinh)
Trong trng hp mt tp thc th l con ca hai tp thc th cha khc
nhau th n phi c chuyn thnh hai quan h.
Trng hp xy ra quan h ISA trong mt quan h ISA th quan h sinh ra
t tp thc th "chu" nhn thuc tnh kha ca tp thc th "ng" lm thuc
tnh kha.













Nhn vin (M NV, H tn, Qu qun)
Bin ch (M NV, HSL, Ph cp)
H di hn (M NV, S Hng, HSL )
H ngn hn (M NV, S Hng, Lng)
Tin s (M NV, Chuyn ngnh, Ngy bo v, Ni cp bng)

b. Chuyn i cc mi quan h
Qui tc 4:
Bin ch
- HSL
- Ph cp
- Trnh

1
H di hn
- S Hng
- HSL

H ngn hn
- S Hng
- Lng
n
1
ISA
n
ISA ISA
n
1
Cn b
- M NV
- H tn
- Qu qun

Tin s
- Chuyn ngnh
- Ngy bo v
- Ni cp bng

1
ISA
n

222
a. Mi quan h hai ngi khng c thuc tnh ring, c cp bn s (1,1) ----
(1,n) th khng chuyn thnh mt quan h.

V d:



Chuyn thnh:
Nhn vin (M NV , H NV,Tn NV, Ngy sinh, M n v)
n v (M n v, Tn n v)
M t di dng bng:






b. Mi quan h hai ngi c thuc tnh ring, c cp bn s (1,1) ---- (1,n) th
chuyn thnh mt quan h c tn l tn ca mi quan h, c thuc tnh l thuc
tnh ca mi quan h v c kho l kho ca cc thc th tham gia vo mi
quan h v kha ca mi quan h (nu c).
V d:




c chuyn thnh
n
Nhn vin
- M NV
- H NV
- Tn NV
- Ngy sinh

n v
- M n v
- Tn n v

(1,1)
(1,n)
Thuc
1


Nhn vin
- M NV
- H NV
- Tn NV
- Ngy sinh

n v
- M n v
- Tn n v

(1,1)
(1,n)
Thuc
- Nm


223
Nhn vin (M NV , H NV,Tn NV, Ngy sinh)
n v (M n v, Tn n v)
Thuc (M NV, M n v, Nm)
M t di dng bng:








Qui tc 5 Chuyn i mi quan h hai ngi 1-1
i vi mi quan h hai ngi c cp bn s (1,1)----(1,1) trong m hnh ER, ta
xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E tham gia
vo mi quan h R. Khi , tu thuc vo s tham gia ca E v E i vi mi
quan h R l ton b hay cc b (ch s cc tiu ca bn s ti cung ni tng
ng trong s ER l 1 hay 0) m ta c cc chn la cch thc hin khc nhau
cho vic chuyn i. Xt cch chuyn i mi quan h 1-1 nh sau:
Trng hp 1 (khi c E v E tham gia ton b vo mi quan h)
Ta gp cc quan h tng ng S v S thnh mt quan h T bao gm y
cc thuc tnh ca S v S v tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h R.
Chn kho chnh ca T l kho chnh ca S hoc S.
V d:



c chuyn thnh
Lnh o
S nm
Khoa
MKhoa
Tnkhoa
ST


(1,1)
(1,1)
Trng khoa
HTen
a ch




n
1
n
1


224
Lnh o (Mkhoa, HTen, a ch, Tnkhoa, ST, S nm)
Trng hp 2: (ch c mt tp thc th tham gia ton b vo mi quan h)
Thc hin vic gp cc quan h nh trng hp 1 nhng phi chn kho
chnh ca T l kho chnh ca quan h tng ng vi tp thc th tham gia ton
b vo mi quan h R. Ngc li, nu c E v E ch tham gia cc b vo mi
quan h R (ch s cc tiu ca cc bn s ti cc cung ni tng ng u l 0),
th ta khng th thc hin vic chuyn i mi quan h 1-1 theo cch ny, do
kho ca mt quan h khng chp nhn gi tr null.
Ngoi ra, ta cng gi thit rng cch thc hin ny s khng c s
dng trong mi trng hp, bi v bn cht ca vic gp hai tp thc th thnh
mt s lm mt ngha v vai tr ca cc tp thc th ny trong m hnh ER.
Trng hp 3: (khi c E v E tham gia cc b vo mi quan h)
Khi ta to thm mt quan h mi T nhm biu din mi quan h R.
Cc thuc tnh trong T bao gm tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h R,
v cc khongoi ca T ln lt tham chiu n cc kho chnh ca S v S.
Ngoi ra chn kho chnh cho T l mt trong cc kho ngoi ny.
V d:



c chuyn thnh
Nam (Mnam, HTn nam, a ch)
N (Mn, HTn n, ST)
Kt hn (Mnam, Mn, Ngy)
Trng hp 4. (Thnh lp mt kho ngoi cho mt quan h)
Chn mt trong hai quan h ny (nn u tin chn quan h c tp thc
th tng ng tham gia ton b vo mi quan h R, hay ch s cc tiu ca
cung ni tng ng l 1), gi s ta chn S, t b sung vo S tt c cc thuc
N
Mn
HTn n
ST


Kt hn
Ngy

(0,1)
(0,1) Nam
Mnam
HTn nam
a ch



225
tnh n tr ca mi quan h R. ng thi b sung vo S kho ngoi ca S tham
chiu n kho chnh ca S.
Lu rng nu E v E u tham gia ton b vo mi quan h R, th
kho ngoi F trn S ng thi cng l mt kho ca s.
Mt hn ch ca cch chuyn i ny l: gi tr cc thuc tnh O
R
v F
ca mt s b trn S c th phi nhn gi tr null trong trng hp c E v E
u khng tham gia ton b vo mi quan h R.

Qui tc 6: Mi quan h hai ngi c cp bn s (1,n) ---- (1,n) hay mi quan h
nhiu hn hai ngi (khng phn bit bn s) c chuyn thnh mt quan h:
c tn l tn ca mi quan h; c kha l kha ca tt c cc tp thc th tham
gia vo mi quan h - c th c kha ring ca mi quan h - c thuc tnh l
cc thuc tnh ring ca n (nu c).
V d 1:




Mi quan h Dy c chuyn thnh mt quan h sau:
Dy(M GV, M SV)
M t di dng bng:





V d 2:

Dy

(1,n)
Gio vin
M GV
H Tn
Trnh
Sinh vin
M SV
H Tn
Lp
(1,n)
Cha
-S lng

(1,n)
Phiu xut kho
-S phiu
-Ngy
-Tn KH
Hng
-M hng
-Tn hng
(0,n)


1
n
1
n

226


Mi quan h Cha c chuyn thnh mt quan h sau:
Cha (S phiu, M hng, Slng)
M t di dng bng:




Qui tc 7: Mi quan h phn x ( quy)
a. Mi quan h phn x dng (1,n) v khng c thuc tnh:
Mi quan h phn x dng (1,n) v khng c thuc tnh c chuyn
hnh mt quan h, c tn l tn ca mi quan h, c kha l kha ca tp thc
th, c thm mt thuc tnh mi lm kha ngoi, thuc tnh mi ny nhn
nhng gi tr thuc min gi tr ca kha tp thc th.




