You are on page 1of 174

Chng I

t vn
Phng php nh v dng xc nh v tr, o c, dn ng l vn rt cn thit i vi hnh hi, qun s cng nh cc hot ng kinh t vn ho x hi. i i vi s pht trin v khoa hc k thut, th cc phng php nh v cng pht trin t th s n hin i. Bt u t knh lc phn, la bn, cc bng v sao. Sau l p dng sng v tuyn in nh v nh h thng dn ng radio, Transit v cho n khi k thut phng v tinh nhn to c pht trin ( u nhng nm 1960 ) th phng php nh v ton cu c thc hin. H thng nh v ton cu GPS ( Global Positioning System ) ra i, n khc phc c nhng nhc im ca cc phng php nh v trc nh: chnh xc cao (n tng cm), t ng ho cao, hot ng theo chng trnh phn mm c lp trnh sn, s dng v bo dng thit b. c bit cc ch lm vic lun m bo, cc thit b lm vic n nh 24/24gi do my c cu to c bit. Mc d h thng nh v GPS c nhng u im trn nhng n vn c nhng nhn t nh hng n vic nh v v dn ng th d:nh cc sai s do s tn sc v khc x trong tng in ly, trong qu trnh truyn sng, sai s ng h v tinh v ng h my thu GPS, sai s do nh hng ca cc tia phn x t mt t ti my thu GPS ( Multi parth signal) m v tr nh v bng GPS c th b sai lch. khc phc v p ng yu cu i hi ngy cng cao v chnh xc v phm vi ng dng ca phng php nh v th phi ng dng cc cng ngh tin tin c k thut cao. Ngi ta a ra k thut DGPS (Differential GPS )l mt k thut hin i c s dng rng ri. Vic ng dng cng ngh ng hng c hiu qu cao trc tin phi nghin cu hiu r bn cht ca cng ngh trn c s hiu bit v lm ch n. Xut pht t ngng l do trn ti nghin cu ti h thng nh v v tinh c sa phn sai DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System ) nhm mc ch nm vng l thuyt thc hnh ng dng cng ngh DGPS v ang c trin khai rng ri trn th gii v khu vc ng Nam v ang s dng rng ri nc ta. Trong khun kh ca ti ny ti trnh by cc phn sau: 1. S lc v cc h thng nh v 2. Cng ngh DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) 3. Mt s kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam 3

4. Kt lun K thut DGPS l mt ni dung cn mi m i vi ngi dng Vit Nam, v thi gian c hn, vic tm hiu ti liu cn kh khn nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Ti rt mong c s ch bo, ng gp kin ca cc thy gio v cc bn ng nghip. hon thnh c kho hc m c th l bo v thnh cng lun vn tt nghip ngy hm nay. l s c gng hc tp ca bn thn cng vi cng lao to ln ging dy truyn t kin thc ca cc thy c gio trng i Hc Hng Hi ni chung, ca cc thy gio trong khoa in T Vin Thng ni ring v c bit l s ch bo hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio hng dn: i t PGS - TS - Nh gio u t o c Knh. Qua y ti xin by t lng bit n su sc ti thy o c Knh cng cc thy gio trong trng. Ti xin knh chc thy cng ton th gia nh an khang thnh vng.

Xin chn thnh cm n! Tc gi: Nguyn Vn Duy

Chng II Tng quan v cc h thng nh v


nh v dn ng c t lu trong cuc sng. Ngi ta a ra rt nhiu phng php nh v. y ti gii thiu mt s h thng nh v dn ng chnh.
2.1. Cc h thng nh v dn ng trc khi c h thng GPS

2.1.1 H thng nh v Radio (Radio navigation system) Nguyn l c bn la giao hi cnh t 3 im bit to xc nh to mt phng ca im t my (im cha bit to ) Ti t nht 3 im bit to d,thit lp 3 trm pht tn hiu :Radio,im cn nh v t my thu tn hiu t cc trm pht tn hiu radio trn.Khong cch t trm t my thu dn trn pht c xc nh bng tr thi gian ca tn hiu pht t trm pht ti trm thu.Da vo tr thi gian t nht 3 trm pht v to ca cc trm ny,s tnh c to mt pht phng ca trm t my thu.K thut o tr thi gian c th s dng k thut o xung hoc o lch pha ca tn hiu sng iu ho. Cc h thng radio navigation trn th gii thng s dng di tn s sng ngn hoc sng trung. Nhc im ca h thng ny l tm hot ng c hn, chnh xc nh v ph thuc vo thi im do v v tr cn xc nh tng i vi cc trm pht radio c nh. tng tm hot ng ca h thng,ngi ta lin kt tng cm h thng gm t nht 3 trm Radio Beacon thnh tng chui h thng cc chui ny c ph sng ln,thng vo khong 1.000 dm. Nh vy chui ny to thnh mt h thng nh v quc gia hay khu vc.Cc h thng Radio navigation System ln dc bit trn th gii l:H LORAN_C, H CHAYKA; H LORAN-CHAYKA; H DECCA 2.1.1.1 H LORAN_C : Mc ch s dng trong qun s v sau ny s dng trong nh v dn ng dn s trn ton b bin nc M.H LORAN_C do lc lng bin phng M thit lp.N l h thng Radio Hybecbol s dng tn s xung 100 khz. ph sng ca h thng ph thuc vo chnh xc ca my thu. H ny phc v 24/24gi 5

vi chnh xc khong 100 m v tng i khong 20m n 100m.Do c tnh k tht ca h thng LORAN_C ph hp vi yu cu hng khng nn c quan qun l hng khng chp nhn h thng LORAN_C c ph sng ton nc M.H thng ny c hon thnh vo thng 6 nm 1991. 2.1.1.2 H thng CHAYKA v LORAN/CHAYKA : CHAYKA l mt h thng radio navigation tng t nh h thng LORAN_C do Nga xy dng dc theo b bin Nga. Gia h thng LORAN_C Bc Thi Bnh Duong v h thng CHAYKA c mt vng trng khong 500 hi l ti vng bin Bering khng dc c hai h thng ny ph sng.S hp tc gia M v Nga xy dng h thng LORAN-CHAYKA ph sng ton b vng trng ny.H thng ny lin kt cc trm ATTA v ALASKA thuc h thng LORAN_C ca M v cc trm Ptopavlovsk v Aleksandorcska thuc h thng CHAYKA ca Nga. 2.1.1.3 H thng DECCA Tng t cc h thng trc h thng DECCA c xy dng vi mc ch nh v dn ng trn khng v trn bin.H thng c thit lp trn vng pha ty Chu u,vng Ban Tch,Nam Phi,Vnh Rp,Nht Bn,n D, Australia. H thng hot ng trn hai di bng tn s :Bng 1 t 70-90 khz v t Bng hai t 110-130 khz. chnh xc khong 20-50cm trong khong cch di 220km.Trn khong cch nay gim rt nhanh. Trc khi co h thng dn ng bng GPS thi cc h thng dn ng trc y c s dng rng ri trn th gii.H thng GPS ra i vi tnh nng k thut vt tri va cc dch v khc km theo, dn y li cc h thng trn vo qu kh. 2.1.2 H thng TRANSIT: H thng ny l h dnh v radio ton cu s dng k thut DOPPLE nh v trong to khng gian.H thng ny gm 4 v tinh hoc nhiu hn c b tr trn cc qu o vi cao khong 1080km, my thu tn hiu t trn tri t c th thu cc fix cch nhau t 1n 3 gi khi v tinh t trong tm nhn ca ni t my.Bnh thng th mi v tinh xut hin trong tm nhin khong 20 pht.Khi ch cn xc nh mt fix cho mi v tinh. H thng TRANSIT nh v trn h quy chiu WGS-72. 6

H thng hot ng trn 2 tn s 150 Mhz v 400Mhz.V l thuyt ch cn hot ng trn mt tn s l c th nh v dc,nhng lm gim nh hng ca tng ion ti chnh xc nh v,ngi s dng phi s dng c hai tn s trn. chnh xc ca h thng ph thuc vo s ln bt c v tinh a vo tnh ton nh v(s fix thu c) v vic s dng mt tn s hay hai tn s. chnh xc tiu chun ca mt ln bt v tinh a vo tnh ton nh v vi mt tn s l 500 m,nu s dng hai tn s chnh xc tng ln 25m.Vi vic o ng thi trn im cn xc nh to v im bit to , chnh xc s tng ln 10m do s dng k thut phn sai. chnh xc c th tng n 5m khi s dng cc phng php o dc bit.H thng TRANSIT c hi qun M xy dng vi mc ch s dng trong quc phng.Tuy nhin h thng ny cng thng c s dng trong dn s trc khi h thng GPS ra i.
2.2. H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System )

i i vi s pht trin v khoa hc k thut l s pht trin v nh v dn ng. Yu cu v vic nh v dn ng thng nht trn phm vi ton cu c t ra trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn, quc phng an ninh v ch c bt u khi k thut phng v tinh nhn to c pht trin. V n ch c th nh v c da vo cc chun ngoi tri t. Chnh v th m vic nghin cu xy dng h thng nh v ton cu ch mi bt u t nhng nm 1960. Cc h thng nh v ang c thc hin trn th gii l h thng NAVSTA, h thng GLONASS. 2.2.1. H thng NAVSTA H thng nh v ton cu GPS hin nay c s dng ph bin trn th gii l h thng NAVSTA. H thng ny do khng qun v hi qun M thit lp t nm 1978 vi mc ch ch yu dng trong qun s. n cui nhng nm 1980, mc ch s dng ca h thng NAVSTA GPS c m rng sang cc lnh vc dn s. Bn cht k thut ca vic nh v trong h thng nh v ton cu l vic giao hi cnh khng gian t v tinh nhn to ( c thit lp phc v nh v ton cu) ti im cn nh v trn tri t. Mun xc nh to khng gian ca mt im trn tri t phi giao hi t nht t 3 v tinh. Nh vy yu cu k thut ca h thng nh v ton cu l: - C mt h thng cc v tinh nhn to bay quanh tri t trn cc qu o chnh xc. Cc v tinh ny pht tn hiu 7

nh v (hay cn gi l s liu ng dn NAVSTA ) cho cc my thu t trn tri t. S lng v tinh v cc qu o v tinh cn tnh ton sao cho bt k thi im no trn tri t u c th nhn thy t nht 3 v tinh. My thu tn hiu pht t v tinh GPS, vi cc gii php k thut phn cng v phn mm thu tn hiu v tnh c khong cch t my thu ti tng v tinh GPS. H thng kim tra theo di, iu hnh, kim sot, v hiu chnh qu o ca cc v tinh GPS. H thng NAVSTA GPS c thit lp theo nguyn l trn gm 3 phn h thng (Segment): Phn khng gian, phn iu khin v phn s dng.

Phn Khng Gian (Space Segment).

L h thng v tinh gm 24 v tinh c thit lp trn 6 qu o quanh tri t. Mi qu o v tinh gm 4 v tinh phn b u. Trn qu o mt phng xch o tri t gc nh din 550. cao ca v tinh khong 20190 Km, chu k ca mt v tinh bay quanh tri t l 12 gi. H thng v tinh ny c hon thnh vo thng 2 nm 1989. Vi cch b tr v tinh nh trn, v mt l thuyt mi im trn tri t, trong mi thi im trn tri t, trong mi thi gian u nhn thy t nht 4 v tinh. Trn c s kim sot c cc qu o trn v tinh c th bit c to tc thi ca tng v tinh trong mt h quy chiu nht nh (hin nay s v tinh GPS ln ti 32 v tinh). Mi v tinh pht hin lin tc cc tn hiu dn ng ( gi l NADATA) xung cc my thu tn hiu v tinh s dng. Cc thng tin NADATA bao gm : H thng thi gian; thng s ci chnh ng b v tinh; thng s v qu o v tinh; lch v tinh v cc thng s nh hng ca tng in ly (Inospheric Delay Model Parameters). Phng php truyn thng tin t v tinh l truyn tin theo m: Code C/A v Code P. Code C/A khng bo mt c dng trong dn s, Code P l code v bo mt c dng ch yu trong qun s ( hin nay cng c s dng vi mc ch dn s). Cc m code P c truyn i bng hai sng mang L1= 1575.42 MHz v L2= 1227.60 MHz tng ng vi bc sng 1=19cm v 2=24 cm.

Tn s L1c iu ch bi c hai code C/A v code P. Tn s c iu ch bi code P.


Phn Kim Tra (Control Segment)

H thng kim tra c thit lp nhm theo di,kim sot v hiu chnh v tinh,nhm m bo h thng v tinh hot ng bnh thng,chnh xc.H thng ny bao gm 4 trm quan st v tinh (Monitor Station),3 trm ci chnh (Upload Station) v mt trm iu khin trung tm (Master Control Station). Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng nh sau: Bn trm quan st v tinh lin tc thu tn hiu t tt c cc v tinh v truyn s liu v trm iu khin trung tm.Trm trung tm,tnh ton ra cc h s ci chnh qu o,ng h v tinh v truyn cc h s ny t cc trm pht s ci chnh.Ti y s ci chnh c pht li cho v tinh t nht mt ngy mt ln.Vi phng thc qu o ny s m bo thng tin v qu o v tinh pht xung cho cc my thu GPS c chnh xc v sai s ng h v tinh s gim bt rt nhiu,trn c s chnh nh v s c nng cao.
Phn ngi s dng (User Segment)

on ngi s dng v cc my thu GPS,t c nh hoc di ng trn b mt tri t hoc trong khng gian(Trng hp gn myGPS ) rn my bay,tu bin). Cc my thu GPS ny thu tn hiu t trn cc v tinh GPS vi mc ch nh v v dn ng.Vi mc ch ny cc my thu GPS phi x l cc tn hiu va thu c t cc v tinh GPS tnh ton ra to khng gian ca tm antena my thu GPS nh phn trn nu,nguyn l nh v ca GPS l :Nguyn l giao hi cnh t im cn nh v (tm antena ca my thu)n cc v tinh GPS.Nh vy my thu GPS phi tnh dc khong cch tc thi t tm antena n cc v tinh GPS : tnh c my thu GPS n cc v tinh, cng ging nh nguyn l o khong cch bng sng in t,c th c 2 phng php : 1.Tnh c tr thi gian ca tn hiu pht i t cc v tinh GPS n khi thu c tn hiu ti my thu GPS. 2.Tnh c lch pha (di pha ) t tn hiu pht i t cc v tinh GPS n khi thu ti my thu GPS. Gii php k thut o c tr thi gian trong h thng GPS l p dng k thut tng quan ngang (Cross 9

Correclation).Phng php ny gi l phng php Code Pseudornge nh sau : V tinh GPS pht i cc m code gi ngu nhin (PRN code). My thu GPS to ra cc bn sao m code gi ngu nhin tng ng i vi tng v tinh.So snh tong quan gia hai im m code trn s lm ra tr thi gian.Hnh v sau minh ho cc phng php Code Pseudorange:

Satellite (V tinh) Receiver Code (M thu) t Time Delay (Thi gian tr)

PSEUDORANGE=c.t

Nguyn l ca phng php o lch pha l :Khong cch t v tinh GPS n my thu c tnh bng lch pha ca sng mang(Khi truyn t v tinh GPS ti my thu GPS ) nhn vi chiu di bc sng mang.Cc my o pha tng ng vi phn l ca mi chu k giao ng sng.V vy lch pha s tinh bng s nguyn ln bc sng cng vi lch pha o c.Phng php xc nh khong cch t v tinh my thu n GPS bng cch xc nh lch pha gi l phng php tr o khong cch pha sng mang(Carrier Phase Pseudorange). Hnh v m t nguyn l ca phng php ny:

10

Ambiguit

Carrer (Sng mang)

i vi phng php ny cn to my thu GPS phi m bo gii quyt 2 vn : 1.To sng mang ng thi vi thi im cc sng mang pht i t v tinh GPS (gi l tn hiu i chiu ). So snh tn hiu i chiu v tn hiu thu c t v tinh o c phn l lch pha tng ng vi phn l ca mt chu k giao ng sng. 2. m c s nguyn ln bc sng t v tinh GPS ti my thu GPS. H trc a th gii WGS -84 V tr ca mt im no c xc nh (nh v ) phi hiu theo ngha: c nh v theo h quy chiu nht nh no . Vi mc ch l mt h nh v ton cu,h thng GPS phi xc nh s dng mt h quy chiu thng nht trn ton cu. H quy chiu c s dng trong h thng nh v GPS l Elip Soid GPS-80 (Geodetic Reference System 1980 H quy chiu trc a nm 1980) c nh v trn ton cu theo a tm. Elip Soid GPS80 c bn trc ln bng 6378.137 (m) v nghch o rt 1/f = 298257223563. H trc a s dng mt quy chiu GPS 80 c gi l h trc a th gii WGS -84 (World Greodtic System). To xc nh GPS trong h WGS l to khng gian 3 chiu. H to khng gian 3 chiu l h to c xc nh bng 3 trc to x,y, z. Tm ca h to 3 chiu l a tm. Trc x nm trn mt phng xch o v i qua kinh tuyn gc v a tm. Trc y nm trn mt phng xch o, vung gc vi trc y i qua a tm. Trc z i qua a tm v vung gc vi mt phng xch o. Z N z X y 11 x Y

H to thng thng s dng trong trc a bn khng phi l h to khng gian 3 chiu m l h to a l B,L,H v h to vung gc vi mt phng x,y,h. T to khng gian 3 chiu c th chuyn i v h to a l B L H v h to vung gc (mt phng ) x y h (theo mt phng php no ) y lu rng H l cao tnh trn ElipSoid (High Above ElipSoid) cao ny khc vi cao chun (Meal Sea Level).Quan h gia H v h c biu th bng biu thc H = H + N. y N l cao gia Geoid v Elipsoid. Thng th mi quc gia u c mt h quy chiu trc a quc gia ring bit.Khi GPS ,To GPS c tnh trn h WGS 84.Mun chuyn v h to tham chiu quc gia cn c tham s tnh chuyn. 2.2.2 H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS. H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS do Nga thit lp nm 1993.y l h nh v ton cu s dng h to khng gian,v c bn c cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ging nh h thng GPS.Nhng khc c bn v mt chi tit k thut ca hai h thng nh sau : 1.Trong khi h thng NAVSTAR GPS c 24 v tinh c b tr trn 6 qu o,mt phng qu o v tinh nghing so vi mt phng qu o tri t 55 , cao v tinh khong 20.190 km v chu k v tinh l 12 gi,thi h thng GLONASS GPS c 24 v tinh c b tr trn 3 qu o,mt phng qu o nghing so vi mt phng xch o tri t 64.8 , cao v tinh l 19.100 km v chu k v tinh l 11 gi 15 pht. 2. Cng ging nh cc v tinh ca h thng NAVSTAR GPS ,cc v tinh ca h thng GLONASS GPS cng s dng hai tn s sng mang (carrier frequenciens) S dng hai loi m code C/A v P code.Song hai tn s sng mang L1 v L2 trong h thng NAVSTAR GPS c s dng chung cho tt c cc v tinh. Trong khi i vi h thng GLONASS GPS mi v tinh s dng mt tn s sng mang khc nhau. Gii tn bng sng L 1 ca h thng GLONASS GPS t 1602.5625 MHz n 161505 MHz. Mi v tinh c 12

tn s khc nhau 0.5625 MHz. Gii tn bng sng mang L2 ca h thng GLONASS GPS t1246.4375 MHz ti 1256.5 MHz. Mi v tinh c tn s khc nhau 0.4375 MHz. S khc bit gia hai h thng l: i vi NAVSTAR GPS th mi v tinh s dng mt code khc nhau cn vi h thng GLONASS th code c s dng chung cho tt c cc v tinh trong h thng. 3. H thng NAVSTAR GPS s dng h quy chiu WGS -84 cn h thng GLONASS GPS s dng h quy chiu SGS 85. V chnh xc ca h thng GLONASS GPS tuy cha c c nhng cng b y , xong c th coi hao h thng ny tng ng vi nhau v chnh xc. H thng GLONASS GPS c thit k t thng 5 nm 1993 khi c 12 v tinh. Cui nm 1993 (theo k hoch) s c 20 v tinh v n nm 1995 th hon thnh h thng. Thc t th h thng NAVSTAR GPS c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii (k c Vit Nam) hn h thng GLONASS GPS vi cc l do sau: 1. H quy chiu WGS 84 quen thuc hn v c s dng rng ri hn h quy chiu SGS -85. Hn na vic chuyn i gia hai h thng ny vn cn l mt vn nghin cu, thng nht. Vi nhng thc nghim ban u th hai h thng chnh lch nhau t 510 m. 2. Khi hai h thng coi l c chnh xc ging nhau, th ngi s dng ch quan tm n cc thit b thu tn hiu GPS. Cc my thu GPS tng ng vi h thng NAVSTAR GPS ph bin trn th trng rt nhiu so vi cc my thu tn hiu GPS tng ng vi h thng GLONASS GPS. 3. Cc thng tin v h thng NAVSTAR GPS v cc dch v km theo rng ri hn nhiu so vi cc thng tin v dch v ca h thng GLONASS GPS (bao gm c v tip th qung co). 2.2.3. H thng nh v ton cu ci chnh phn sai (Differential GPS). Do nh hng ca nhiu thnh phn sai s th d nh sai s do nh hng ca s tn sc v khc x trong bu kh quyn, sai s ca ng h v tinh v ng h my thu GPS. Sai s do nh hng ca tia phn x t mt t bi my thu GPS (multipart signal), sai s qu o v tinh, v tr nh v bng v tinh GPS c th b sai lch. 13

V vy trong ng dng ngi ta phi tm ra cc gii php gim thiu cc phn sai trn. l k thut o GPS phn sai. Nguyn l ca phng php ny l ngi ta s dng my thu GPS chun bit chnh xc to , thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai. Sau gi s phn sai ti cc my thu ng dng GPS s tnh ra to chnh xc ca n. Chng ta s nghin cu c th k thut DGPS chng 3.

14

Chng III Cng ngh DGPS


3.1. C s l thuyt:

Mun xc nh to khng gian ca mt im trn tri t phi giao t nht t 3 v tinh. Nu t to khng gian l XYZ. Khi to ca v tinh nh v v im thu GPS k hiu tng ng XS, YS, ZS v x, y, z th phng trnh khong cch t my thu GPS n v tinh l: P = ((XS-x)2+(YS-y)2+(ZS-z)2)1/2 (1-1) Cn vn tc hng tm nhn c bng cch ly vi phn phng trnh trn (1-1).
* * P* = r 1 ( x S x)( x s* x * ) + ( y S y )( y S y * ) + ( z S z )( z S z * ) (1-2)

R rng cc i lng (1-1), (2-2) cn tng thch vi mt thi im o. V vy nn thang o ca h s dng v du thi gian ca v tinh phi c lin h trc tip. tnh to h s dng ti thi im Ti th to ca v tinh phi chn thi im (ti- r/c). Trong li h thng nh v v tinh p dng phng php o c ly vi vic gi im tnh u. C ly o gn ng s lch vi gi tr thc mt gi tr m gi tr ph thuc vo dch chuyn tng i ca h thng thi gian. Vi v tinh nh v c lch thang thi gian T Khi truyn sng in t trong khng gian kh quyn c gi chm tm so vi trong khng gian t do. Cc sai s . Do php s l ta c ly (c ly gn ng) ch khng phi l c ly P. Khi khong cch (psuedorange) l: P = ((XS-x)2+(YS-y)2+(ZS-z)2)1/2 + C( t- T) + atm+ Trong XS, YS, ZS l to khng gian ca v tinh. X, Y, Z l to khng gian ca my thu GPS. C tc nh sng trong chn khng P : tr o psuedorange t, T: l sai s ng h my thu GPS v sai s ng h v tinh GPS. atm : l sai s do nh hng ca kh quyn. : Sai s tng hp khc C( t- T); atm; c gi chung l cc phn sai. Cc phn sai ny dao ng t mt vi mt n mt vi trc mt. 15

T cng thc ta thy nu t my thu GPS trn mt im bit to l X,Y,Z c th tnh ra phn sai bng cch ly khong cch psuedorange tr i khong cch c tnh bng to v tinh v to antena my thu GPS. L thuyt v thc nghim chng minh rng nh hng phn sai ca cc im cch nhau trong khong 300 dm (500 km) l gn bng nhau.
3.2. Nguyn l o DGPS

1. t my thu trn mt im bit to chnh xc, thu tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS v tnh ra cc s ci chnh phn sai. My thu ny c gi l my Base 2. Cc my thu ng dng gi l my Rover, thu tn hiu GPS ng thi vi my Base, ci chnh vo cc tr o c tnh t my Rover tnh ra ta chnh xc ca my Rover. Tnh ci chnh phn sai c hai phng php:
* Phng php POSITION:

S ci chnh phn sai c tnh di dng thc o kinh , v , v cao (B, L, H), bng cch ly hiu s to bit ti trm BASE v to c tnh ra theo tr o GPS ti trm BASE.
*Phng php MEASURMENT:

S ci chnh phn sai c tnh ra di dng ci chnh chiu di vo khong cch psuedorange (P), bng cch ly hiu khong cch tht t v tinh ti tm im antena ca my thu GPS ti trm BASE v khong cch Psuedorange ti cc v tinh, tnh t trm BASE. S ci chnh phn sai tnh theo phng php POSITION ti trm BASE ch ng i vi trm ROVER khi ta c ti trm BASE v ta tnh c ti trm ROVER trn cng mt chm v tinh GPS (GPS constellation), chnh v vy thng thng ngi ta s dng phng php MEASURMENT. Tu theo cch x l s ci chnh phn sai, c th chia phng php DGPS thnh hai loi
* Phng php POST PROSESSING DGPS

Phng php ny s dng phn mm x l hai files s liu thu c t my thu BASE v ROVER ( ng thi thu tn hiu trong

16

cng mt khong thi gian), tnh ton ra s ci chnh phn sai v ta c ci chnh phn sai ca trm my ROVER. Nh vy to tc thi ( c ci chnh phn sai ) khng c tnh ton ti hin trng khi o, m phi tnh ton trong phng sau khi o. Phng php ny hin nay t c s dng.
* Phng php REAL TIME DGPS

Phng php ny s dng phn mm lin tc tnh ra cc s ci chnh phn sai. Cc s ci chnh phn sai ny c pht ti cc my ROVER thng qua thit b truyn thng. Cc my thu GPS ROVER ng thi thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS v tn hiu ci chnh phn sai pht t trm BASE tnh ra ta chnh xc ( c ci chnh phn sai ). Nh vy khc vi phng php POST PROSESSING, ta tc thi ( c ci chnh phn sai ) c lin tc tnh ton my ROVER ti thi im nh v S hot ng ca phng php REAL TIME DGPS SATELLITE SATELLITE GPS Signal GPS Signal GPS Signal SATELLITE

SATELLITE

GPS Signal

GPS Signal

GPS Signal

Data Link Reference Station USERS

DIFFERENTIAL GPS Differential GPS GEOMETRY GEOMETRY

17

Cu hnh thit b ca phng php REAL TIME DGPS gm 3 phn chnh: + My thu GPS BASE + Thit b truyn tin thu v pht (Datalink) + My thu GPS ROVER

18

S khi ca thit b trm BASE (cn gi l trm Reference)


GPS SATELLTE SCNALS

GPS RECEIVER
S

DATA LINK

GPS SENSOR

V MEASUREMENT DPROCESSOR Differentia l ATA MEASUREMENT Correction Message PROCESSOR

DATA FORMATTER

MODULATOR

DATA LINK TRANSMITTER

REFERENCE STATION COORDINATES

Theo s khi trn, chu trnh vn hnh ti trm tnh nh sau : - My thu GPS thu cc tn hiu t ccv tinh v tnh ra cc Pseudorange tng ng n cc v. - Thit b phn mm (Correction Generator) s dng to bit ti trm tnh (to tm anten ca my thu GPS ) c cc Pseudorange tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai. - S ci chnh phn sai c tnh dng chun bng thit b Data Formater - S ci chnh phn sai c sng ti (carrier) truyn vo khng gian ti trm ROVER qua anten pht - sng ti truyn c s ci chnh phn sai th sng ti c iu ch bi dng tn hiu c nh dng chun ca s ci chnh phn sai Cng vic ny c thc hin thit b iu ch (Modulation ). - Yu cu k thut ca trm tnh l : 19

+ To chun c xc nh chnh xc lo b sai s to chun. + Thit b GPS v Correction Generator phi chnh xc, tnh chnh xc s ci chnh phn sai v kim sot c s ci chnh ny. + Format tn hiu ci chnh phn sai phi c nh dng chun c tnh ph thng. + Phng php iu ch phi m bo an ton,chnh xc truyn dc trn gi thng tin ca s ci chnh phn sai.
GPS SATELLTE SCNALS

GPS RECEIVER
SV DMEASUREMENT
NAVIGIATION DATA POSITION CORDI NATES

GPS SENSOR

ATA

PROCESSOR

MEASUREMENT PROCESSOR

DISPLAY AND OUTPUT

DIFFENTIAL GPS DATA LINK

DIFFERENTIAL CORRECTION

DATA LINK

DATA LINK RECEVER

DEMODULATOR

DATA FORMATTER

20

Nguyn l hot ng ca trm ROVER : - Datalink Receiver thu c sng mang,ti s liu ci chnh phn sai t trm tnh thng qua anten DGPS. - B tch sng (Demodulation) tch s hiu ci chnh phn sai t sng ti thu nhn dc t Datalink Receiver. - S liu ci chnh phn sai c nhn dng chun bng Dataformater v truyn n thit b x l s liu ci chnh phn sai (Differential Dataprocessor). - Thng qua anten GPS ,GPS Sensor thu c tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS. - Thu tn hiu GPS c truyn ti b phn x l o (Measurement processor ) tnh cc Pseudorange. - Kt hp nhng s ci chnh phn sai v Pseudorange tnh c s tnh ra to trm ROVER c ci chnh phn sai.To ny c hin th trn mn hnh v c ly ra qua cng Output ca my thu GPS. V mt cu to thit b a s cc my ROVER thng dng hin nay u ghp Datalink v GPS Receiver thnh mt my (k c anten ).
3.3 Phng php iu ch,nh dng Format s hiu v cc loi thng bo (Message type) c gi i trong tn hiu ci chnh phn sai.

