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Qu trnh Cracking xc tc (P1) Qu trnh Cracking xc tc l qu trnh quan trong trong nh my lc du sn xut xng c ch s octan cao t cc phn on nng

g hn. p ng yu cu cht lng sn phm ra. 1. Gii thiu chung:

2. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh 2.1 Xc tc cho qu trnh Cracking Xc tc cho qu trnh cracking tng si trong cng nghip thuc lai axit rn, c thnh phn kh phc tp nh sau: Thnh phn xc tc cracking tng si trong cng nghip

2.2 iu ch xc tc FCC Quy trnh sn xut xc tc FCC hin i c m t theo s sau (Grace-Davison): Hp phn zeolit Y: L Alumosilicat tinh th ngm nc vi cu trc kiu Faujazit vi l xp 3 chiu ng nht v c kch thc ca s ~ 8 . V thnh phn ha hc ca zeolt c biu din bng cng thc: M2/nO.Al2O3.x SiO2.y.H2O y: x > 2 v n l ha tr ca cation kim lai M Zeolit c to thnh t cc n v cu trc Khi cc n v cu trc c bn ni vi nhau theo cc mt 4 cnh ta c lai zeolit A, nu ni vi nhau theo cc mt 6 cnh ta c lai zeolit X hoc Y c cu trc tng t Zeolit Y c th dng khong t nhin, nhng hin nay ch yu c tng hp t oxyt silic v oxyt nhm, i khi t qu trnh tinh th ha t st nung (Qui trnh Engelhard). Dng Na-Zeolit c iu ch bng phng php kt tinh gel alumosilicat natri. Silicat Natri (Thu c khi x l oxyt silic vi dung dch xt nng) cho tc dng vi aluminat natri (thu c khi ha tan oxyt nhm ngm nc trong dung dch hydroxyt natri)s to thnh hydrogel v nh hnh. Gel ny sau s c tinh th ha trong iu kin kim sat nghim ngt to Zeolit (Alumosilicat tinh th) vi cc ion aluminat v silicat c xp xp theo cu trc nh.

Cu trc c bn ca Aluminosilicat v n v cu trc c bn ca zeolit. Zeolit dng Faujazit c khung tinh th 3 chiu to thnh t cc t din SiO4 hoc AlO4. Lin kt -SiO-Al- to thnh cc l xp b mt c ng knh c nh t cc hc, knh c kch thc 4-8. Cc cation d dng c trao i v c a ra khi Zeolit. Cu to Faujazit c m t nh hnh:

Cc Zeolit Y c a vo xc tc FCC di cc dng khc nhau: + Trao i mt phn hoc han tan vi dt him, phn cn li c th decation to cc dng REHY hoc REY. + Bin tnh bng phng php x l nhit v (hoc) x l ha hc to cc dng zeolit decation siu bn: H-USY, RE-H-USY hoc dng dealumin: H-DY, RE-H-DY.