T quan h NHN VIN (M NV, Tn NV, NSinh) ban u tr thnh quan h
NHN VIN (M NV, Tn NV, NSinh, M ngi QL). Trong quan h ny, M
ngi QL l kha ngoi c cng min gi tr vi M NV. Ngha l, vi mi nhn
vin c th, gi tr ca M ngi QL l m nhn vin ca ngi qun l m h
trc thuc.
b. Mi quan h phn x dng (n-n) hoc c thuc tnh ring
Mi quan h dng ny c bin i thnh mt quan h c kha gm
kha ca tp thc th v c mt thuc tnh thm vo tham chiu n kha ca
tp thc th; c thuc tnh l cc thuc tnh ring ca mi quan h.

n
1
n

1
(0,n)
NHN VIN
-M NV
-Tn NV
-NSinh

Qun l


(1,1)

227
V d:



Mi quan h Cha c chuyn thnh quan h Cha (S mc, S mc con,
S lng)
V d:




Mi quan h V chng c chuyn thnh quan h:
V chng (M CC, M vchng, Ngy ci), trong gi tr ca M vchng
c gi tr c ly trong thuc tnh M CC ca quan h cng chc.
4.2.3. Thut ton chuyn i m hnh ER thnh cc quan h
u vo ca thut ton chuyn i trong phng php ny l m hnh
ER. Kt qu ca vic chuyn i ny l tp cc quan h v cc kho chnh
(primary key) ca chng. Ngoi ra, nhm chi tit ho cc kt qu u ra ca
thut ton chuyn i, cng nh xc nh r ng ngha mi quan h gia cc
quan h (cc bng) bn trong m hnh quan h thu c, chng ta cn quan tm
n vic xc nh r thng tin v tp cc kho ngoi (foreign keys) trn mi
quan h kt qu, ng thi thc hin vic hnh thc ho thut ton chuyn i
ny thng qua mt s nh ngha, k hiu quy c v cc thut ton ta Pascal.
Cc quan h thu c c th xem l kt qu ca mt nh x t cc tp
thc th v cc mi quan h tng ng. Thut ton thc hin vic nh x t m
hnh ER vo m hnh quan h tri qua cc bc: chuyn i cc tp thc th,
chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1-1, chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1-
nhiu, chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn nhiu-nhiu, chuyn i mi quan
V chng
Ngy ci

(0,1)
Cng chc
-M CC
-Tn CC
(1,n)
Cha
S lng

(0,n)
mc
-S mc
-Tn mc
-S trang
(1,n)

228
h a nguyn, chuyn i thuc tnh a tr, v chuyn i mi quan h is-a.
Trc tin, ta quy c mt s k hiu nh sau:
ER: m hnh ER m ta mun thc hin vic chuyn i (u vo ca
thut ton)
DB: tp cc quan h trong m hnh quan h (u ra ca thut ton)
U
R
: tp tt c cc thuc tnh ca quan h R
O
E
: tp tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca tp thc th E
O
R
: tp tt c cc thuc tnh (n tr) ca mi quan h R
PK
R
: kho chnh ca quan h R
K
E
: tp cc thuc tnh kho ca tp thc th E
FK
R
: tp tt c cc kho ngoi ca quan h R
min(E; R), max(E; R): cc ch s cc tiu v cc i ca bn s trn
cung ni tp thc th E vi mi quan h R
Ngoi ra, ch FK l mt kho ngoi ca quan h R (tc: FK e FK
R
)
tham chiu n kho chnh ca quan h R ta s dng k hiu: FK ~ PK
R
. Tn
cc thuc tnh c trong FK c th khc so vi tn cc thuc tnh c trong PK
R
,
nhng FK cn tho mn ng thi hai iu kin sau:
(1). Cc thuc tnh trong FK c cng min tr vi cc thuc tnh trong
PK
R
;
(2). Gi tr ca FK ti mt b t thuc R ch c th l null hoc bng gi tr
ca PK
R
ti mt b tno thuc R
Cc iu kin trn ca kho ngoi FK c t mt rng buc ton vn
tham chiu (referential integrity constraint) gia hai quan h R v R
Lu rng, ch rng buc ton vn tham chiu ny, ng thi tn cc
thuc tnh c trong FK phi trng tn vi cc thuc tnh tng ng c trong
PK
R
, ta k hiu: FK PK
R


229
Thut ton chuyn i t m hnh ER thnh m hnh quan h tri qua cc
bc sau:
Bc 1. Chuyn i cc tp thc th
Tng ng vi mi tp thc th E trong ER, ta to ra mt quan h R cha
tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca tp thc th . i vi mi thuc tnh n tr
v phc hp trn E phi c chuyn thnh cc thuc tnh n trn R. Chuyn
i ny nhm cho php biu din mi thc th ca E bi mt b ca quan h R.
Ta c: UR = O
E
. Ngoi ra, chn PK
R
l mt trong nhng thuc tnh kho ca E.
Ngha l: PK
R
= k, vi k e K
E
. Nh vy, ta c thut ton chuyn i cc tp
thc th nh sau.
Thut ton 1.3. Chuyn i cc tp thc th
Input: Tp thc th E thuc ER
Output: Cc quan h R thuc DB v cc PK
R
tng ng
Method:
1. DB:= C;
2. for mi tp thc th mnh E trong ER do
3. To ra mt quan h R vi U
R
= O
E
;
4. Chn PK
R
= k, vi k e K
E
;
5. DB := DB {R};
6. endfor;
Bc 3. Chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1-1
Thut ton 3.2. Chuyn i mi quan h 1-1
Input: Cc mi quan h 1-1 trn ER
Output: Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng vi
mi quan h
Method:

230
1. for mi mi quan h R l quan h 1-1 trong ER do
2. Xc nh cc tp thc th E v E tham gia vo mi quan h R;
3. Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E;
4. if min(E; R) = 0 and min(E; R) = 0 then
5. To ra mt quan h mi T vi U
T
= O
R
F F trong
F e FK
T
: F ~ PK
S
v F e FK
T
: F ~ PK
S
;
6. Chn PK
T
= F hoc F;
7. Chn FKT = {F, F};
8.
DB := DB {T};
9. endif;
10. if min(E; R) = 1 then
11. U
S
:= U
S
O
R
F, vi F e FK
S
: F ~ PK
S
;
12. FK
S
:= FK
S
{F};
13. else (*khi : min(E; R) = 1*)
14. U
S
:= U
S
O
R
F, vi F e FK
T
: F ~ PK
S
;
15. FK
S
:= FK
S
{F};
16. endif;
17. endfor;
Bc 3. Chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn 1-nhiu
Thut ton 3.3. Chuyn i mi quan h 1-nhiu
Input: Cc mi quan h 1-nhiu trn ER
Output: Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng vi
mi quan h
Method:
1. for mi mi quan h R l quan h 1-nhiu trong ER do

231
2. Xc nh cc tp thc th E (pha nhiu) v E (pha 1) tham
gia vo mi quan h R;
3. Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E;
4. if min(E; R) = 0 then
5. To ra mt quan h mi T vi U
T
= O
R
F F trong
F e FK
T
: F ~ PK
S
v F e FK
T
: F ~ PK
S
;
6. Chn PK
T
= F
7. Chn FK
T
= {F, F};
8. DB := DB {T};
9. else
10. U
S
:= U
S
O
R
F, vi F e FK
S
: F ~ PK
S
;
11. FK
S
:= FK
S
{F};
12. endif;
13. endfor;
Bc 4. Chuyn i mi quan h nh nguyn nhiu-nhiu
Thut ton 3.4. Chuyn i mi quan h nhiu-nhiu
Input: Cc mi quan h nhiu-nhiu trn ER
Output: Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng vi mi
quan h
Method:
1. for mi mi quan h R l quan h nhiu-nhiu trong ER do
2. Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th tham
gia vo mi quan h R;
3. To ra mt quan h mi T vi U
T
= O
R
F F vi
F e FK
T
: F ~ PK
S
v F e FK
T
: F ~ PK
S
;
4. Chn PK
T
= F F;
5. Chn FK
T
= {F, F};

232
6. DB := DB {T};
7. endfor;
Nhn xt: Lu rng vic chuyn i mi quan h phn x R (hai vai
tr) trn cng mt tp thc th E l mt trng hp c bit ca cc mi quan
h nh nguyn (1-1, 1-nhiu v nhiu-nhiu). C th, gi S l quan h tng ng
vi tp thc th E. Khi , nu mi quan h phn x R l mi quan h 1-1 hoc
1-nhiu, th mt kho ngoi ca S tham chiu vo chnh kho chnh ca S s
c b sung, cng vi tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h R. V nu
mi quan h phn x R l mi quan h nhiu-nhiu th mt quan h mi T c
to ra. Cc thuc tnh trong T gm hai kho ngoi ca T cng tham chiu (theo
vai tr) n kho chnh ca S, v tt c cc thuc tnh n tr ca mi quan h
R.
Bc 6. Chuyn i mi quan h is-a
Tng t nh mi quan h k tha trong m hnh hng i tng, mt
tp thc th E c mi quan h is-a vi tp thc th E' (k hiu l E is-a E') c
ngha rng mt thc th thuc E th cng thuc E' v tt c cc thuc tnh c
trong E' th cng c trong E. Cc thuc tnh b sung trn E nhm chi tit ho
cc c im ca tp thc th E. V vy, E cn c gi l mt lp con ca E',
hay E' l lp cha ca E. Khi , vic chuyn i mi quan h is-a c thc
hin nh sau:
Xt mt tp thc th E c mi quan h is-a vi tp thc th E', ta ln lt
xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E. T b
sung vo tp thuc tnh ca quan h S kho chnh PK
S
ng thi cng l kho
ngoi tham chiu n kho chnh c cng tn trn quan h S. Tc l ta c: PK
S

e FK
S
: PK
S
PK
S
;