3.3.1 Phng php iu ch. Trong k thut truyn thng,ni dung thng tin c truyn ti trn cc sng mang (sng ti ).Bn thn sng ti khng cha ng thng tin,cn truyn ti i. thc hin c nc ch ny,sng ti s b iu ch (Modolation) theo tn hiu cha thng tin. C nhiu phng php iu ch.Trong k thut DGPS ,thng tin cn truyn ti i l cc gi s liu.m bo tnh chnh xc 100%,ca gi s liu truyn i l yu cu khng th thiu,trong phng thc truyn thng i vi phng thc DGPS.iu ny ph thuc phng php iu ch c p dng.Qua thit k v thi nghim,t chc bin phng b bin M chng minh rng phng php iu ch Minimum Shift Kying (MSK), thch ng vi k thut truyn s ci chnh phn sai DGPS.Do cc trm BEACON DGPS u s dng k thut MSK v c gi l cc trm MSK BEACON DGPS. 3.3.2. nh dng Format s liu.

21

nh dng Format s liu l mt vn rt quan trng trong k thut truyn thng tin.Tt c thng tin truyn i trong k thut DGPS (ni dung thng tin tng s liu ci chnh phn sai ) c truyn i bng mt dy cc s t nhin.Nh vy,ni dung thng tin phi c truyn ti i theo mt quy lut xp xp ca dy s t nhin c truyn ti i.Ngi nhn c thng tin (cc my thu s liu ci chnh DGPS ) phi gii c m truyn tn hiu hiu c cc thng tin nhn c.Nh vy nh dng thng tin (nh dng Fomat s liu ) c hiu theo kho m ca tn hiu truyn tin. DGPS l mt dch v cng cng.V vy nh dng Format s liu cng phi mang tnh ph bin,cng cng c th ng dng rng ri trn ton cu. Chuyn ban k thut 104 thuc u ban k thut Radio v cc dch v hng hi (RTCM-104-Radio Technical Comnission for Maritime Services.Special 104) thit k mt chun Format d liu cho s ci chnh phn sai s dng trong k thut DGPS. Ta thng thy cc my GPS c ci t Option RTCM-104, ni dung l cc my ny c ci t phn mm nh dng s liu theo chun RTCM -104. Cu to c bn ca Format nh dng s liu chun ca s liu ci chnh phn sai theo RTCM-104 c gii thch ngn gn nh sau : 1. Ni dung ca s liu ci chnh phn sai bao gm cc thng tin bng s (V d : S ci chnh phn sai Pseudorange; to trm Referencev.v) v cc thng tin khng bng s (Vi d : Thng bo tnh trng v tinh; tnh trng ca trm Reference; sai s ca s ci chnh phn sai vv ). Ni dung thng tin bng s c gi nguyn theo thng tin gc; ni dung thng tin khng bng s s c quy nh tng ng vi cc code (c nh dng di dng s ). Th d : Sai s ci chnh cnh c code ho nh sau : Code Number One signal Difference error 00 (0) 1m 01 (1) >1m <4m 10 (2) >4m <8m 11 (3) >8m 2. Sau khi quy nh code ca tt c cc thng tin phi s th ton b thng tin c gi i l mt chui s t nhin. Cc chui 22

s t nhin ny c th hin trn cc frame s liu c di 30 bit.Mt ni dung,hoc mt vi ni dung trong s liu ci chnh phn sai c gp thnh mt dng thng bo (Message type).i vi mi Massage Type s c kho m nhn dng frame s liu. Th d : S ci chnh phn sai Pseudorange c nh dng nh sau :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 . 23 24 25 .30 SCALE UDRE SATELITEID PSEUDORANGE FACTOR CORRECTION PARITY

Trn s trn thi Scale factor v UDRE c th hin bng code; cc ni dung thng tin khc th hin bng s. 3.3.3. Cc loi thng bo (Massage type ). Thng tin ci chnh phn sai gi i t trm Beacon khng n thun ch l s ci chnh phn sai m gm nhiu loi thng tin khc. c th nh dng s liu thng tin, ngi ta chia ra cc ni dung thng tin thnh cc nhm thng bo (Massage type ) v nh dng format cho tng nhm thng bo ny. RTCM-104 chia cc ni dung thng tin trong k thut DGPS thnh 26 massage v nh dng cho 26 massage ny. Di y em ch trnh by ni dung thng tin v nh dng format cho cc masage chnh,ng dng trong k thut DGPS 3.3.3.1 Loi thng bo 1 (Massage Type 1). Ci chnh phn sai DGPS (Differrential GPS Corrections) Thng bo 1 cha ni dung chnh l s ci chnh phn sai tc thi c tnh v pht t trm Beacon.S ci chnh ny gm hai thnh phn : 1. S ci chnh Pseudorange i vi tng v tinh tnh c ti trm Beacon v khong cch tht tnh c t to khng gian ca anten trm Beacon v to khng gian ca cc v tinh tng ng.S ci chnh ny c k hiu l PRC(t 0) (Pseudorange correction at t0 of time ). 2. V s ci chnh PRCt 0 truyn t trm Beacon ti trm Rover no (ngi s dng) mt mt khong thi gian nhi nh.V vy trm Rover nhn c s ci chnh PRC(t0) khng phi ti thi im t0 m ti thi im t.Ti thi im t, s ci chnh tnh c ti 23

trm Beacon s khc s ci chnh t l khong cch (Range Rate Correction). S ci chnh ny dc k hiu l RRC. Nh vy s ci chnh Pseudorange ti thi im t cho cc my GPS ng s l: PRC (t) = PRC (t 0 ) + RRC (t t 0) Ti thi im t, khong cch Pseudorange tnh c ti cc my thu GPS ng s l : PR (t ) = PRM (t ) +PRC (t ) = PRM (t ) + PRC (t 0 ) +RRC (t t 0) Vi : PR (t) l khong cch Pseudorange c ci chnh phn sai ti thi im t. PRM (t ) l khong cch Pseudorange cha c ci chnh phn sai ti thi im t (tnh t vic thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS ). S ci chnh phn sai PRC (t ) c tnh cho tng v tinh i vi tt c cc v tinh trong tm nhn ti trm Beacon tithi im t. V vy trong format s liu thng bo 1 bao gm c thng tin v s liu v tinh (Satellte ID ) format s liu ca thng bo 1 c cu to nh sau:

24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 . 23 24 25 .30
UDRE SATELITE ID PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION PARITY Words 3 8.13 or 18

SCALE FACTOR RANGERAE ISSUE OF CORRECTI0 DATA N (IOD) PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION SATELITE ID PARITY Words 4 9.14 or 19 Words 5 10.15 or 20

R E RANGE RATE CORRECTION

PARITY

SCALE FACTOR ISSUE OF DATA (IOD) PSEUDORANG E CORRECTION (LOWER BYTE) RANGE RATE CORRECTION UDRE SATELIT E ID PSEUDORANG PARITY E CORRECTION (UPPER BYTE) ISSUE OF PARITY DATA (IOD)

Words 6 11.16 or 20 Words 7 12.17 or 23 Words N+2 If Ni=1.4.7 or 10

RANGE RATE CORRECTION

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL

PARITY

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL

PARITY

Words N+2 If Ni=2.58 or 11

TYPE ! MASSAGE FORMAT Trong cu to Format c thng bo di dng code ca thng bo 1 nh trn ta cn thy tri s UDRE (USER DIFFERENTIAL RANGE ERRO). Tr s ny thng bo sai s ca ci 25

chnh phn sai pht t trm Beacon.UDRE l tng hp cc nh hng sai s ca hin tng a tia (multipath ); nhiu tn hiu GPS (Signal to noise radio) v cc nh hng sai s khc. Tr s IDO (Issue of data) trong cu to Format s liu ca thng bo s 1,thng bo cho my GPS ng phi dng mt Set s liu thu c t v tinh c s dng ti trm Beacon nh v v tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai.

26

3.3.3.2. Thng bo 2 (Massage type 2 ) Delta Differential GPS Correction. Trong cu to h thng GPS ,c 4 trm Monitor v 1 trm Master Control. Bn trm ny thu nhn s liu GPS v trruyn v trm s liu Master Control,tram Master Control x l s liu t 4 trm Monitors trnv tnh ton ra s liu ci chnh ng h v tinh v s ci chnh qu o v tinh.V s ci chnh ny c pht tr li iu chnh hot ng ca cc v tinh t nht 1 ln trong ngy. Nh vy sau khi trm Master Control Uploaded s ci chnh cho cc v tinh, th cc v tinh pht qu o mi (EPHEMERIDE) ti cc my thu.Cc my thu s Decode qu o v tinh mi v tnh Pseudorange theo qu o v tinh mi. Tuy vy i vi cc my thu GPS vic Decode qu o v tinh khng thc hin ngay tc thi m mt mtkhong thi gian nht nh. C ngha l mc d qu o v tinh mi c thng bo trong tn hiu GPS t cc v tinh,song my GPS vn tnh Pseudorange theo lch v tinh c (qu o v tinh c ). Cc trm Beacon u c trang b cc my GPS c th decode qu do v tinh mi ngay tc thi. Kt qu l trong mt s trng hp, thi im v tinh GPS pht i lch v tinh mi, thi c mt khong thi gian, trm Beacon nh v v tnh s ci chinh phn sai theo lch v tinh mi,con my thu GPS ng li nh v theo lch v tinh c. Nh vy s ci chnh phn sai c tnh ti trm Beacon theo lch v tinh mi s khng chnh xc i vi cc my thu GPS c nh v theo lch v tinh c.V vy cn phi c mt s ci chnh ph, b li s sai khc ni trn. S ci chnh ny gi l Delta Differential GPS Correction, v c k hiu l DELTA PRC. DELTA PRC c tnh theo cng thc : DELTA PRC = PRC (old IOD) RRC (new IOD ) Cng vi l do nh trn, khi tnh s ci chnh Range rate differential, trm Beacon cng s dng v tinh mi, do phi c thm s ci chnh DELTA RRC DELTA RRC c tnh theo cng thc : DELTA RRC = RRC (old IOD) - RRC (new IOD ) . Vi :PRC (OLD IOD ) l s ci chnh phn sai Psuedorange c tnh theo lch v tinh c. PRC (New IOD ) : L s ci chnh phm sai c tinh theo lch v tinh mi. 27

RRC (Old IOD ) :L s ci chnh phn sai Range-rate c theo lch v tinh c RRC (New IOD) : L s ci chnh phn sai Range rate c tnh theo lch v tinh mi. My thu GPS ng s c IO D (Issue of data ) trong thng bo s 1 la chn xem c s dng s ci chnh Delta Diffencetial GPS Correction hay khng. Khi s dng s ci chnh DELTA th s ci chnh phn sai ng dng ti trm my GPS ng s c tnh bng cng thc sau :
PRC
(t )

= PRC (NEW IOD) + DELTA (OLD IOD ) + RRC (NEW IOD ) +DELTA RRC
( OLD IOD )

Cu to Format s liu Massagge Type 2 c trnh by trong hinh v di y : 1 2


UDRE

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 16 17. 24 25 29 30
SATELITE ID DELTA PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION SCALE FACTOR PARITY Words 3 8.13 or 18

DELTA RANGERAE CORRECTI0 N

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

UDRE

SATELITE ID

PARITY

Words 4 9.14 or 19

DELTA PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION

DELTA RANGE RATE CORRECTION

PARITY

Words 5 10.15 or 20

SCALE FACTOR ISSUE DATA (IOD) OF UDR E SATELITE ID DELTA PSEUDORANG E CORRECTION (UPPER BYTE) ISSUE OF

PARITY

Words 6 11.16 or 20

DELTA

DELTA

28

PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION (LOWER BYTE) DELTA RANGE RATE CORRECTION

RANGE RATE CORRECTION

DATA (IOD)

PARITY

Words 7 12.17 or 23 Words N+2 If Ni=1.4.7 or 10 Words N+2 If Ni=2.58 or 11

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL

PARITY

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL PARITY

3.3.3.3. Thng bo 3 (Massage type 3) Thng bo ca trm Refrence. Thng bo 3 gi i to khng gian 3 chiu ca trm Beacon To d c tnh trong h WGS 84. Thng bo v to (v tri ) ca trm Beacon gip cho my GPS ng khi thu c tn hiu ci chnh t mt trm Beacon no , bit c khong cch t trm Beacon n my thu GPS ng l bao nhiu. Trong trng hp thu c nhiu tn hiu ci chnh phn sai t nhiu trm Beacon, thi my thu GPS ng c th da vo khong cch ti cc trm Beacon quyt nh xem s dng s liu ci chnh phn sai pht i ti trm Beacon no thch hp nht. (Thng th s dng s ci chnh phn sai i t trm Beacon gn nht).. Tuy vy, i khi c th trn ch s dng s ci chnh phn sai t trm Beacon no m tn hiu ci chnh thu c ti my GPS ng ln nht. Format s liu ca Massege 3 c trnh by trong hnh v di y: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ECEFX-COORDINATE WORLD (UPPER 3 BYTE) PARITY 3 MSB ECEFXCOORDINATE (LOWER BYTE) ECEFY-COORDINATE (UPPER 2 BYTE) MSB 29 WORLD 4

PARITY

ECEFYCOORDINATE (LOWER 2 BYTE) LBS

ECEFZ-COORDINATE (UPPER BYTE) MSB

PARITY

WORLD 5

ECEFZ-COORDINATE MSB TYPE 3 MESSAGE PARAMETERS FORMAT

PARITY

WORLD 6

REFERENCE

STATION

3.3.3.4. Thng bo 5 (message Type 5) l chm v tinh kho (Constellation Heath) Thng bo ny, thng bo thng s ca tng chm v tinh ti trm Beacon, v tinh no trong tm nhn ti trm Beacon v c s dng nh v v tnh s ci chnh phn sai. Thng bo gip cho my GPS ng, t ng la chn c ng chm v tinh kho (constellation) c s dng nh v ti trm Beacon v trm GPS ng cng s dng mt GPS constellation nh v. Vic ny rt quan trng v nu trm GPS ng s dng mt GPS constellation khc vi trm Beacon, th s c cc Psuedorange tnh c t trm GPS ng c ci chnh phn sai. Gi s tt c cc Psuedorange tnh c t trm GPS ng c ci chnh phn sai m ch cn mt Psuedorange khng c ci chnh phn sai s gy nn sai s nh v rt ln. Thng bo s 5 ny khng c gi lin tc m c gi i theo chu k mi khi trm tnh thay i GPS Constellation. Format DATA ca Message Type 5 c trnh by trong hnh v sau: HEALTH ENABLE NEW NAVIGATION DATA LOSS OF SATELLITE WARING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 30

SATELLIE

DATA HEALT ID H

c/N
0

TIME TO UNHEALTHY

p PARITY

WORD 2 + Ni

Message Type 5 - - Constellation Health. 3.3.3.5. Thng bo 16 (Message Type 16) thng bo c bit. y l mt dng thng bo c bit bng m ASCII trm Beacon c th thng bo cho cc trm GPS ng cc thng tin c bit bng ch. Mi mt thng bo c th di 90 ch ci. thc hin c iu ny, ngi ta s dng code ASC II 7 bit trong FORMAT s liu Message Type 16. Th d hnh sau trnh by ch QUICK c cu to ra sao trong format s liu Message Type 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Q U I 26 27 28 29 30 PARITY WORLD 010100 010101 010010 3 01 01 01 MSB LSB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 C K FILL PARITY WORLD 010000 010010 000000 3 Vi cc loi thng bo trnh by trn, vic ci chnh phn sai thi gian s c thc hin mt cch hon ho.

31

3.4. Cc phng php o DGPS.

3.4.1. K thut MSK DGPS vi cc trm Beacon. p dng k thut DGPS trn phm vi, mt vng mt quc gia hay mt khu vc, cc trm Reference DGPS c xy dng c nh trn cc v tr thit k nhm phc v tn hiu ci chnh phn sai cho bt k my ng no nm trong phm vi ph sng c thit k. Cc trm ny c gi l Beacon Control GPS Station. Nhiu trm Beacon Control GPS Station cng hot ng di mt s iu hnh chung c gi l Beacon Control GPS System. Cu hnh cc trm Beacon Control GPS rt linh ng. Cu hnh ny ph thuc vo quy m trm, quy m ca h thng cng nh yu cu ca i tng phc v. 3.4.1.1. Yu cu chung ca mt trm Beacon Control l: - S dng k thut iu ch MSK (Minimum Shift Kying Modulation). - S dng cc chun thng bo v cu hnh (Format) s liu chun quc t RTCM 104 - S dng h thng phn mm iu khin chun RSIM ca RTCM 104 - a s s dng sng mang trung tn, t 280 KHz n 325kHz. L do s dng phng php iu ch MSK v cc chun Format RTCM 104 c trnh by mc 2.1.5. Vic s dng sng mang trong di trung tn v cc l do sau: + Sng trung tn c bc sng di, v vy c th truyn sng vt cc chng ngi vt trn ng truyn sng. Do khng yu cu cc tm antena nhn thy nhau. Do v tr t anten trm Beacon khng cn phi cao, cng nh chiu cao anten my pht, tn s khng yu cu cao lm. + S suy hao trn ng truyn sng trung tn khng ln lm. iu ny m bo tm hot ng xa ca trm Beacon vi cng sut pht khng cao. + Trong k thut radio, do c tuyn tn s ca cc linh kin n nh vi tn s trung tn nn thit b radio d hot ng n nh vi gii sng trung. Yu cu dch v i vi trm Beacon control v ca h thng phi m bo tnh nng sau:

3 32

+ S ci chnh phn sai phi c pht i lin tc, khng gin on. S liu phi c lu tr trong DATABASE ca trm Beacon control nhm mc ch s l sau (Poss Processing) v kim tra. + m bo tm ph sng theo yu cu phc v. + Kim sot c chnh xc ca s ci chnh phn sai pht i nhm m bo chnh xc hot ng ca trm. + Kim sot t ng s vn hnh ca thit b ca trm. T ng pht tn hiu v thng bo cc s c trong qu trnh vn hnh c s chnh l khc phc tc thi. + Nu cc trm Beacon control hot ng trong mt h thng, th cc trm Beacon control ring l phi c kh nng iu khin t xa v c t di s kim tra iu hnh thng nht ti mt trm kim tra, iu khin trung tm. Cu hnh ca mt trm Beacon Control v hot ng ca trm Beacon Control. S ca mt trm Beacon Control c my thu GPS v my pht sng mang kp c trnh by hnh v di y: DUAL RS RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS FOR RENDUNDANCY RS 1

B RSIM PC RS 2 Transmitt er

Ante n

Theo s cu to trn, trm Beacon Control c hai my thu GPS k hiu l RS 1 v RS 2 (Reaference Station ). Cc my thu GPS ny thng l cc my thu Trimble 4000 MSK c thit k b iu ch MSK trong my thu GPS. My thu RS1 v RS 2 thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS v tnh ra cc Pseudorange i vi tng v tinh GPS v tnh ra s ci chnh phn 3 33

sai Pseudorange cho tng v tinh. Option RTCS 104 c ci t trong my chun ho s ci chnh theo Format chun RTCM 104 dng lm tn hiu iu ch tn s sng mang pht ra t my pht tn s (Transmitter). Hai my thu GPS RS 1 v GPS RS2 hot ng c lp vi nhau v c ni vi my tnh PC iu khin c ci t phn mm chun RSIM. Cng nh vy my pht tn s cng gm hai my (hoc 2 block my pht trong mt my pht kp ). Vi cu to nh trn trm Beacon Control c tnh an ton cao trong vn hnh, do m bo c pht tn hiu ci chnh lin tc,khng b gin on do s c k thut. 3.4.1.2. H thng antena bao gm cc phn chnh sau: - Antena pht : C nhiu dng nh antena Diamon, antena hnh T, antena ct (S dng ngay ct lm yu t pht ). - Li i trng : L h thng dy ng trc c di chn chm di bi antena c tc dng lm tng h s in ly ca bi antena. - B phn iu chnh antena : C nhiu chc nng iu chnh cun cm (L) to ra tn s cng hng R - C ca my pht tn hiu. - Cc thit b an ton bao gm : H thng chng st, h thng n cao khng t ng vv. Hnh v di y m t mmt s loi antena v li i trng : Ct Dy pht S cch

Dy no ATU

A Antena hnh ch T

34

Antena hnh Thp S cch

Ct

Dy

S cch A ATU

Li i trng

Vi cu hnh nh trn trm Beacon Control mi ch m bo pht tn hiu an ton v lin tc ch khng kim sot c chnh xc ca s liu ci chnh pht i. V vy ti cc tm Beacon Control, thng thng c trang b thm cc my GPS Monitoring, lm nhim v theo di v kim sot chnh xc ca tn hiu ci chnh phn sai c pht i t trm Beacon Control.

35

S cu hnh ca mt trm Beacon Control c trang b my GPS Monitoring c trnh by nh hnh v di y :

THE INTRODUCTION OFAN INTERGRITY MONITOR RS 1 RS 2 A Ante n

RSIM PC

B Transmit ter

IM 1 Near field antena IM 2 Near field antena

3.4.1.3. Hot ng ca my GPS Monitor ti trm Beacon Control. My thu GPS IM (Integrity monitor GPS Receiver) l tch hp ca mt my thu GPS v my thu tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. Antena ca my thu GPS IM c t ti mt im bit trc to gn trm Beacon Control. My thu GPS IM khi hot ng nh mt my thu GPS ng. My thu GPS IM s tnh ra to c ci chnh phn sai. So snh to c ci chnh phn sai vi to bit ti ni t antena ca my thu GPS IM,s nh gi c sai s ca tn hiu ci chnh phn sai pht i t trm Beacon Control. Hot ng ca my GPS IM cng c kim sot qua my tnh iu khin PC c ci t phn mm RSIM. RSIM v nguyn tc hot ng ca RSIM : RSIM l mt phn mm chun ho do RTCM 104 xy dng nhm m bo thng tin trong h thng cc trm Beacon Control, bao gm cc trm Reference, trm Monitor v trm iu khin trung tm. 3 36

Rsim l mt cu thnh khng th thiu ca mt trm Beacon Control. N l phn mm chnh, ci t,qun l v vn hnh trm Beacon Control.Ngoi ra RSIM cn c mt s b tr khc cu thnh trong h thng phn mm cho trm Beacon Control. H thng phn mm cho trm Beacon Control c thit k chy trn cu hnh my tnh 32 bit trong mi trng Windows NT. Khi trm Beacon Control hot ng, phn mm RSIM qun l mi hot ng ca trm mt cch t ng v to ra cc thng tin v tnh trng hot ng ca trm bao gm : Ca s trng thi (Status Windows); Bo ng v cc thng bo (Alarms and massage). Tt c c 9 Status Windows,mi Status Windows cung cp mt thng tin qun l, theo di s hot ng ca trm v h thng. Cc thng tin bao gm : 1. IM Satellite Status : Thng bo thng tin v cc v tinh m my GPS Monitoring ang s dng. 2. PS Satellite Status : Thng bo thng tin v cc v tinh m my Reference GPS ang s sng. 3. IM DGPS IM Status : Thng bo thng tin lin quan n vic tnh ton inh v bao gm chnh xc, DOP, s v tinh c s dng nh v c xc nh bi my GPS Monitoring. 4. IM Correction Data : Thng bo v s ci chnh phn sai m my GPS Monitoring nhn c t trm Reference. 5. RS Correction Data : Thng bo v s ci chnh phn sai c to ra bi my Reference GPS. 6. IM Data Link Status : Thng bo v cht lng ca tn hiu v s liu RTCM v my GPS Monitoring nhn c. 7. Transmitter Status : Beacon thng bo tnh trng hot ng ca my pht tn s sng mang. 8. Bng nh v (Position Statistics Table) : Thng bo v tri c nh v ( c ci chnh phn sai ) bng my GPS Monitoring theo dng bng s. 9. Posotiong Statistics Scatter Plot : Thng tin v v tr c nh v ( c ci chnh phn sai ) bng my GPS Monitoring di dng th. 37

Cc thng tin c hin th trn mn hnh my tnh v c th c in ra qua Printer. Trong qu trnh vn hnh trm, bt k thi im no, ngi vn hnh cng c th la chn cc thng tin cn thit trong 9 Windows Status trn tham kho. 3.4.2. Chc nng bo ng v thng bo (Alams and message) ca RSIM. Vi mc ch bo m bo s an ton hot ng ca trm Beacon Control, RSIM t ng bo ng v gi cc thng bo c bit cn thit cho ngi vn hnh trm khi c s c k thut.Trong trng hp cc trm Beacon Control hot ng theo mng (Net working) th cc bo ng v thng bo gi v trm iu khin trung tm.Ti trm iu khin trung tm, ngi vn hnh s phn tch tnh trng bo ng v thng tin a ra cc gii php khc phc thch hp. Chc nng hu s liu ti trm Beacon control Ngoi chc nng chnh l pht s liu ci chnh phn sai, ti trm Beacon control cn c chc nng ghi li mt s loi s liu trong Data BASE Cc loi s liu bao gm : 1. S liu GPS th (Raw GPS Data), s liu ny l khong cch Pseudorange v s liu pha sng ti (Carrier phase) i vi mi v tinh trong tm nhn ca trm Beacon Control. S liu ny c ly t my Reference GPS v c gi trong Data BASE ca my tnh di dng file s liu (Data file). Cc Data file ny s c s dng Post Procesing i vi my GPS ng khng thu tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. 2. Cc thng tin thng k, thng tin ny thng k cc lch chun, cch trung bnh RMS tr s ti thiu, ti a v tng s cc quan st trong ng v. 3. Cc hng mc h thng s liu (System Data items) thng bo cc thng tin v v tinh, s liu ci chnh phn sai, thng tin v tnh trng ca h thng truyn tn hiu (Data link). 4. Bo ng v h thng bo ng (Alrams and system message) ghi li tt c cc bo ng v thng bo c bit ca RSIM trong qu trnh vn hnh trm. Tt c cc s liu c ghi li trn cho php ngi s dng bit c tnh trng hot ng ca trm trong qu kh, ng thi c th kim tra, x l s liu ng v DGPS khi c nghi ng gp s c k thut ti trm Beacon control. 38

i vi mi vng hoc mt quc gia th cc trm Beacon control c cu to thnh mng (Net working) v c iu khin thng nht ton mng bi trm iu khin trung tm. C ngha l tt c cc trm Beacon control ring l c iu khin t xa. iu khin t xa th phi thit lp h thng t trm iu khin trung tm n mi trm Beacon contrrol thnh vin. C hai phng thc truyn thng gia trm Control v cc trm Beacon. 1. Leased line (ng truyn thng ring). L mt knh truyn thng c thit lp ring gia trm iu khin v trm Beacon. Knh truyn thng ny c thit lp nh mt ng in thoi ring v thng c thc hin qua ng cp quang. 2. Quay s khi cn (Dial on Demad). iu khin cc trm Beacon control th thc t trm iu khin trung tm v cc trm Beacon khng cn thit phi ni thng tin vi nhau. Thng tin ch cn ni mi khi bo ng v cc thng bo c RSIM t ng gi v trm iu khin. V vy, phng thc tryn thng Dial on Demad c cu to nh sau: Khi cn truyn thng tin t trm Beacon Control ti trm u khin th knh truyn thng tin thit lp gia trm Beacon v trm iu khin c m ging nh ta gi in thoi. Ch khc l quay s in thoi c thc hin r ng qua thit b Routeer v Radio modem.

39

S mt h thng trm Beacon Control Net Working.

