Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh 1.

phng trnh mt phng

vit pt mt phng em c 2 cch c bn : <1>. Xc nh 1 im v 1 VTPT <2>. Hoc gi ptmp dng Ax+By+Cz+D=0 ri da vo gi thit tm A,B,C,D. Vy khi no s dng cch 1 , khi no s dng cch 2 th em phn bit cc dng bi sau: r Dng 1: Vit PT mp i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v c VTPT n =(A;B;C) A(x-x0) + B(y-y0) + C(z-z0) = 0 Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

Dng 2:Vit pt mt phng i qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v // mp (Q) v - T ptmp(Q) VTPT n Q = (A;B;C) v v - V (P) // (Q) VTPT n P = n Q = (A;B;C) v - PT mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n P

Dng 3: Vit pt mpri qua A(x0; y0 ;z0) v vung gc vi ng thng d - T (d) VTCP u d = (A;B;C) r r - V (P) vung gc vi (d) Chn VTPT n P= u d =(A;B;C) r Vit ptmp (P) i qua A v c vtpt n P.

Dng 4: Vit ptmp i qua A v (Q) , (R) r r - T pt mp (Q) v (R) VTPT n Q ; VTPT n R

- V (P) (Q) v (R) VTPT n P nQ v n P n R r r r Chn n P = [ n Q; n R] r r r - Vy pt mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n P = [ n Q; n R] Dng 5: Vit ur mp (P) i qua u im A,B,C khng thng hng u r u u 3ur u u u uPt ur ur - Tnh AB , AC v a = [ AB , AC ] r r uu uu ur ur - PT mp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n P= a = [ AB , AC ]

Dng 6: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A,B r (Q) r uu ur u u v ur - Tnh AB , vtpt n Q v tnh [ AB , n Q] r uu r ur - V A, B (P) ; (Q) (P) nn chn n P=[ AB , n Q] - Vit ptmp (P)

Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh Dng 7: Vit ptmp (P) i qua A ; (Q) v // vi dt (d) r r - Tnh VTPT n Q ca mp (Q); VTCP u d ca ng thng (d). r r - Tnh [ u d, n Q] r r r - V (P) (Q) v // (d) nn VTPT n P = [ u d, n Q]
- T vit c PT mp (p) Dng 8: Vit ptmp (P) l trungur ca AB. utrc u - Tnh trung im I ca ABv AB uu ur - Mp (P) i qua I v nhn AB lm VTPT. Dng 9: Vit pt mp(P) cha (d) v i qua A r - Tnh VTCP u d ca ng thng (d) v tm im M (d) r u ur u ur uu uu - Tnh AM v [ u d, AM ] r r u ur uu - Ptmp (P) i qua A v c VTPT n P =[ u d, AM ]. Dng 10: Vit pt mp (P) cha (d) v // ( ) r - T (d) VTCP u d v im M (d) r r r - T ( ) VTCP u v tnh [ u d, u ] r r r - PT mp (P) i qua M v c VTPT n = [ u d, u ]. Dng 11: Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v (Q) r - T (d) VTCP u d v im M (d) r r r - T (Q) VTPT n Q v tnh [ u d, n Q] r r r - PT mp (P) i qua M v c VTPT n =[ u d, n Q]. Dng 12:Vit PT mp (P) // vi (Q) v d(A;(P))=h - V (P) // (Q) nn pt mp (P) c dng Ax + By +Cz + D=0 ( theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D DQ) - V d(A,(P))= h nn thay vo ta tm c D - Thay A,B,C,D ta c PT mp (P) cn tm. Dng 13: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v d(A,(P))=h r - Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l n P = (A,B,C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0 r - T (d) VTCP u d v im M (d) r r - V (d) nm trong (P) u d. n P=0 (1) - PT mp (p) i qua M: A(x-x0) + B(y-y0) + C(z-z0) = 0 - d(A,(P)) = h (2)

Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh
- Gii (1);(2) ta tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta vit c PT mp(P). Dng 14:Vit Pt mp(P) cha (d) v hp vi mp (Q) mt gc 900 r - Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l n P = (A,B,C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0 r - T (d) VTCP u d v im M (d) r r - V d (P) u d. n P=0 (1) - Tnh cos ((P),(Q)) (2) - T (1) v (2) ta tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta vit c PT mp(P). Dng 15:Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v hp vi t( )mt gc 900 r - Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l n P = (A;B;C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0 r - T (d) VTCP u d v im M (d) r r - V d (P) u d. n P=0 (1) - Tnh sin ((P),( )) (2)

- H (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C t chn A,B,C ng t l , ta vit c PT mp(P). Dng 16: Cho A v (d) , vit PT mp (P) cha (d) sao cho d(A,(P)) l ln nht - Gi H l hnh chiu ca A ln (d) - Ta c : d(A,(P)) = AK AH (tnh cht ng vung gc v ng xin) Do d(A(P)) max AK = AH K H - Vit PT mp (P) i qua H v nhn AH lm VTPT Dng 17: Vit Pt mp (P) // vi (Q) v tip xc vi mt cu (S) - Xc nh tm I, bn knh R ca mt cu (S) - V (P) // (Q) nn (P) c dng Ax + By + Cz + D'=0 (theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D' DQ). - M (P) tip xc vi (S) nn d(I,(P))= R tm c D' - T ta c Pt (P) cn tm Dng 18: Vit PT mp(P) // (Q) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn(C) c bn knh r ( hoc din tch, chu vi cho trc). - Xc nh tm I, bn knh R ca mt cu (S) - Adct : Chu vi ng trn C = 2 r v din tch S = r 2 tnh r. - d(I,(P)) = R 2 r 2 (1) - V (P) // (Q) nn (P) c dng Ax + By + Cz + D'=0 (theo pt ca mp (Q) , trong D' DQ) - Suy ra d (I,(P)) (2) Gii h (1), (2) tm c D' vit c pt (P).

Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh
Dng 19: Vit PT mp(P) cha (d) v tip xc vi mt cu (S) - Xc nh tm I, bn knh R ca mt cu (S) r - Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l n P = (A;B;C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0 r - T (d) VTCP u d v im M (d) r r - d (P) u d. n P=0 (1) - M (P) tip xc vi (S) nn d(A,(P))= R (2) - Gii h (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C PT mp(P). Dng 20: Vit Pt mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn (C) c bn knh r ( hoc din tch , chu vi cho trc) - Xc nh tm I, bn knh R ca mt cu (S) - Adct : Chu vi ng trn C = 2 r v din tch S = r 2 tnh r. r r - V d (P) u d. n P=0 (1) r - Gi VTPT ca mp (P) l n P = (A,B,C) vi k l A2 + B2 + C2 >0, chn M trn ng thng d. =>PT mp (P) i qua M: A(x-x0) + B(y-y0) + C(z-z0) = 0 - V (P) ct (S) theo ng trn bn knh r nn d(I,(P)= r (2) - Gii h (1) v (2) tm c A,B theo C PT mp(P). Dng 21: Vit PT mp (P) cha (d) v ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn (C) c bn knh nh nht .(p dng trng hp d ct (S) ti 2 im). - Xc nh tm I, bn knh R ca mt cu (S)

R 2 d 2 ( I ,( p )) r min d(I,(P)) max - Gi H l hnh chiu ca I ln (d) ; K l hnh chiu ca I ln (P) - Ta c: d(I,(P))= IK Ih ( tnh cht ng vung gc v ng xin) - Do : d(I,(P)) max AK = AH K H
- Bn knh r = uu u r - PT mp(P) i qua H v nhn IH lm VTPT