Vai tr ca t him ch yu lm tng bn nhit cho tinh th (vi zeolit dng decation NH4Y, nhit > 500oC tinh th c th b ph hy nhng vi dng REY, nhit > 900oC vn bo ton c tnh cht tinh th. Mt lai zeolit mi hin nay thng c a thm vo xc tc FCC, l ZSM-5 nhm tng ch s octan ca xng v tng olefin. ZSM-5 c t l Si/Al = 50, kch thc l xp tng i nh (5.5), hn ch cc phn t c kch thc ln i qua, do khng lm xy ra cac phn ng cracking i vi chng (Cc parafin mch nhnh, cc Alkyl benzen...) nh th khng lm gim cc hp phn cho ch s octan cao. Hn na n cn tng olefin, khng lm tng hm lng cc. Hin ti, 40% cc cm FCC Ty u a ZSM-5 nh mt ph gia tng ch s octan. Hp phn pha nn (Matrix): Trong qu trnh sn xut cht xc tc, hp phn ny ng vai tr l cht pha lang v cht kt dnh. Cht pha lang phi l cht tr nh cao lanh,ng vai tr ti nhit, hn ch s qu nhit ca cc tinh th zeolit trong qu trnh ti sinh, tng bn c hc ca cht xc tc, lm gim lng Na u c xc tc... cht kt dnh c th l cc gel ca oxyt xilic, cc polymer cha nhm, hp cht cha t st, cng c th l alumosilicat v nh hnh. Cht kt dnh ng vai tr gn kt cc hp phn trong xc tc FCC, to tnh ng b vt l cho xc tc. Cc nh sn xut xc tc chia pha nn thnh 2 phn: Phn hat ng l cc alumosilicat v nh hnh, oxit nhm; phn khng hat ng l cc cht tr nh oxit silic, cao lanh. Pha hat ng c tnh axit thp hn do c hat tnh xc tc v chn la thp hn so vi cc Zeolit. Oxit nhm c hat tnh xc tc thp hn Al-Si v nh hnh, nhng ngi ta thng a vo trong trng hp cracking cc phn an nng. Vic a pha nn vo h iu chnh tnh axit ca xc tc v tng th, so vi cc zeolit hoc Al-Si v nh hnh ring l. c tnh ca xc tc FCC ph thuc ch yu vo 2 thnh phn Zeolit v pha nn hat ng. T l cc hp phn ny c xem xt thn trng trong qu trnh sn xut nhm m bo cc nhu cu ring bit ca nh my lc du v hiu sut v cht lng sn phm. 2.3 C ch hnh thnh trung tm hot ng trn b mt xc tc Xc tc cho qu trnh Cracking l xc tc axt. Cc trung tm hot ng trn b mt cht xc tc l cc tm axit Bronsted v Lewis. Cc trung tm ny hnh thnh do trong mng tinh th ca xc tc ny, bn nguyn t Oxi lin kt vi Nhm nn khng cn bng v hnh thnh mt in tch m. Cc ion nh Na+, Mg2+ hay proton s trung ha in tch ny v hnh thnh tm axt Bronsted

Khi tin hnh x l nhit khong nhit 400 500oC th xut hin cc tm axt Lewis theo s sau:

2.4 Cc giai on phn ng cracking khi c mt cht xc tc S khc nhau c bn gia cracking nhit v cracking xc tc l phn ng cracking khi c mt cht xc tc xy ra theo nhng c ch nht nh v d khng ch. Do sn phm ca cracking xc tc s c tnh chn lc cao hn so vi cracking nhit. Cc giai on phn ng cracking khi c mt cht xc bao gm: Bc 1. Hp ph cc ion Hydride trn cc tm Lewis:

Bc 2. Phn ng gia cc proton t Bronsted vi cc olefin:

Bc 3. Phn ng gia cc ion cacboni sinh ra t bc 1 v 2 vi cc hydrocacbon bng cch to ra cc ion hydride

Cc ion hydride ny khng bn s b phn hy thnh cc mch ngn hn, v d nh:

Qu trnh b ry mch cc ion cacbonni tun theo mt s qui lut sau: Cc parafin mch di v cc olefin lun ng phn ho trc khi b cracking. S cracking thng xy ra gia mch v thc t khng bao gi t hn 3 nguyn t C tnh t u mch. Cc nhnh ankyl gn trn vng thm s b ct st vng v cc nhnh ankyl gn vng no s b ct v tr t 3 nguyn t C tr ln tnh t u mch. 2.5 C ch phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh cracking xc tc C ch phn ng cracking xc tc l c ch ion cacboni. Cc tm hat tnh l ion ccboni c to ra khi cc phn t hydrocacbon ca nguyn liu tc dng vi tm axt ca xc tc. Tm axt xc tc c 2 lai: Lai Bronsted (H+) v Lewis (L). Tm Bronsted l khi tham gia phn ng c kh nng cho proton hot ng (H+) cn tm Lewis th thiu electron nn c xu hng nhn thm in t. Phn ng cracking xc tc sn ra theo cc giai an sau: - Giai an 1: to ion cacboni: V d: trong trng hp i vi cc hydrocacbon mch thng (Alcan):