Phng php MSK Beacon DGPS l phng php thng dng nht c s dng rng ri trn th gii. Cc trm MSK Beacon DGPS c ng k quc t v hot ng nh mt h thng dch v khu vc ton cu. Thng 5 1996 Trimble navigation thu thp c bng thng k cc trm MSK Beacon DGPS trn ton th gii ti 199 trm. Vi bng thng k trn, mi my GPS ng no c th bt tn hiu ci chnh phn sai DGPS t bt k trm Beacon no tng ng vi khu vc ph sng ca trm mt cch min ph. Di y trnh by mt phn bng thng k ca trm Beacon trong khu vc: Tram Beacon ca

Raffes 9 32 N

Trm Beacon Ca SINGAPOR Geo Position 40

10

Lighthose 103 44 26 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz) Nominal Range (Km) Message Type Bitrate (bit/s) Station in operation Integrity yes Comments :
0

65 65 298 100 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 100 yes monitoring

Bintulu 11 9.51
0

Tram Beacon Ca MALAYSIA Geo Position N

30 11

3 2 3.32 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz) Nominal Range (Km) 450@40 /m Message Type 9-3, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Trm Beacon ca HONGKONG Kau Yi Chau 32 N 34.71 E Geo Position

821 290

1,3, 200

7,

114 0 4

Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz) 41

298

Nominal Range (Km) v/m Message Type 16

500@20 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,

Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : * Operated by Hydrographic office, Maritime * Department at Tel No.(852) 2504 0267 Trm Beacon ca TRUNG HOA DAJISHAN 48 36 N
0

Geo Position

30 0 112

10 25 E Reference Station ID 624/625 TX Station ID 621 Frequency(Khz) 307 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Norm al Operation with 24 hours integrity morning Assosi ated RDF Morse identifier / Frequency 42

e Stite RSIM Stite med Station and Frequency

Trimbl Full

Confir

BAOHUJIOA 20 N
0

Geo Position

20 0 11

9 36 57 E Reference Station ID 652 / 653 TX Station ID 626 Frequency(Khz) 310.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type ? Bitrate (bit/s) 0 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Station exists in Admiralti List of Radio Signal, Vol 2, 1996 - Transmission format not confirmed - Lieca Stite

QAOGHUANDA 50 N

Geo Position

39 0 54 119 0

36 57 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID 43

606/ 607 603

Frequency(Khz) 287.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning - Associated RDF Morse identifier / Frequence - Station exissts Admiralty List Radio Signal, Vol 2, 1996 - Frenquence not format not confirmed - Lieca Stite DASANSHAN 25 N 1
0

Geo Position

38 0 12

50 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz)

602 / 601

603

301.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning Associated RDF Morse indentifier / Frequence Geo Position 39 0 11 7 43
0

3, 5, 7,

BEITANG N E

44

Reference Station ID 609

608 /

TX Station ID 604 Frequency(Khz) 310.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning - Associated RDF Morse indentifier / Frequence

WANGIJAMAI N

Geo Position

36 0

1200 10 E Reference Station ID 614/ 615 TX Station 607 Frequency(Khz) 315.5 Nominal Range (Km) Message Type 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning - Associated RDF Morse indentifier / Frequence SHITSNG N 45 Geo Position

ID

300 3,

36 0 15 45

121 0 36 47 E Reference Station ID 628/629

TX Station ID 614 Frequency(Khz) 295 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 1 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : Frequencuency not confirmed - Transnission format not confirmed Message type Geo reference and bitrate not known at this time

YANWEIGANG 28 49 N
0

Geo Position

340 11

9 46 50 E Reference Station ID 620/621 TX Station ID 610 Frequency(Khz) 291 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 1 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Frequencuency not confirmed - Transnission format not confirmed Message type Geo reference and bitrate not known at this time

46

ZHENHAIIAO N

Geo Position

24 0 16 118 0

7 54 E Reference Station ID 632 / 633 TX Station ID 616 Frequency(Khz) 320 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 1 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Frequencuency not confirmed - Transnission format not confirmed Message type Geo reference and bitrate not known at this time

3.4.3. Phng php DGPS din rng (Wide area Differential GPS WADGPS) V nguyn l k thut th phng php WADGPS khng khc viphng php MSK Beacon DGPS. S khc nhau gia hai phng php ny la phng thc truyn tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. Cc trm Beacon control thng c tm ph sng khong 500 km. Cc trm ny phi xy dng trn t lin cho nn v nguyn l trn vng bin xa, nhiu vng khng c ph sng ca h thng Beacon control System. Hn na nu thit k ca trm Beacon control c tm hot ng xa hn th chnh xc ci chnh phn sai ngoi tm 500 km (cch trm Beacon ) cng b gim nhiu. tng khong cch dch v ci chnh phn sai ngi ta thay phng thc truyn tn hiu ci chnh phn sai trc tip t cc trm Beacon control ti my thu GPS bng phng thc truyn tin gin tip, thng qua v tinh truyn thng (Communication Satellite). V tinh ny c gi l v tinh inmarsat Satellite . Vi phng thc truyn tin qua v tinh truyn thng. Cc my GPS ng nm trong tm nhin ca v tinh truyn thng u nhn 47

c tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. Do vy khong cch dch v ci chnh phn sai tng ln ng k.Vi bin php s dng nhiu v tinh truyn thng trn cc qu o khc nhau th v mt truyn thng tin, v tinh truyn thng c th truyn thng trn ton cu. Tuy vy din tch dch v ca h thng WADGPS khng v th m c th m bo trn ton cu. Khong cch dch v khng ph thuc vo v tinh c th truyn thng ti u m ph thuc vo cc trm Reference trong h thng WADGPS. Khong cch hot ng ca h thng WADGPS bng kong cch t my thu DGPS n trm Reference gn nht trong h thng trm Beacon ca h thng WADGPS m t chnh xc ci chnh phn sai con chnh xc. S nguyn l hot ng ca phng php WADGPS c th hin trong hnh v di y :

Nguyn l hot ngca trm Reference : Trm Reference (cu to nh mt trm Beacon control) nhn tn hiu t v tinh GPS v tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai. S ci chnh phn sai tnh t trm Reference c truyn ti trung tm kim tra. Ti y s liu ci chnh phn sai c kim tra, x l v thng qua uplink centre ti cc my thu trn mt t.My thu trn mt t nhn c tn hiu ci chnh phn sai t v tinh 48

truyn thng Inmarsat v tn hiu t v tinh GPS tnh ra v tr chnh xc c ci chnh phn sai. My thu trn mt t l tch hp gia mt my thu GPS c kh nng c c Formats s liu RTCM v mt thit b thu v decode tn hiu pht i t v tinh thng tin Inmarsat. Mt h thng WADGPS ng dng gm nhiu trm Reference, mmt vi trung tm kim tra; uplink centrel, v khong 3-4 v tinh truyn thng phc v cho tng vng. Thc t th h thng WADGPS c mt vi cng ty o c ln, thit lp mc ch dch v. Vi phng thc dch v th ngi s dng phi mua my v thu tn hiu WADGPS ca hng dch v, cc hng dch v s m m kho, cho php my WADGPS no thu dch v ca h hot ng. Cc my khng c m m kho s khng thu c tn hiu ci chnh phn sai t v tinh truyn thng. Vic m m kho c thc hin trc tip qua tn hiu t v tinh truyn thng hoc phn mm ci t trong PC (Ch c nhn vin ca hng mi c phn ny). Cng bi mc tiu thng mi, th cc hng dch v WADGPS c kh nng kho vng i vi cc my thu WADGPS (Khng cho php my thu hot ng trong mt phm vi nht nh ). Cc hng dch v WADGPS cnh tranh nhau trn cc phwng din : Tm hot ng ca h thng; chnh xc ca h thng v cc dch v kem theo. Hin nay c ba h thng dch v WADGPS : H thng Omnistar, h thng Starfix ca hng Fugor v h thng Skyfix ca hng Racal. H thng Starfix gm 60 trm Reference c b tr thnh ba vng trn ton th gii, 3 trm kim tra v 4 v tinh truyn thng, 4 v tinh truyn thng m bo ph sng 700 v Nam ti 700 v bc trn ton cu, khong cch dch v l 2000 km. H thng Omnistar thc cht l h thng Starfix nhung ch dch v ven bin v trn t lin. H thng Skyfix c cu to, chnh xc v tm hot ng tng t nh h thng Starfix. 3.4.4. K thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF. Nh ta bit k tht DGPS trong ng v v tinh ton cu l s dng cc s hiu ci chnh phn sai tnh c t mt my thu nh v t c nh ti mt im bit trc to ci chnh cho mt my thu nh v khc (gi l my thu di dng) ti mt 49

im cn xc nh to . Nh vy v nguyn tc ci chnh c cho my thu nh v ti im cha xc nh c to (my di ng )cn cc yu t sau: - My thu nh v dng lm my ci chnh t chnh xc trn im c nh bit trc to . - My thu phi l loi my DGPS RS, to c cc gi dng chun RTCM SC 104ti cc cng giao tip SR 232 ca my thu. - C my pht sng Radio iu ch c dng tn hiu s, pht s liu ci chnh phn sai n my thu di ng. - My thu di ng phi l my thu DGPS, thu nhn cc gi thng tin dng chun RTCM SC 104 ti cc cng giao tip RS 232 ci chnh to m my tnh c, ti im cha bit to ch thi gian thc (Realtime). Nh vy k thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF c cu trc nhu sau :

50

A. Trm ci chnh RS c nh. Trm c cu trc nh sau :

GPS Antenna Radio Antenna

Trimble 4000/SSI_RS Radio Link

Mt my thu DGPS RS c chnh xc cao Antena ca my thu DGPS RS t chnh xc trn v tr bit trc to X, Y,Z. V tr ca antena phi trn ni cao khng b che khut bi cc to a vy xung quanh. - Mt my pht sng Radio link c b iu ch Modem k thut s trn di tn UHF hoc VHF. - Antena ca my pht Radio link cn t trn v tr cao khng b che khut bi cc a vt xung quanh. Vic xc nh to chnh xc ca v tr antena my thu DGPS tin hnh bng cc phng php o c nh v truyn thng. K thut DGPS truyn thng di tn cao UHF hoc VHF ch khc bit ci cc cng ngh DGPS khc l k thut thu pht sng. i vi di tm UHF cc gi tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my thu DGPS RS c modem ca my pht Radio link iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 420 khz n 370 khz i vi di tn VHF cc gi tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my thu DGPS RS c modem ca my pht Radio link iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 140 khz n 180 khz. Di thng ca cc my pht Radio link l 250 khz. Di thng ny tu thuc tng loi my pht c th la chn bng cc minicontac hoc bng phn mm. Di thng ca cc my pht Radio link cho bit s knh pht ca my trong di UHF hoc VHF. Cc trm ci chnh s dng k thut pht sng UHF hoc VHF c chia lm hai loi : 51

Loi c nh Loi xch tay di ng. Cc rm ci chnh c nh l cc trm c cng sut phat ln tm ph sng cho mt vng rng phc v vho nhiu mc ch v i tng s dng Cc trm ci chnh xch tay di ng l cc trm co cng sut pht nh tm ph sng hp s dng trong mt thi gian nht nh. B. Trm ci chnh di ng : Trm c cu trc nhu sau : Antenna P/N 23965 & 23513 (Re-order P/N 36654-00) Radio Modem TT 450S

Cable P/N 11820-11

NC to N Adapter P/N 32499

Cable P/N 30945 (Re-order P/N 36669) To a PC

Cc b phn chnh : * Mt my thu DGPS c chnh xc cao. - Antena ca my thu DGPS t trn phng tin o c. V tr ca antena phi t trn cao khng b che khut bi cc thit b khc trn phng tin o nh rada, antena v tuyn in vv. - Mt my thu sng radio link c b iu ch Modem k thut s trn di tn UHF hoc VHF. - Antena ca my pht radio link cn t trn v tr cao khng b che khut bi cc thit b gy nhiu xung quanh. i vi di tn UHF cc gi tin tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my pht radio link c iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 420 khz 52

n 470 khz c my thu radio link c cng tn s cng tc UHF nh trn thu li a vo Modem gii iu ch hon li thnh tn hiu s. Sau a vo cng giao tip RS 232 ca my thu nh v DGPS. i vi di tn VHF cc gi tin tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my pht radio link c iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 140 khz n 180 khz c my thu radio link c cng tn s cng tc VHF nh trn thu li a vo Modem gii iu ch hon li thnh tn hiu s. Sau a vo cng giao tip RS 232 ca my thu nh v DGPS. Di tn cng tc ca my thu radio link thng l 250 khz cng ging nhu gii thng ca my pht. Di thng ny tu thuc tng loi my thu m c th la chn bng cch ci t cu hnh bng minicintac hoc bng phn mm. Di thng ca my thu radio link cho bit s knh thu ca my trong di UHF hoc VHF. Cc knh ny c chn ng vi cc knh ca my pht radio link ca trm ci chnh m my di ng s dng. V nguyn tc my thu di ng phi c ci t knh lin lc radio trng vi knh ca my pht radio link ca trm ci chnh m n s dng. Nu chng khc nhau s dn n vic my thu radio trm di ng khng thu nhn c tn hiu ci chnh, nh vy my thu DGPS di ng khng c ci chnh to . nhn bit c mt my thu DGPS ng c c ca chnh to ch d thi gian thc hay khng ?(my thu Radio link c thu c tn hiu ci chnh ca trm c ffnh hay khng ?) thng trn mt s my tnh c hin th dng ch DGPS trn mn hinh tinh th lng hoc trn gi s liu $GPGGA ca chun NMEA 0183 xut hin ti cng giao tip RS 232 ca my ng ti trn th su nu nhn gi tr 1 l khng ci chnh. i vi cc my thu radio link di dng, nhy ca my thu l rt quan trng. N quyt nh n cht lng thu cc tn hiu ci chnh. Gi tr v nhy ca my thu Radio c tnh bng mV, i vi cc my thu c cht lng cao gi tr ny khong 0,20 mV n 0,30mV. Cc my thu c cht lng thp vo khong 0,5mV n 0,75mV. Mt s my thu cho php iu chnh nhy ny bng mt chit p iu chnh SEN.Trong trng hp tn hiu thu khng tt c th iu chnh nm SEN tng hoc gim nhy ca my thu nhm thu tn hiu tt nht. Vic iu chnh tn s knh thu ca my thu co hai cch : T ng xc nh tn s i pht. 53

Ci t tn s hoc d tn s sng mang ca i pht.

C. Cc tnh nng k thut DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF. Nh trn trnh by, cng ngh DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v

VHF thc cht l s dng cc knh sng mang trong di tn s UHF v VHF truyn cc gi thng tin dng ci chnh dng RTCM SC 104 t trm ci chnh n cc my thu Radio ca trm di ng. Do vy cc tnh nng k thut ca cng ngh ny ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht cc knh sng mang trong di tn UHF v VHF. V chnh xc ci chnh : Cng ngh DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF hon ton ph thuc vo cht lng cc thit b nh v DGPS (DGPS mt tn hay hai tn, cng ngh Maxwell hay Super Trak v phng php ci chnh Realtime DGPS hoc RTK). chnh xc ci chnh dng phng php Realtime DGPS vo khong 1m n 3m, i vi phng php RTK khong 20 cm. * Maxwell Technology Th h my thu GPS mi nht va h Trimble 4000 c tha hng cng ngh Maxwell, cho php nng cao chnh xc nh v trn c s x l C/A code c mc nhiu thp. Trong lnh vc ci chnh phn sai nh v (DGPS ) cng ngh Maxwell cho php nng cao chnh xc t +-2- 5 m, nu l mt phng th cnh xc ln n +- 1 m vi cc my hai tn. Ngoi ra chnh xc c pha ca sng mang c nng ln gn vi l thuyt. * Super Trak TM Technology Cc my GPS loi 4000 SSi s dng cng ngh Super Trak. Cng ngh ny to kh nng o c vi tin hiu yu ca v tinh nh v, c kh nng thu c trong mi trng in trng RF cao. Cng ngh Super Trak dng kiu kt hp phn cng v phn mm iu khin (Hardware & Firmware), cng vi chc nng s l a tn hiu. Mt vi loi my s dng li th o trn L 2 vi m P code. Ngoi ra mt s my cn s dng hn hp c hai cng ngh Maxwell va cng ngh Super Trak tn dng th mnh ca hai cng ngh ny lm tng kh nng o c v nng cao chnh xc cho cc phng php o tnh v o ng.

54

* My thu pht Radio Link. V kh nng ph sng :Cng ngh DGPS s dng tn s UHF v VHF nm trong di sng cc ngn dm (tn s VHF : 140 Mhz n 180 Mhz v UHF 420 Mhz n 470 Mhz). Cc sng in t c bc sng dm c kh nang chng nhiu trn ng truyn cao c bit trn ng truyn khng ng nht. Do s dng tn s sng mang ln, nn cho php mang s lng ln thng tin v vy c th dng cc bin php bo mt thng tin khc nhau khi truyn. Kh nng nhiu do phn x sng in t khi gp vt cn ln. Do vy tm ph sng khng cao (thng <100 km ). nng cao tm ph sng ca cc trm pht ci chnh cn xy dng cc ct antena pht trn i cao v ct antena phi cao, ng thi phi nng cng sut ca my pht ln dn hng KW. Do vy chi ph cho cc thit b rt ln m kh nng ng dng khng cao.

S vng ph sng ca cc trm pht Radio link s dng di UHF v VHF

nh hng ca a vt trn ng truyn

Anten thu Vng thu Vng phn x Vng b che khut

Cc thit b in t s dng tn s cao (UHF v VHF ) c gi tr t gp nhiu ln so vi cc thit b in t s dng tn s thp (HF hoc MF). V mt ng dng : i vi h thng thng tin s dng di tn UHF v VHF c cu trc gn nh, tiu hao nng lng thp rt ph 55

hp vi trm ci chnh xch tay. Thng cc my pht n 35 W ch nng khong 2 -5 kg, cho php s dng ngun nng kng acqui 12v vi antena pht loi so di t 1,8 m n 3 m nn rt d rng di ng, thun tin lp t cc trm ci chnh di ng, v bn knh vng ph sng khng t 5 km n 60 km. Mt khc my Radio link dng di tn s UHF v VHF rt d dng lp t v vn hnh nn khng i hi cc cn b chuyn ngnh in t vin thng i theo phc v.
D. Mt s loi thit b k thut DGPS s dng di tn UHF v VHF.

Gii thiu cc my DGPS h Trimble * Cc my mt tn My 4000 RS Reference Surveyor c xn xut theo cng ngh Maxwell. N dng cho cc trm ci chnh DGPS cung cp cc s liu ci chnh dng chun RTCM SC 104. My 4000 DS Differential Surveyor cng ging nh my 4000 RS, nhng dng cho cc trm ng trong ch ci chnh phn sai thi gian thc (Realtime DGPS ). N s dng tn hiu ci chnh RTCM SC 104 t trm c nh cng cc tn hiu thu c t v tinh tnh ton chnh xc trong ch Real time. * Cc my hai tn My 4000 SSE Site Surveyor c xn xut theo cng ngh Maxwell.N c 9 knh thu tn s L1 cho P code, v 9 knh thu tn s L2 cho P-code v C/Acode. N cho php ch thi gian thc (Realtime) trong cu hnh chun c phn mm h thng Real Time Kinematic Firwave. My cho chnh xc khi o ti cm trong khong cch ngn (ti 10 km) ch o Real time, o Topographic. My ci t cu hnh chun cho ch o RTK. My 4000SSE Land Surveyor IID c sn xut theo cng ngh Maxwell. N cung cp phng php o pha sng mang trn c hai tn s L 1 & L 2 v o P code trn tn s L 2. My 4000SSE Geodetic Surveyor ging nh loi my 4000SSE Land Surveyor IID nhng cu trc gn hn, thch hp cho ngoi thc a. My 4000 SSi Site Surveyor trn c s cng ngh Maxwell c b xung thm cng ngh Surper Trak. N c cu trc v tnh nng ging nh 4000SSi Site Surveyor nhng cho php o ti 26 gi vi 5 v tinh vi khong thi gian thu s liu khong 15 giy cho mt im.

56

My GPS Total Station 5700 trn c s cng ngh Maxwell. N c cu trc v tnh nng o RCK vi chnh xc cao, my c gn km thit b Radio link v b nh trong ti 96 MB cho php thi gian o L1/L2 ti 2500 gi vi 6 v tinh v khong thi gian thu s liu 30 giy cho mt im. My MS 750 my hai tn L1/L2 trn c s cng ngh x k a knh Super Trak. N cu trc v tnh nng o RTK cho chnh xc n cm nh s dng thm chun CMR (compact Measurment Record). My c kh nng s dng c hai chun RTCM v CMR nn c th s dng o hai phng php RTK v Real Time DGPS. chnh xc ca my MS 750 rt cao. 3.4.5. Cc ngun sai s tc ng n chnh xc DGPS. 3.4.5.1. Sai s SA (Selectice Availalility). L sai s nhn to do ch ca b quc phng m a vo thng tin GPS nhm mc ch bo mt trong qun s. nh hng ca sai s SA n kt qu nh v thay i tu theo nh ch quan ca ngi to ra SA. Nhng t ngy 1 thng 6 Nm 2000 B quc phng M thng bo khng ua sai s SA vo tn hiu GPS na. 3.4.5.2 S tr do nh hng ca chit xut ca tng Ion trong kh quyn. Tng ion trong kh quyn l lp kh quyn c cao trn 50 km. Sng in t i qua tng ion b tn sc gy ln s tr tn hiu. nh hng ca s tr tn hiu ny thng thng khong 20 30 m vo ban ngy v 3-6m vo ban m. S tr tn hiu do nh hng ca tng ion ca tn hiu t mt v tinh GPS n hai my thu GPS c khong cch nh (khong cch di 40 km) l tng i ging nhau. Nguyn nhn l khi c th coi tn hiu truyn t v tinh GPS ti hai my thu GPS c truyn qua cng mt mi trng ion. i vi cc my thu GPS cch xa nhau th s sai khc v tr tn hiu cng tng ln. gim bt s tr tn hiu, v tinh GPS c pht i cc h s m hnh ho tng ion, cc my thu GPS s dng, tnh ra nh hng ca s tr tn hiu. Tuy vy, cc m hnh kh quyn cng ch l gn ng, do vy vn tn ti s tr tn hiu do nh hng ca tng ion. H s tn sc ca tng ion ph thuc vo tn s sng in t. Do vy s dng my thu GPS hai tn s s gim thiu ng k nh hng sai s ca tng ion. 57

3.4.5.3. S tr tn hiu do nh hng chit quang ca tng i lu. Tng i lu l lp khi quyn di tng ion. Do nh hng ca tnh cht khuc x ca sng in t khi truyn qua mi trng kh quyn khng ng nht m sinh ra hin tng tr tn hiu GPS. H s chit quang tiu biu cho tng i lu l 1.0030, song do nh hng ca nhit , m v p xut khc nhau, h s ny lun thay i gy nn s khng ng nht trong mi trng truyn sng. nh hng ca tng i lu n sai s tr tn hiu GPS ph thuc vo gc ngng (Elevation angle) ca tn hiu v tinh. i gc ngng thp di 30, sai s tr tn hiu c th ln ti 30 m, gc ngng cao cng ln, sai s ny cng gim dn. S khc nhau v h s trit quang ca vng, c th to ra s khc nhau v tr tn hiu i vi hai my GPS cch xa nhau ti 1-3 m. Sai s do nh hng ca tng i lu c th gim nh bng cch t gc ngng ca antena cho ph hp trong cc my thu GPS. 3.4.5.4. Sai s qu o v tinh. Mi v tinh GPS, theo thit k,s chuyn ng theo mt quy o nht nh. Tuy vy do nhiu yu t k thut, cc v tinh khng bay ng hon ton theo qu o thit k. Do vy, qu o v tinh (lch v tinh) c thng bo trong tn hiu v tinh pht t v tinh GPS. S khng ng hon ton vi qu o thc t ca v tinh. Sai s s qu o v tinh l s chnh lch gia to c tnh thng bo lch v tinh. Sai s v qu o v tinh ni chung l rt nh v hng ngy u c ci chnh li t nht mt ln. Sai s ny thng nh hn 3m.

58

3.4.5.5. Sai s v ng h v tinh. L s gi tht ca ng h v tinh, so vi gi thng bo trong tn hiu v tinh. Cc my nh v GPS nh v (Tnh khong cch Pseudorange) v vy sai s v ng h v tinh s gy nn sai s xc nh khong cch Pseudorange, tc l gy nn sai s nh v. Sai s v qu o v tinh, cng lun c ci chnh li bng tn hiu pht i t trm Master Control trn mt t. 3.4.5.6. Sai s ca ng h my thu GPS. Cng tng t nh sai s ng h v tinh. Sai s ng h ca my thu GPS to nn sai s Pseudorange, tc l to nn sai s nh v ca cc my thu GPS. 3.4.5.7. Sai s do nh hng ca hin tng a tuyn. Hin tng a tuyn l hin tng phn x tn hiu GPS t mt t ti antena ca my thu GPS khi gc ngng cao ca v tinh thp. Hin tng ny c th trnh c khi loi b cc v tinh c gc ngng cao(nh hn 10 0 n 15 0 ) v s dng antena c a phn x. 3.4.5.8. chnh xc do nh hng ca ng h v tinh (hay con gi l s phn tn chnh xc ). chnh xc nh v bng GPS ph thuc vo v tr hnh hc tng quan gia cc v tinh i vi my thu GPS nh v theo mt chm v tinh GPS.Ch s nh gi s cn i v tr tng quan ca cc v tinh i vi my thu GPS c gi l DOP.Ch s ny c gi l h s phn tn chnh xc. Ch s DOP cng cao th chnh xc cng thp. Ch s ti u ca DOP nh hn 2,5. Ch s DOP cho php l nh hn 6. Tt c cc sai s trn u c gi chung l phn sai GPS. S dng k thut ci chnh phn sai DGPS, l s dng k thut nhm loi b c nhn sia hoc gim thiu cc phn sai trn. Trong cc ngun sai s trn, mt s ngun sai s s b trit tiu v mt s ngun sai s s b gim thiu khi s dng k thut DGPS. Cc ngun sai s b trit tiu (loi b ) khi s dng k thut GPS l loi sai s khng ph thuc vo v tr ca my thu GPS trn mt t (nh hng hon ton ging nhau i vi tt c cc my thu GPS cc v tr khc nhau) cc ngun sai s ny bao gm: Sai s SA Sai s ng h v tinh 59

V l thuyt th nh hng ca cc ngun sai s khc, n sai s nh v ca cc my thu GPS t gn nhau trn mt t l xp x nhau. V vy, i vi cc my GPS ng khi s dng cch trm tnh khng xa th cc phn sai gn nh gim thiu ti gi tr nh (10-15cm). Khi khong cch my GPS ng cch xa trm tnh (50500km) th cc nh hng ca cc thnh phn sai s ti sai s nh v ti trm tnh khc vi nh hng ti sai s nh v ti cc trm ng. Nguyn l ca GPS l tnh ra phn sai ti trm tnh v ly lm s liu ci chnh cho vic tnh ton nh v ti cc trm GPS ng. Do vy khi my GPS ng xa trm tnh, p dng k thut DGPS s b mt sai s l thuyt v phng php khong 15m. Dao ng sai s 1 - 5m ph thuc vo cht lng k thut thit b ca trm Beacon v my thu GPS ng. So snh chnh xc GPS v DGPS Ngun sai s Sai s d on [ft] GPS M M P C/A Sai s tng in li Nhiu v s phn gii ca my Sai s ng truyn Sai s do sai lch gia cc knh my thu Sai s ng h v tinh Sai s lch v tinh chnh xc v tr Sai s bnh trung bnh phng M C/A 60 GPS M P DGPS M C/A M P 21 8 10 2 10 8,6 1,3 0,8 4 0,5 0 0 C/A 0,5 8 0 0,5 0,8 4 0,5 M M P DGPS

Ngun sai s

Theo mt phng ngang (x,y) (HDOP = 1,5) Theo mt phng (t) (VDOP = 2,5) ng

42

21

19,5

6,3

70

36

12,5

10,5

61

3.4.6 Mt s thit b ng dng cng ngh DGPS Vit Nam. H thng nh v ton cu (GPS) c thit k nhm tho mn nhu cu nh v v dn ng vi chnh xc cao, trong iu kin thi tit v lm vic 24/24 gi. Thc t cho thy, vi cc my thu DGPS c cng ngh khc nhau s cho cc chnh xc khc nhau. i vi cc cng ngh s dng my nh v DGPS dng cc my thu DGPS a knh, hai tng cng ngh Maxwell cho chnh xc mt phng t 1m n 3m thm ch <1m vi cc v tr gn trm ci chnh, vi cng ngh Super-Track chnh xc t c 2m n 5m, cn cn DGPS din rng dng qua h thng v tinh a tnh th chnh xc vo khong 3m n 5m tu thuc vng ph sng v v tr ca trm ci chnh a phng. Ngoi ra vi cc cng ngh GPS khc nhau cn cho php vng ph sng tn hiu ci chnh khc nhau. i vi cng ngh DGPS s dng gii tn s cao VHF, UHF vng ph sng ca cc trm tnh c bn knh khon 100km tu theo cng sut my pht.i vi cng ngh MSK DGPS dng di tn dn ng sng trung vng ph sng ca cc trm tnh c bn knh ti a l < 600 km. Cn i vi cng ngh DGPS din rng dng v tinh a tnh vng ph sng cc tn hiu ca chnh vo khong 2000 k.m tnh t trm ci chnh vng. Ti Vit Nam, n nay hu nhu tt c cc gii php cng ngh DGPS u v ang c s dng cho cc mc ch quc phng v dn s. 3.4.6.1. Thit b ng b DGPS s dng di tn s cao VHF hoc UHF V c bn h thng gm hai thnh phn : - Trm ci chnh DGPS c nh. - Trm ci chnh c t trn im c to xc nh bit trc. - Cc trm di ng t ti ni cn nh v.
A. Cu hnh trm tnh :

My thu nh v mt tn hoc hai tn loi Trimble 4000 series c chc nng lm trm tnh. V d nh l loi Trimble 4000/ SSi RS. Antena ca my thu, loi COMPACT DONE c t chnh xc trn mt im bit trc to . 62

My pht sng UHF hoc VHF c MODEM. i vi my pht VHF, di tn s sng mang l t 140 MHz n 180 MHz. i vi my pht UHF, di tn s sng mang l t 420 MHz n 470 MHz. My s dng l loi RADEL MTS 160 Base Station. Tn s sng mang UHF 430 Mhz 450 Mhz, di thng l 250 Khz. Tu chn bng phn mm Procomm. Cng sut my pht l 2 W. Antena my pht l loi so di 2,8 m. rng vng ph sng vi bn knh t antena pht l 15 Km. Ch pht TRANSPARENT cho php pht lin tc cc gi thng tin theo chun RTCM SC 104. in p ngun s dng : in p li AC = 220 V hoc 12 V.
B. Cu hnh trm ng.