Thut ton 3.5. Chuyn i mi quan h is-a
Input: Cc mi quan h is-a trn ER

233
Output: Cc quan h thuc DB km kho chnh, kho ngoi tng ng
Method:
1. for mi mi quan h E is-a E' trong ER do
2. Xc nh cc quan h S v S tng ng vi cc tp thc th E v E;
3. U
S
:= U
S
F , vi F e FK
S
: F PK
S
;
4. PK
S
:= F;
5. FK
S
:= FK
S
{F};
6. endfor;
Lu rng, trn thc t c nhiu cch chuyn i mi quan h is-a
gia cc lp con v mt lp cha. Chng hn, mt s phng php ch s dng
mt quan h biu din lp cha v km thng tin v cc lp con, bng cch
ghi nhn ng thi tt c cc thuc tnh ca tt c cc lp con trn . y
chng ta ch nu mt phng php tiu biu cho bc chuyn i ny. Mc d
phng php chuyn i ny c u im l gii quyt c hu ht cc kh
nng v tnh k tha ca cc lp con, chng hn nh vic ti bi (overlapping).
Tuy nhin, ng ngha ca mi quan h is-a l khng cn th hin r trong m
hnh quan h thu c. Bn cnh , vic s dng nhiu quan h s i hi chi
ph cho cc php kt ni t nhin i vi mt s cc truy vn.
Ngc li, cc phng php ch s dng mt quan h biu din lp
cha v cc lp con, mc d c nhc im l gy d tha d liu (xut hin
nhiu gi tr null trn mt s thuc tnh i vi cc b thuc lp con khng c
thuc tnh ), nhng s to thun li cho vic x l cng nh tit kim chi ph
cc truy vn c thc hin trn quan h . Ngoi ra, chng ta cng c th
pht hin ng ngha ca mi quan h is-a trn cc quan h da vo cc thut
ton khai ph tri thc v cc lut lin quan n cc gi tr null.
4.2.3 M hnh t chc d liu
M hnh t chc d liu, cn gi l m hnh c s d liu l ton b cc
quan h ca bi ton c chuyn i t m hnh quan nim d liu theo cc

234
quy tc chuyn i trn.
V d 1: Chuyn m hnh quan nim v d liu sang m hnh t chc d liu
ca HTTT "Qun l kho hng"












T m hnh trn cc quan h nhn c l
Nh CC (M NCC, Tn NCC, ch NCC)
Kho (Tn kho, ch kho)
Khhng (M khch, Tn khch, ch khch)
Phiu nhp (S phiu_N, Ngy nhp, M NCC)
Phiu xut (Sphiu_X, Ngy xut, Mkhch)
Hng (Mhng, Tnhng, nv, ngi, Tn kho)
Gm hng_N (Sphiu_N, Mhng, SL_nhp)
Gm hng_X (Sphiu_X, Mhng, SL_xut)
Cha (Tn kho, Tn kho, M hng)


Gm
hng_X
SL_xut
Gm
hng_N
SL nhp
PH XUT

S phiu_X
Ngyxut
Khhng

Mkhch
Tn khch
ch khch
Hng

M hng
Tn hng
n v
n gi

Phiu nhp

S phiu N
Ngy nhp
Nh CC

M NCC
Tn NCC
ch NCC
Kho

Tn kho
ch kho

Nhp t


(1,n) (1,n) (1,n)
(1,1)
(1,1) (1,1)
(1,n) (1,n) (0,n)
(1,n)
M hnh thc th -mi quan h ca bi ton "QL Kho hng"
Cha

Tn kho
Xut cho


1



1
1

235












V d 2: M hnh t chc d liu ca HTTT "Qun l Cng chc"
TNH (M TNH, TN TNH)
HUYN (M HUYN, TNHUYN, M TNH)
NG (M NG, TN NG)
BINH CHNG (M BC, TN BC)
CP BC (M CB ,TN CB)
CC BINH (M CC, M BC, M CB, NGY NN, NGY XN)
CHC V (M CV, TN CV)
C QUAN (M CQ, TN CQ)
V CHNG (M CC, M V-C, NSINH V-C, M CV, M CQ, M NGH)
NGH (M NGH, TN NGH)
CON (M CON, NSINH CON, M CC, M NGH)
BLNG (M BL, HSL, M NGCH)
NGCH (M NGCH, TN NGCH, TLL )
NC (M NC, TN NC)

236
NG VIN (M CC, NGY V, NGY CT, M TNH)
LHT (M LHT, TN LHT)
NG NG (M NN, TN NN)
DN TC (M DT, TN DT)
TN GIO (M TG, TN TG)
VN HA (M TVH, TN TVH)
N V (M V, TN V)
CNG CHC (M CC, HTN CC, GTNH, NSINH, S NH, ON VIN,NGY
VO CQ, NGY BCH, TN CHA, TN M, M V, M NGCH, M LHT, M
HUYN, M NG, M DT, M BL, M CV CHA, M CV M, M NGH CHA,
M NGH M, M TG, M TVH)
NGH PHP (M CC, M TNH, NGY BD, NGY KT )
ANH EM (M ANH, M EM)
QTL (M CC, M BL, NGY )
CC-NN (M CC, M NC, NGY I, NGY V, L DO)
CC-NN (M CC, M NN, CP )

4.3 Chun ho v kim tra li m hnh ER
4.3.1 Mc ch ca chun ha
Chun ha d liu l mt qu trnh chuyn mt cu trc d liu phc hp thnh
cc cu trc d liu n gin, r rng v nhm cc mc ch sau:
- Ti u ha lu tr
- Trnh d tha d liu
- Thng tin nht qun
- m bo cc ph thuc d liu theo ng m hnh m vn khng lm tn
tht thng tin.
4.3.2 nh ngha cc dng chun

237
Dng chun 1 (1NF):
Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn R c gi l
dng chun 1 nu mi thuc tnh ca n l thuc tnh n (cc thuc tnh
khng c nhu cu phn r trong cc x l- khng phi thuc tnh lp hoc thuc
tnh phc hp).
V d: Lc quan h NHANVIEN (MANV, HLOT, TEN, HSL) l dng
chun 1 v cc thuc tnh ca n l cc thuc tnh n.
Dng chun 2 (2NF):
Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn R c gi l
dng chun 2 nu n l dng chun 1 v mi thuc tnh khng kho phi ph
thuc hm y vo kho chnh.
Dng chun 3 (3NF):
Ph thuc hm bc cu: cho lc quan h R v tp ph thuc hm F
xc nh trn R; X, Y _R, AeR. Nu ta c: X Y , Y X, Y A v
AeXY th ta ni A ph thuc hm bc cu vo X. A c gi l thuc tnh ph
thuc bc cu, Y l cc thuc tnh cu.
nh ngha 1: Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn
R c gi l dng chun 3 nu n l dng chun 2 v khng tn ti thuc
tnh khng kho ph thuc hm bc cu vo kho.
nh ngha 2: Lc quan h R vi tp ph thuc hm F xc nh trn
R c gi l dng chun 3 nu mi ph thuc hm XA, AeX ng trong
R th X phi l siu kha hoc A l thuc tnh kha.
4.3.3 Chun ho cc lc quan h
Chun ho l s phn tch mt lc quan h c cu trc d liu phc
tp thnh cc lc quan h con mt dng chun quy c no , thng
thng l dng chun 3. Trong thc t, ngay t lc ban u trong khi thit k d
liu ngi phn tch thng gp tt c cc thuc tnh hnh thnh cc lc
quan h theo ch quan ca mnh. Cc lc nh th thng cha c

238
chun ho nn thng mc phi nhng khim khuyt nh nu trn.
a. Trng hp quan h cha l 1NF:
Khi mt lc quan h khng l 1NF th n c cha thuc tnh lp. Khi
ta tch lc quan h thnh hai lc quan h con:
+ Lc quan h 1: gm cc thuc tnh lp v kho chnh xc nh
chng.
+ Lc quan h 2: gm cc thuc tnh cn li (n) v kho chnh.
b. Trng hp lc quan h cha l 2NF
Khi mt lc quan h l 1NF nhng khng l 2NF th trong lc
quan h s tn ti thuc tnh khng kho ph thuc khng y vo kho
chnh. Khi ta tch lc quan h thnh hai lc quan h con:
+ Lc quan h 1: gm cc thuc tnh ph thuc khng y vo kho
chnh v phn kho b ph thuc
+ Lc quan h 2: gm cc thuc tnh cn li v kho chnh.
c. Trng hp lc quan h cha l 3NF
Khi mt lc quan h l 2NF nhng khng l 3NF th s tn ti ph
thuc hm bc cu trong lc quan h. Khi ta tch lc quan h thnh
hai lc quan h con:
+ Lc quan h 1: gm cc thuc tnh ph thuc bc cu v thuc tnh
cu.
+ Lc quan h 2: gm cc thuc tnh cn li v thuc tnh cu.
S chun ho
Qu trnh chun ho c th m t bng s di y.