Trng hp phn hy izo-propyl-benzen: Trn tm axt kiu xc tc Lewis:

Trn tm axt kiu xc tc Bronsted:

- Giai an 2: Cc phn ng ca ion cacboni to cc sn phm: Khi cc ion cacboni c tao ra s lp tc tham gia vo cc phn ng bin i khc nh Phn ng ng phn ha:

Phn ng ct mch theo quy tc (ct mch v tr so vi ccbon mang in tch)

Cc ion tip tc tham gia cc phn ng ng phn ha, ct mch tip,alkyl ha hay ngng t. Bin n cc ion cacboni tip din cho n khi c cu trc bn vng nht. bn ca cc ion cacboni c th xp xp theo th t: Ion ccboni bc 3> Ion ccboni bc 2 >Ion ccboni bc 1 bn ca cacboni s quyt nh s quyt nh mc tham gia cc phn ng tip theo ca chng.Cht lng sn phm c quyt nh bi cc phn ng ca cc ion cacboni, c bit l phn ng phn hy, ng phn ha v chuyn v hydro. - Giai an 3: giai an dng phn ng Khi cc ion cacboni kt hp vi nhau, nhng hay nhn nguyn t hydro ca xc tc to thnh phn t trung ha v chng chnh l cu t ca sn phm cracking xc tc. Qu trnh Cracking xc tc (P2): Qu trnh ha hc (ng ngy 30.01.2008 11:27 & 3002 lt xem) Qu trnh ha hc xy ra trong Giai on cracking xc tc rt phc tp, nhiu phn ng xy ra, c mong mun v khng mong mun. 3. Ha hc qu trnh cracking xc tc 3.1 Cc phn ng mong mun Phn ng ct mch (cracking ): xy ra theo c ch ion cacbonium.

Hot tnh cracking ca cc hydrocacbon gim dn theo th t sau: Olefin > Ankyl Aromatic > Ankyl naphten, isoparafin> n-parafin, naphten>> nhn thm. Tc cracking tng khi s nguyn t cacbon tng, phn nhnh tng. Phn ng isomer ho: Thng xy ra trc phn ng cracking. Nhng sau cracking qu trnh t xy ra do thi gian lu trong bnh FCC ngn v mch ngn ln cn tr qu trnh isomer ho.

3.2 Cc phn ng khng mong mun. Phn ng chuyn v hydro: Phn ng ny xy ra s chuyn v mt phn t hydro t mt hydrocacbon ny sang mt hydrocacbon khc (khng no) dn n hnh thnh cc hp cht no v thm.

Lm gim olefin, tng Aromatic tng kh nng to cc. Lm gim ch s octan xng (mt olefin). Lm xng n nh hn. Phn ng ngng t: Polymer ho olefin ng vng dehydro ho to Aromatic.

Ankyl ho Aromatic ng vng nhnh ankyl hydro ho poly

Aromatic (cc). Cng ng vng Diels Alder dehydro ho poly Aromatic. Hai phn ng trn cn hn ch (to cc) nhng khng loi b (gim olefin). Phn ng to hydro: do phn ng dehydro ho, xy ra khi c mt ca Ni lm cht xc tc. Phn ng to C1 C2: sinh ra do phn ng cracking nhit. Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trn tng dng hydrocacbon ring l c trnh by trong bng sau: Hydrocacbon Parafin Sn phm qu trnh cracking xc tc -Olefin v parafin -Olefin v hydro -iso-parafin -Cc hp cht olefin c trng lng phn t thp