S dng my thu ci chnh GPS loi Trimble 4000 / SSi c chc nng DGPS (nhn v ci chnh theo chun RTCM SC 104 trn cc cng giao tip RS 232 port 1 ni vi my thu Radio link ). Antena thu GPS loi COMPACT DONE. My thu Radio loi RADTEL MTS 160 Rover Sation. nhy my thu tn hiu l 0,3 mV khi ln tn hiu l 12 dB. Antena my thu dng loi so di cao mt mt, khi lp t nn t ti v tr cao, trnh gn cc thit b gy nhiu khc nhu : radar, antena thu pht cc my pht in cng sut ln. Ch thu pht TRANSPARENT cho php thu lin tc cc gi tn hiu chun RTCM SC 104. in p ngun s dng in li AC 220 V acquy 12V. C th s dng vi s lng khng hn ch vi cc trm ng. Vi iu kin cc my thu Radio ti trm ng cng loi hoc tng thch vi my pht Radio ca trm ci chnh v c t cng tn s vi my ca trm ci chnh. chnh xc ca trm ci chnh l 3m n 5m.

63

3.4.6.2 Cu trc v tnh nng k thut cc thit b dng trong cng ngh ci chnh DGPS gii tn s cao.
A. My thu nh v DGPS ci chnh.

Cc my thu DGPS t ti trm ci chnh cc s dng l loi thng hiu RS trong cu trc tn ca loi thit b , v d : Trimble 4000 RS / SSi, SSe, DSM 212 RS, LBX 12 RS. Cc my ny c ci t phn mm h thng Firmware RTCS SC- 104 REERECE STATION trong b nh Flash Rom ca my. Sau y l cu hnh loi my Trimble 4000 RS / SSi hoc SSe dng lm my thu DGPS cho cc trm ci chnh v trm ng gii tn s cai UHF, VHF ang s dng ti trung tm trc a bn d. A.1 My Trimble 4000 DGPS RS My thu nh v ci chnh 4000 DGPS RS l loi my a nng.Tu thuc ka chn ca ngi s dng m c th ci t cc phn mm khc nhau to cc cu hnh khc nhau. My DGPS 4000 RS c cc tnh nng sau : - Thu trc tip tn hiu v tinh n 9 v tinh tr ln ( tn s L1 hoc c hai tn s L1 /L2 ). - Cho php o pha sng mang xc nh chnh xc Vector gia hai trm (cnh o ). - To kh nng o C/A code mc nhiu thp vi tr gip ca cc b lc v lm trn (Smooth ). - T ng nh v ch Overdetemined Position khi c s vtinh cn thit. - Cho php ua s hiu ci chnh dng chun RTCM SC 104 qua cc cng RS 232 truyn ua bng Radio link hoc ua vo my vi tnh cng nh cc thit b dn ng khc (tnh nng ci chnh RS ). - Cho php tng hp cc php o trc sau chu k Bt / Tt my. - Cho php o cc ch khc nhau nh: o tnh k c o nhanh, o ng, o ch ci chnh RTCM Real time hoc RTK (ch o dng cc s liu ci chnh RTCM SC 104 u vo RS 232 tu chon). - Hin th s liu trn mn hnh tinh th lng LDC gm 4 dng, 40 k t.
B. RADIO LINK

Cc my Radio link dng trong di tn VHF hay UHF l cc my pht sng di tn s 140 Mhz n 180 Mhz vi VHF v t 64

420 Mhz n 480 Mhz vi UHF. Cng xut ca cc my ny thng t 1 W n 35 W tu theo la chon khi t hng. Cc my Radio link hin i s dng l loi RADTEL MTS 160 ca hng C&MT. My c cu hnh nh sau :

65

Mt trc : P MON SCAN W R R X MON MTS 160 Mt sau : SCAN D TX D

MOTOROLA CM300 volume

C& TM O C POWER

12V DC A

COM 1

AT U

COM 2

My thu pht Radio link RADEL MTS 160 l loi xch tay dng cho mc ch thu pht cc s liu o c. My thu c sn xut dng ch yu cho mcch nh v DGPS, truyn s liu trn din rng. y l mt loi my s dng cng ngh MODEM GRM 530 cho php dng nhiu cng giao tip trn mt MODEM di iu khin ca phn mm h thng NAVNET. MODEM GRM 530 dng phng php tch hp cho php cng mt lc giao tip vi 4 cng giao tip loa RS 232 hoc RS 422. My RADEL MTS 160 s dng b pht sng ca hng Motorola loi CM 300 U/V c th dng trn hai di tn VHF v UHF c cng xut pht tu chn t 1W n 35 W cho php bn knh pht vng ph sng t 10 Km n 60 Km trn bin.

66

Sau yl nhng tnh nng k thut ca my Radio link MRS 160: MODEM GRM 530 LS (1200/2400FFSK ) CPU NEC V25 MEMORY 64 KB RAM D liu : RAW; TEXT :XTEXT :BLOCK; CMR1;CRM2;NMEA;GYRO; NOVATEL BINARY. Serial Port : 4 COM RS 232, 1 cng COM bn trong Flow control :XON/XOFF hoc CTR tu chon thng qua phn mm. Tc trao i : 600, 1200, 4200, 4800, 9600,19200 Baund Radio :CM 300 U (UHF ) hoc CM 300 V (VHF ) Loi CCCCM300U (UHF ): Gii tn 420 Mhz 470 Mhz. S knh : 256 knh n nh tn s : +- 3 ppm Di tn +- 1,5 Khz maximum My pht sng : iu ch FMSK Thi gian tr < 10 ms Cng xut pht 2 W (chn 15 W, 25 W ) C. Cu trc k thut V mt nguyn l cng ngh BEACON MSK DGPS cng gm c : H thng cc trm - Trm ci chnh c t trn im c to chnh xc bit trc. - Cc trm iu khin v phc v khc Cc trm ny c t c nh trn b. Cc trm ny c t ti ni cn nh v C1. Cu hnh h thng trm BEACON m bo phc v trn phm vi rng cho nhiu i tng, ngi ta s dng h thng ci chnh dng cng ngh BEACON MSK DGPS. H thng BCS ny c chia ra lm nhiu trm cc chc nng khc nhau : Trm pht ci chnh (RISM Site), s lng cc trm RISM tu thuc cu hnh h thng. Trm iu khin (CS Site ), s lng cc trm CS l mt trm. Trm thu v cung cp d liu ci chnh (URS Site), thng t trong trm CS. 6 67

Trm gim st t xa (Remote Monitor Site), thng t trong trm CS. Tt c cc trm trn u c s dng phn mm Beacon control System (BCS) v c ni mng vi nhau thng qua h thng mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN). V nguyn tc cn xy dng cc trm ny phn tn trn din rng m iu kin thng tin hai chiu thun li. H thng BEACON MSK DGPS hin ti ca tng cc a chnh do trung tm trc a bn qun l c cu trc nh sau : C2. Trm pht ci chnh (RSIM Site ) Trm pht ci chnh t ti Sn Hi phng trn i cao gn b bin. Trm c nhim v sau : - Pht cc tn hiu ci chnh di dng chun RTCM SC 104, - Thu v lu cc s liu o tnh 2 tng phc v cho phng php Postprocessing. Cc trang thit b ca trm gm : 2 my thu hai tn Trimble 4000 RS MSK DGPS ( RS1 v RS2 ) 1 my thu mt tn kim tra Trimble 4000MSK DGPS IM. 1 my pht SA 500 Dual System. Antena pht loi T cao 30 m H thng iu khin, ni mng din rng WAN - My tnh PC dng h thng diu hnh Windows NT 4.0 Workstation. - RUOTER CS 2500 - MODEM PARADYN 38 H thng m bo k thut - B chng st CRITEC. - B lu in UPS 12 V 220 V / 24 h. - B i in 144 V DC 220 V AC dng cho my pht SA500. Phn mm BCS RSIM iu khin hot dng ca trm. My iu ho khng kh

6 68

Cc my thu Trimble 4000 MSK DGPS RS c cc antena ring t trn cc im bit trc. Trong mt my thu dng chnh v mt my thu dng d phng. Cc s liu ci chnh c iu ch thnh cc tn hiu MSK a ti my pht SA 500 pht i trong di sng trung MF vi cc ch tiu sau: Cng sut pht P = 500 W. Bng tn s sng mang :f = 295 Khz. Dng iu ch MSK. Tn trm ng k : 00001. Tc truyn tn hiu : 200 b/s. S liu truyn : RTCM SC 104. My thu Trimble 4000 MSK DGPS IM dng kim tra cc thng s ca trm RSIM. Antena GPS ca my thu ny cng c t trn im bit trc to , antena thu c MSK c t trong phng thit b. Cc to ca my o h thng GPS c ci chnh theo s liu ca trm RSIM s em so snh vi to bit trc to to thnh sai s ca h thng ci chnh. Trng hp sai s ny vt qu quy nh, h thng theo di s to ra cc tn hiu ci chnh ti trm ci chnh (CS Site). Tu theo phn tch ca RSIM Refence ng c phn mm BCS trn h thStationa trm CS m c cc tn hiu iu chnh ti trm RSIM khc phc ti xy ra. IM Trimbl Vic gim st, iu khin trm RSIM c thc hin trn my tnh PC ca trm iu hnh Window NT 4.0 Workstation vi phn Near field US mm RSIM Sofware. My tnh c ni mng vi my tnh Server ca trm CS ti H Ni thng qua MODEM trong mng in thoi PSTN. RSIM Reference S cu trc trm RSIM c th hin trong s sau : RS Ethern RS Route

To Central Control 6 69 The Beacon Site Configuration

Anten

Chng IV : Mt S kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS ti Vit Nam


4.1. Xu hng v tnh hnh pht trin ca mng DGPS trn th gii:

4.1.1 Xu hng pht trin. Cc h thng vi phn GPS c in ch c th c khai thc cc khu vc hng hi hoc vng nc cht hp ng tu qua li. Bi v tm xa hot ng m cc gi tr hiu chnh vi phn c hiu lc b hn ch, trin khai mt s h thng DGPS trn mt khu vc rng ln l rt kh khn bi cc nguyn nhn sau : 1. Yu cu ln mt s lng ln trm tham kho 2. To a l ca trm l khc nhau t nc ny sang nc khc. 3. t cc trm tham kho i dng l kh khn v t tin. lm gim nhng hn ch ca DGPS c in, cc cng vic nghin cu cng ang c tin hnh, pht trin v thit lp mt h thng DGPS khu vc ln WADGPS. H thng WADGPS c th ko di tm hot ng ca dch v DGPS trn mt khu vc ln ca ton cu trong khi s lng trm tham kho v tc pht d liu tng cng l nh nht. Vic nghin cu ch ra rng ch cn thit lp mt mng gm 10 12 trm bao ph i Ty Dng. Phng tin pht s hiu chnh DGPS l thng tin v tinh, d liu sai s tn hiu t cc trm tham kho s c truyn qua v tinh thng tin cho mt trm x l trung tm n x l v c chia ra lm ba nhm c bn : nh v v tinh, tr truyn sng v lch ng h. Bn tin hiu chnh vi phn vi ba thnh phn tng ng c pht cho ngi s dng qua v tinh. Tt c cc ngi s dng nm trong vng bao ph ca v tinh thng tin c c chnh xc ca v tinh GPS. T chc hng hi v tinh quc t INMARSAT angnghin cu pht trin WADGPS bng vic s sng v tinh a tnh INMARSAT. Hc vin k thut v trc a v tr cng vi c quan hng khng Anh ang nghin cu v thy rng chnh xc vi to hai chiu l 5 m, c th t c qua h thng WADGPS. T chc hng khng quc t ICAO cng c kim tra kh nng ca vic s dng WADGPS qua cc v tinh INMARSAT cho vic h cnh chnh xc. 70

Vo thng 6 nm 1994 c quan hng khng lin bang ca M (FAA) cng b mt thng bo ngh cho h thng DGPS ton cu v theo k hoch thc hin vo nm 1997. Hy vng rng WADGPS s c thc hin trong vi nm ti khi cc v tinh INMARSAT th h 3 c phng. 4.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin ca DGPS trn th gii. C quan quan tm sm nht ti vic pht trin DGPS trn th gii l phng nghin cu v pht trin ca cc phng v b bin M cng vi h thng giao thng ca B Giao Thng M vo nm 1983. Nm 1986 th u ban c bit RTCM SC 104 a ra cc khuyn ngh u tin cho vic nh dng khung tn hiu DGPS v yu cu s dng tiu chun hng hi cho dch v DGPS. U ban v tuyn dn ng ca IALA (T chc n bin th gii) bt du xy dng h thng DGPS da trn cc siu v tuyn vo nm 1984. Vo u nhng nm 1990 hng Leica ca M nhn c hp ng pht trin mng nh v DGPS cho vng Bantich 1991 th Thu in v Phn Lan thit lp h thng DGPS. Nm 1992 th an Mch xy dng trm u tin v n nm 1993 bt u xy dng 3 trm DGPS ti Skagen v Bavand v mt trung tm iu khin ti Fonaes. C quan qun l n bin ca Ailen ua 3 trm DGPS v mt trm theo di iu khin trm ny c khai thc trong ch iu khin t xa v dng iu khin cc trm DGPS. Ngoi ra hng Laica cung cp v lp t thit b cho cc h thng DGPS ca B v Ba Lan. Bao gm c trm gim st v trm iu khin. Nm 1994 Trung Quc bt u lp t h thng DGPS nh gi kh nng v sau t mua tip 4 h thng va v lp t vo cui nm 1995. Nm 1997 th c quan an ton hng hi ca c bt u mua thit b DGPS v lp t 4 trm pht v 1 trm iu khin. Tt c cc trm pht v trm iu khin c lin kt vi nhau mng di rng rnh ring. Ngy 10 /09/ 1997 Singapore hon thnh vic lp t v ua vo mt trm DGPS phc v cho eo Singapore v li ra vo cng Singapore. Tnh ti ngy 03/03/1998 M lp t 47 trm DGPS phc v cho ven b bin nc M : Hawaii, Alasca v Puerto Rico.

71

Trong hai nm 1997, 1998 Canada lp t 19 trm DGPS phc v ven Thi Bnh Dng, i Ty Dng v vng H Ln (Great Lake). Cc nc nh Hn Quc, Indonesia, Malaysia, n .. cng lp t v khai thc h thng DGPS. Mt s nc Chu u i tin phong trong lng vc DGPS v h thng tiu v tuyn ca h hot ng trn cng mt tn s phn chia theo thi gian, th h s sng tn s HF pht bn tin hiu chnh, cn a s cc nc khc s dng cc trm pht theo kiu kiu ngh ca IALA tn dng cc trm DGPS sn c. Khi xy dng h thng DGPS Vit Nam chng ta cng cn pht xem xt ti vn hp tc v ho ng vi khu vc v trn th gii. Chng ta nn quan tm ti kin ngh ca IALA khi lp t.
4.2. Nhng li ch v ng dng ca mng DGPS Vit Nam.

Vit Nam l mt quc gia c nhiu bin v c a hnh rt phc tp. Do vy, ph hp vi s pht trin ca h thng nh v trn th gii, m nu ng dng DGPS s c hiu qu rt cao trong nhiu lnh vc. Ngy nay k thut DGPS c ng dng rt nhiu m dn dn thay th cc h thng nh v khc. Cc ng dng bao gm : Cc kho st kh tng thu vn ca c quan kho st a cht v b bin nh :Tng cc a chnh, Trung tm o c bin, Cc o c bn qun s,Vin thit k giao thng thu, on o c bin v v bn hi qun, Cng ty n bo an ton hng hi Vit Nam Nh p dng k thut DGPS m c th thc hin nhanh chng v chnh xc. 4.2.1 o hng. * Trong linh vc hng khng. Vic o hng hng khng i hi chnh xc cao v vy m li ich ca DGPS l v cng to ln v tc ng ti h thng kim xot khng lu, vch tuyn bay, kin sot chng va chm, DGPS cho php b xung ng bay ng khi thi tit xu hay tn sut hot ng bay cao. ng thi tng chnh xc ca kim sot khng lu khi bay trn bin, Li ch ny lm gim thi gian bay, nhin liu v gim chi ph v tng mc an ton. * Trong lnh vc o hng hng hi. Kh nng o hng ton cu s gim thi gian trung chuyn gia cc cng vi an ton cao hn vng ven b v iu kin 72

thi tit xu. Ngoi ra DGPS kt hp vi radar s to ra c h thng chng va chm. Cc chin dch tm kim cu nn s t c hiu qu cao hn khi s dng DGPS. * i vi giao thng ng b. Vic cung cp cc h thng GPS v DGPS trn t, tung ra thi trng r nhng nm u ca thp nin 90 v trn in thoi di ng nm 2002, to ra h thng gim st, nh v t ng cho t (AVM /AVL ) cho cc cng ty vn ti, cnh st cu ho, cp cu gii quyt tt cc qu trnh thc thi nhim v. 4.2.2 Thi gian chnh xc Chc nng chnh ca thi gian chnh xc do GPS cung cp l truyn thi gian ng b ho cc thit b trn h thng vin thng. 4.2.3. Lp bn a hnh. GPS, DGPS to ra cc mng li ng dng quan st khng gian mt t, mt bin To ra cc dc v chp nh ng khng, quan st y nc ven h, ng v cc dn khoan du, thit lp mng in to vi chnh xc l 1 mm, to ra cc im o trong vng khng nhn thy. Hai k thut c s dng lp bn a hnh dng DGPS l : nh v im dng dng mt my thu v nh v ng tng i vi trm tham chiu t xa. 4.2.4. i vi mc ch qun s. Bng vic cung cp ba thng tin lin tc : V tr, Tc , Thi gian n th hin tnh u vit ca h thng. H thng gip tng cng kh nng thc thi nhim v, phn phi tc chin qun binh chng hp thnh hay lc lng a quc gia, tng chnh xc ca thit b v kh. Nhng li ch qun s ca DGPS khng ch tng cng hiu qu tng th ca h thng v kh m cn nhn bi li ch i vi cc chin dch binh chng hp thnh thng qua vic s dng h tham chiu chung. ng dng ca h thng nh v v tinh vi sai DGPS cho c : - Ch huy, kim sot, truyn thng tnh bo. - Cc ng dng chin thut : Hng khng Hng hi Tc chin trn b - Cc chin dch quy m chin lc. 4.2.5. Nghin cu khoa hc GPS v DGPS ng dng cho vic nghin cu a vt l ( Theo di s dch chuyn ca v tri t, pht trin cc m hnh in ly ) Vt l (o trng trng tri t ) v xc nh n nh tn s ca ht notron hay chm. 73

Qua ngin cu to ra m hnh tng in ly, s c d bo tt hn trong vic truyn sng HF


4.3. Mt s kin, kin nghi thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam.

4.3.1. c im a hnh v hot ng. Cng vi cc ng dng ca GPS v DGPS di dng cc my thu v trm tham kho rt cn thit phi m rng ng dng kt hp vi cc h thng bn s, h thng thng tin vin thng, in thoi, in tn, my tnh vv. Cng xy dng cc trm tham kho DGPS theo cc c trng ng hc khc nhau, c cc mc chnh xc khc nhau trang b ph hp vi hot ng ca tng lnh vc ring, l iu ht sc quan trng v cn phi u t nghin cu k. VD : C th nghin cu h thng DGPS PHARAO (Phase Annigvity Resolation Application m _ the _ ply ) hay DGPS IBLS (Integrity Beacon Landing System )hoc cc thit b t hp ca hng AVIS, General motos cho vn chuyn hay h thng Proteach Monitoring cho cc hot ng chng ti phm vv. Vic ng dng k thut GPS v DGPS cn phi c cc k hoch tng th t vic nghin cu k c im a l, tnh hnh pht trin kinh t k thut t nc cng nh cc sut v tin cy, tnh tit kim, chnh xc cn thit... 4.3.1.1 Trc tin ta c th xem xt li ch ca GPS v DGPS trn c s c im a hnh t nc. V tnh hnh t nc Vit Nam l nc c din tch rng, c 3 vng a hnh : Vng bin, Vng rng ni v Vng ng bng. Trong c vng bin v vng ni c din tch ln. - Vng bin : di 3260 km b, gii hn lnh hi theo kinh tuyn 1020 E n 110 0 E theo v tuyn 80 N n 220 30 N ( khong mt triu Km2 ) - Vng bin min trung dc v thng c nhiu vng trin thin nhin t. Min nam trung b c vng kn a hnh phc tp. - Vng bin pha Nam v cc nam c nhiu bi, rng s vt, sa bi to ra ng b bin o kh xc nh b bin theo t lin. - Ngoi ra cn nhiu o nh to ra cc chng ngi vt - Vng ni tp trung ng Bc ko di sang pha Ty Bc t Bc n Trung Nam B theo vng cung ng Triu v Dy Trng Sn. a hnh nhp nh, nhiu ni cao, gii hn ng bin gii phc tp. 74

4.3.1.2 V kh tng. iu kin kh tng Vit Nam chu nh hng ca cc ch gi ma r rt cng cc cn bo nhit i ko di. Ma ng c gio ma ng Bc t thng 10 n thng 2. Cp gi lc mnh c th n cp 7. Ma h c gi Nam v Ty Nam t thng 3 n thng 9 sc gi c lc t n cp 5 v 6. Ngoi ra ma h cn c cc cn bo nhit xy ra mnh nht vo thng 7 n thng 9 thi gian bo ko di ngy, vng hot ng ca bo rng. Do t nc c chiu di theo v ln nn hai min Nam Bc c cc ma kh hu khc nhau. Min Bc c bn ma, cn min Nam c hai ma ma nng r rt. Cc iu kin trn c nh hng nhiu n cc hot ng qun s v dn s trn cc hot ng trn khng, trn bin v trn t lin. 4.3.2 Mt s yu cu xut ng dng DGPS T vic kim tra nghin cu DGPS v vic tm kim cc dch v nh v chnh xc (PPS) cng dch v nh vi tiu chun (SPS), trong SPS c pht cho ngi s dng min ph. hn ch tiu chun S/A, do vic trin khai ng dng phi xt n cc yu t ny mt cch c th. Kh nng nh v hn ch S/A l bin php ch nh do B Quc Phng M a vo. S nh hng bao gm : S thay i thng xuyn ca S/A trong thng bo lch v tinh, tc bin thin sai s, lch tiu chun S/A (khong 0,14 m/s) vi gia tc lch 0,0037 m.s2. Nhng n ngy 1/6/2000 B quc Phng M khng ua sai s S/A vo trong lch v tinh. Cng vi vic m rng hot ng s dng khi ng dng GPS v DGPS cn quan tm n cc bn tin. - Bn tin CGIC. Bn tin in t : L d liu chm ngn (trong vng vi pht), nh s iu chnh qu o v tinh iu chnh gi v tinh GPS hay gi liu v gi chm trung bnh (trong vi gi), nh khung tn hiu o hng pht i cc b phn k thut hay cc d liu c gi chm di (vi ngy) nh cc thng s Ephamerit ca v tinh. - Bn tin RTCM SC 104 cung cp cc d liu cp nht vi sai (s hiu chnh ) k c s hiu chnh tc bin thin ca bn tin hiu chnh. 75

l : S hiu chnh vi sai GPS, tc bin thin ca s hiu chnh DGPS, thng s trm tham kho vi chnh xc v tr trm l 0,01m, bn tin c bit, s hiu chnh vi sai tc cao vv. 4.3.3 Trin khai lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. Ngoi ra cc vn k thut cn quan tm lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. Vic trin khai b tr cc trm tham kho DGPS cn quan tm ti vn : Theo SA v theo kho st v tr hp l. * Vn SA: Vic chn hnh thc DGPS loi tr c sai s lch v tinh, sai s ng h cn li bi y l cc sai s bin thin chm trong khi hiu chnh ca trm tham kho c pht vi tc cp nht khong vi pht/ln. Cn vn tc bin thin sai s lch chun SA nu l 0,14m/s th sau 30 giy s c lch chun l 4m. V d ta chn DGPS c thi gian cp nht d liu 20 giy. Ngha l tu mc chnh xc, theo tng khu vc b tr trm tham kho DGPS m ta chn loi c thi gian cp nht yu cu ph hp iu kin kinh t. Ngy nay vn sai s SA c BQP M khng a vo cc tn hiu lch v tinh. Do vy chng ta cng khng quan tm n vn SA na. * Vn v tr: Cn c vo kho st b bin, vng ni, cc khu vc sn bay, hi cng, khu vc lin quan n cc yu cu v cc mc ch s dng nn cn c cc k hoch b tr cc trm DGPS. Cn c vo kh nng ph sng ca DGPS trn ton lnh th ch n c im t nc di v Trung B hp tnh n s trm DGPS, cng cng sut, tn s pht tn hiu hiu chnh. ng thi kt hp nghin cu cc yu t nhiu giao thoa, quy nh qun l tn s dn s, qun s vv la chn h thng DGPS pht s hiu chnh vi phn trn di tn s no trong phm vi band tn : 30 Khz - 3 Mhz Band sng Trung 3Mhz 30 Mhz Band HF 30 Mhz 300 Mhz Band VHF 300 Mhz 1000 Mhz UHF Hoc band L, S, C

76

Tm li : Cn c vo tnh hnh kinh t, tin cy, chnh xc v tnh thc tin ph hp vi tnh hnh c th trin khai lp mng DGPS Vit Nam * Mng DGPS Vit Nam 1. Cn c vo tnh hnh kinh t t nc lp t trm ci chnh vi sai DGPS 2. Cn c vo tin cy, chnh xc v tnh hnh thc tin ca ng dng mng DGPS Vit Nam. 3. Cn c vo kh nng ng dng ca rt nhiu lnh vc nh : Tng cc a chnh ( o c a hnh y bin, o c bn , dn gin khoan thm d du kh, ti nguyn thin nhin ) Giao thng vn ti ( Bao gm c ng khng, ng bin, ng b ) Qun s (Hi qun, khng qun, lc qun 4. Cn c vo trnh pht trin khoa hc cng ngh ca Vit Nam v trn th gii y mnh cng nghip ho, hin di ho t nc. 5. V cn nhiu vn khc ..