Quan h vi cc
thuc tnh lp
Chun ho thnh
Tch cc thuc tnh
lp

239
















4.3.4 Mt s v d v chun ho
V d 1: Mt Cng ty s dng hai loi chng t sau y theo di cc hot
ng kinh doanh ca mnh.
S Ti chnh Vt gi S ho n: A99999999
Cng ty X
N T HNG
Ngi t hng: (27 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
a ch: (45 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
Ngy t hng: dd/mm/yyyy

Stt Tn hng M t hng v tnh S lng

240
x x C(15) C(30) C(10) x x x x x x
..... ............................ ................................ .................. ......................



S Ti chnh Vt gi S phiu: A99999
Cng ty X
PHIU GIAO HNG
Tn khch hng: (27 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
a ch: (45 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
Ni giao hng: (45 k t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )
Ngy giao hng: dd/mm/yyyy

STT Tn hng v tnh n gi Slng Thnh tin
x x C(15) C(10) N(5,0) N(4,0) N(10,0)
..... .......................... ............... ............... .............. ....................

Hy thit k c s d liu (m hnh t chc v d liu) t cc ti liu trn
qun l cc hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty. Ch rng d liu phi c
chun ho dng chun 3.
Gii quyt vn
a. Xc nh cc tp thc th, thuc tnh v thuc tnh nh danh:
Cn tr li cc cu hi ni 3.4: i tng no c th lm tp thc
th? Yu t thng tin g c th lm thuc tnh cho mt tp thc th?
C hai tp thc th c xc nh t n t hng v Phiu giao hng l:
KHCH v HNG.
Tp thc th KHCH c hai thuc tnh l: Tn khch v a ch khch.
C hai thuc tnh ny u khng th dng lm nh danh cho tp thc
th, nn phi b sung thm thuc tnh M khch lm nh danh.
Tp thc th HNG c ba thuc tnh l: Tn hng, n v tnh v M t

241
hng. C ba thuc tnh ny cng khng th lm nh danh nn phi p t
thuc tnh M hng lm nh danh cho tp thc th.
b. Xc nh cc mi quan h gia cc tp thc th
C th tm ty hai ng t trong cc hot ng ca h thng l: t
hng v Giao hng. xc nh cc tp thc th v thuc tnh cho mi quan
h ta t cc cu hi chung quanh ng t :
Ci g c t hng (hoc Giao hng)? HNG
Ai t hng (hoc Giao hng)? KHCH
t hng (hoc Giao hng) nh th no? bng n hng th
hin qua S ho n
t hng (hoc Giao hng) bao nhiu? S lng t (giao)
v n gi
t hng (hoc Giao hng) khi no? Ngy t (Giao)
t hng (hoc Giao hng) u? Ni giao
T ta c, hai mi quan h vi cc thuc tnh nh sau:
Mi quan h t gia hai tp thc th KHCH v HNG vi cc thuc
tnh: S ho n, Ngy t, S lng t.
Mi quan h Giao gia hai tp thc th HNG v KHCH vi cc thuc
tnh: S phiu giao, Ni giao, Ngy giao, S lng giao, n gi hng
giao
c. Xy dng m hnh thc th - mi quan h (ER)





KHCH

M khch
Tn khch
a ch

HNG

M hng
Tn hng
n v
M t hng
t
S ho n
Ngy t hng
S lng t
Giao
S phiu giao
Ni giao
Ngy giao
(1,n) (1,n)
(1,n) (1,n)

242



d. Chuyn t m hnh ER sang m hnh quan h
KHCH (M khch,Tn khch, a ch)
HNG (M hng, Tn hng, n v, M t hng)
t (S ho n, M khch, M hng, Ngy t hng, S lng t)
Giao (S phiu giao, M khch, M hng, Ni giao, Ngy giao, S lng giao,
n gi hng)
e. Chun ho cc lc quan h nhn c thnh 3NF
chun ho cc lc quan h c c chng ta c th xc nh cc
ph thuc hm v s dng L thuyt chun ho c s d liu tch cc lc
quan h thnh cc lc con dng chun 3. Chng ta cng c th chun
ho bng cch phn r dn mt lc quan h thnh cc cc lc con 1NF,
2NF, 3NF theo nh cch di y:
Chun ho d liu t N T HNG
0NF 1NF 2NF 3NF

243
S ho n
M khch
Tn khch
a ch
Ngy t hng
M hng(lp)
Tn hng(lp)
M t hng(lp)
n v tnh(lp)
S lngt (lp)


S ho n
M khch
Tn khch
a ch
Ngy t hng

S ho n
M hng
Tn hng
M t hng
n v tnh
S lngt
S ho n
M khch
Tn khch
a ch
Ngy t hng

S ho n
M hng
S lngt

M hng
Tn hng
M t hng
n v tnh

S ho n
Ngy t hng
M khch

M khch
Tn khch
a ch

S ho n
M hng
S lngt

M hng
Tn hng
M t hng
n v tnh

Chun ho d liu t PHIU GIAO HNG
0NF 1NF 2NF 3NF

244
S phiu
Ni giao hng
Ngy giao hng
M khch
Tn khch hng
a ch
M hng(lp)
Tn hng(lp)
n v tnh(lp)
n gi
Slng giao (lp)


S phiu
Ni giao hng
Ngy giao hng
M khch
Tn khch hng
a ch

S phiu
M hng
Tn hng
n v tnh
n gi
Slng giao


S phiu
Ni giao hng
Ngy giao hng
M khch
Tn khch hng
a ch

S phiu
M hng
Slng giao

M hng
Tn hng
n v tnh
n gi

S phiu
Ni giao hng
Ngy giao hng
M khch

M khch
Tn khch hng
a ch

S phiu
M hng
Slng giao
n gi

M hng
Tn hng
n v tnh


KHCH (M khch,Tn khch,a ch)
N HNG (S ho n, Ngy t hng, M khch)
DNG N HNG (S ho n, M hng, S lngt)
PHIU GIAO HNG (S phiu, Ni giao hng, Ngy giao hng, M khch)
DNG PHIU (S phiu, M hng, Slng giao, n gi)
HNG (M hng, Tn hng, n v tnh)

245
T cc kt qu chun ho, chng ta c c m hnh d liu quan h nh sau:


















V d 2: Chun ho mt chng t xut trong bi ton Qun l kho hng




HO N
(Kim phiu xut kho)
s phiu:________

H tn ngi mua hng: Nguyn vn Nam S CMND:
1209234567
Tn i l: Hoa hng






1 1 1
n
n
1
n
1
n 1
n
n

246










0NF 1NF 2NF 3NF
SPHIUXUT
NGY
NGI MUA
IL
SCMND
ACH
MCCH
TNHNG (lp)
MHNG (lp)
NV (lp)
NGI (lp)
SLNG (lp)
SPHIUXUT
NGY
NGI MUA
IL
SCMND
ACH
MCCH