Olefin

-Parafin v dien -Parafin, naphten v hydrocacbon thm -Polyme, cc

Naphten

-Olefin -Cyclohexan v olefin -Hydrocacbon thm

Hydrocacbon thm (alkyl thm) Phn ng bc 2: Naphten+ Olefin Hydrocacbon thm +Olefin

-Parafin v alkyl c mch bn ngn -ng phn ha, chuyn v nhm alkyl -Sn phm ngng t v cc. -Hydrocacbon thm -Parafin -Sn phm ngng t v cc

4. Nguyn liu v sn phm 4.1 Nguyn liu Nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking xc tc thng c khang nhit si t 300-500oC, c th t cc ngun nh sau: Phn an ct chng ct kh quyn ca du th, khang si: 380410oC Phn an ct chng ct chn khng ca du th, khang si: 380550oC Phn ct t qu trnh Coking ca du th DAO (cn chn khng deasphaltene) (550oC) Cn chng ct kh quyn ( > 380oC) ca vi lai du th Nguyn liu l nhng phn ct nh s cho sn phm c hiu sut C3, C4 tng cn H2 v cc gim. Nhng phn an nh (200- 360oC) nhn c t chng ct trc tip l nguyn liu tt nht sn xut xng t v xng my bay. Nguyn liu t cc phn an nng (cc gasoil) chn khng l ph bin nht trong qu trnh cracking xc tc. Nhm ny cho sn phm l xng v cc phn an sn phm trng, qua chng ct chn khng lm gim nhng cu t v hp cht c hi cho qu trnh cracking. Thc t l thnh phn nhng kim lai nng lm nhim c xc tc nh vanadi, niken thng c trong cc hp cht c kim, trong thnh phn ca nha, asphalten l nhng phn t ln, c nhit si cao, khi chng ct chn khng nhng cht ny s li phn cn ca chng ct chn khng, chnh v vy m cc phn ct c lm sch, c lai v c gim cc cht gy nhim c xc tc. Cng chnh cc hp cht nha, asphalten khng nhng cha cc kim lai nng m chng cn l ngun chuyn thnh cc nhiu nht, lm gim hat tnh ca xc tc. Thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu nh hng rt ln n hiu sut ca qu trnh. Vi nhm hydrocacbon parafin s cho hiu qu chuyn ha cao nht. Nhm hydrocacbon thm cho hiu sut xng km hn v li tng mc chuyn ha to cc. Nhng cht phi hydrocacbon l c hi cho qu trnh cracking xc tc, chng gy ng c cho xc tc v cn chuyn vo sn phm lm gim cht lng sn phm nh cc hp cht lu hunh. Trong thc t vi s tin b ca cng ngh, qu trnh cracking xc tc c th s dng cn chng ct kh quyn lm nguyn liu trc tip cho qu trnh m khng phi qua chng ct chn khng. Qa trnh ny gi l qu trnh cracking xc tc cn (RFCC). Nhng lai du th parafin, t lu hynh thng c t cc cht gy nhim c xc tc v ch s cc Conradson thp rt thun li cho vic dng thng cn chng ct kh quyn lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh RFCC. tng ngun nguyn liu, ngay c cn chng ct chn khng cng c lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking xc tc sau khi kh nha v asphalten. 4.2 Sn phm