77

a n cc vn sau : 1, t nc chng ta cng phi thit lp mt mng DGPS, cc trm pht tn hiu ci chnh phn sai DGPS duy nht, ng dng cho cc hot ng Vit Nam. 2, V thit lp mt mng chung cho nn vn u t vn cng nh, vic tn dng cc thit b khoa hc k thut ca cc ngnh khc. V d : Tng cc a chnh quan tm ca ch tch nc c d n xy dng cc trm ci chnh DGPS ph sng ton b vng bin Vit Nam v ton b vng t lin. phc v cho cng tc o c bn va thm d ti nguyn thin nhin V vy cc ngnh khc cng c th hp tc u t cng vi Tng cc a chnh cng pht trin v tn dng cng ngh v vn u t 3, Tu tng mt s ngnh c th m c th thit lp xy dng cc trm ci chnh DGPS ring cho tng ngnh v mt s khu vc c th phc v cho ngnh ca mnh. V d : Mt vn quan trng ca vn quc phng l tnh b mt nh hng ti an ninh quc gia, ca nn x hi ch ngha Nn c th mt s lnh vc th c th s dng mng chung. Nhng nhng vn nu trn th chng ta phi xy dng cc trm ci chnh ring mt s khu vc nh : Khu vc qun o Trng Sa ti Khnh Ho. 4, Mt s ngnh khc nu khng c kh nng thit lp mng DGPS cho ring mnh thi c th tn dng hoc thu tn hiu ca cc hng trn th gii m c vng ph sng v khu vc hot ng ca mnh. Nh h thng vi phn din rng WADGPS ca cc hng Omnistar hot ng rt c hiu qu. 5, Chng ta phi quan tm ti cc chun quc t ca ITU, T chc en bin quc t IALA
4.4. Trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS.

Vic trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS cng phi tu thuc vo yu cu v mc ch s dng, tnh kinh t m trang thit b my GPS v DGPS. Cc hng s dng cc my thu DGPS cng nn ng b vic trang b my thu DGPS . Nhu ta bit cc my thu DGPS ca Tng cc a chnh s dng cc my thu ca hng Trimble .V vy cc ngnh khc cng nn quan tm ti vn ny . Ngy nay cc my thu GPS v DGPS t hp hai my thu ny thnh mt my duy nht c th thu c c GPS v DGPS. 78

Hin nay c nhiu hng sn xut cc thit b GPS v DGPS cng vi s tng nhanh cc i tng s dng cho nn vn gi c cho cc dch v ny (GPS v DGPS ) cng gim ang k va co mt s min ph hon ton. gii quyt vn ng dng GPS v DGPS vo cc hot ng dn s v qun s mt cch c hiu qu v tit kim. Cn nghin cu v la chn thit b m bo yu cu nhim v c s knh cc i t 10 n 12 knh, dng c c vic thu GPS v DGPS l tt nht.

Chng V : Kt lun
Qua nghim cu chng ta thy rng cng ngh GPS l h thng ng v ton cu c s dng rng ri. Khi h thng GPS ra i n nh du s pht trin ng k ca khoa hc nh v dn ng . N cho php con ngi tin xa hn v s khm ph th gii cng nh em li kt qu to ln trong mi hot ng , mi ngnh ng dng GPS. Mc d vy i vi GPS vn cn chu nh hng ca nhiu ngun tc ng gy nn sai s nh v dn ng . V vy ngi ta a ra k thut DGPS , y l k thut mi hin i, vi phng php bin iu tn hiu l MSK m bo tin cy v chnh xc cao( 1m ). DGPS l h thng ng v ton cu c sa phn sai c ngha l trn c s chng mt trm chun Beacon ( bit chnh xc v tr to )s thu tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS v tnh ra khong cch, cc thng s cn thit so snh vi s liu bit tnh ra cc phn sai mt cch tc th v gi cc phn sai ny ti cc trm ng dng (Rover).Ti cc trm Rover cn c vo cc phn sai s tnh ra cc s liu ng v chnh xc. Qua thc nghim v l thuyt ngi ta tnh c lng phn sai trong vng 500 km l tng ng nhau . DGPS l h thng ng v cho chnh xc cao lm vic lin tc n nh, phm vi bao qut rng ln. Do n c ng dng rng ri trong cc hot ng ca cuc sng : T hot ng o c bn , hot ng du lch , thm him , thm o n k thut xc nh ng bay ca hng khng v khng qun, xc ng v tr ca cc tu thuyn , iu khin v kh , ch th mc tiu Qua qu trnh nghin cu lun vn ny thu c kt qu nh sau: 1. Nghin cu lch s pht trin ca cc phng php nh v. 79

2. Nghin cu cng ngh DGPS v kh nng ng dng ca DGPS cho nc ta 3. Thy c rng nc ta nn thit lp mng DGPS gm cc trm pht ci chnh ph sng ton b nc ta c trn khng, trn t lin v trn mt bin. 4. Cc trm cI chnh ny c thit lp thnh mng v c mt trm iu khin trung tm t ti H Ni. K thut DGPS l mt vn rt rng v thi gian c hn nn em khng th nghin cu ht c.Trng qut trnh nghin cu khng trnh khi nhng sai st rt mong c s ng gp kin v ch bo ca cc thy gio v cc ban ng nghip . Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio o c Knh cng ton th cc thy trong t mn gip em hon thnh bi nghin cu ny.

Xin chn thnh cm n !

Mt s ti liu tham kho

1. Tng quan v cc h thng v tinh quc t v ng dng cho Vit Nam (Khoa hc Cng ngh ) 2. ti nghim cu khoa hc : Khai thac ng dng cng ngh MSK - DGPS trong o c bin . (Tng cc a chnh) 4. Series 4000 Recceiver Reference (Trimble) 5. RTCM Recommended Standards for Differential NAVSTAR GPS Service. 6. Cc trang Web site : a. http://www.LMX400DGPSNAVIGATIONRIECEIVERS b. http://www.GPSworld_DGPSAntenaforLaptaps 80

c. d. e. f.

http://www.Differential_GPS http://www.edu_observatory.org/gps/dgps.html http://www.Trimble.com http://www.Omnistar.com

81

Trng i hc hng hi Vit Nam


Khoa in - in t tu bin
B mn in t vin thng

lun vn tt nghip

Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Vn Duy


Gio vin hng dn : PGS. TS. o c Kinh

H Ni, 2002

82

Trng i hc hng hi Vit Nam


Khoa in - in t tu bin
B mn in t vin thng

lun vn tt nghip
Tn ti:
nghin cu h thng nh v v tinh ton cu vi sai dgps (Differential Global positioning system)

Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Vn Duy Lp


Kinh

: TV - K39 - H

Gio vin hng dn : PGS. TS. o c

H Ni, 2002

MC LC
83

Chng II.................................................................................5 Tng quan v cc h thng nh v...........................................5

2.1. Cc h thng nh v dn ng trc khi c h thng GPS ...............................................................5 2.1.1 H thng nh v Radio (Radio navigation system)...5 2.1.1.1 H LORAN_C :.......................................................5 2.1.1.2 H thng CHAYKA v LORAN/CHAYKA :..................6 2.1.1.3 H thng DECCA....................................................6 2.1.2 H thng TRANSIT:....................................................6 2.2. H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System ).................................................7 2.2.1. H thng NAVSTA.....................................................7 2.2.2 H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS.....................12 2.2.3. H thng nh v ton cu ci chnh phn sai (Differential GPS)..............................................................13
Chng III..............................................................................15 Cng ngh DGPS.....................................................................15

3.1. C s l thuyt:................................................15 3.2. Nguyn l o DGPS .........................................16 3.3 Phng php iu ch,nh dng Format s hiu v cc loi thng bo (Message type) c gi i trong tn hiu ci chnh phn sai.............................21 3.3.1 Phng php iu ch...........................................21 3.3.2. nh dng Format s liu.......................................21 3.3.3. Cc loi thng bo (Massage type ).......................23 3.3.3.1 Loi thng bo 1 (Massage Type 1). Ci chnh phn sai DGPS (Differrential GPS Corrections) .........................23 3.3.3.2. Thng bo 2 (Massage type 2 ) Delta Differential GPS Correction...............................................................27 3.3.3.3. Thng bo 3 (Massage type 3) Thng bo ca trm Refrence.........................................................................29 3.3.3.4. Thng bo 5 (message Type 5) l chm v tinh kho (Constellation Heath)..............................................30

84

3.3.3.5. Thng bo 16 (Message Type 16) thng bo c bit.................................................................................31 3.4. Cc phng php o DGPS...............................32 3.4.1. K thut MSK DGPS vi cc trm Beacon............32 3.4.1.1. Yu cu chung ca mt trm Beacon Control l:. .32 3.4.1.2. H thng antena bao gm cc phn chnh sau: ...34 3.4.1.3. Hot ng ca my GPS Monitor ti trm Beacon Control...........................................................................36 3.4.2. Chc nng bo ng v thng bo (Alams and message) ca RSIM. .........................................................38 3.4.3. Phng php DGPS din rng (Wide area Differential GPS WADGPS) ...........................................47 3.4.4. K thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF..........................................................................49 C. Cc tnh nng k thut DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF. ..........................................................54 D. Mt s loi thit b k thut DGPS s dng di tn UHF v VHF............................................................56 3.4.5. Cc ngun sai s tc ng n chnh xc DGPS. .........................................................................................57 3.4.5.1. Sai s SA (Selectice Availalility)...........................57 3.4.5.2 S tr do nh hng ca chit xut ca tng Ion trong kh quyn...............................................................57 3.4.5.3. S tr tn hiu do nh hng chit quang ca tng i lu............................................................................58 3.4.5.4. Sai s qu o v tinh.........................................58 3.4.5.5. Sai s v ng h v tinh....................................59 3.4.5.6. Sai s ca ng h my thu GPS.........................59 3.4.5.7. Sai s do nh hng ca hin tng a tuyn......59 3.4.5.8. chnh xc do nh hng ca ng h v tinh (hay con gi l s phn tn chnh xc ).......................59 3.4.6 Mt s thit b ng dng cng ngh DGPS Vit Nam..................................................................................62 3.4.6.1. Thit b ng b DGPS s dng di tn s cao VHF hoc UHF .......................................................................62 A. Cu hnh trm tnh :............................................62
85

B. Cu hnh trm ng............................................63 3.4.6.2 Cu trc v tnh nng k thut cc thit b dng trong cng ngh ci chnh DGPS gii tn s cao...............64 A. My thu nh v DGPS ci chnh...........................64 B. RADIO LINK .......................................................64
Chng IV :...........................................................................70 Mt S kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS ti Vit Nam. . .70

4.1. Xu hng v tnh hnh pht trin ca mng DGPS trn th gii:..........................................................70 4.1.1 Xu hng pht trin...............................................70 4.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin ca DGPS trn th gii..........71 4.2. Nhng li ch v ng dng ca mng DGPS Vit Nam.......................................................................72 4.2.1 o hng.................................................................72 4.2.2 Thi gian chnh xc ................................................73 4.2.3. Lp bn a hnh...............................................73 4.2.4. i vi mc ch qun s.......................................73 4.2.5. Nghin cu khoa hc ............................................73 4.3. Mt s kin, kin nghi thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam.............................................................74 4.3.1. c im a hnh v hot ng............................74 4.3.1.1 Trc tin ta c th xem xt li ch ca GPS v DGPS trn c s c im a hnh t nc....................74 4.3.1.2 V kh tng........................................................75 4.3.2 Mt s yu cu xut ng dng DGPS ................75 4.3.3 Trin khai lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. .......76 4.4. Trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS..............78
Chng V : Kt lun................................................................79 Mt s ti liu tham kho.........................................80 Chng II...............................................................................92 Tng quan v cc h thng nh v..........................................92

2.1. Cc h thng nh v dn ng trc khi c h thng GPS .............................................................92 2.1.1 H thng nh v Radio (Radio navigation system). 92 2.1.1.1 H LORAN_C :.....................................................92
86

2.1.1.2 H thng CHAYKA v LORAN/CHAYKA :.................93 2.1.1.3 H thng DECCA..................................................93 2.1.2 H thng TRANSIT:..................................................93 2.2. H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System )...............................................94 2.2.1. H thng NAVSTA..................................................94 2.2.2 H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS.....................99 2.2.3. H thng nh v ton cu ci chnh phn sai (Differential GPS)............................................................100
Chng III............................................................................102 Cng ngh DGPS...................................................................102

3.1. C s l thuyt:..............................................102 3.2. Nguyn l o DGPS .......................................103 3.3 Phng php iu ch,nh dng Format s hiu v cc loi thng bo (Message type) c gi i trong tn hiu ci chnh phn sai...........................108 3.3.1 Phng php iu ch.........................................108 3.3.2. nh dng Format s liu.....................................108 3.3.3. Cc loi thng bo (Massage type ).....................110 3.3.3.1 Loi thng bo 1 (Massage Type 1). Ci chnh phn sai DGPS (Differrential GPS Corrections) .......................110 3.3.3.2. Thng bo 2 (Massage type 2 ) Delta Differential GPS Correction.............................................................114 3.3.3.3. Thng bo 3 (Massage type 3) Thng bo ca trm Refrence.......................................................................116 3.3.3.4. Thng bo 5 (message Type 5) l chm v tinh kho (Constellation Heath)............................................117 3.3.3.5. Thng bo 16 (Message Type 16) thng bo c bit...............................................................................118 3.4. Cc phng php o DGPS.............................119 3.4.1. K thut MSK DGPS vi cc trm Beacon..........119 3.4.1.1. Yu cu chung ca mt trm Beacon Control l: 119 3.4.1.2. H thng antena bao gm cc phn chnh sau: .121 3.4.1.3. Hot ng ca my GPS Monitor ti trm Beacon Control..........................................................................123
87

3.4.2. Chc nng bo ng v thng bo (Alams and message) ca RSIM. .......................................................125 3.4.3. Phng php DGPS din rng (Wide area Differential GPS WADGPS) .........................................134 3.4.4. K thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF........................................................................136 C. Cc tnh nng k thut DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF. ........................................................141 D. Mt s loi thit b k thut DGPS s dng di tn UHF v VHF..........................................................143 3.4.5. Cc ngun sai s tc ng n chnh xc DGPS. .......................................................................................144 3.4.5.1. Sai s SA (Selectice Availalility).........................144 3.4.5.2 S tr do nh hng ca chit xut ca tng Ion trong kh quyn.............................................................144 3.4.5.3. S tr tn hiu do nh hng chit quang ca tng i lu..........................................................................145 3.4.5.4. Sai s qu o v tinh.......................................145 3.4.5.5. Sai s v ng h v tinh..................................146 3.4.5.6. Sai s ca ng h my thu GPS.......................146 3.4.5.7. Sai s do nh hng ca hin tng a tuyn....146 3.4.5.8. chnh xc do nh hng ca ng h v tinh (hay con gi l s phn tn chnh xc ).....................146 3.4.6 Mt s thit b ng dng cng ngh DGPS Vit Nam................................................................................149 3.4.6.1. Thit b ng b DGPS s dng di tn s cao VHF hoc UHF .....................................................................149 A. Cu hnh trm tnh :..........................................149 B. Cu hnh trm ng..........................................150 3.4.6.2 Cu trc v tnh nng k thut cc thit b dng trong cng ngh ci chnh DGPS gii tn s cao.............151 A. My thu nh v DGPS ci chnh.........................151 B. RADIO LINK ......................................................151
Chng IV :.........................................................................157 Mt S kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS ti Vit Nam. 157

88

4.1. Xu hng v tnh hnh pht trin ca mng DGPS trn th gii:........................................................157 4.1.1 Xu hng pht trin.............................................157 4.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin ca DGPS trn th gii........158 4.2. Nhng li ch v ng dng ca mng DGPS Vit Nam.....................................................................159 4.2.1 o hng...............................................................159 4.2.2 Thi gian chnh xc ..............................................160 4.2.3. Lp bn a hnh.............................................160 4.2.4. i vi mc ch qun s.....................................160 4.2.5. Nghin cu khoa hc ..........................................160 4.3. Mt s kin, kin nghi thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam............................................................161 4.3.1. c im a hnh v hot ng..........................161 4.3.1.1 Trc tin ta c th xem xt li ch ca GPS v DGPS trn c s c im a hnh t nc..................161 4.3.1.2 V kh tng......................................................162 4.3.2 Mt s yu cu xut ng dng DGPS ..............162 4.3.3 Trin khai lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. .....163 4.4. Trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS............165
Chng V : Kt lun..............................................................166 Mt s ti liu tham kho.......................................167

Chng I

t vn
Phng php nh v dng xc nh v tr, o c, dn ng l vn rt cn thit i vi hnh hi, qun s cng nh cc hot ng kinh t vn ho x hi. i i vi s pht trin v khoa hc k thut, th cc phng php nh v cng pht trin t th s n hin i. Bt u t knh lc phn, la bn, cc bng v sao. Sau l p dng sng v tuyn in nh v nh h thng dn ng radio, Transit v cho n khi k thut phng v tinh nhn to c pht trin ( u nhng nm 1960 ) th phng php nh v ton cu c thc hin. H thng nh v ton cu GPS ( Global 89

Positioning System ) ra i, n khc phc c nhng nhc im ca cc phng php nh v trc nh: chnh xc cao (n tng cm), t ng ho cao, hot ng theo chng trnh phn mm c lp trnh sn, s dng v bo dng thit b. c bit cc ch lm vic lun m bo, cc thit b lm vic n nh 24/24gi do my c cu to c bit. Mc d h thng nh v GPS c nhng u im trn nhng n vn c nhng nhn t nh hng n vic nh v v dn ng th d:nh cc sai s do s tn sc v khc x trong tng in ly, trong qu trnh truyn sng, sai s ng h v tinh v ng h my thu GPS, sai s do nh hng ca cc tia phn x t mt t ti my thu GPS ( Multi parth signal) m v tr nh v bng GPS c th b sai lch. khc phc v p ng yu cu i hi ngy cng cao v chnh xc v phm vi ng dng ca phng php nh v th phi ng dng cc cng ngh tin tin c k thut cao. Ngi ta a ra k thut DGPS (Differential GPS )l mt k thut hin i c s dng rng ri. Vic ng dng cng ngh ng hng c hiu qu cao trc tin phi nghin cu hiu r bn cht ca cng ngh trn c s hiu bit v lm ch n. Xut pht t ngng l do trn ti nghin cu ti h thng nh v v tinh c sa phn sai DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System ) nhm mc ch nm vng l thuyt thc hnh ng dng cng ngh DGPS v ang c trin khai rng ri trn th gii v khu vc ng Nam v ang s dng rng ri nc ta. Trong khun kh ca ti ny ti trnh by cc phn sau: 5. S lc v cc h thng nh v 6. Cng ngh DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) 7. Mt s kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam 8. Kt lun K thut DGPS l mt ni dung cn mi m i vi ngi dng Vit Nam, v thi gian c hn, vic tm hiu ti liu cn kh khn nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Ti rt mong c s ch bo, ng gp kin ca cc thy gio v cc bn ng nghip. hon thnh c kho hc m c th l bo v thnh cng lun vn tt nghip ngy hm nay. l s c gng hc tp ca bn thn cng vi cng lao to ln ging dy truyn t kin thc ca cc thy c gio trng i Hc Hng Hi ni chung, ca 90

cc thy gio trong khoa in T Vin Thng ni ring v c bit l s ch bo hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio hng dn: i t PGS - TS - Nh gio u t o c Knh. Qua y ti xin by t lng bit n su sc ti thy o c Knh cng cc thy gio trong trng. Ti xin knh chc thy cng ton th gia nh an khang thnh vng.

Xin chn thnh cm n! Tc gi: Nguyn Vn Duy

91

Chng II Tng quan v cc h thng nh v


nh v dn ng c t lu trong cuc sng. Ngi ta a ra rt nhiu phng php nh v. y ti gii thiu mt s h thng nh v dn ng chnh.
2.1. Cc h thng nh v dn ng trc khi c h thng GPS

2.1.1 H thng nh v Radio (Radio navigation system) Nguyn l c bn la giao hi cnh t 3 im bit to xc nh to mt phng ca im t my (im cha bit to ) Ti t nht 3 im bit to d,thit lp 3 trm pht tn hiu :Radio,im cn nh v t my thu tn hiu t cc trm pht tn hiu radio trn.Khong cch t trm t my thu dn trn pht c xc nh bng tr thi gian ca tn hiu pht t trm pht ti trm thu.Da vo tr thi gian t nht 3 trm pht v to ca cc trm ny,s tnh c to mt pht phng ca trm t my thu.K thut o tr thi gian c th s dng k thut o xung hoc o lch pha ca tn hiu sng iu ho. Cc h thng radio navigation trn th gii thng s dng di tn s sng ngn hoc sng trung. Nhc im ca h thng ny l tm hot ng c hn, chnh xc nh v ph thuc vo thi im do v v tr cn xc nh tng i vi cc trm pht radio c nh. tng tm hot ng ca h thng,ngi ta lin kt tng cm h thng gm t nht 3 trm Radio Beacon thnh tng chui h thng cc chui ny c ph sng ln,thng vo khong 1.000 dm. Nh vy chui ny to thnh mt h thng nh v quc gia hay khu vc.Cc h thng Radio navigation System ln dc bit trn th gii l:H LORAN_C, H CHAYKA; H LORAN-CHAYKA; H DECCA 2.1.1.1 H LORAN_C : Mc ch s dng trong qun s v sau ny s dng trong nh v dn ng dn s trn ton b bin nc M.H LORAN_C do lc lng bin phng M thit lp.N l h thng Radio Hybecbol s dng tn s xung 100 khz. ph sng ca h thng ph thuc vo chnh xc ca my thu. H ny phc v 24/24gi 92

vi chnh xc khong 100 m v tng i khong 20m n 100m.Do c tnh k tht ca h thng LORAN_C ph hp vi yu cu hng khng nn c quan qun l hng khng chp nhn h thng LORAN_C c ph sng ton nc M.H thng ny c hon thnh vo thng 6 nm 1991. 2.1.1.2 H thng CHAYKA v LORAN/CHAYKA : CHAYKA l mt h thng radio navigation tng t nh h thng LORAN_C do Nga xy dng dc theo b bin Nga. Gia h thng LORAN_C Bc Thi Bnh Duong v h thng CHAYKA c mt vng trng khong 500 hi l ti vng bin Bering khng dc c hai h thng ny ph sng.S hp tc gia M v Nga xy dng h thng LORAN-CHAYKA ph sng ton b vng trng ny.H thng ny lin kt cc trm ATTA v ALASKA thuc h thng LORAN_C ca M v cc trm Ptopavlovsk v Aleksandorcska thuc h thng CHAYKA ca Nga. 2.1.1.3 H thng DECCA Tng t cc h thng trc h thng DECCA c xy dng vi mc ch nh v dn ng trn khng v trn bin.H thng c thit lp trn vng pha ty Chu u,vng Ban Tch,Nam Phi,Vnh Rp,Nht Bn,n D, Australia. H thng hot ng trn hai di bng tn s :Bng 1 t 70-90 khz v t Bng hai t 110-130 khz. chnh xc khong 20-50cm trong khong cch di 220km.Trn khong cch nay gim rt nhanh. Trc khi co h thng dn ng bng GPS thi cc h thng dn ng trc y c s dng rng ri trn th gii.H thng GPS ra i vi tnh nng k thut vt tri va cc dch v khc km theo, dn y li cc h thng trn vo qu kh. 2.1.2 H thng TRANSIT: H thng ny l h dnh v radio ton cu s dng k thut DOPPLE nh v trong to khng gian.H thng ny gm 4 v tinh hoc nhiu hn c b tr trn cc qu o vi cao khong 1080km, my thu tn hiu t trn tri t c th thu cc fix cch nhau t 1n 3 gi khi v tinh t trong tm nhn ca ni t my.Bnh thng th mi v tinh xut hin trong tm nhin khong 20 pht.Khi ch cn xc nh mt fix cho mi v tinh. H thng TRANSIT nh v trn h quy chiu WGS-72. 93

H thng hot ng trn 2 tn s 150 Mhz v 400Mhz.V l thuyt ch cn hot ng trn mt tn s l c th nh v dc,nhng lm gim nh hng ca tng ion ti chnh xc nh v,ngi s dng phi s dng c hai tn s trn. chnh xc ca h thng ph thuc vo s ln bt c v tinh a vo tnh ton nh v(s fix thu c) v vic s dng mt tn s hay hai tn s. chnh xc tiu chun ca mt ln bt v tinh a vo tnh ton nh v vi mt tn s l 500 m,nu s dng hai tn s chnh xc tng ln 25m.Vi vic o ng thi trn im cn xc nh to v im bit to , chnh xc s tng ln 10m do s dng k thut phn sai. chnh xc c th tng n 5m khi s dng cc phng php o dc bit.H thng TRANSIT c hi qun M xy dng vi mc ch s dng trong quc phng.Tuy nhin h thng ny cng thng c s dng trong dn s trc khi h thng GPS ra i.
2.2. H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System )

i i vi s pht trin v khoa hc k thut l s pht trin v nh v dn ng. Yu cu v vic nh v dn ng thng nht trn phm vi ton cu c t ra trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn, quc phng an ninh v ch c bt u khi k thut phng v tinh nhn to c pht trin. V n ch c th nh v c da vo cc chun ngoi tri t. Chnh v th m vic nghin cu xy dng h thng nh v ton cu ch mi bt u t nhng nm 1960. Cc h thng nh v ang c thc hin trn th gii l h thng NAVSTA, h thng GLONASS. 2.2.1. H thng NAVSTA H thng nh v ton cu GPS hin nay c s dng ph bin trn th gii l h thng NAVSTA. H thng ny do khng qun v hi qun M thit lp t nm 1978 vi mc ch ch yu dng trong qun s. n cui nhng nm 1980, mc ch s dng ca h thng NAVSTA GPS c m rng sang cc lnh vc dn s. Bn cht k thut ca vic nh v trong h thng nh v ton cu l vic giao hi cnh khng gian t v tinh nhn to ( c thit lp phc v nh v ton cu) ti im cn nh v trn tri t. Mun xc nh to khng gian ca mt im trn tri t phi giao hi t nht t 3 v tinh. Nh vy yu cu k thut ca h thng nh v ton cu l: - C mt h thng cc v tinh nhn to bay quanh tri t trn cc qu o chnh xc. Cc v tinh ny pht tn hiu 94

nh v (hay cn gi l s liu ng dn NAVSTA ) cho cc my thu t trn tri t. S lng v tinh v cc qu o v tinh cn tnh ton sao cho bt k thi im no trn tri t u c th nhn thy t nht 3 v tinh. My thu tn hiu pht t v tinh GPS, vi cc gii php k thut phn cng v phn mm thu tn hiu v tnh c khong cch t my thu ti tng v tinh GPS. H thng kim tra theo di, iu hnh, kim sot, v hiu chnh qu o ca cc v tinh GPS. H thng NAVSTA GPS c thit lp theo nguyn l trn gm 3 phn h thng (Segment): Phn khng gian, phn iu khin v phn s dng.

Phn Khng Gian (Space Segment).

L h thng v tinh gm 24 v tinh c thit lp trn 6 qu o quanh tri t. Mi qu o v tinh gm 4 v tinh phn b u. Trn qu o mt phng xch o tri t gc nh din 550. cao ca v tinh khong 20190 Km, chu k ca mt v tinh bay quanh tri t l 12 gi. H thng v tinh ny c hon thnh vo thng 2 nm 1989. Vi cch b tr v tinh nh trn, v mt l thuyt mi im trn tri t, trong mi thi im trn tri t, trong mi thi gian u nhn thy t nht 4 v tinh. Trn c s kim sot c cc qu o trn v tinh c th bit c to tc thi ca tng v tinh trong mt h quy chiu nht nh (hin nay s v tinh GPS ln ti 32 v tinh). Mi v tinh pht hin lin tc cc tn hiu dn ng ( gi l NADATA) xung cc my thu tn hiu v tinh s dng. Cc thng tin NADATA bao gm : H thng thi gian; thng s ci chnh ng b v tinh; thng s v qu o v tinh; lch v tinh v cc thng s nh hng ca tng in ly (Inospheric Delay Model Parameters). Phng php truyn thng tin t v tinh l truyn tin theo m: Code C/A v Code P. Code C/A khng bo mt c dng trong dn s, Code P l code v bo mt c dng ch yu trong qun s ( hin nay cng c s dng vi mc ch dn s). Cc m code P c truyn i bng hai sng mang L1= 1575.42 MHz v L2= 1227.60 MHz tng ng vi bc sng 1=19cm v 2=24 cm.

95

Tn s L1c iu ch bi c hai code C/A v code P. Tn s c iu ch bi code P.