SPHIUXUT
TNHNG
MHNG
NV
NGI
SLNG
SPHIUXUT
NGY
NGI MUA
IL
SCMND
ACH
MCCH

SPHIUXUT
MHNG
SLNG

MHNG
TNHNG
NV
NGI

SPHIUXUT
NGY
MCCH
SCMND

NGI MUA
IL
SCMND
ACH

SPHIUXUT
MHNG
SLNG

MHNG
TNHNG
NV
NGI


247
V d 3: Chun ho mt chng t nhp trong bi ton Qun l kho hng

Cng ty Hi H PHIU NHP KHO Ngy .....
Kho Nguyn liu S phiu: 015

H tn ngi giao: T th p a ch: 16 Phan nh Phng
n v: Cng ty Nng sn thc phm Tnh TT Hu
Theo Hp ng s: 1234/KT Ngy 12/10/2004
Stt Tn hng M hng n v n gi S lng Thnhtin
1 ng RE C09 Kg 5000 12000 60000000
2 Bt m Php B14 Kg 2500 5000 12500000
3 Sa H lan B16 Lit 8000 1500 12000000
... ... ... ... ...
Tng cng: 84500000
Ngi giao Ngi kim tra Th kho Th trng






0NF 1NF 2NF 3NF

248
SPHIUNHP
MS_NCC
TN_NCC
ACH_NCC
NGY
TNHNG (lp)
MHNG (lp)
NVTNH (lp)
NGI (lp)
SLNG (lp)
SPHIUNHP
MS_NCC
TN_NCC
ACH_NCC
NGY

SPHIUNHP
TNHNG
MHNG
NVTNH
NGI
SLNG
SPHIUNHP
MS_NCC
TN_NCC
ACH_NCC
NGY

SPHIUNHP
MHNG
SLNG

TNHNG
MHNG
NVTNH
NGI

SPHIUNHP
MS_NCC
NGY

MS_NCC
TN_NCC
ACH_NCC

SPHIUNHP
MHNG
SLNG

TNHNG
MHNG
NVTNH
NGI

V d 3: Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin "Qun l th vin trng HKH
Hu"
Nghin cu hin trng
Th vin trng HKH Hu qun l khong 800.000 u sch v tp
ch, phc v cho hc sinh, sinh vin ca trng. Sinh vin c th mn sch
c ti ch hoc v nh. phc v c gi nhanh, gn v chnh xc, th vin
cn tin hc ha cng vic qun l danh mc sch v qun l c gi ca mnh.
Vic phn cp qun l ca th vin theo tng b phn nh sau:
Gim c th vin: iu hnh chung ton b cc cng tc trong th vin.
Th th: c trch nhim cp nht thm sch bo v qun l c gi ca mnh.
Hy b cc sch n thi im c thanh l khi danh mc, sp xp sch
trong phng cha sch theo tng khu vc, k sch sao cho c th d dng tm
kim khi c c gi mn. Ngoi ra nh k th th cn phi lp bo co thng
k tnh hnh mn sch, thng k c gi, t xc nh c cc sch, ch
sch c nhiu c gi s dng, ri c k hoch b sung sch mi mt cch

249
hp l.
B phn phc v c gi: c trch nhim cp th c gi, lp cc phiu mn
sch, tr sch, kim tra t cch c gi, in phiu i sch cho nhng c gi tr
hn, hy b cc c gi qu hn ng k.
Cc nhim v ca h thng:
Th vin trng HKH Hu gm 4 nhim v chnh:
- Qun l sch: bao gm nhp sch, hy sch khi danh mc.
- Qun l c gi: cp hoc hy th c gi
- Qun l vic mn tr sch: tra cu, cho mn sch, nhn li sch tr, i
sch tr hn, kim tra t cch c gi.
- Bo co thng k: thng k sch, thng k c gi v tnh hnh mn sch.
a. Chun ho d liu t Th qun l sch:








0NF 1NF 2NF 3NF
TH QUN L SCH
M s sch: . . . . . . . . . .
Nhan : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tp: . . . . . . .
S trang: . . . . . . . . . . . . . S lng: . . . . . . . . . .Nm xut bn: . . . . . . M ngn ng: . . . . . . . . . Ngn ng: . . . . . . . . . . M NXB: . . . . . . . . . . Nh xut bn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M phn loi: . . . . . . . Phn loi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M tc
gi: . . . . . . . . . Tc gi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . M v tr: . . . . . . . . Khu vc: . . . . . . .K: . . . . . .. Ngn: .
. . . . . . . . . . . .

250
M s sch
Nhan
S trang
S lng
Nm xut bn
M ngn ng
Ngn ng
M phn loi
Phn loi
M nhm sch
Nhm sch
M tc gi
Tc gi
a ch tc gi
ST tc gi
M NXB
NXB
Nm XB
a ch NXB
ST NXB
M v tr
Khu vc
K
Ngn
Ln XB
Ngy nhp
S ln mn

M s sch
Nhan
S trang
S lng
Nm xut bn
M ngn ng
Ngn ng
M phn loi
Phn loi
M nhm sch
Nhm sch
M tc gi
Tc gi
a ch tc gi
ST tc gi
M NXB
NXB
Nm XB
a ch NXB
ST NXB
M v tr
Khu vc
K
Ngn
Ln XB
Ngy nhp
S ln mn

M s sch
Nhan
S trang
S lng
Nm xut bn
M ngn ng
M phn loi
M phn loi
M nhm sch
M tc gi
M NXB
M v tr
Ln XB
Ngy nhp
S ln mn

M ngn ng
Ngn ng

M phn loi
Phn loi

M nhm sch
M phn loi
Nhm sch

M tc gi
Tc gi
M s sch
Nhan
S trang
S lng
Nm xut bn
M ngn ng
M phn loi
M phn loi
M nhm sch
M tc gi
M NXB
M v tr
Ln XB
Ngy nhp
S ln mn

M ngn ng
Ngn ng

M phn loi
Phn loi

M nhm sch
M phn loi
Nhm sch

M tc gi
Tc gi

251

c. Chun ho d liu t Th c gi:







d. Chun ho d liu t Phiu mn sch










0NF 1NF 2NF 3NF
PHIU MN SCH

S th:. . . . . . . . . . . S phiu mn. . . . . . . . .
H v tn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n v: . . . . . . . . . . a ch: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[ ] Mn v nh
[ ] c ti ch

Stt M s sch Tn sch Tc gi M loi
1
2
...


Hu, Ngy. . .thng. . ..nm 200...




TH C GI
S th: . . . .
H tn:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
Khoa: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lp: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
a ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ngy. . .thng. . ..nm . . . .

252
M phiu mn
M s c gi
Tn c gi
Khoa
Lp
a ch
ST
M s sch (lp)
Tn sch (lp)
Tc gi (lp)
M loisch (lp)
M phn loi(lp)
Phn loi (lp)
Hnh thc mn
Ngy mn


M phiu mn
Ngy mn
Hnh thc mn
M s c gi
Tn c gi
Khoa
Lp
a ch
ST

M phiu mn
M s sch
Tn sch
Tc gi
M loisch
M phn loi
Phn loi
M s c gi
Ngy mn
Hnh thc mn
M s c gi
Tn c gi
Khoa
Lp
a ch
ST

M phiu mn
M s sch
Tn sch
Tc gi
M phn loi
Phn loi
M s c gi
Tn c gi
Khoa
Lp
a ch
ST


4.4 Rng buc ton vn
Rng buc ton vn trong mt c s d liu l mt quy lut bt bin m
tt c cc quan h trong c s d liu y phi tun theo. Rng buc ton vn
thng c m t bng mt tn t.
Mt c s d liu c th c nhiu rng buc ton vn khc nhau, mi
rng buc ton vn lin quan n mt s quan h ca c s d liu. Tp cc
rng buc ton vn ny do ngi thit k c s d liu t ra khi thit k h
thng hoc do h qun tr c s d liu quy nh. Tu theo tnh cht, rng buc
ton vn c phn thnh nhiu loi khc nhau.