2. phng trnh ng thng

C 2 loi phng trnh ng thng : PT ThamS v PT ChnhTc. r Dng 1: Vit ptt (d) qua M(x0; y0 ;z0) v c VTCP u =(a,b,c) PP: phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d l:

x = x0 + at (d): y = y0 + bt vi t R z = z + ct 0 x x0 y y0 z z0 = = * Ch : Nu c a, b, c 0 th (d) c PT chnh tc a b c 4

Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh
* Ch : y l bi ton c bn. V nguyn tc mun vit PT dt(d) th cn phi bit 2 yu t l ta mt im thuc d v to VTCP ca d. Dng 2:ur pt dt(d) i qua 2 im A,B u Vit u - Tnh AB uu ur - Vit PT ng thng i qua A, v nhn AB lm VTCP Dng 3: Vit PT dt (d) i qua A v //vi ng thng ( ) r - T pt( ) VTCP u r - Vit Pt dt(d) i qua A v nhn u lm VTCP Dng 4: Vit PT dt(d) i qua A v (P) r - Tm VTPT ca mp(P) l n P r r - Pt dt(d) i qua A v C VTCP u d = n P Dng 5: Vit Pt dt(d) i qua A u vung gc viu urdt (d1),(d2) v ur c 2u u u r u r - T (d1),(d2) VTCPd1, d 2l u1v u 2 => tnh [ u1 , u2 ]. - V (d) (d1),(d2) nn c VTCP u d= [ u1 , u2 ] - Pt dt(d) i qua A v c VTCP u d= [ u1 , u2 ] Dng 6: Vit PT ca dt (d) l giao tuyn ca 2 mp (P):Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (Q):A'x + B'y + C'z r D'r= 0 + - T (P) v (Q) n P , n Q r r - Tnh [ n P , n Q]

u ur u u r

u ur u u r

Ax + By + Cz +D =0 - Xt h ' . ' ' ' A x + B y + C z + D = 0 Chn mt nghim (x0; y0 ;z0) t r d M r r - Pt dt(d) i qua M v c VTCP u d =[ n P , n Q].

Dng 7: Vit PT hnh chiu ca d ln mp(P) Cch 1: - Vit ptmp(Q) cha d v vung gc vi mp(P) - Hnh chiu cn tm d' = (P) I (Q) Cch 2: + Tm A = d I ( P ) ( ch p dng vi gi thit d ct (P) ) + Ly M d v xc nh hnh chiu H ca M ln (P) + Vit phng trnh d' i qua M, H Dng 8: Vit pt ng thng d i qua im A v ct 2 ng thng d1, d2: Cch 1 : * Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im A v cha ng thng d1

Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh * Tm B = ( ) I d 2
* ng thng cn tm i qua A, B Cch 2 : - Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im A v cha ng thng d1 - Vit pt mt phng ( ) i qua im B v cha ng thng d2 - ng thng cn tm d = I Dng 9: Vit pt ng thng d song song d1 v ct c d2 , d3 - Vit phng trnh mp (P) song song d1 v cha d2 - Vit phng trnh mp (Q) song song d1 v cha d3 - ng thng cn tm d = ( P ) I (Q ) Dng 10 : Vit ptt d i qua A v vung gc ng thng d1 v ct d2 Cch 1 : - Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v vung gc d1 - Tm giao im B = ( ) I d 2 - ng thng cn tm i qua A, B Cch 2 : * Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v vung gc d1 * Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v cha d1 * ng thng cn tm d = I Dng 11 : Vit ptt d i qua A, song song mp ( ) , ct ng thng d' Cch 1 : - Vit ptmp(P) i qua A v song song vi ( ) - Vit ptmp(Q) i qua A v cha d' - ng thng cn tm d = ( P ) I (Q ) Cch 2 : * Vit ptmp(P) i qua A v song song vi ( ) * Tm B = ( P ) I d ' * ng thng cn tm i qua 2 im A,B Dng 12 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v ct 2 ng thng d1, d2 cho trc. - Tm giao im A=d1 I ( P ) v B=d2 I ( P ) - ng thng d i qua 2 im A, B Dng 13 : Vit ptt d nm trong mp(P) v vung gc vi ng thng d' ti giao im I ca (P) v d'. * Tm giao im I' = d' I ( P ) * Tm VTCP u ca d' v VTPT n ca (P) v tnh v = [u,n] r * Vit ptt d qua I v c VTCP v Dng 14 : Vit ptt vung gc chung d ca 2 dng thng cho nhau d1, d2 :