Phn Kim Tra (Control Segment)

H thng kim tra c thit lp nhm theo di,kim sot v hiu chnh v tinh,nhm m bo h thng v tinh hot ng bnh thng,chnh xc.H thng ny bao gm 4 trm quan st v tinh (Monitor Station),3 trm ci chnh (Upload Station) v mt trm iu khin trung tm (Master Control Station). Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng nh sau: Bn trm quan st v tinh lin tc thu tn hiu t tt c cc v tinh v truyn s liu v trm iu khin trung tm.Trm trung tm,tnh ton ra cc h s ci chnh qu o,ng h v tinh v truyn cc h s ny t cc trm pht s ci chnh.Ti y s ci chnh c pht li cho v tinh t nht mt ngy mt ln.Vi phng thc qu o ny s m bo thng tin v qu o v tinh pht xung cho cc my thu GPS c chnh xc v sai s ng h v tinh s gim bt rt nhiu,trn c s chnh nh v s c nng cao.
Phn ngi s dng (User Segment)

on ngi s dng v cc my thu GPS,t c nh hoc di ng trn b mt tri t hoc trong khng gian(Trng hp gn myGPS ) rn my bay,tu bin). Cc my thu GPS ny thu tn hiu t trn cc v tinh GPS vi mc ch nh v v dn ng.Vi mc ch ny cc my thu GPS phi x l cc tn hiu va thu c t cc v tinh GPS tnh ton ra to khng gian ca tm antena my thu GPS nh phn trn nu,nguyn l nh v ca GPS l :Nguyn l giao hi cnh t im cn nh v (tm antena ca my thu)n cc v tinh GPS.Nh vy my thu GPS phi tnh dc khong cch tc thi t tm antena n cc v tinh GPS : tnh c my thu GPS n cc v tinh, cng ging nh nguyn l o khong cch bng sng in t,c th c 2 phng php : 1.Tnh c tr thi gian ca tn hiu pht i t cc v tinh GPS n khi thu c tn hiu ti my thu GPS. 2.Tnh c lch pha (di pha ) t tn hiu pht i t cc v tinh GPS n khi thu ti my thu GPS. Gii php k thut o c tr thi gian trong h thng GPS l p dng k thut tng quan ngang (Cross 96

Correclation).Phng php ny gi l phng php Code Pseudornge nh sau : V tinh GPS pht i cc m code gi ngu nhin (PRN code). My thu GPS to ra cc bn sao m code gi ngu nhin tng ng i vi tng v tinh.So snh tong quan gia hai im m code trn s lm ra tr thi gian.Hnh v sau minh ho cc phng php Code Pseudorange:

Satellite (V tinh) Receiver Code (M thu) t Time Delay (Thi gian tr)

PSEUDORANGE=c.t

Nguyn l ca phng php o lch pha l :Khong cch t v tinh GPS n my thu c tnh bng lch pha ca sng mang(Khi truyn t v tinh GPS ti my thu GPS ) nhn vi chiu di bc sng mang.Cc my o pha tng ng vi phn l ca mi chu k giao ng sng.V vy lch pha s tinh bng s nguyn ln bc sng cng vi lch pha o c.Phng php xc nh khong cch t v tinh my thu n GPS bng cch xc nh lch pha gi l phng php tr o khong cch pha sng mang(Carrier Phase Pseudorange). Hnh v m t nguyn l ca phng php ny:

97

Ambiguit

Carrer (Sng mang)

i vi phng php ny cn to my thu GPS phi m bo gii quyt 2 vn : 1.To sng mang ng thi vi thi im cc sng mang pht i t v tinh GPS (gi l tn hiu i chiu ). So snh tn hiu i chiu v tn hiu thu c t v tinh o c phn l lch pha tng ng vi phn l ca mt chu k giao ng sng. 2. m c s nguyn ln bc sng t v tinh GPS ti my thu GPS. H trc a th gii WGS -84 V tr ca mt im no c xc nh (nh v ) phi hiu theo ngha: c nh v theo h quy chiu nht nh no . Vi mc ch l mt h nh v ton cu,h thng GPS phi xc nh s dng mt h quy chiu thng nht trn ton cu. H quy chiu c s dng trong h thng nh v GPS l Elip Soid GPS-80 (Geodetic Reference System 1980 H quy chiu trc a nm 1980) c nh v trn ton cu theo a tm. Elip Soid GPS80 c bn trc ln bng 6378.137 (m) v nghch o rt 1/f = 298257223563. H trc a s dng mt quy chiu GPS 80 c gi l h trc a th gii WGS -84 (World Greodtic System). To xc nh GPS trong h WGS l to khng gian 3 chiu. H to khng gian 3 chiu l h to c xc nh bng 3 trc to x,y, z. Tm ca h to 3 chiu l a tm. Trc x nm trn mt phng xch o v i qua kinh tuyn gc v a tm. Trc y nm trn mt phng xch o, vung gc vi trc y i qua a tm. Trc z i qua a tm v vung gc vi mt phng xch o. Z N z X y 98 x Y

H to thng thng s dng trong trc a bn khng phi l h to khng gian 3 chiu m l h to a l B,L,H v h to vung gc vi mt phng x,y,h. T to khng gian 3 chiu c th chuyn i v h to a l B L H v h to vung gc (mt phng ) x y h (theo mt phng php no ) y lu rng H l cao tnh trn ElipSoid (High Above ElipSoid) cao ny khc vi cao chun (Meal Sea Level).Quan h gia H v h c biu th bng biu thc H = H + N. y N l cao gia Geoid v Elipsoid. Thng th mi quc gia u c mt h quy chiu trc a quc gia ring bit.Khi GPS ,To GPS c tnh trn h WGS 84.Mun chuyn v h to tham chiu quc gia cn c tham s tnh chuyn. 2.2.2 H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS. H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS do Nga thit lp nm 1993.y l h nh v ton cu s dng h to khng gian,v c bn c cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ging nh h thng GPS.Nhng khc c bn v mt chi tit k thut ca hai h thng nh sau : 1.Trong khi h thng NAVSTAR GPS c 24 v tinh c b tr trn 6 qu o,mt phng qu o v tinh nghing so vi mt phng qu o tri t 55 , cao v tinh khong 20.190 km v chu k v tinh l 12 gi,thi h thng GLONASS GPS c 24 v tinh c b tr trn 3 qu o,mt phng qu o nghing so vi mt phng xch o tri t 64.8 , cao v tinh l 19.100 km v chu k v tinh l 11 gi 15 pht. 2. Cng ging nh cc v tinh ca h thng NAVSTAR GPS ,cc v tinh ca h thng GLONASS GPS cng s dng hai tn s sng mang (carrier frequenciens) S dng hai loi m code C/A v P code.Song hai tn s sng mang L1 v L2 trong h thng NAVSTAR GPS c s dng chung cho tt c cc v tinh. Trong khi i vi h thng GLONASS GPS mi v tinh s dng mt tn s sng mang khc nhau. Gii tn bng sng L 1 ca h thng GLONASS GPS t 1602.5625 MHz n 161505 MHz. Mi v tinh c 99

tn s khc nhau 0.5625 MHz. Gii tn bng sng mang L2 ca h thng GLONASS GPS t1246.4375 MHz ti 1256.5 MHz. Mi v tinh c tn s khc nhau 0.4375 MHz. S khc bit gia hai h thng l: i vi NAVSTAR GPS th mi v tinh s dng mt code khc nhau cn vi h thng GLONASS th code c s dng chung cho tt c cc v tinh trong h thng. 3. H thng NAVSTAR GPS s dng h quy chiu WGS -84 cn h thng GLONASS GPS s dng h quy chiu SGS 85. V chnh xc ca h thng GLONASS GPS tuy cha c c nhng cng b y , xong c th coi hao h thng ny tng ng vi nhau v chnh xc. H thng GLONASS GPS c thit k t thng 5 nm 1993 khi c 12 v tinh. Cui nm 1993 (theo k hoch) s c 20 v tinh v n nm 1995 th hon thnh h thng. Thc t th h thng NAVSTAR GPS c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii (k c Vit Nam) hn h thng GLONASS GPS vi cc l do sau: 1. H quy chiu WGS 84 quen thuc hn v c s dng rng ri hn h quy chiu SGS -85. Hn na vic chuyn i gia hai h thng ny vn cn l mt vn nghin cu, thng nht. Vi nhng thc nghim ban u th hai h thng chnh lch nhau t 510 m. 2. Khi hai h thng coi l c chnh xc ging nhau, th ngi s dng ch quan tm n cc thit b thu tn hiu GPS. Cc my thu GPS tng ng vi h thng NAVSTAR GPS ph bin trn th trng rt nhiu so vi cc my thu tn hiu GPS tng ng vi h thng GLONASS GPS. 3. Cc thng tin v h thng NAVSTAR GPS v cc dch v km theo rng ri hn nhiu so vi cc thng tin v dch v ca h thng GLONASS GPS (bao gm c v tip th qung co). 2.2.3. H thng nh v ton cu ci chnh phn sai (Differential GPS). Do nh hng ca nhiu thnh phn sai s th d nh sai s do nh hng ca s tn sc v khc x trong bu kh quyn, sai s ca ng h v tinh v ng h my thu GPS. Sai s do nh hng ca tia phn x t mt t bi my thu GPS (multipart signal), sai s qu o v tinh, v tr nh v bng v tinh GPS c th b sai lch. 100

V vy trong ng dng ngi ta phi tm ra cc gii php gim thiu cc phn sai trn. l k thut o GPS phn sai. Nguyn l ca phng php ny l ngi ta s dng my thu GPS chun bit chnh xc to , thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai. Sau gi s phn sai ti cc my thu ng dng GPS s tnh ra to chnh xc ca n. Chng ta s nghin cu c th k thut DGPS chng 3.

101

Chng III Cng ngh DGPS


3.1. C s l thuyt:

Mun xc nh to khng gian ca mt im trn tri t phi giao t nht t 3 v tinh. Nu t to khng gian l XYZ. Khi to ca v tinh nh v v im thu GPS k hiu tng ng XS, YS, ZS v x, y, z th phng trnh khong cch t my thu GPS n v tinh l: P = ((XS-x)2+(YS-y)2+(ZS-z)2)1/2 (1-1) Cn vn tc hng tm nhn c bng cch ly vi phn phng trnh trn (1-1).
* * P* = r 1 ( x S x)( x s* x * ) + ( y S y )( y S y * ) + ( z S z )( z S z * ) (1-2)

R rng cc i lng (1-1), (2-2) cn tng thch vi mt thi im o. V vy nn thang o ca h s dng v du thi gian ca v tinh phi c lin h trc tip. tnh to h s dng ti thi im Ti th to ca v tinh phi chn thi im (ti- r/c). Trong li h thng nh v v tinh p dng phng php o c ly vi vic gi im tnh u. C ly o gn ng s lch vi gi tr thc mt gi tr m gi tr ph thuc vo dch chuyn tng i ca h thng thi gian. Vi v tinh nh v c lch thang thi gian T Vi v tinh nh v c lch thang thi gian t Khi truyn sng in t trong khng gian kh quyn c gi chm tm so vi trong khng gian t do. Cc sai s . Do php s l ta c ly (c ly gn ng) ch khng phi l c ly P. Khi khong cch (psuedorange) l: P = ((XS-x)2+(YS-y)2+(ZS-z)2)1/2 + C( t- T) + atm+ Trong XS, YS, ZS l to khng gian ca v tinh. X, Y, Z l to khng gian ca my thu GPS. C tc nh sng trong chn khng P : tr o psuedorange t, T: l sai s ng h my thu GPS v sai s ng h v tinh GPS. atm : l sai s do nh hng ca kh quyn. : Sai s tng hp khc

102

C( t- T); atm; c gi chung l cc phn sai. Cc phn sai ny dao ng t mt vi mt n mt vi trc mt. T cng thc ta thy nu t my thu GPS trn mt im bit to l X,Y,Z c th tnh ra phn sai bng cch ly khong cch psuedorange tr i khong cch c tnh bng to v tinh v to antena my thu GPS. L thuyt v thc nghim chng minh rng nh hng phn sai ca cc im cch nhau trong khong 300 dm (500 km) l gn bng nhau.
3.2. Nguyn l o DGPS

1. t my thu trn mt im bit to chnh xc, thu tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS v tnh ra cc s ci chnh phn sai. My thu ny c gi l my Base 2. Cc my thu ng dng gi l my Rover, thu tn hiu GPS ng thi vi my Base, ci chnh vo cc tr o c tnh t my Rover tnh ra ta chnh xc ca my Rover. Tnh ci chnh phn sai c hai phng php:
* Phng php POSITION:

S ci chnh phn sai c tnh di dng thc o kinh , v , v cao (B, L, H), bng cch ly hiu s to bit ti trm BASE v to c tnh ra theo tr o GPS ti trm BASE.
*Phng php MEASURMENT:

S ci chnh phn sai c tnh ra di dng ci chnh chiu di vo khong cch psuedorange (P), bng cch ly hiu khong cch tht t v tinh ti tm im antena ca my thu GPS ti trm BASE v khong cch Psuedorange ti cc v tinh, tnh t trm BASE. S ci chnh phn sai tnh theo phng php POSITION ti trm BASE ch ng i vi trm ROVER khi ta c ti trm BASE v ta tnh c ti trm ROVER trn cng mt chm v tinh GPS (GPS constellation), chnh v vy thng thng ngi ta s dng phng php MEASURMENT. Tu theo cch x l s ci chnh phn sai, c th chia phng php DGPS thnh hai loi
* Phng php POST PROSESSING DGPS

103

Phng php ny s dng phn mm x l hai files s liu thu c t my thu BASE v ROVER ( ng thi thu tn hiu trong cng mt khong thi gian), tnh ton ra s ci chnh phn sai v ta c ci chnh phn sai ca trm my ROVER. Nh vy to tc thi ( c ci chnh phn sai ) khng c tnh ton ti hin trng khi o, m phi tnh ton trong phng sau khi o. Phng php ny hin nay t c s dng.
* Phng php REAL TIME DGPS

Phng php ny s dng phn mm lin tc tnh ra cc s ci chnh phn sai. Cc s ci chnh phn sai ny c pht ti cc my ROVER thng qua thit b truyn thng. Cc my thu GPS ROVER ng thi thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS v tn hiu ci chnh phn sai pht t trm BASE tnh ra ta chnh xc ( c ci chnh phn sai ). Nh vy khc vi phng php POST PROSESSING, ta tc thi ( c ci chnh phn sai ) c lin tc tnh ton my ROVER ti thi im nh v S hot ng ca phng php REAL TIME DGPS SATELLITE SATELLITE GPS Signal GPS Signal GPS Signal SATELLITE

SATELLITE

GPS Signal

GPS Signal

GPS Signal

Data Link Reference Station USERS

DIFFERENTIAL GPS Differential GPS GEOMETRY GEOMETRY 104

Cu hnh thit b ca phng php REAL TIME DGPS gm 3 phn chnh: + My thu GPS BASE + Thit b truyn tin thu v pht (Datalink) + My thu GPS ROVER

105

S khi ca thit b trm BASE (cn gi l trm Reference)


GPS SATELLTE SCNALS

GPS RECEIVER
S

DATA LINK

GPS SENSOR

V MEASUREMENT DPROCESSOR Differentia l ATA MEASUREMENT Correction Message PROCESSOR

DATA FORMATTER

MODULATOR

DATA LINK TRANSMITTER

REFERENCE STATION COORDINATES

Theo s khi trn, chu trnh vn hnh ti trm tnh nh sau : - My thu GPS thu cc tn hiu t ccv tinh v tnh ra cc Pseudorange tng ng n cc v. - Thit b phn mm (Correction Generator) s dng to bit ti trm tnh (to tm anten ca my thu GPS ) c cc Pseudorange tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai. - S ci chnh phn sai c tnh dng chun bng thit b Data Formater - S ci chnh phn sai c sng ti (carrier) truyn vo khng gian ti trm ROVER qua anten pht - sng ti truyn c s ci chnh phn sai th sng ti c iu ch bi dng tn hiu c nh dng chun ca s ci chnh phn sai Cng vic ny c thc hin thit b iu ch (Modulation ). - Yu cu k thut ca trm tnh l : 106

+ To chun c xc nh chnh xc lo b sai s to chun. + Thit b GPS v Correction Generator phi chnh xc, tnh chnh xc s ci chnh phn sai v kim sot c s ci chnh ny. + Format tn hiu ci chnh phn sai phi c nh dng chun c tnh ph thng. + Phng php iu ch phi m bo an ton,chnh xc truyn dc trn gi thng tin ca s ci chnh phn sai. + Phng php truyn sng phi m bo gim thiu s suy gim tn hiu trn qung ng truyn sng nhm tng gii hn truyn sng. S khi thit b trm ROVER :

GPS SATELLTE SCNALS

GPS RECEIVER
SV DMEASUREMENT
NAVIGIATION DATA POSITION CORDI NATES

GPS SENSOR

ATA

PROCESSOR

MEASUREMENT PROCESSOR

DISPLAY AND OUTPUT

DIFFENTIAL GPS DATA LINK

DIFFERENTIAL CORRECTION

DATA LINK

DATA LINK RECEVER

DEMODULATOR 107

DATA FORMATTER

Nguyn l hot ng ca trm ROVER : - Datalink Receiver thu c sng mang,ti s liu ci chnh phn sai t trm tnh thng qua anten DGPS. - B tch sng (Demodulation) tch s hiu ci chnh phn sai t sng ti thu nhn dc t Datalink Receiver. - S liu ci chnh phn sai c nhn dng chun bng Dataformater v truyn n thit b x l s liu ci chnh phn sai (Differential Dataprocessor). - Thng qua anten GPS ,GPS Sensor thu c tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS. - Thu tn hiu GPS c truyn ti b phn x l o (Measurement processor ) tnh cc Pseudorange. - Kt hp nhng s ci chnh phn sai v Pseudorange tnh c s tnh ra to trm ROVER c ci chnh phn sai.To ny c hin th trn mn hnh v c ly ra qua cng Output ca my thu GPS. V mt cu to thit b a s cc my ROVER thng dng hin nay u ghp Datalink v GPS Receiver thnh mt my (k c anten ).
3.3 Phng php iu ch,nh dng Format s hiu v cc loi thng bo (Message type) c gi i trong tn hiu ci chnh phn sai.

3.3.1 Phng php iu ch. Trong k thut truyn thng,ni dung thng tin c truyn ti trn cc sng mang (sng ti ).Bn thn sng ti khng cha ng thng tin,cn truyn ti i. thc hin c nc ch ny,sng ti s b iu ch (Modolation) theo tn hiu cha thng tin. C nhiu phng php iu ch.Trong k thut DGPS ,thng tin cn truyn ti i l cc gi s liu.m bo tnh chnh xc 100%,ca gi s liu truyn i l yu cu khng th thiu,trong phng thc truyn thng i vi phng thc DGPS.iu ny ph thuc phng php iu ch c p dng.Qua thit k v thi nghim,t chc bin phng b bin M chng minh rng phng php iu ch Minimum Shift Kying (MSK), thch ng vi k thut truyn s ci chnh phn sai DGPS.Do cc trm BEACON DGPS u s dng k thut MSK v c gi l cc trm MSK BEACON DGPS. 3.3.2. nh dng Format s liu.

108

nh dng Format s liu l mt vn rt quan trng trong k thut truyn thng tin.Tt c thng tin truyn i trong k thut DGPS (ni dung thng tin tng s liu ci chnh phn sai ) c truyn i bng mt dy cc s t nhin.Nh vy,ni dung thng tin phi c truyn ti i theo mt quy lut xp xp ca dy s t nhin c truyn ti i.Ngi nhn c thng tin (cc my thu s liu ci chnh DGPS ) phi gii c m truyn tn hiu hiu c cc thng tin nhn c.Nh vy nh dng thng tin (nh dng Fomat s liu ) c hiu theo kho m ca tn hiu truyn tin. DGPS l mt dch v cng cng.V vy nh dng Format s liu cng phi mang tnh ph bin,cng cng c th ng dng rng ri trn ton cu. Chuyn ban k thut 104 thuc u ban k thut Radio v cc dch v hng hi (RTCM-104-Radio Technical Comnission for Maritime Services.Special 104) thit k mt chun Format d liu cho s ci chnh phn sai s dng trong k thut DGPS. Ta thng thy cc my GPS c ci t Option RTCM-104, ni dung l cc my ny c ci t phn mm nh dng s liu theo chun RTCM -104. Cu to c bn ca Format nh dng s liu chun ca s liu ci chnh phn sai theo RTCM-104 c gii thch ngn gn nh sau : 1. Ni dung ca s liu ci chnh phn sai bao gm cc thng tin bng s (V d : S ci chnh phn sai Pseudorange; to trm Referencev.v) v cc thng tin khng bng s (Vi d : Thng bo tnh trng v tinh; tnh trng ca trm Reference; sai s ca s ci chnh phn sai vv ). Ni dung thng tin bng s c gi nguyn theo thng tin gc; ni dung thng tin khng bng s s c quy nh tng ng vi cc code (c nh dng di dng s ). Th d : Sai s ci chnh cnh c code ho nh sau : Code Number One signal Difference error 00 (0) 1m 01 (1) >1m <4m 10 (2) >4m <8m 11 (3) >8m 2. Sau khi quy nh code ca tt c cc thng tin phi s th ton b thng tin c gi i l mt chui s t nhin. Cc chui 109

s t nhin ny c th hin trn cc frame s liu c di 30 bit.Mt ni dung,hoc mt vi ni dung trong s liu ci chnh phn sai c gp thnh mt dng thng bo (Message type).i vi mi Massage Type s c kho m nhn dng frame s liu. Th d : S ci chnh phn sai Pseudorange c nh dng nh sau :

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 . 23 24 25 .30 SCALE UDRE SATELITEID PSEUDORANGE FACTOR CORRECTION PARITY

Trn s trn thi Scale factor v UDRE c th hin bng code; cc ni dung thng tin khc th hin bng s. 3.3.3. Cc loi thng bo (Massage type ). Thng tin ci chnh phn sai gi i t trm Beacon khng n thun ch l s ci chnh phn sai m gm nhiu loi thng tin khc. c th nh dng s liu thng tin, ngi ta chia ra cc ni dung thng tin thnh cc nhm thng bo (Massage type ) v nh dng format cho tng nhm thng bo ny. RTCM-104 chia cc ni dung thng tin trong k thut DGPS thnh 26 massage v nh dng cho 26 massage ny. Di y em ch trnh by ni dung thng tin v nh dng format cho cc masage chnh,ng dng trong k thut DGPS 3.3.3.1 Loi thng bo 1 (Massage Type 1). Ci chnh phn sai DGPS (Differrential GPS Corrections) Thng bo 1 cha ni dung chnh l s ci chnh phn sai tc thi c tnh v pht t trm Beacon.S ci chnh ny gm hai thnh phn : 1. S ci chnh Pseudorange i vi tng v tinh tnh c ti trm Beacon v khong cch tht tnh c t to khng gian ca anten trm Beacon v to khng gian ca cc v tinh tng ng.S ci chnh ny c k hiu l PRC(t 0) (Pseudorange correction at t0 of time ). 2. V s ci chnh PRCt 0 truyn t trm Beacon ti trm Rover no (ngi s dng) mt mt khong thi gian nhi nh.V vy trm Rover nhn c s ci chnh PRC(t0) khng phi ti thi im t0 m ti thi im t.Ti thi im t, s ci chnh tnh c ti 110

trm Beacon s khc s ci chnh t l khong cch (Range Rate Correction). S ci chnh ny dc k hiu l RRC. Nh vy s ci chnh Pseudorange ti thi im t cho cc my GPS ng s l: PRC (t) = PRC (t 0 ) + RRC (t t 0) Ti thi im t, khong cch Pseudorange tnh c ti cc my thu GPS ng s l : PR (t ) = PRM (t ) +PRC (t ) = PRM (t ) + PRC (t 0 ) +RRC (t t 0) Vi : PR (t) l khong cch Pseudorange c ci chnh phn sai ti thi im t. PRM (t ) l khong cch Pseudorange cha c ci chnh phn sai ti thi im t (tnh t vic thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS ). S ci chnh phn sai PRC (t ) c tnh cho tng v tinh i vi tt c cc v tinh trong tm nhn ti trm Beacon tithi im t. V vy trong format s liu thng bo 1 bao gm c thng tin v s liu v tinh (Satellte ID ) format s liu ca thng bo 1 c cu to nh sau:

111

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 . 23 24 25 .30
UDRE SATELITE ID PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION PARITY Words 3 8.13 or 18

SCALE FACTOR RANGERAE ISSUE OF CORRECTI0 DATA N (IOD) PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION SATELITE ID PARITY Words 4 9.14 or 19 Words 5 10.15 or 20

R E RANGE RATE CORRECTION

PARITY

SCALE FACTOR ISSUE OF DATA (IOD) PSEUDORANG E CORRECTION (LOWER BYTE) RANGE RATE CORRECTION UDRE SATELIT E ID PSEUDORANG PARITY E CORRECTION (UPPER BYTE) ISSUE OF PARITY DATA (IOD)

Words 6 11.16 or 20 Words 7 12.17 or 23 Words N+2 If Ni=1.4.7 or 10

RANGE RATE CORRECTION

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL

PARITY

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL

PARITY

Words N+2 If Ni=2.58 or 11

TYPE ! MASSAGE FORMAT Trong cu to Format c thng bo di dng code ca thng bo 1 nh trn ta cn thy tri s UDRE (USER DIFFERENTIAL RANGE ERRO). Tr s ny thng bo sai s ca ci 112

chnh phn sai pht t trm Beacon.UDRE l tng hp cc nh hng sai s ca hin tng a tia (multipath ); nhiu tn hiu GPS (Signal to noise radio) v cc nh hng sai s khc. Tr s IDO (Issue of data) trong cu to Format s liu ca thng bo s 1,thng bo cho my GPS ng phi dng mt Set s liu thu c t v tinh c s dng ti trm Beacon nh v v tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai.