Cht lng ca sn phm cracking xc tc thay i trong phm vi rt rng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh nguyn liu, lai xc tc v cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh. Hn hp sn phm ca qu trnh cracking c chuyn tip n thit b chng ct phn ra cc phn an sn phm: - Sn phm kh, - Cc phn an xng, du ha, - Cc phn an gasoil nh v nng. - Phn an cn dng lm nhin liu t l... c im cc sn phm kh v lng thu c t qu trnh cracking xc tc: Kh hydrocacbon Hiu sut kh c th t 10-25% nguyn liu ph thuc vo nguyn liu v iu kin cracking. Trong iu kin nhit cao, tc nguyn liu nh, bi s tun han xc tc ln th hiu sut sn phm kh s ln v ngc li th hiu sut kh nh.Nguyn liu c hm lng lu hynh cao th sn phm kh c nhiu kh H2S v khi nguyn liu c nhiu nit th sn phm kh cracking c nhiu NH3. Sn phm kh, kh kh c dng lm nhin liu kh, Etylen v Propylen l nguyn liu cho sn xut nha Polyetylen(PE) v Polypropylen (PP), Propan-propen lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh polyme ha v sn sut cc cht hat ng b mt v lm nhin liu t (LPG). Propan-propen, butan-buten cn lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh alkyl ha nhn cu t c tr s octan cao pha vo xng, v lm nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh tng hp ha du. Phn an xng Phn an xng thng c nhit 40-200oC, phn an ny l cu t c bn pha trn vi nhng cu t khc t cc qu trnh Reforming, alkylha, v cc phn an naphta t qu trnh chng ct trc tip sn xut cc lai xng t, xng my bay. Phn an xng t qu trnh cracking xc tc khc vi cc phn an c cng khang nhit si t qu trnh chng ct trc tip l c tr s octan cao hn v c bit l c thm thnh phn hydrocacbon olefin. Phn an 200-280oC Dng lm du ha v phn an 200-350oC c dng pha trn v sn xut nhin liu diezen Cc phn an > 350oC c dng lm nhin liu t l F.O hay c dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh cc ha. Qu trnh Cracking xc tc (P3): Cng ngh tiu biu (ng ngy 30.01.2008 12:29 & 4858 lt xem) Qu trnh Cracking xc tc bt u pht trin cng ngh t nm 1936 do mt k s ngi Php thit k tn l Houdry. Sau cng ngh bt u ci tin dn v ngy cng a dng cng ngh, p dng cho tng loi nguyn liu v mc ch sn phm. 5. Cc cng ngh cracking xc tc tiu biu 5.1 Cracking vi lp xc tc c nh Dy chuyn cracking xc tc u tin do Houdry, mt k s ngi Php thit k c a vo cng nghip ch bin du t nm 1936. Cng ngh ny hat ng theo kiu gin an vi lp xc tc c nh. Nhc im ca cng ngh ny l hat ng gin an v vy rt phc tp trong vn hnh (qu trnh cracking ng xc tc cho sn phm v ti sinh xc tc trong cng mt thit b). Dy chuyn ny nhanh chng c ci tin v ch nm nm sau, nm 1941 xut hin qu trnh cracking vi lp xc tc chuyn ng. 5.2 Cracking vi lp xc tc tng si Qa trnh cracking c lp xc tc chuyn ng thay th qu trnh Houdry. Qa trnh phn ng xc tc v ti sinh xc tc c thc hin cc thit b ring bit: thit b phn ng (l phn ng) v thit b ti sinh xc tc (l ti sinh). Xc tc lm vic c cha cc chy t l phn ng vo l ti sinh v sau khi ti sinh li ngc v l phn ng (hoc bng t chy hoc bng

cng bc) to thnh mt chu trnh lin tc. Nm 1942 quy trnh cracking c lp xc tc chuyn ng (FCC) u tin c a vo hat ng c tn l Up Flow.

Nm 1944 ngi ta tng ng knh ca l phn ng v l ti sinh, tch hi sn phm c thc hin ngay trong l phn ng v ti sinh xc tc dng tng si v qu trnh thi cho xc tc chuyn ng t pha di v ly ra ngai y l. Dy truyn hat ng nh vy c tn l Down Flow. Ngi ta lin tc ci tin thit b v c hnh dng ca xc tc. Hnh dng xc tc ph bin l dng vin hnh cu nhm lm gim s mt mt xc tc v gim s mi mn thit b v nng cao hiu qu tch ca xyclon. Model I, t l xc tc/nguyn liu ch t ti a l 3 nhng model II c th tng ti a l 10. Hng M.B.Kellog thit k lai cn bng p sut Model III nm 1946. Hng Standard-Oil (New Jersey) thit k lai FCC mi (Model IV) t ci tin ca Model II v a vo hat ng t 1952. Cng ngh FCC ngy cng c ci tin nhm t hiu sut v cht lng xng cao hn, vi cht lng nguyn liu ngy cng xu hn.