253
a. Rng buc ton vn trn thuc tnh
. Rng buc ni ti: rng buc ny i hi gi tr ca cc b ca quan h
ti thuc tnh b rng buc phi c xc nh (NOT NULL). V d, thuc tnh
HTN trong quan h NHNVIN phi c xc nh trong tt c cc b ca
quan h. Kho cng l mt trng hp ca loi rng buc ny.
. Rng buc v min gi tr ca thuc tnh: rng buc ny yu cu gi tr
thuc tnh ca quan h phi thuc mt min cho php no .
V d: - Thuc tnh IMTBNH trong quan h SINHVIN c rng buc ton
vn l: 0 IMTBNH 10.
- Thuc tnh TNGNG trong quan h NHNVIN c rng buc:
cc gi tr c th c ca thuc tnh ny phi trong danh sch (A, B, C, c
nhn, thc s, tin s).
. Rng buc v gi tr mc nh: loi rng buc c ch nh gi tr c
th cho mt thuc tnh. V d, thuc tnh GIITNH c gi tr mc nh l T;
NGYHON c gi tr mc nh l ngy hin ti.
b. Rng buc ton vn trn cc b ca quan h
Rng buc ny th hin bng mt tn t hoc mt cng thc cp n
cc gi tr ca nhiu thuc tnh ca mt b.
V d: . Trong bng KHCHHNG ca Cty in bo in thoi c thuc tnh
ST c quy c nh sau: nu s in thoi bt u bng s ba s 090 th
khch hng s dng in thoi Mobiphone, nu s in thoi bt u bng s
091 th khch hng s dng in thoi Vinaphone.
. Trong bng NHNS ca i hc Hu, thuc tnh MANV c quy
c c 6 k t: hai k t u ch m trng trc thuc, hai k t tip theo
ch m n v, hai k t cui ch s th t ca nhn vin trong n v. V d,
KH0201 .
c. Rng buc v kho
Gi s K l kho ca lc quan h R trong c s d liu D th kho
ca R s to ra mt rng buc trn tp cc quan h ca lc quan h R theo

254
ngha nh sau: Vi mi quan h r trn lc quan h R, u, v l hai b bt k
trn r th lun lun c u[K] = v[K].
V d: Lc quan h DIEM(MSSV, MSMH, DIEMTHI, LANTHI) trong
K= {MSSV, MSMH, LANTHI} l kho th trn lc ny ta c rng buc
kho l: t
1
, t
2
e DIEM t
1
[K] = t
2
[K]
d. Rng buc ton vn trn nhiu quan h
. Rng buc v kho ngoi
. Rng buc ton vn tham chiu

4.5 M hnh t chc v x l
4.5.1 Mc ch:
M hnh t chc v x l nhm xc nh r cc cng vic do ai lm, lm
u, lm khi no, lm theo phng thc no? mc ny ngi phn t ch s
t cc cng vic trong m hnh quan nim v x l vo tng ni lm vic c
th ca mi trng thc.
4.5.2 Cc khi nim
a. Ni lm vic: mt h thng thng tin qun l c chia thnh nhiu b phn,
mi b phn c gi l mt ni lm vic. Ni lm vic bao gm: v tr, con
ngi, trang thit b ti ni lm vic .
b. Phng thc x l: l cch thc, phng tin thc hin cng vic. Mi cng
vic c th c thc hin bi mt trong ba phng thc x l:
- X l th cng: cng vic do con ngi trc tip thao tc trn i
tng lm vic. X l ny thng c thc hin trong trng hp cc
quyt nh khng c gii thut hoc khng y thng tin, hoc kh
cao cha c phng tin k thut t ng x l. V d, ghi s in hng
thng ti cc h gia nh.
- X l t ng (x l theo l): kiu x l bng my, do con ngi cung
cp thng tin u vo my t ng thc hin cng vic. y l loi x l
c gii thut v d liu y . V d, lm bo co tn kho, lm ha n

255
xut hng,...
- X l tng tc ngi -my: l kiu x l bng my nhng trong qu
trnh x l phi c nhng giai on cung cp thng tin ca ngi s dng.
c. Bin c mc t chc: l bin c ca h thng nhng c t ni pht
sinh ra n hay l ni nhn bit n. mc t chc, mt bin c cn phi quan
tm:
- Thi gian phn ng: l thi gian ti a c ch i t khi bin c
xut hin cho n khi cng vic c kch hot.
- Tn sut: l tn s xut hin bin c trong mt n v thi gian.
- Chu k: l khong thi gian m bin c s xut hin tr li
4.4.2 Bng cng vic
mc t chc cng vic phi c xc nh r: ni lm vic, phng thc lm
vic, tn sut v chu k ca n. Cc t trng ny c th hin trong bng
cng vic sau y:
Bng cng vic
STT Tn cng vic Ni thc hin Phng thc Tn sut Chu k
1
2
V d: Bng cng vic ca bi ton "QL tuyn sinh"

Bng cng vic
STT Tn cng vic Ni thc hin Phng thc Tn sut Chu k
1 Thng bo TS Ban Gim hiu Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm
2 Nhn h s d thi Phng o to Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm
3 nh SBD Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
4 Lp danh sch TS Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
5 In Giy bo thi Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
6 Gi Giy bo thi Phng o to Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm

256
7 Thi tuyn sinh Phng o to Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm
8 Lm phch Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
9 Chm thi Gio vin Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm
10 Nhp im Phng o to Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm
11 Rp phch Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
12 Thng k im Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
13 Lp DS xt tuyn Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
14 Xt tuyn Ban Gim hiu Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm
15 In giy bo kqu Phng o to T ng 1ln/nm 1 nm
16 TB kqu Phng o to Th cng 1ln/nm 1 nm

4.4.4 M hnh t chc v x l
M hnh lin hon cc bin c v cc cng vic ca h thng. Cc bin c v
cc cng vic ny c t ti mt v tr lm vic c th:










V tr 1 V tr 2 V tr 3 V tr 4 V tr 5

257



















Nhng bin c no khng xut pht t mt ni lm vic no khng c trong
danh sach cc v tr, ta t gia hai ng phn cch.



Bin c 1
Bin c 2
CNG VIC 1
NO YES

Bin c 3
CNG VIC 2
NO YES

Bin c 4
Bin c 5
Bin c 6
CNG VIC 3
NO YES

Bin c 8
Bin c 7

258
V d: M hnh t chc x l ca bi ton "QL Tuyn sinh"
X hi BGH P.o to Khoa Gio vin

259





























u nm
Thng
bo
pht
Thng bo TS
YES

Trong thi
hn np HS
DS th sinh
nh SBD
YES

Ht hn
np HS
H s b
t chi
C ch
tiu TS
Nhn HS d thi
NO YES

Phng thi
Lp DSTS-PT
YES

DS TSinh
c SBD
DS TSinh
Phng thi
Lch thi
In Giy BT
YES

Giy BT
in

260
X hi BGH P.o to Khoa Gio vin

261































Bn
hdn
nh
phch
sinh
Chm thi
YES NO

DS TS
vng
thi
Giy BT
nhn
Gi Giy BT
YES NO

Lch
chm thi
Bi thi
b loi
Rp phch BT
NO YES

Kt qu thi
Giy BT
khng nhn
Thi tuyn sinh
NO YES

Bi thi TS
nh phch BT
NO YES

Bi thi
nh phch
Bi thi
chm xong
Bi thi
b loi
S
phch
vng thi
Chm thi
xong
Thng k im
NO YES

DS TS
b loi
(2)

262


Chng 5 MC VT L CA HTTT
mc t chc, khi xem xt m hnh c s d liu thc cht chng ta ch
quan tm n cu trc l gic ca d liu. Cu trc c th hin mt cch
c lp vi my tnh v cc phn mm qun tr d liu c th. Mc vt l s l
th hin c th trn my tnh cho gii php d liu c la chn. N c
th hin hai kha cnh: cu trc d liu c th v phng thc truy nhp.
Cng nh hai mc kho st trc, mc vt l c m t qua hai m hnh:
m hnh vt l v d liu v m hnh vt l v x l.
5.1 M hnh vt l v d liu
5.1.1 Thit k c s d liu vt l
Thit k c s d liu vt l l bc cui cng ca giai on thit k d
liu. Qu trnh thit k c s d liu vt l l qu trnh nh x cu trc d liu
logic c xy dng m hnh t chc d liu vo m hnh bn trong h thng.
a s cc h thng thng tin hin nay u s dng mt h qun tr c s d liu
no to ra c s d liu cho h thng. Thit k c s d liu vt l bao
gm cc bc sau:
Thit k c s d liu: m t cc file d liu, file ch mc,... s c truy
cp trong b nh my tnh nh th no.
Thit k h thng v cu trc chng trnh: m t cc chng trnh v
cc m un chng trnh khc nhau tng ng vi s lung d liu
v nhng yu cu t ra trong cc bc phn tch trc.
Thit k chin lc x l phn tn: m t h thng x l d liu nh th
no v cc x l cho ngi s dng trn mng my tnh.
Thng thng, ngi ta s dng cc thng tin di y to c s d liu
vt l:
Cc quan h chun ho