113

3.3.3.2. Thng bo 2 (Massage type 2 ) Delta Differential GPS Correction. Trong cu to h thng GPS ,c 4 trm Monitor v 1 trm Master Control. Bn trm ny thu nhn s liu GPS v trruyn v trm s liu Master Control,tram Master Control x l s liu t 4 trm Monitors trnv tnh ton ra s liu ci chnh ng h v tinh v s ci chnh qu o v tinh.V s ci chnh ny c pht tr li iu chnh hot ng ca cc v tinh t nht 1 ln trong ngy. Nh vy sau khi trm Master Control Uploaded s ci chnh cho cc v tinh, th cc v tinh pht qu o mi (EPHEMERIDE) ti cc my thu.Cc my thu s Decode qu o v tinh mi v tnh Pseudorange theo qu o v tinh mi. Tuy vy i vi cc my thu GPS vic Decode qu o v tinh khng thc hin ngay tc thi m mt mtkhong thi gian nht nh. C ngha l mc d qu o v tinh mi c thng bo trong tn hiu GPS t cc v tinh,song my GPS vn tnh Pseudorange theo lch v tinh c (qu o v tinh c ). Cc trm Beacon u c trang b cc my GPS c th decode qu do v tinh mi ngay tc thi. Kt qu l trong mt s trng hp, thi im v tinh GPS pht i lch v tinh mi, thi c mt khong thi gian, trm Beacon nh v v tnh s ci chinh phn sai theo lch v tinh mi,con my thu GPS ng li nh v theo lch v tinh c. Nh vy s ci chnh phn sai c tnh ti trm Beacon theo lch v tinh mi s khng chnh xc i vi cc my thu GPS c nh v theo lch v tinh c.V vy cn phi c mt s ci chnh ph, b li s sai khc ni trn. S ci chnh ny gi l Delta Differential GPS Correction, v c k hiu l DELTA PRC. DELTA PRC c tnh theo cng thc : DELTA PRC = PRC (old IOD) RRC (new IOD ) Cng vi l do nh trn, khi tnh s ci chnh Range rate differential, trm Beacon cng s dng v tinh mi, do phi c thm s ci chnh DELTA RRC DELTA RRC c tnh theo cng thc : DELTA RRC = RRC (old IOD) - RRC (new IOD ) . Vi :PRC (OLD IOD ) l s ci chnh phn sai Psuedorange c tnh theo lch v tinh c. PRC (New IOD ) : L s ci chnh phm sai c tinh theo lch v tinh mi. 114

RRC (Old IOD ) :L s ci chnh phn sai Range-rate c theo lch v tinh c RRC (New IOD) : L s ci chnh phn sai Range rate c tnh theo lch v tinh mi. My thu GPS ng s c IO D (Issue of data ) trong thng bo s 1 la chn xem c s dng s ci chnh Delta Diffencetial GPS Correction hay khng. Khi s dng s ci chnh DELTA th s ci chnh phn sai ng dng ti trm my GPS ng s c tnh bng cng thc sau :
PRC
(t )

= PRC (NEW IOD) + DELTA (OLD IOD ) + RRC (NEW IOD ) +DELTA RRC
( OLD IOD )

Cu to Format s liu Massagge Type 2 c trnh by trong hinh v di y : 1 2


UDRE

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 16 17. 24 25 29 30
SATELITE ID DELTA PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION SCALE FACTOR PARITY Words 3 8.13 or 18

DELTA RANGERAE CORRECTI0 N

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

UDRE

SATELITE ID

PARITY

Words 4 9.14 or 19

DELTA PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION

DELTA RANGE RATE CORRECTION

PARITY

Words 5 10.15 or 20

SCALE FACTOR ISSUE DATA (IOD) OF UDR E SATELITE ID DELTA PSEUDORANG E CORRECTION (UPPER BYTE) ISSUE OF

PARITY

Words 6 11.16 or 20

DELTA

DELTA

115

PSEUDORANGE CORRECTION (LOWER BYTE) DELTA RANGE RATE CORRECTION

RANGE RATE CORRECTION

DATA (IOD)

PARITY

Words 7 12.17 or 23 Words N+2 If Ni=1.4.7 or 10 Words N+2 If Ni=2.58 or 11

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL

PARITY

ISSUE OF DATA (IOD)

FILL PARITY

3.3.3.3. Thng bo 3 (Massage type 3) Thng bo ca trm Refrence. Thng bo 3 gi i to khng gian 3 chiu ca trm Beacon To d c tnh trong h WGS 84. Thng bo v to (v tri ) ca trm Beacon gip cho my GPS ng khi thu c tn hiu ci chnh t mt trm Beacon no , bit c khong cch t trm Beacon n my thu GPS ng l bao nhiu. Trong trng hp thu c nhiu tn hiu ci chnh phn sai t nhiu trm Beacon, thi my thu GPS ng c th da vo khong cch ti cc trm Beacon quyt nh xem s dng s liu ci chnh phn sai pht i ti trm Beacon no thch hp nht. (Thng th s dng s ci chnh phn sai i t trm Beacon gn nht).. Tuy vy, i khi c th trn ch s dng s ci chnh phn sai t trm Beacon no m tn hiu ci chnh thu c ti my GPS ng ln nht. Format s liu ca Massege 3 c trnh by trong hnh v di y: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ECEFX-COORDINATE WORLD (UPPER 3 BYTE) PARITY 3 MSB ECEFXCOORDINATE (LOWER BYTE) ECEFY-COORDINATE (UPPER 2 BYTE) MSB 116 WORLD 4

PARITY

ECEFYCOORDINATE (LOWER 2 BYTE) LBS

ECEFZ-COORDINATE (UPPER BYTE) MSB

PARITY

WORLD 5

ECEFZ-COORDINATE MSB TYPE 3 MESSAGE PARAMETERS FORMAT

PARITY

WORLD 6

REFERENCE

STATION

3.3.3.4. Thng bo 5 (message Type 5) l chm v tinh kho (Constellation Heath) Thng bo ny, thng bo thng s ca tng chm v tinh ti trm Beacon, v tinh no trong tm nhn ti trm Beacon v c s dng nh v v tnh s ci chnh phn sai. Thng bo gip cho my GPS ng, t ng la chn c ng chm v tinh kho (constellation) c s dng nh v ti trm Beacon v trm GPS ng cng s dng mt GPS constellation nh v. Vic ny rt quan trng v nu trm GPS ng s dng mt GPS constellation khc vi trm Beacon, th s c cc Psuedorange tnh c t trm GPS ng c ci chnh phn sai. Gi s tt c cc Psuedorange tnh c t trm GPS ng c ci chnh phn sai m ch cn mt Psuedorange khng c ci chnh phn sai s gy nn sai s nh v rt ln. Thng bo s 5 ny khng c gi lin tc m c gi i theo chu k mi khi trm tnh thay i GPS Constellation. Format DATA ca Message Type 5 c trnh by trong hnh v sau: HEALTH ENABLE NEW NAVIGATION DATA LOSS OF SATELLITE WARING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 117

SATELLIE

DATA HEALT ID H

c/N
0

TIME TO UNHEALTHY

p PARITY

WORD 2 + Ni

Message Type 5 - - Constellation Health. 3.3.3.5. Thng bo 16 (Message Type 16) thng bo c bit. y l mt dng thng bo c bit bng m ASCII trm Beacon c th thng bo cho cc trm GPS ng cc thng tin c bit bng ch. Mi mt thng bo c th di 90 ch ci. thc hin c iu ny, ngi ta s dng code ASC II 7 bit trong FORMAT s liu Message Type 16. Th d hnh sau trnh by ch QUICK c cu to ra sao trong format s liu Message Type 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Q U I 26 27 28 29 30 PARITY WORLD 010100 010101 010010 3 01 01 01 MSB LSB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 C K FILL PARITY WORLD 010000 010010 000000 3 Vi cc loi thng bo trnh by trn, vic ci chnh phn sai thi gian s c thc hin mt cch hon ho.

118

3.4. Cc phng php o DGPS.

3.4.1. K thut MSK DGPS vi cc trm Beacon. p dng k thut DGPS trn phm vi, mt vng mt quc gia hay mt khu vc, cc trm Reference DGPS c xy dng c nh trn cc v tr thit k nhm phc v tn hiu ci chnh phn sai cho bt k my ng no nm trong phm vi ph sng c thit k. Cc trm ny c gi l Beacon Control GPS Station. Nhiu trm Beacon Control GPS Station cng hot ng di mt s iu hnh chung c gi l Beacon Control GPS System. Cu hnh cc trm Beacon Control GPS rt linh ng. Cu hnh ny ph thuc vo quy m trm, quy m ca h thng cng nh yu cu ca i tng phc v. 3.4.1.1. Yu cu chung ca mt trm Beacon Control l: - S dng k thut iu ch MSK (Minimum Shift Kying Modulation). - S dng cc chun thng bo v cu hnh (Format) s liu chun quc t RTCM 104 - S dng h thng phn mm iu khin chun RSIM ca RTCM 104 - a s s dng sng mang trung tn, t 280 KHz n 325kHz. L do s dng phng php iu ch MSK v cc chun Format RTCM 104 c trnh by mc 2.1.5. Vic s dng sng mang trong di trung tn v cc l do sau: + Sng trung tn c bc sng di, v vy c th truyn sng vt cc chng ngi vt trn ng truyn sng. Do khng yu cu cc tm antena nhn thy nhau. Do v tr t anten trm Beacon khng cn phi cao, cng nh chiu cao anten my pht, tn s khng yu cu cao lm. + S suy hao trn ng truyn sng trung tn khng ln lm. iu ny m bo tm hot ng xa ca trm Beacon vi cng sut pht khng cao. + Trong k thut radio, do c tuyn tn s ca cc linh kin n nh vi tn s trung tn nn thit b radio d hot ng n nh vi gii sng trung. Yu cu dch v i vi trm Beacon control v ca h thng phi m bo tnh nng sau:

1 119

+ S ci chnh phn sai phi c pht i lin tc, khng gin on. S liu phi c lu tr trong DATABASE ca trm Beacon control nhm mc ch s l sau (Poss Processing) v kim tra. + m bo tm ph sng theo yu cu phc v. + Kim sot c chnh xc ca s ci chnh phn sai pht i nhm m bo chnh xc hot ng ca trm. + Kim sot t ng s vn hnh ca thit b ca trm. T ng pht tn hiu v thng bo cc s c trong qu trnh vn hnh c s chnh l khc phc tc thi. + Nu cc trm Beacon control hot ng trong mt h thng, th cc trm Beacon control ring l phi c kh nng iu khin t xa v c t di s kim tra iu hnh thng nht ti mt trm kim tra, iu khin trung tm. Cu hnh ca mt trm Beacon Control v hot ng ca trm Beacon Control. S ca mt trm Beacon Control c my thu GPS v my pht sng mang kp c trnh by hnh v di y: DUAL RS RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS FOR RENDUNDANCY RS 1

B RSIM PC RS 2 Transmitt er

Ante n

Theo s cu to trn, trm Beacon Control c hai my thu GPS k hiu l RS 1 v RS 2 (Reaference Station ). Cc my thu GPS ny thng l cc my thu Trimble 4000 MSK c thit k b iu ch MSK trong my thu GPS. My thu RS1 v RS 2 thu tn hiu t v tinh GPS v tnh ra cc Pseudorange i vi tng v tinh GPS v tnh ra s ci chnh phn 1 120

sai Pseudorange cho tng v tinh. Option RTCS 104 c ci t trong my chun ho s ci chnh theo Format chun RTCM 104 dng lm tn hiu iu ch tn s sng mang pht ra t my pht tn s (Transmitter). Hai my thu GPS RS 1 v GPS RS2 hot ng c lp vi nhau v c ni vi my tnh PC iu khin c ci t phn mm chun RSIM. Cng nh vy my pht tn s cng gm hai my (hoc 2 block my pht trong mt my pht kp ). Vi cu to nh trn trm Beacon Control c tnh an ton cao trong vn hnh, do m bo c pht tn hiu ci chnh lin tc,khng b gin on do s c k thut. 3.4.1.2. H thng antena bao gm cc phn chnh sau: - Antena pht : C nhiu dng nh antena Diamon, antena hnh T, antena ct (S dng ngay ct lm yu t pht ). - Li i trng : L h thng dy ng trc c di chn chm di bi antena c tc dng lm tng h s in ly ca bi antena. - B phn iu chnh antena : C nhiu chc nng iu chnh cun cm (L) to ra tn s cng hng R - C ca my pht tn hiu. - Cc thit b an ton bao gm : H thng chng st, h thng n cao khng t ng vv. Hnh v di y m t mmt s loi antena v li i trng : Ct Dy pht S cch

Dy no ATU

A Antena hnh ch T

121

Antena hnh Thp S cch

Ct

Dy

S cch A ATU

Li i trng

Vi cu hnh nh trn trm Beacon Control mi ch m bo pht tn hiu an ton v lin tc ch khng kim sot c chnh xc ca s liu ci chnh pht i. V vy ti cc tm Beacon Control, thng thng c trang b thm cc my GPS Monitoring, lm nhim v theo di v kim sot chnh xc ca tn hiu ci chnh phn sai c pht i t trm Beacon Control.

122

S cu hnh ca mt trm Beacon Control c trang b my GPS Monitoring c trnh by nh hnh v di y :

THE INTRODUCTION OFAN INTERGRITY MONITOR RS 1 RS 2 A Ante n

RSIM PC

B Transmit ter

IM 1 Near field antena IM 2 Near field antena

3.4.1.3. Hot ng ca my GPS Monitor ti trm Beacon Control. My thu GPS IM (Integrity monitor GPS Receiver) l tch hp ca mt my thu GPS v my thu tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. Antena ca my thu GPS IM c t ti mt im bit trc to gn trm Beacon Control. My thu GPS IM khi hot ng nh mt my thu GPS ng. My thu GPS IM s tnh ra to c ci chnh phn sai. So snh to c ci chnh phn sai vi to bit ti ni t antena ca my thu GPS IM,s nh gi c sai s ca tn hiu ci chnh phn sai pht i t trm Beacon Control. Hot ng ca my GPS IM cng c kim sot qua my tnh iu khin PC c ci t phn mm RSIM. RSIM v nguyn tc hot ng ca RSIM : RSIM l mt phn mm chun ho do RTCM 104 xy dng nhm m bo thng tin trong h thng cc trm Beacon Control, bao gm cc trm Reference, trm Monitor v trm iu khin trung tm. 1 123

Rsim l mt cu thnh khng th thiu ca mt trm Beacon Control. N l phn mm chnh, ci t,qun l v vn hnh trm Beacon Control.Ngoi ra RSIM cn c mt s b tr khc cu thnh trong h thng phn mm cho trm Beacon Control. H thng phn mm cho trm Beacon Control c thit k chy trn cu hnh my tnh 32 bit trong mi trng Windows NT. Khi trm Beacon Control hot ng, phn mm RSIM qun l mi hot ng ca trm mt cch t ng v to ra cc thng tin v tnh trng hot ng ca trm bao gm : Ca s trng thi (Status Windows); Bo ng v cc thng bo (Alarms and massage). Tt c c 9 Status Windows,mi Status Windows cung cp mt thng tin qun l, theo di s hot ng ca trm v h thng. Cc thng tin bao gm : 10. IM Satellite Status : Thng bo thng tin v cc v tinh m my GPS Monitoring ang s dng. 11. PS Satellite Status : Thng bo thng tin v cc v tinh m my Reference GPS ang s sng. 12. IM DGPS IM Status : Thng bo thng tin lin quan n vic tnh ton inh v bao gm chnh xc, DOP, s v tinh c s dng nh v c xc nh bi my GPS Monitoring. 13. IM Correction Data : Thng bo v s ci chnh phn sai m my GPS Monitoring nhn c t trm Reference. 14. RS Correction Data : Thng bo v s ci chnh phn sai c to ra bi my Reference GPS. 15. IM Data Link Status : Thng bo v cht lng ca tn hiu v s liu RTCM v my GPS Monitoring nhn c. 16. Transmitter Status : Beacon thng bo tnh trng hot ng ca my pht tn s sng mang. 17. Bng nh v (Position Statistics Table) : Thng bo v tri c nh v ( c ci chnh phn sai ) bng my GPS Monitoring theo dng bng s. 18. Posotiong Statistics Scatter Plot : Thng tin v v tr c nh v ( c ci chnh phn sai ) bng my GPS Monitoring di dng th. 124

Cc thng tin c hin th trn mn hnh my tnh v c th c in ra qua Printer. Trong qu trnh vn hnh trm, bt k thi im no, ngi vn hnh cng c th la chn cc thng tin cn thit trong 9 Windows Status trn tham kho. 3.4.2. Chc nng bo ng v thng bo (Alams and message) ca RSIM. Vi mc ch bo m bo s an ton hot ng ca trm Beacon Control, RSIM t ng bo ng v gi cc thng bo c bit cn thit cho ngi vn hnh trm khi c s c k thut.Trong trng hp cc trm Beacon Control hot ng theo mng (Net working) th cc bo ng v thng bo gi v trm iu khin trung tm.Ti trm iu khin trung tm, ngi vn hnh s phn tch tnh trng bo ng v thng tin a ra cc gii php khc phc thch hp. Chc nng hu s liu ti trm Beacon control Ngoi chc nng chnh l pht s liu ci chnh phn sai, ti trm Beacon control cn c chc nng ghi li mt s loi s liu trong Data BASE Cc loi s liu bao gm : 5. S liu GPS th (Raw GPS Data), s liu ny l khong cch Pseudorange v s liu pha sng ti (Carrier phase) i vi mi v tinh trong tm nhn ca trm Beacon Control. S liu ny c ly t my Reference GPS v c gi trong Data BASE ca my tnh di dng file s liu (Data file). Cc Data file ny s c s dng Post Procesing i vi my GPS ng khng thu tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. 6. Cc thng tin thng k, thng tin ny thng k cc lch chun, cch trung bnh RMS tr s ti thiu, ti a v tng s cc quan st trong ng v. 7. Cc hng mc h thng s liu (System Data items) thng bo cc thng tin v v tinh, s liu ci chnh phn sai, thng tin v tnh trng ca h thng truyn tn hiu (Data link). 8. Bo ng v h thng bo ng (Alrams and system message) ghi li tt c cc bo ng v thng bo c bit ca RSIM trong qu trnh vn hnh trm. Tt c cc s liu c ghi li trn cho php ngi s dng bit c tnh trng hot ng ca trm trong qu kh, ng thi c th kim tra, x l s liu ng v DGPS khi c nghi ng gp s c k thut ti trm Beacon control. 125

i vi mi vng hoc mt quc gia th cc trm Beacon control c cu to thnh mng (Net working) v c iu khin thng nht ton mng bi trm iu khin trung tm. C ngha l tt c cc trm Beacon control ring l c iu khin t xa. iu khin t xa th phi thit lp h thng t trm iu khin trung tm n mi trm Beacon contrrol thnh vin. C hai phng thc truyn thng gia trm Control v cc trm Beacon. 3. Leased line (ng truyn thng ring). L mt knh truyn thng c thit lp ring gia trm iu khin v trm Beacon. Knh truyn thng ny c thit lp nh mt ng in thoi ring v thng c thc hin qua ng cp quang. 4. Quay s khi cn (Dial on Demad). iu khin cc trm Beacon control th thc t trm iu khin trung tm v cc trm Beacon khng cn thit phi ni thng tin vi nhau. Thng tin ch cn ni mi khi bo ng v cc thng bo c RSIM t ng gi v trm iu khin. V vy, phng thc tryn thng Dial on Demad c cu to nh sau: Khi cn truyn thng tin t trm Beacon Control ti trm u khin th knh truyn thng tin thit lp gia trm Beacon v trm iu khin c m ging nh ta gi in thoi. Ch khc l quay s in thoi c thc hin r ng qua thit b Routeer v Radio modem.

126

S mt h thng trm Beacon Control Net Working.

Phng php MSK Beacon DGPS l phng php thng dng nht c s dng rng ri trn th gii. Cc trm MSK Beacon DGPS c ng k quc t v hot ng nh mt h thng dch v khu vc ton cu. Thng 5 1996 Trimble navigation thu thp c bng thng k cc trm MSK Beacon DGPS trn ton th gii ti 199 trm. Vi bng thng k trn, mi my GPS ng no c th bt tn hiu ci chnh phn sai DGPS t bt k trm Beacon no tng ng vi khu vc ph sng ca trm mt cch min ph. Di y trnh by mt phn bng thng k ca trm Beacon trong khu vc: Tram Beacon ca

Raffes 9 32 N

Trm Beacon Ca SINGAPOR Geo Position 127

10

Lighthose 103 44 26 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz) Nominal Range (Km) Message Type Bitrate (bit/s) Station in operation Integrity yes Comments :
0

65 65 298 100 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 100 yes monitoring

Bintulu 11 9.51
0

Tram Beacon Ca MALAYSIA Geo Position N

30 11

3 2 3.32 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz) Nominal Range (Km) 450@40 /m Message Type 9-3, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Trm Beacon ca HONGKONG Kau Yi Chau 32 N 34.71 E Geo Position

821 290

1,3, 200

7,

114 0 4

Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz) 128

298

Nominal Range (Km) v/m Message Type 16

500@20 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,

Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : * Operated by Hydrographic office, Maritime * Department at Tel No.(852) 2504 0267 Trm Beacon ca TRUNG HOA DAJISHAN 48 36 N
0

Geo Position

30 0 112

10 25 E Reference Station ID 624/625 TX Station ID 621 Frequency(Khz) 307 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Norm al Operation with 24 hours integrity morning Assosi ated RDF Morse identifier / Frequency 129

e Stite RSIM Stite med Station and Frequency

Trimbl Full

Confir

BAOHUJIOA 20 N
0

Geo Position

20 0 11

9 36 57 E Reference Station ID 652 / 653 TX Station ID 626 Frequency(Khz) 310.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type ? Bitrate (bit/s) 0 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Station exists in Admiralti List of Radio Signal, Vol 2, 1996 - Transmission format not confirmed - Lieca Stite

QAOGHUANDA 50 N

Geo Position

39 0 54 119 0

36 57 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID 130

606/ 607 603

Frequency(Khz) 287.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning - Associated RDF Morse identifier / Frequence - Station exissts Admiralty List Radio Signal, Vol 2, 1996 - Frenquence not format not confirmed - Lieca Stite DASANSHAN 25 N 1
0

Geo Position

38 0 12

50 E Reference Station ID TX Station ID Frequency(Khz)

602 / 601

603

301.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning Associated RDF Morse indentifier / Frequence Geo Position 39 0 11 7 43
0

3, 5, 7,

BEITANG N E

131

Reference Station ID 609

608 /

TX Station ID 604 Frequency(Khz) 310.5 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 3, 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning - Associated RDF Morse indentifier / Frequence

WANGIJAMAI N

Geo Position

36 0

1200 10 E Reference Station ID 614/ 615 TX Station 607 Frequency(Khz) 315.5 Nominal Range (Km) Message Type 5, 7, 9, 16 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : - Normal operation with 24 hours integrity morning - Associated RDF Morse indentifier / Frequence SHITSNG N 132 Geo Position

ID

300 3,

36 0 15 45

121 0 36 47 E Reference Station ID 628/629

TX Station ID 614 Frequency(Khz) 295 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 1 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring Comments : Frequencuency not confirmed - Transnission format not confirmed Message type Geo reference and bitrate not known at this time

YANWEIGANG 28 49 N
0

Geo Position

340 11

9 46 50 E Reference Station ID 620/621 TX Station ID 610 Frequency(Khz) 291 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 1 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Frequencuency not confirmed - Transnission format not confirmed Message type Geo reference and bitrate not known at this time

133

ZHENHAIIAO N

Geo Position

24 0 16 118 0

7 54 E Reference Station ID 632 / 633 TX Station ID 616 Frequency(Khz) 320 Nominal Range (Km) 300 Message Type 1 Bitrate (bit/s) 200 Station in operation yes Integrity monitoring yes Comments : Frequencuency not confirmed - Transnission format not confirmed Message type Geo reference and bitrate not known at this time

3.4.3. Phng php DGPS din rng (Wide area Differential GPS WADGPS) V nguyn l k thut th phng php WADGPS khng khc viphng php MSK Beacon DGPS. S khc nhau gia hai phng php ny la phng thc truyn tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. Cc trm Beacon control thng c tm ph sng khong 500 km. Cc trm ny phi xy dng trn t lin cho nn v nguyn l trn vng bin xa, nhiu vng khng c ph sng ca h thng Beacon control System. Hn na nu thit k ca trm Beacon control c tm hot ng xa hn th chnh xc ci chnh phn sai ngoi tm 500 km (cch trm Beacon ) cng b gim nhiu. tng khong cch dch v ci chnh phn sai ngi ta thay phng thc truyn tn hiu ci chnh phn sai trc tip t cc trm Beacon control ti my thu GPS bng phng thc truyn tin gin tip, thng qua v tinh truyn thng (Communication Satellite). V tinh ny c gi l v tinh inmarsat Satellite . Vi phng thc truyn tin qua v tinh truyn thng. Cc my GPS ng nm trong tm nhin ca v tinh truyn thng u nhn 134

c tn hiu ci chnh phn sai. Do vy khong cch dch v ci chnh phn sai tng ln ng k.Vi bin php s dng nhiu v tinh truyn thng trn cc qu o khc nhau th v mt truyn thng tin, v tinh truyn thng c th truyn thng trn ton cu. Tuy vy din tch dch v ca h thng WADGPS khng v th m c th m bo trn ton cu. Khong cch dch v khng ph thuc vo v tinh c th truyn thng ti u m ph thuc vo cc trm Reference trong h thng WADGPS. Khong cch hot ng ca h thng WADGPS bng kong cch t my thu DGPS n trm Reference gn nht trong h thng trm Beacon ca h thng WADGPS m t chnh xc ci chnh phn sai con chnh xc. S nguyn l hot ng ca phng php WADGPS c th hin trong hnh v di y :

Nguyn l hot ngca trm Reference : Trm Reference (cu to nh mt trm Beacon control) nhn tn hiu t v tinh GPS v tnh ra s ci chnh phn sai. S ci chnh phn sai tnh t trm Reference c truyn ti trung tm kim tra. Ti y s liu ci chnh phn sai c kim tra, x l v thng qua uplink centre ti cc my thu trn mt t.My thu trn mt t nhn c tn hiu ci chnh phn sai t v tinh 135

truyn thng Inmarsat v tn hiu t v tinh GPS tnh ra v tr chnh xc c ci chnh phn sai. My thu trn mt t l tch hp gia mt my thu GPS c kh nng c c Formats s liu RTCM v mt thit b thu v decode tn hiu pht i t v tinh thng tin Inmarsat. Mt h thng WADGPS ng dng gm nhiu trm Reference, mmt vi trung tm kim tra; uplink centrel, v khong 3-4 v tinh truyn thng phc v cho tng vng. Thc t th h thng WADGPS c mt vi cng ty o c ln, thit lp mc ch dch v. Vi phng thc dch v th ngi s dng phi mua my v thu tn hiu WADGPS ca hng dch v, cc hng dch v s m m kho, cho php my WADGPS no thu dch v ca h hot ng. Cc my khng c m m kho s khng thu c tn hiu ci chnh phn sai t v tinh truyn thng. Vic m m kho c thc hin trc tip qua tn hiu t v tinh truyn thng hoc phn mm ci t trong PC (Ch c nhn vin ca hng mi c phn ny). Cng bi mc tiu thng mi, th cc hng dch v WADGPS c kh nng kho vng i vi cc my thu WADGPS (Khng cho php my thu hot ng trong mt phm vi nht nh ). Cc hng dch v WADGPS cnh tranh nhau trn cc phwng din : Tm hot ng ca h thng; chnh xc ca h thng v cc dch v kem theo. Hin nay c ba h thng dch v WADGPS : H thng Omnistar, h thng Starfix ca hng Fugor v h thng Skyfix ca hng Racal. H thng Starfix gm 60 trm Reference c b tr thnh ba vng trn ton th gii, 3 trm kim tra v 4 v tinh truyn thng, 4 v tinh truyn thng m bo ph sng 700 v Nam ti 700 v bc trn ton cu, khong cch dch v l 2000 km. H thng Omnistar thc cht l h thng Starfix nhung ch dch v ven bin v trn t lin. H thng Skyfix c cu to, chnh xc v tm hot ng tng t nh h thng Starfix. 3.4.4. K thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF. Nh ta bit k tht DGPS trong ng v v tinh ton cu l s dng cc s hiu ci chnh phn sai tnh c t mt my thu nh v t c nh ti mt im bit trc to ci chnh cho mt my thu nh v khc (gi l my thu di dng) ti mt 136

im cn xc nh to . Nh vy v nguyn tc ci chnh c cho my thu nh v ti im cha xc nh c to (my di ng )cn cc yu t sau: - My thu nh v dng lm my ci chnh t chnh xc trn im c nh bit trc to . - My thu phi l loi my DGPS RS, to c cc gi dng chun RTCM SC 104ti cc cng giao tip SR 232 ca my thu. - C my pht sng Radio iu ch c dng tn hiu s, pht s liu ci chnh phn sai n my thu di ng. - My thu di ng phi l my thu DGPS, thu nhn cc gi thng tin dng chun RTCM SC 104 ti cc cng giao tip RS 232 ci chnh to m my tnh c, ti im cha bit to ch thi gian thc (Realtime). Nh vy k thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF c cu trc nhu sau :

137

A. Trm ci chnh RS c nh. Trm c cu trc nh sau :

GPS Antenna Radio Antenna

Trimble 4000/SSI_RS Radio Link

Mt my thu DGPS RS c chnh xc cao Antena ca my thu DGPS RS t chnh xc trn v tr bit trc to X, Y,Z. V tr ca antena phi trn ni cao khng b che khut bi cc to a vy xung quanh. - Mt my pht sng Radio link c b iu ch Modem k thut s trn di tn UHF hoc VHF. - Antena ca my pht Radio link cn t trn v tr cao khng b che khut bi cc a vt xung quanh. Vic xc nh to chnh xc ca v tr antena my thu DGPS tin hnh bng cc phng php o c nh v truyn thng. K thut DGPS truyn thng di tn cao UHF hoc VHF ch khc bit ci cc cng ngh DGPS khc l k thut thu pht sng. i vi di tm UHF cc gi tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my thu DGPS RS c modem ca my pht Radio link iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 420 khz n 370 khz i vi di tn VHF cc gi tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my thu DGPS RS c modem ca my pht Radio link iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 140 khz n 180 khz. Di thng ca cc my pht Radio link l 250 khz. Di thng ny tu thuc tng loi my pht c th la chn bng cc minicontac hoc bng phn mm. Di thng ca cc my pht Radio link cho bit s knh pht ca my trong di UHF hoc VHF. Cc trm ci chnh s dng k thut pht sng UHF hoc VHF c chia lm hai loi : 138

Loi c nh Loi xch tay di ng. Cc rm ci chnh c nh l cc trm c cng sut phat ln tm ph sng cho mt vng rng phc v vho nhiu mc ch v i tng s dng Cc trm ci chnh xch tay di ng l cc trm co cng sut pht nh tm ph sng hp s dng trong mt thi gian nht nh. B. Trm ci chnh di ng : Trm c cu trc nhu sau : Antenna P/N 23965 & 23513 (Re-order P/N 36654-00) Radio Modem TT 450S

Cable P/N 11820-11

NC to N Adapter P/N 32499

Cable P/N 30945 (Re-order P/N 36669) To a PC

Cc b phn chnh : * Mt my thu DGPS c chnh xc cao. - Antena ca my thu DGPS t trn phng tin o c. V tr ca antena phi t trn cao khng b che khut bi cc thit b khc trn phng tin o nh rada, antena v tuyn in vv. - Mt my thu sng radio link c b iu ch Modem k thut s trn di tn UHF hoc VHF. - Antena ca my pht radio link cn t trn v tr cao khng b che khut bi cc thit b gy nhiu xung quanh. i vi di tn UHF cc gi tin tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my pht radio link c iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 420 khz 139

n 470 khz c my thu radio link c cng tn s cng tc UHF nh trn thu li a vo Modem gii iu ch hon li thnh tn hiu s. Sau a vo cng giao tip RS 232 ca my thu nh v DGPS. i vi di tn VHF cc gi tin tn hiu RTCM SC 104 t my pht radio link c iu ch trong di tn sng mang t 140 khz n 180 khz c my thu radio link c cng tn s cng tc VHF nh trn thu li a vo Modem gii iu ch hon li thnh tn hiu s. Sau a vo cng giao tip RS 232 ca my thu nh v DGPS. Di tn cng tc ca my thu radio link thng l 250 khz cng ging nhu gii thng ca my pht. Di thng ny tu thuc tng loi my thu m c th la chn bng cch ci t cu hnh bng minicintac hoc bng phn mm. Di thng ca my thu radio link cho bit s knh thu ca my trong di UHF hoc VHF. Cc knh ny c chn ng vi cc knh ca my pht radio link ca trm ci chnh m my di ng s dng. V nguyn tc my thu di ng phi c ci t knh lin lc radio trng vi knh ca my pht radio link ca trm ci chnh m n s dng. Nu chng khc nhau s dn n vic my thu radio trm di ng khng thu nhn c tn hiu ci chnh, nh vy my thu DGPS di ng khng c ci chnh to . nhn bit c mt my thu DGPS ng c c ca chnh to ch d thi gian thc hay khng ?(my thu Radio link c thu c tn hiu ci chnh ca trm c ffnh hay khng ?) thng trn mt s my tnh c hin th dng ch DGPS trn mn hinh tinh th lng hoc trn gi s liu $GPGGA ca chun NMEA 0183 xut hin ti cng giao tip RS 232 ca my ng ti trn th su nu nhn gi tr 1 l khng ci chnh. i vi cc my thu radio link di dng, nhy ca my thu l rt quan trng. N quyt nh n cht lng thu cc tn hiu ci chnh. Gi tr v nhy ca my thu Radio c tnh bng mV, i vi cc my thu c cht lng cao gi tr ny khong 0,20 mV n 0,30mV. Cc my thu c cht lng thp vo khong 0,5mV n 0,75mV. Mt s my thu cho php iu chnh nhy ny bng mt chit p iu chnh SEN.Trong trng hp tn hiu thu khng tt c th iu chnh nm SEN tng hoc gim nhy ca my thu nhm thu tn hiu tt nht. Vic iu chnh tn s knh thu ca my thu co hai cch : T ng xc nh tn s i pht. 140

Ci t tn s hoc d tn s sng mang ca i pht.