Cng ngh FCC ca mt s hng cng nghip ni ting gm c: 5.3 Cng ngh ca hng UOP Qua cc bc ci tin lin tc, hin nay cng ngh FCC ca UOP cng p dng cracking nhm chuyn ha cn du nng. Qa trnh ca UOP c cng ty Ashland OilCo pht trin. Chnh hng UOP thit k 2 lai FCC: lai l ti sinh t chy han tan 1 cp v lai ti sinh hai cp. Lai l ti sinh t chy han tan mt cp: l lai thng dng trn tan th gii, nhng UOP ci tin h thng phn phi nguyn liu phn cui ca ng riser, h thng ti sinh xc tc, b phn lm lnh xc tc, xc tc nng cao tnh linh ng ca nguyn liu cng nh sn phm ca qu trnh. Xc tc sau phn ng c t dng tng si, tc cao, nhm chuyn ha han tan CO thnh CO2, khng s dng thm cc ph gia khc v hm lng cacbon cn li trn b mt xc tc sau ti sinh l thp nht so vi cc cng ngh thng thng. Lai L ti sinh hai cp: C bn nh cng ngh FCC thng thng nhng c thit k c bit cho nguyn liu cn nng hn (RFCC, vi 4-10 % cn cacbon conradson trong nguyn liu). L ti sinh xc tc chia lm hai tng, vi b phn lm lnh xc tc c b tr bn trong v c ci tin kim sat lng cc, lng nhit cho phn phn ng. Tng th nht pha trn c nhim v t chy mt phm hm lng cc trn b mt xc tc, tng th hai, lng cc cn li trn b mt xc tc s c t chy han tan. iu ny dn n hm lng cacbon cn li trn b mt xc tc lun < 0.05 % khi lng. 5.4 Cng ngh ca Kellog S vn chuyn xc tc c thc hin theo phng thng ng rt thun li v c th dng van chn iu khin qu trnh tun han ca xc tc. Qa trnh cracking c thc hin han tan trong l phn ng dng ng ng (l ng ng). H thng xyclon c t ngay ca ra ca ng ng. Trong l ti sinh xc tc v khng kh tip xc ngc chiu nhau. Kiu RFCC c trnh by trong hnh 10. c im chnh ca model ny l vi phun nguyn liu c ci tin nhm tng cng s tip xc gia xc tc v nguyn liu, b phn lm ngui c thay i bng cch t t pha c thay cho pha lang trong l ti sinh trnh n mn, mi mn trang thit b do xc tc v nhm lm tng tc truyn nhit. Hnh dng b phn lm ngui xc tc do Kellog thit k cng tng t ca UOP ch khc l cch b tr cc ng trao i nhit t ngc chiu

5.5 Cng ngh ca hng Shell Shell c nhiu ng gp trong vic pht trin cracking xc tc phn cn nng (RFCC). Qu trnh Shell LRFCC (Long Residue FCC) cracking xc tc cn nng v rng, c b phn lm ngui xc tc trnh s t chy qu nhit. Thit b trnh by trong hnh sau:

5.6 Cng ngh IFP Total v Stone & Webster Hai hng cng nghip ny hp tc tht k qu trnh RFCC vi ti sinh xc tc 2 cp. Qa trnh nhm cracking xc tc cn nng v c tn l R.2.R Process. Qa trnh cng c trang b b phn lm ngui xc tc, h thng kim tra v iu khin nhit ca khi l phn ng. c im ca cng ngh R.2.R l l ng, ti sinh 2 cp, c s ci tin thit b phun nguyn liu trc tip vo dng xc tc nng.