263
nh ngha cc thuc tnh
Cc m t cho bit u v khi no d liu c s dng (c, sa
cha, xo,...)
Cc cng ngh c s dng trin khai vic xy dng c s d liu.
Mc d trong giai on thit k d liu chng ta c gng chun ha cc
lc quan h vi hy vng l cc lc u dng chun 3, nhng khi ci
t c th cc file d liu tin li chng ta c th b sung vo mt s trng
tnh ton, hnh thnh mt s trng phc hp, a vo mt s trng c
phn r t mt trng khc. Thm ch, c th ghp hai lc dng chun 3,
ph v ngha ca chun ha, tin vic x l.
Hin nay nhiu cng c CASE c lp hoc c tch hp trong mt s h
qun tr c s d liu h tr cho qu trnh thit k c s d liu. Trn c s
cu trc d liu vt l c cung cp, cc CASE s to ra cc h thng file cn
thit phc v cho hot ng ca h thng. Chng hn, Designer ca Oracle,
SQL,...
Tp hp tt c cc quan h c hnh thnh t m hnh t chc d liu,
cc file phc v cho hot ng ca h thng c gi l m hnh vt l v d
liu ca h thng thng tin.
5.1.2 Thit k cc trng
mc vt l, mt trng c ng nht vi mt thuc tnh trong m
hnh t chc d liu. Trng l n v d liu nh nht mt phn mm h thng
nhn ra.
Cc yu cu v vic thit k cc trng
- Tit kim khng gian nh
- Biu din c mi gi tr c th
- Ci t cc rng buc ton vn ca d liu
- t gi tr mc nh (Default) gim thiu thi gian nhp d liu

264
Chn kiu d liu v rng ca trng
Hu ht cc h qun tr c s d liu thng mi u cung cp cho
ngi dng cc kiu d liu thng dng nh: text, number, logical, date,
time,... Khi chn kiu d liu v rng trng nn chn ng kiu v
khai bo rng va , khng nn lm phc tp cu trc d liu ca h
thng.
5.1.2 Thit k cc file
Mt h thng thng tin hot ng thng s dng su loi file di y:
File d liu (data file): file cha cc d liu nghip v lin quan n m
hnh logic d liu v m hnh vt l d liu. Loi file ny lun tn ti v
c ni dung thay i. V d, file cha cc thng tin v khch hng, file
cha cc thng tin v sch trong th vin,...
File tham chiu t bng (lookup table file): file cha cc d liu c
ly t cc bng d liu. Nhng file ny thng s dng trong cc trng
hp ly d liu nhanh kt xut thng tin.
File giao dch ( transaction file): l file d liu tm thi phc v cho cc
hot ng hng ngy ca t chc. File ny thng c thit k phc
v vic x l nhanh cc tnh hung c th xy ra.
File lm vic (work file): file tm thi lu kt qu trung gian, file ny
t ng xo i khi khng cn thit.
File bo v (protection file): file c thit k lu tr cc file khc
nhau c nguy c b sai hng trong qu trnh lm vic.
File lch s (history file): file cha nhng d liu c hin khng s dng,
nhng c th s dng lm mt vic g khi cn thit.
5.1.3 Cc h qun l file
File l n v lu tr ca b nh ngoi di mt h iu hnh no . Mi
thng tin lu trn b nh ngoi u c t chc thnh tng file. V bn cht
thng tin, file c th l vn bn, chng trnh, d liu,... nhng d th no

265
chng ch l dy cc bit d liu.
Qun l file l thc hin cc thao tc nh lu tr, tm kim, di chuyn, xa,
thit lp thuc tnh cho file. Mc d cc thao tc ny c thc hin thng qua
h iu hnh nhng trn thc t c nhiu phn mm c s dng qun l
cc file d dng v tin li hn. Ch rng khng c s tng hp gia kch
thuc file v b nh trong nn khi c/ghi mt file h iu hnh s dng chin
lc b nh m lu hnh nh ca file hoc mt on ca file trong b
nh ny.
5.1.4 Cc cu trc d liu v phng thc truy nhp
a. T chc file tun t v truy nhp tun t:
Cc bn ghi trong file c sp xp lin tip nhau. Vic truy nhp n
mt ni no trong file c thc hin theo th thc duyt ln lc cho n
khi gp bn ghi cn tm. Cch ny thng mt thi gian nhng trong mt s
trng hp l cch duy nht tm kim thng tin.
b. Truy nhp ngu nhin theo hm bm
Trong trng hp ny cc bn ghi c chia thnh nhiu khi c di
nh nhau v ngi ta xy dng mt hm bm cho php tnh a ch ca khi d
liu cha bn ghi theo kha ca bn ghi .
c. Truy nhp theo file ch mc
Cc bn ghi cc file c th sp xp ty . Mt file ch mc c to ra
cho php xc nh c v tr ca mi bn ghi c th trong file gc. Nhc
im ca phng php ny l phi tn khng gian lu file ch mc
5.1.5 Thit k kim sot cc file
Nhm bo v d liu v chng li s ph hy ca ngi khc thng
thng ngi ta s dng hai bin php k thut l sao lu v m ha file d
liu.
a. Th tc sao lu file

266
Cc file quan trng cn c lu tr vo mt thit b ring theo mt chu k
c xc nh, khi cn s ly ra s dng. T vic nghin cu h thng, hoc
t kinh nghim chng ta c th quyt nh cc file no cn sao lu. Vic t
chc sao lu cng c th thc hin bi phn mm tr gip, phn mm ny c
nhim v nhc nh ngi s dng cng vic sao lu.
b. t mt khu cho chng trnh v m ho ni dung file
Nhm bo m an ton ni dung cc file, nht l mt s ng dng v qun
s, ti chnh,... thng thng ngi ta t mt khu (password) hoc m ha ni
dung file. File ch c th c m ra lm vic nu ngi s dng a dung
mt khu. M ha ni dung file l chuyn cch biu din d liu ca file sang
mt dng khc. Nhiu h iu hnh v phn mm qun l d liu cung cp
cng c m ha v gii m d liu.
5.1.6 Xc nh quy m file v khng gian lu tr cn thit
Mt v d v thit k file d liu
Trong h thng thng tin Qun l kho hng chng ta c m hnh t
chc d liu ca h thng l cc quan h sau:
Nh CC (M NCC, Tn NCC, ch NCC)
Kho (Tn kho, ch kho)
Khhng (M khch, Tn khch, ch khch)
Phiu nhp (S phiu_N, Ngy nhp, M NCC)
Phiu xut (Sphiu_X, Ngy xut, Mkhch)
Hng (Mhng, Tnhng, nv, ngi, Tn kho)
Gm hng_N (Sphiu_N, Mhng, SL_nhp)
Gm hng_X (Sphiu_X, Mhng, SL_xut)
Cha (Tn kho, Tn kho, M hng)
Da vo cc kho st trc y v cc quan h trn hy m t chng di dng
cc khai bo sau:

267

NHA_CC
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
MA_NCC (K) Text 2 Ch hoa Len()=2
TEN_NCC Text 30 Ch u vit hoa Not null
CHI_NCC Text 50 Ch u vit hoa

KHO

KHHANG
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
MAKHACH (K) Text 3 Ch hoa Len()=3
TENKHACH Text 30 Ch u vit hoa Not null
CHI_KHACH Text 50 Ch u vit hoa
PHIEUXUAT
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
TENKHO (K) Text 8 Ch hoa
DCHI_KHO Text 25 Ch u vit hoa
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
SOPHIEU_X (K) Text 8 Ch s Len()=8
MAKHACH (FK) Text 3 Ch hoa Len()=3
NGAYXUAT Date 8 dd-mm-yy