rr

Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh - Gi M ( x0 + at , y0 + bt , z0 + ct ) d1 , uu r uu r MN .u1 = 0 MN d1 u u r t, t ' . uu r - Ta c h MN d 2 MN .u 2 = 0
' ' ' v N ( x0 + a ' t ', y0 + b ' t ', z0 + c ' t ') d 2 l cc chn ng vung gc chung ca d1, d2

- Thay t, t' tm M, N. Vit ptt i qua M,N. ( Vi cch 2 em tnh thm c khong cch MN, cng chnh l di ng vung gc) Dng 15 : Vit pt ng thng d vung gc vi mp(P) v ct 2 ng thng d1,d2 . * Vit ptmp(Q) cha d1 v vung gc vi mp(P) * Vit ptmp(R) cha d2 v vung gc vi mp(P) * ng thng d = (Q ) I ( R ) Dng 16 : Vit ptt d i qua im A , ct v vung gc vi ng thng d1 . - Vit pt mp ( ) qua A v vung gc d1 - Tm giao im B = ( ) I d1 - ng thng cn tm i qua A, B Dng 17 : Vit ptt d i qua A ,vung gc vi d1,to vi d2 gc (00 ;900 ) (= 300, 450, 600) * Gi VTCP ca d l u = (a; b; c), dk : a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0 rr * V d d1 u.u1 = 0 =>phng trnh (1) rr u.u 2 V cos = r r => phng trnh (2) u . u2 rr u.u P ( ch : nu thay gi thit l d to vi mp(P) gc (00 ;900 ) th c sin = r r ) u . uP Dng 18 : Vit ptt d di qua A , song song vi mp(P) , to vi d1 gc (00 ;900 ) . - Gi VTCP ca d l u = (a; b; c), dk : a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0 - V d//(P) nn u.n p = 0 => phng trnh (1). rr u.u1 - V cos (d , d1 ) = r r = cos nn c phng trnh (2). u . u1 - Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c. r =>vit ptt d i qua A, c vtcp u = (a; b; c) Dng 19 : Vit ptt d di qua A , nm trong mp(P) , to vi d1 gc (00 ;900 ) . - Gi VTCP ca d l u = (a; b; c), dk : a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0 - V d (P) nn u.n p = 0 => phng trnh (1). Th (1) vo (2) => a,b,c => ptt d.

rr

rr

Phng php ta trong khng gian Oxyz-Gv Nguyn c c Nguyn Hu- Nam nh
rr u.u1 - V cos (d , d1 ) = r r = cos nn c phng trnh (2). u . u1

- Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tmra,b theo c=> chn a,b,c. =>vit ptt d i qua A, c vtcp u = (a; b; c) Dng 20: Vit ptt d di qua A , vung gc d1 v khong cch t M n d bng h. r * Gi VTCP ca d l u = (a; b; c), dk : a 2 + b 2 + c 2 > 0 * V d d1 nn u.n 1 = 0 => phng trnh (1). r u ur uu [u , AM ] = h => phng trnh (2). r * V d ( M , d ) = h u *Gii h phng trnh (1), (2) tm a,b theo c=> chn a,b,c. r =>vit ptt d i qua A, c vtcp u = (a; b; c)

rr

Chc cc em n tp tt, t kt qu cao!!!

Go em vo gi bao au n, Go gi xong ri trng ta bng. Sng trn i ngi cng vy, Gian nan rn luyn mi thnh cng! H Ch Minh!