5.7 Cng ngh Exxon Exxon lin tc nghin cu ci tin cng ngh FCC, t khi a ra model IV v n nay a ra lai model III-R, cracking c c tnh linh hat. C th s dng nguyn liu khc nhau t cc phn ct chn khng n cc lai cn nng.

Qu trnh Cracking xc tc (P4): Cc yu t nh hng

c im cng ngh FCC l qu trnh cracking xc tc tng si (gi si), qu trnh thc hin trn dng xc tc chuyn ng lin tc trong l phn ng cng nguyn liu v sang l ti sinh thc hin vic t cc (dng vi oxy khng kh) trn xc tc tham gia phn ng ri li sang l phn ng. Chu trnh trn c lp li mt cch lin tc. 6. Cc yu t nh hng n cng ngh FCC Cng ngh FCC hat ng vi nhng thng s quan trng sau: chuyn ha, tc np liu; t l xc tc /nguyn liu; nhit ; p sut. 6.1 chuyn ha chuyn ha C c tnh bng: C = Tng hiu sut (kh +Xng +Cc) C= 100- y(100-z) y: l % th tch ca sn phm c nhit si cui cao hn im si cui ca xng z: l % th tch xng c trong nguyn liu..

S khi qu trnh FCC 6.2 Tc np liu L t s gia lng nguyn liu c np trong mt n v thi gian trn lng xc tc trong l phn ng.v c k hiu bng M/H/M Khi tng tc np liu s lm gim chuyn ho v ngc li v tc np liu l i lng ngc vi thi gian phn ng. Khi s dng xc tc c hat tnh cao ta c th tng tc np liu khi y s tng nng sut ca thit b. 6.3 T l xc tc/Nguyn liu T l xc tc zeolit/nguyn liu,cn gi l bi s tun han xc tc (X/RH). Vi lai xc tc zeolt th X/RH=10/1 cn xc tc v nh hnh X/RH=20/1. Khi thay i t l X/RH s lm thay i thi gian lu ca xc tc trong l phn ng v l ti sinh v thay i c lng cc bm trn xc tc. ch n nh t l X/RH tng s lm tng chuyn ha v gim hm lng cc bm trn xc tc, khi thi gian tip xc gia xc tc v nguyn liu gim nhng hat tnh trung bnh ca xc tc li tng ln. 6.4 Nhit Nhit trong l phn ng khi vn hnh trong khang 470-540 oC. Khi nhit tng ln th tc phn ng phn hy nhanh hn nhng cng thc y cc phn bc 2 nh kh hydro tng ln dn n tng hiu sut hydrocacbon thm v olefin. Khi C1-C3 trong kh tng, C4 gim, t trng v tr s octan ca xng tng ln. Khi nhit cao hiu sut xng gim, hiu sut kh tng v cc khng tng. 6.5 p sut Khi p sut tng th hiu sut xng tng ln, hiu sut C1-C3 gim, hm lng olefin v hydrocacbon thm gim dn ti tr s octan ca xng gim. 6.6 Ti sinh xc tc cracking s dng xc tc c lu, trong cng ngh phi thc hin vic ti sinh xc tc. Nguyn nhn chnh lm mt hat tnh ca xc tc l do cc to thnh bm kn b mt hat tnh ca xc tc. ti sinh xc tc ngi ta tin hnh t cc bng khng kh nng trong l ti sinh. Khi t cc s to thnh CO, CO2, cc phn ng kh cc hp cht lu hynh. C + O2 CO2 C + 1/2O2 CO CO + 1/2O2 CO2 H2 + 1/2O2 H2O S + O2 SO2 SO2 + 1/2O 2 SO3 MeO + SO3 MeSO4 MeSO4 + 4H2 MeO + H2S + 3H2O Nhit lng ta ra c dng cp nhit cho xc tc mang vo l phn ng cracking.

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