268
PHIEUNHAP

HANG

HANGNHAP


Fieldname Data
type
Field
size
Format Validation Rule
SOPHIEU_N (K) Text 8 Ch s Len()=8
MA_NCC (FK) Text 2 Ch hoa Len()=2
NGAYNHAP Date 8 dd-mm-yy
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
MAHANG (K) Text 4 Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6
TENHANG Text 30 Ch u vit hoa Not null
DONVI Text 6 Ch u vit hoa
DONGIA Num 7 S nguyn
TENKHO (FK) Text 8 Ch hoa
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
SOPHIEU_N (K) Text 8 Ch s Len()=8
MAHANG (K) Text 4 Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6
SL_NHAP Num 4 S nguyn

269
HANGXUAT

CHUA

5.2 M hnh vt l v x l (mc tc nghip)
5.2.1 Mc ch:
M hnh ny tr li cho cu hi cui cng l: cc cng vic hot ng
nh th no? T m hnh t chc x l c, ngi phn tch s tin hnh xem
xt, bin cc chc nng, cng vic thnh cc n v chng trnh. ng vi mi
n v chng trnh ny ngi phn tch phi vit mt c t chi tit chun
b cho vic lp trnh.
5.2.2 M un x l
M un x l l th hin cc cng vic c lin quan vi nhau v c
thc hin lin mch nhm thc hin mt chc nng no . Ni chung tiu
chun xc nh mt m un x l kh m, n ch nu ln phng hng
phn r chc nng m khng xc nh chnh xc quy m ca cc m un.
Thng thng mt m un x l th hin mt cng on c bn cht l cp
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
SOPHIEU_X (K) Text 8 Ch s Len()=8
MAHANG (K) Text 4 Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6
SL_XUAT Num 4 S nguyn
Fieldname Data type Field size Format Validation Rule
TENKHO (K) Text 8 Ch hoa
TONKHO Num 6 S nguyn
MAHANG (K) Text 4 Ch hoa+Ch s Len()=6

270
nht hoc tra cu d liu v thao tc trn mt nhm d liu nh.
V d, Chc nng lm phiu xut kho s bao gm cc m un sau:
- Tra cu danh sch cc i l kim tra khch hng
- Kim tra hng tn kho
- Ly yu cu lp phiu xut v cp nht tn kho
5.2.3 Phn r m un
d dng trong vic m ho, ci t chng trnh v sa cha chng
trnh, ngi ta phn r mt m un thnh nhiu m un con. Mt m un con
phn r n lc khng th tch thm c na c gi l m un s cp. Tuy
nhin, vic phn r ny phi bo m mi lin h gia m un ln vi cc m
un con. Trong thc t thng xy ra trng hp phn r m un nh n mt
mc no c th xut hin cc m un chung, iu ny s gim nh cng sc
lp trnh sau ny. Phn r m un cng gi ra giao din chn chc nng theo
kiu thc n trong chng trnh tng th sau ny. m t vic phn r m
un thnh nhiu m un con, ngi ta dng s phn r chc nng nh sau:






Cc yu t phn r m un
a. Phn r m un theo im cng tc: iu ny th hin ch nhiu ngi
hoc nhiu b phn c nhng cng vic nh nhau, nh th cc chc nng c
cng mt ni lm vic c gom thnh mt m un. V d, cc thng tin v
nng bc lng, chuyn ngch,... khng nhng cn cho b phn t chc m cn
cho b phn k ton. do phi c mt m un chung cp nht, tra cu cc
Lm phiu xut kho Kim tra t cch i l
Tra cu tn kho
Nhp yu cu,
Lm phiu xut ,
Cp nht tn kho

271
thng tin ny.
b. Phn r m un theo hng chc nng: theo cch ny cc chc nng c cng
chung mt cng vic c t chc ring.
c. Phn r m un theo thi gian: thi gian cng c th mt yu t phn r
m un. V d, vic in bo co kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin c thc hin vo
cui nm hc vi hng lot cc bo co khc nh bo co khi lng cng tc
ca gio vin,...
5.2.4 S tng th phn r chc nng:
Da trn kt qu phn r m un, ngi phn tch phi ln mt s
tng th cc chc nng hng n cu trc ho chng trnh. Hin nay c
mt vi quan im v vic gp cc m un thnh tng nhm chc nng trong
chng trnh.
a. Gp cc m un theo hng i tng:
Gp theo i tng l nhm cc chc nng theo d liu hoc theo tp
thc th. V d, ba tp thc th chnh trong h thng thng tin Qun l o
to l sinh vin, gio vin v mn hc. Chng ta c th gp cc m un theo
cc tp thc th ny theo s sau:










O TO SINH VIN
CP NHT L LCH SINH VIN

272






















b. Gp cc m un theo s kin:
Gp theo s kin l gp theo hot ng ca h thng. Mt s kin c th
gy ra mt lot cc chc nng ca h thng. V d, trong h thng thng tin
Qun l kho hng c ba s kin chnh l Nhp hng, Xut hng v Bo
co. Chng ta c th gp theo s kin cc m un nay theo s di y.



GIO VIN
CP NHT L LCH GIO VIN
CP NHT IM THI
THNG K KT QU HC TP
GHI NHN KHI LNG GDY
THNG K GING DY
MN HC
CP NHP MN HC
LP CHNG TRNH O TO
PHN CNG GING DY
Hnh 5.2a. Gp cc chc nng theo i tng
QUN L KHO NHP HNG
CP NHT S LIU, CP NHT PHIU NHP,
CP NHT TN KHO
IN PHIU NHP
CP NHT S LIU, CP NHT PHIU XUT,

273










c. Gp cc m un theo s tin li:
Gp theo s tin li l gp cc m un theo tiu chun tin dng hoc
theo ngi s dng c th hoc theo mch cng vic. V d, trong h thng
thng tin Qun l khch sn thng c cc mch cng vic nh sau: Tip
nhn khch bao gm cc cng vic: Cp nht phng, Gi ch, Check in. Dch
v bao gm cc cng vic: cp nht dch v, ghi nhn dch v, thanh ton.
Thng k bao gm cc cng vic: H s s dng phng, S lng khch, Doanh
thu. Chng ta c th t chc cc m un theo mch cng vic nh sau:








Hnh 5.2.b Gp cc chc nng theo s kin
QUN L
KHCH SN
TIP NHN
KHCH
CP NHT PHNG

GI CH

274















5.2.5 M t cc m un
Sau khi phn r cc m un, ngi phn tch phi chuyn giao cc kt
qu phn tch thit k cho ngi lp trnh chun b ci t. Cc m un ny
phi c m t mt cch chi tit thng qua cc biu c gi l IPO Chart
nh sau:





IPO CHART S:______
Name of modun: <tn m un> Date: <ngy to mun>
System: <tn h thng thng tin> Designer: <ngi thit k>
Objective: <m t mc ch ca m un>
Call by: < danh sch cc m un Call: < danh sch cc m un m

275








V d: M un Nhp d liu cho bng Huyn trong h thng thng tin Qun
l cng chc











IPO CHART S:______
Name of modun: Nhp Huyn Date: 01/01/2005
System:Qun l cng chc Designer: Nguyn Mu Hn
Objective:Nhp d liu cho bng Huyn

Call by: Main Menu Call: None
Input: Bng Tnh, Huyn Output: Bng Huyn
Processing:To mt Form nhp d liu cho bng Huyn. Trong Form to
mt Combo box ch Mtnh, Mtnh l kho ca bng Tnh v l FK ca
bng Huyn.

276
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn vn V, Phn tch thit k cc h thng thng tin hin i, NXB
Thng k, 2002
[2] Nguyn vn Ba, Phn tch thit k cc h thng thng tin qun l, NXB
Khoa hc K thut, 2002
[3] Thc Bnh Cng, Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin, NXB Khoa hc K
thut, 2002
[4] o Kin Quc, Bi ging Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin, 2000
[5] Ng Trung Vit, Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin qun l-kinh
doanh-nghip v, NXB Giao thng vn ti
[6] Benjamin S.Blanchard Wolter J.Fabrycky, System Engineering and
Analysis, Pren Hall, Australia, 1990
[7] Roger S.Pressman, PhD. Software Engineering, K ngh phn mm, bn
dch ca Ng Trung Vit, NXB Gio dc
[8] Judson R.Ostle, Information systems Analysis and Design, Burgess
Communication, USA, 1985
[9] A. Collongues J.Hugues B.Laroche, Merise. Phng php phn tch thit k
h thng thng tin tin hc ha phc v qun l doanh nghip. Bn dch ca
Trng vn T, NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1994