C. Cc tnh nng k thut DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF. Nh trn trnh by, cng ngh DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v

VHF thc cht l s dng cc knh sng mang trong di tn s UHF v VHF truyn cc gi thng tin dng ci chnh dng RTCM SC 104 t trm ci chnh n cc my thu Radio ca trm di ng. Do vy cc tnh nng k thut ca cng ngh ny ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht cc knh sng mang trong di tn UHF v VHF. V chnh xc ci chnh : Cng ngh DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF hon ton ph thuc vo cht lng cc thit b nh v DGPS (DGPS mt tn hay hai tn, cng ngh Maxwell hay Super Trak v phng php ci chnh Realtime DGPS hoc RTK). chnh xc ci chnh dng phng php Realtime DGPS vo khong 1m n 3m, i vi phng php RTK khong 20 cm. * Maxwell Technology Th h my thu GPS mi nht va h Trimble 4000 c tha hng cng ngh Maxwell, cho php nng cao chnh xc nh v trn c s x l C/A code c mc nhiu thp. Trong lnh vc ci chnh phn sai nh v (DGPS ) cng ngh Maxwell cho php nng cao chnh xc t +-2- 5 m, nu l mt phng th cnh xc ln n +- 1 m vi cc my hai tn. Ngoi ra chnh xc c pha ca sng mang c nng ln gn vi l thuyt. * Super Trak TM Technology Cc my GPS loi 4000 SSi s dng cng ngh Super Trak. Cng ngh ny to kh nng o c vi tin hiu yu ca v tinh nh v, c kh nng thu c trong mi trng in trng RF cao. Cng ngh Super Trak dng kiu kt hp phn cng v phn mm iu khin (Hardware & Firmware), cng vi chc nng s l a tn hiu. Mt vi loi my s dng li th o trn L 2 vi m P code. Ngoi ra mt s my cn s dng hn hp c hai cng ngh Maxwell va cng ngh Super Trak tn dng th mnh ca hai cng ngh ny lm tng kh nng o c v nng cao chnh xc cho cc phng php o tnh v o ng.

141

* My thu pht Radio Link. V kh nng ph sng :Cng ngh DGPS s dng tn s UHF v VHF nm trong di sng cc ngn dm (tn s VHF : 140 Mhz n 180 Mhz v UHF 420 Mhz n 470 Mhz). Cc sng in t c bc sng dm c kh nang chng nhiu trn ng truyn cao c bit trn ng truyn khng ng nht. Do s dng tn s sng mang ln, nn cho php mang s lng ln thng tin v vy c th dng cc bin php bo mt thng tin khc nhau khi truyn. Kh nng nhiu do phn x sng in t khi gp vt cn ln. Do vy tm ph sng khng cao (thng <100 km ). nng cao tm ph sng ca cc trm pht ci chnh cn xy dng cc ct antena pht trn i cao v ct antena phi cao, ng thi phi nng cng sut ca my pht ln dn hng KW. Do vy chi ph cho cc thit b rt ln m kh nng ng dng khng cao.

S vng ph sng ca cc trm pht Radio link s dng di UHF v VHF

nh hng ca a vt trn ng truyn

Anten thu Vng thu Vng phn x Vng b che khut

Cc thit b in t s dng tn s cao (UHF v VHF ) c gi tr t gp nhiu ln so vi cc thit b in t s dng tn s thp (HF hoc MF). V mt ng dng : i vi h thng thng tin s dng di tn UHF v VHF c cu trc gn nh, tiu hao nng lng thp rt ph 142

hp vi trm ci chnh xch tay. Thng cc my pht n 35 W ch nng khong 2 -5 kg, cho php s dng ngun nng kng acqui 12v vi antena pht loi so di t 1,8 m n 3 m nn rt d rng di ng, thun tin lp t cc trm ci chnh di ng, v bn knh vng ph sng khng t 5 km n 60 km. Mt khc my Radio link dng di tn s UHF v VHF rt d dng lp t v vn hnh nn khng i hi cc cn b chuyn ngnh in t vin thng i theo phc v.
D. Mt s loi thit b k thut DGPS s dng di tn UHF v VHF.

Gii thiu cc my DGPS h Trimble * Cc my mt tn My 4000 RS Reference Surveyor c xn xut theo cng ngh Maxwell. N dng cho cc trm ci chnh DGPS cung cp cc s liu ci chnh dng chun RTCM SC 104. My 4000 DS Differential Surveyor cng ging nh my 4000 RS, nhng dng cho cc trm ng trong ch ci chnh phn sai thi gian thc (Realtime DGPS ). N s dng tn hiu ci chnh RTCM SC 104 t trm c nh cng cc tn hiu thu c t v tinh tnh ton chnh xc trong ch Real time. * Cc my hai tn My 4000 SSE Site Surveyor c xn xut theo cng ngh Maxwell.N c 9 knh thu tn s L1 cho P code, v 9 knh thu tn s L2 cho P-code v C/Acode. N cho php ch thi gian thc (Realtime) trong cu hnh chun c phn mm h thng Real Time Kinematic Firwave. My cho chnh xc khi o ti cm trong khong cch ngn (ti 10 km) ch o Real time, o Topographic. My ci t cu hnh chun cho ch o RTK. My 4000SSE Land Surveyor IID c sn xut theo cng ngh Maxwell. N cung cp phng php o pha sng mang trn c hai tn s L 1 & L 2 v o P code trn tn s L 2. My 4000SSE Geodetic Surveyor ging nh loi my 4000SSE Land Surveyor IID nhng cu trc gn hn, thch hp cho ngoi thc a. My 4000 SSi Site Surveyor trn c s cng ngh Maxwell c b xung thm cng ngh Surper Trak. N c cu trc v tnh nng ging nh 4000SSi Site Surveyor nhng cho php o ti 26 gi vi 5 v tinh vi khong thi gian thu s liu khong 15 giy cho mt im.

143

My GPS Total Station 5700 trn c s cng ngh Maxwell. N c cu trc v tnh nng o RCK vi chnh xc cao, my c gn km thit b Radio link v b nh trong ti 96 MB cho php thi gian o L1/L2 ti 2500 gi vi 6 v tinh v khong thi gian thu s liu 30 giy cho mt im. My MS 750 my hai tn L1/L2 trn c s cng ngh x k a knh Super Trak. N cu trc v tnh nng o RTK cho chnh xc n cm nh s dng thm chun CMR (compact Measurment Record). My c kh nng s dng c hai chun RTCM v CMR nn c th s dng o hai phng php RTK v Real Time DGPS. chnh xc ca my MS 750 rt cao. 3.4.5. Cc ngun sai s tc ng n chnh xc DGPS. 3.4.5.1. Sai s SA (Selectice Availalility). L sai s nhn to do ch ca b quc phng m a vo thng tin GPS nhm mc ch bo mt trong qun s. nh hng ca sai s SA n kt qu nh v thay i tu theo nh ch quan ca ngi to ra SA. Nhng t ngy 1 thng 6 Nm 2000 B quc phng M thng bo khng ua sai s SA vo tn hiu GPS na. 3.4.5.2 S tr do nh hng ca chit xut ca tng Ion trong kh quyn. Tng ion trong kh quyn l lp kh quyn c cao trn 50 km. Sng in t i qua tng ion b tn sc gy ln s tr tn hiu. nh hng ca s tr tn hiu ny thng thng khong 20 30 m vo ban ngy v 3-6m vo ban m. S tr tn hiu do nh hng ca tng ion ca tn hiu t mt v tinh GPS n hai my thu GPS c khong cch nh (khong cch di 40 km) l tng i ging nhau. Nguyn nhn l khi c th coi tn hiu truyn t v tinh GPS ti hai my thu GPS c truyn qua cng mt mi trng ion. i vi cc my thu GPS cch xa nhau th s sai khc v tr tn hiu cng tng ln. gim bt s tr tn hiu, v tinh GPS c pht i cc h s m hnh ho tng ion, cc my thu GPS s dng, tnh ra nh hng ca s tr tn hiu. Tuy vy, cc m hnh kh quyn cng ch l gn ng, do vy vn tn ti s tr tn hiu do nh hng ca tng ion. H s tn sc ca tng ion ph thuc vo tn s sng in t. Do vy s dng my thu GPS hai tn s s gim thiu ng k nh hng sai s ca tng ion. 144

3.4.5.3. S tr tn hiu do nh hng chit quang ca tng i lu. Tng i lu l lp khi quyn di tng ion. Do nh hng ca tnh cht khuc x ca sng in t khi truyn qua mi trng kh quyn khng ng nht m sinh ra hin tng tr tn hiu GPS. H s chit quang tiu biu cho tng i lu l 1.0030, song do nh hng ca nhit , m v p xut khc nhau, h s ny lun thay i gy nn s khng ng nht trong mi trng truyn sng. nh hng ca tng i lu n sai s tr tn hiu GPS ph thuc vo gc ngng (Elevation angle) ca tn hiu v tinh. i gc ngng thp di 30, sai s tr tn hiu c th ln ti 30 m, gc ngng cao cng ln, sai s ny cng gim dn. S khc nhau v h s trit quang ca vng, c th to ra s khc nhau v tr tn hiu i vi hai my GPS cch xa nhau ti 1-3 m. Sai s do nh hng ca tng i lu c th gim nh bng cch t gc ngng ca antena cho ph hp trong cc my thu GPS. 3.4.5.4. Sai s qu o v tinh. Mi v tinh GPS, theo thit k,s chuyn ng theo mt quy o nht nh. Tuy vy do nhiu yu t k thut, cc v tinh khng bay ng hon ton theo qu o thit k. Do vy, qu o v tinh (lch v tinh) c thng bo trong tn hiu v tinh pht t v tinh GPS. S khng ng hon ton vi qu o thc t ca v tinh. Sai s s qu o v tinh l s chnh lch gia to c tnh thng bo lch v tinh. Sai s v qu o v tinh ni chung l rt nh v hng ngy u c ci chnh li t nht mt ln. Sai s ny thng nh hn 3m.

145

3.4.5.5. Sai s v ng h v tinh. L s gi tht ca ng h v tinh, so vi gi thng bo trong tn hiu v tinh. Cc my nh v GPS nh v (Tnh khong cch Pseudorange) v vy sai s v ng h v tinh s gy nn sai s xc nh khong cch Pseudorange, tc l gy nn sai s nh v. Sai s v qu o v tinh, cng lun c ci chnh li bng tn hiu pht i t trm Master Control trn mt t. 3.4.5.6. Sai s ca ng h my thu GPS. Cng tng t nh sai s ng h v tinh. Sai s ng h ca my thu GPS to nn sai s Pseudorange, tc l to nn sai s nh v ca cc my thu GPS. 3.4.5.7. Sai s do nh hng ca hin tng a tuyn. Hin tng a tuyn l hin tng phn x tn hiu GPS t mt t ti antena ca my thu GPS khi gc ngng cao ca v tinh thp. Hin tng ny c th trnh c khi loi b cc v tinh c gc ngng cao(nh hn 10 0 n 15 0 ) v s dng antena c a phn x. 3.4.5.8. chnh xc do nh hng ca ng h v tinh (hay con gi l s phn tn chnh xc ). chnh xc nh v bng GPS ph thuc vo v tr hnh hc tng quan gia cc v tinh i vi my thu GPS nh v theo mt chm v tinh GPS.Ch s nh gi s cn i v tr tng quan ca cc v tinh i vi my thu GPS c gi l DOP.Ch s ny c gi l h s phn tn chnh xc. Ch s DOP cng cao th chnh xc cng thp. Ch s ti u ca DOP nh hn 2,5. Ch s DOP cho php l nh hn 6. Tt c cc sai s trn u c gi chung l phn sai GPS. S dng k thut ci chnh phn sai DGPS, l s dng k thut nhm loi b c nhn sia hoc gim thiu cc phn sai trn. Trong cc ngun sai s trn, mt s ngun sai s s b trit tiu v mt s ngun sai s s b gim thiu khi s dng k thut DGPS. Cc ngun sai s b trit tiu (loi b ) khi s dng k thut GPS l loi sai s khng ph thuc vo v tr ca my thu GPS trn mt t (nh hng hon ton ging nhau i vi tt c cc my thu GPS cc v tr khc nhau) cc ngun sai s ny bao gm: Sai s SA Sai s ng h v tinh 146

V l thuyt th nh hng ca cc ngun sai s khc, n sai s nh v ca cc my thu GPS t gn nhau trn mt t l xp x nhau. V vy, i vi cc my GPS ng khi s dng cch trm tnh khng xa th cc phn sai gn nh gim thiu ti gi tr nh (10-15cm). Khi khong cch my GPS ng cch xa trm tnh (50500km) th cc nh hng ca cc thnh phn sai s ti sai s nh v ti trm tnh khc vi nh hng ti sai s nh v ti cc trm ng. Nguyn l ca GPS l tnh ra phn sai ti trm tnh v ly lm s liu ci chnh cho vic tnh ton nh v ti cc trm GPS ng. Do vy khi my GPS ng xa trm tnh, p dng k thut DGPS s b mt sai s l thuyt v phng php khong 15m. Dao ng sai s 1 - 5m ph thuc vo cht lng k thut thit b ca trm Beacon v my thu GPS ng. So snh chnh xc GPS v DGPS Ngun sai s Sai s d on [ft] GPS M M P C/A Sai s tng in li Nhiu v s phn gii ca my Sai s ng truyn Sai s do sai lch gia cc knh my thu Sai s ng h v tinh Sai s lch v tinh chnh xc v tr Sai s bnh trung bnh phng M C/A 147 GPS M P DGPS M C/A M P 21 8 10 2 10 8,6 1,3 0,8 4 0,5 0 0 C/A 0,5 8 0 0,5 0,8 4 0,5 M M P DGPS

Ngun sai s

Theo mt phng ngang (x,y) (HDOP = 1,5) Theo mt phng (t) (VDOP = 2,5) ng

42

21

19,5

6,3

70

36

12,5

10,5

148

3.4.6 Mt s thit b ng dng cng ngh DGPS Vit Nam. H thng nh v ton cu (GPS) c thit k nhm tho mn nhu cu nh v v dn ng vi chnh xc cao, trong iu kin thi tit v lm vic 24/24 gi. Thc t cho thy, vi cc my thu DGPS c cng ngh khc nhau s cho cc chnh xc khc nhau. i vi cc cng ngh s dng my nh v DGPS dng cc my thu DGPS a knh, hai tng cng ngh Maxwell cho chnh xc mt phng t 1m n 3m thm ch <1m vi cc v tr gn trm ci chnh, vi cng ngh Super-Track chnh xc t c 2m n 5m, cn cn DGPS din rng dng qua h thng v tinh a tnh th chnh xc vo khong 3m n 5m tu thuc vng ph sng v v tr ca trm ci chnh a phng. Ngoi ra vi cc cng ngh GPS khc nhau cn cho php vng ph sng tn hiu ci chnh khc nhau. i vi cng ngh DGPS s dng gii tn s cao VHF, UHF vng ph sng ca cc trm tnh c bn knh khon 100km tu theo cng sut my pht.i vi cng ngh MSK DGPS dng di tn dn ng sng trung vng ph sng ca cc trm tnh c bn knh ti a l < 600 km. Cn i vi cng ngh DGPS din rng dng v tinh a tnh vng ph sng cc tn hiu ca chnh vo khong 2000 k.m tnh t trm ci chnh vng. Ti Vit Nam, n nay hu nhu tt c cc gii php cng ngh DGPS u v ang c s dng cho cc mc ch quc phng v dn s. 3.4.6.1. Thit b ng b DGPS s dng di tn s cao VHF hoc UHF V c bn h thng gm hai thnh phn : - Trm ci chnh DGPS c nh. - Trm ci chnh c t trn im c to xc nh bit trc. - Cc trm di ng t ti ni cn nh v.
A. Cu hnh trm tnh :

My thu nh v mt tn hoc hai tn loi Trimble 4000 series c chc nng lm trm tnh. V d nh l loi Trimble 4000/ SSi RS. Antena ca my thu, loi COMPACT DONE c t chnh xc trn mt im bit trc to . 149

My pht sng UHF hoc VHF c MODEM. i vi my pht VHF, di tn s sng mang l t 140 MHz n 180 MHz. i vi my pht UHF, di tn s sng mang l t 420 MHz n 470 MHz. My s dng l loi RADEL MTS 160 Base Station. Tn s sng mang UHF 430 Mhz 450 Mhz, di thng l 250 Khz. Tu chn bng phn mm Procomm. Cng sut my pht l 2 W. Antena my pht l loi so di 2,8 m. rng vng ph sng vi bn knh t antena pht l 15 Km. Ch pht TRANSPARENT cho php pht lin tc cc gi thng tin theo chun RTCM SC 104. in p ngun s dng : in p li AC = 220 V hoc 12 V.
B. Cu hnh trm ng.

S dng my thu ci chnh GPS loi Trimble 4000 / SSi c chc nng DGPS (nhn v ci chnh theo chun RTCM SC 104 trn cc cng giao tip RS 232 port 1 ni vi my thu Radio link ). Antena thu GPS loi COMPACT DONE. My thu Radio loi RADTEL MTS 160 Rover Sation. nhy my thu tn hiu l 0,3 mV khi ln tn hiu l 12 dB. Antena my thu dng loi so di cao mt mt, khi lp t nn t ti v tr cao, trnh gn cc thit b gy nhiu khc nhu : radar, antena thu pht cc my pht in cng sut ln. Ch thu pht TRANSPARENT cho php thu lin tc cc gi tn hiu chun RTCM SC 104. in p ngun s dng in li AC 220 V acquy 12V. C th s dng vi s lng khng hn ch vi cc trm ng. Vi iu kin cc my thu Radio ti trm ng cng loi hoc tng thch vi my pht Radio ca trm ci chnh v c t cng tn s vi my ca trm ci chnh. chnh xc ca trm ci chnh l 3m n 5m.

150

3.4.6.2 Cu trc v tnh nng k thut cc thit b dng trong cng ngh ci chnh DGPS gii tn s cao.
A. My thu nh v DGPS ci chnh.

Cc my thu DGPS t ti trm ci chnh cc s dng l loi thng hiu RS trong cu trc tn ca loi thit b , v d : Trimble 4000 RS / SSi, SSe, DSM 212 RS, LBX 12 RS. Cc my ny c ci t phn mm h thng Firmware RTCS SC- 104 REERECE STATION trong b nh Flash Rom ca my. Sau y l cu hnh loi my Trimble 4000 RS / SSi hoc SSe dng lm my thu DGPS cho cc trm ci chnh v trm ng gii tn s cai UHF, VHF ang s dng ti trung tm trc a bn d. A.1 My Trimble 4000 DGPS RS My thu nh v ci chnh 4000 DGPS RS l loi my a nng.Tu thuc ka chn ca ngi s dng m c th ci t cc phn mm khc nhau to cc cu hnh khc nhau. My DGPS 4000 RS c cc tnh nng sau : - Thu trc tip tn hiu v tinh n 9 v tinh tr ln ( tn s L1 hoc c hai tn s L1 /L2 ). - Cho php o pha sng mang xc nh chnh xc Vector gia hai trm (cnh o ). - To kh nng o C/A code mc nhiu thp vi tr gip ca cc b lc v lm trn (Smooth ). - T ng nh v ch Overdetemined Position khi c s vtinh cn thit. - Cho php ua s hiu ci chnh dng chun RTCM SC 104 qua cc cng RS 232 truyn ua bng Radio link hoc ua vo my vi tnh cng nh cc thit b dn ng khc (tnh nng ci chnh RS ). - Cho php tng hp cc php o trc sau chu k Bt / Tt my. - Cho php o cc ch khc nhau nh: o tnh k c o nhanh, o ng, o ch ci chnh RTCM Real time hoc RTK (ch o dng cc s liu ci chnh RTCM SC 104 u vo RS 232 tu chon). - Hin th s liu trn mn hnh tinh th lng LDC gm 4 dng, 40 k t.
B. RADIO LINK

Cc my Radio link dng trong di tn VHF hay UHF l cc my pht sng di tn s 140 Mhz n 180 Mhz vi VHF v t 151

420 Mhz n 480 Mhz vi UHF. Cng xut ca cc my ny thng t 1 W n 35 W tu theo la chon khi t hng. Cc my Radio link hin i s dng l loi RADTEL MTS 160 ca hng C&MT. My c cu hnh nh sau :

152

Mt trc : P MON SCAN W R R X MON MTS 160 Mt sau : SCAN D TX D

MOTOROLA CM300 volume

C& TM O C POWER

12V DC A

COM 1

AT U

COM 2

My thu pht Radio link RADEL MTS 160 l loi xch tay dng cho mc ch thu pht cc s liu o c. My thu c sn xut dng ch yu cho mcch nh v DGPS, truyn s liu trn din rng. y l mt loi my s dng cng ngh MODEM GRM 530 cho php dng nhiu cng giao tip trn mt MODEM di iu khin ca phn mm h thng NAVNET. MODEM GRM 530 dng phng php tch hp cho php cng mt lc giao tip vi 4 cng giao tip loa RS 232 hoc RS 422. My RADEL MTS 160 s dng b pht sng ca hng Motorola loi CM 300 U/V c th dng trn hai di tn VHF v UHF c cng xut pht tu chn t 1W n 35 W cho php bn knh pht vng ph sng t 10 Km n 60 Km trn bin.

153

Sau yl nhng tnh nng k thut ca my Radio link MRS 160: MODEM GRM 530 LS (1200/2400FFSK ) CPU NEC V25 MEMORY 64 KB RAM D liu : RAW; TEXT :XTEXT :BLOCK; CMR1;CRM2;NMEA;GYRO; NOVATEL BINARY. Serial Port : 4 COM RS 232, 1 cng COM bn trong Flow control :XON/XOFF hoc CTR tu chon thng qua phn mm. Tc trao i : 600, 1200, 4200, 4800, 9600,19200 Baund Radio :CM 300 U (UHF ) hoc CM 300 V (VHF ) Loi CCCCM300U (UHF ): Gii tn 420 Mhz 470 Mhz. S knh : 256 knh n nh tn s : +- 3 ppm Di tn +- 1,5 Khz maximum My pht sng : iu ch FMSK Thi gian tr < 10 ms Cng xut pht 2 W (chn 15 W, 25 W ) C. Cu trc k thut V mt nguyn l cng ngh BEACON MSK DGPS cng gm c : H thng cc trm - Trm ci chnh c t trn im c to chnh xc bit trc. - Cc trm iu khin v phc v khc Cc trm ny c t c nh trn b. Cc trm ny c t ti ni cn nh v C1. Cu hnh h thng trm BEACON m bo phc v trn phm vi rng cho nhiu i tng, ngi ta s dng h thng ci chnh dng cng ngh BEACON MSK DGPS. H thng BCS ny c chia ra lm nhiu trm cc chc nng khc nhau : Trm pht ci chnh (RISM Site), s lng cc trm RISM tu thuc cu hnh h thng. Trm iu khin (CS Site ), s lng cc trm CS l mt trm. Trm thu v cung cp d liu ci chnh (URS Site), thng t trong trm CS. 1 154

Trm gim st t xa (Remote Monitor Site), thng t trong trm CS. Tt c cc trm trn u c s dng phn mm Beacon control System (BCS) v c ni mng vi nhau thng qua h thng mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN). V nguyn tc cn xy dng cc trm ny phn tn trn din rng m iu kin thng tin hai chiu thun li. H thng BEACON MSK DGPS hin ti ca tng cc a chnh do trung tm trc a bn qun l c cu trc nh sau : C2. Trm pht ci chnh (RSIM Site ) Trm pht ci chnh t ti Sn Hi phng trn i cao gn b bin. Trm c nhim v sau : - Pht cc tn hiu ci chnh di dng chun RTCM SC 104, - Thu v lu cc s liu o tnh 2 tng phc v cho phng php Postprocessing. Cc trang thit b ca trm gm : 2 my thu hai tn Trimble 4000 RS MSK DGPS ( RS1 v RS2 ) 1 my thu mt tn kim tra Trimble 4000MSK DGPS IM. 1 my pht SA 500 Dual System. Antena pht loi T cao 30 m H thng iu khin, ni mng din rng WAN - My tnh PC dng h thng diu hnh Windows NT 4.0 Workstation. - RUOTER CS 2500 - MODEM PARADYN 38 H thng m bo k thut - B chng st CRITEC. - B lu in UPS 12 V 220 V / 24 h. - B i in 144 V DC 220 V AC dng cho my pht SA500. Phn mm BCS RSIM iu khin hot dng ca trm. My iu ho khng kh

1 155

Cc my thu Trimble 4000 MSK DGPS RS c cc antena ring t trn cc im bit trc. Trong mt my thu dng chnh v mt my thu dng d phng. Cc s liu ci chnh c iu ch thnh cc tn hiu MSK a ti my pht SA 500 pht i trong di sng trung MF vi cc ch tiu sau: Cng sut pht P = 500 W. Bng tn s sng mang :f = 295 Khz. Dng iu ch MSK. Tn trm ng k : 00001. Tc truyn tn hiu : 200 b/s. S liu truyn : RTCM SC 104. My thu Trimble 4000 MSK DGPS IM dng kim tra cc thng s ca trm RSIM. Antena GPS ca my thu ny cng c t trn im bit trc to , antena thu c MSK c t trong phng thit b. Cc to ca my o h thng GPS c ci chnh theo s liu ca trm RSIM s em so snh vi to bit trc to to thnh sai s ca h thng ci chnh. Trng hp sai s ny vt qu quy nh, h thng theo di s to ra cc tn hiu ci chnh ti trm ci chnh (CS Site). Tu theo phn tch ca RSIM Refence ng c phn mm BCS trn h thStationa trm CS m c cc tn hiu iu chnh ti trm RSIM khc phc ti xy ra. IM Trimbl Vic gim st, iu khin trm RSIM c thc hin trn my tnh PC ca trm iu hnh Window NT 4.0 Workstation vi phn Near field US mm RSIM Sofware. My tnh c ni mng vi my tnh Server ca trm CS ti H Ni thng qua MODEM trong mng in thoi PSTN. RSIM Reference S cu trc trm RSIM c th hin trong s sau : RS Ethern RS Route

To Central Control 1 156 The Beacon Site Configuration

Anten

Chng IV : Mt S kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS ti Vit Nam


4.1. Xu hng v tnh hnh pht trin ca mng DGPS trn th gii:

4.1.1 Xu hng pht trin. Cc h thng vi phn GPS c in ch c th c khai thc cc khu vc hng hi hoc vng nc cht hp ng tu qua li. Bi v tm xa hot ng m cc gi tr hiu chnh vi phn c hiu lc b hn ch, trin khai mt s h thng DGPS trn mt khu vc rng ln l rt kh khn bi cc nguyn nhn sau : 7. Yu cu ln mt s lng ln trm tham kho 8. To a l ca trm l khc nhau t nc ny sang nc khc. 9. t cc trm tham kho i dng l kh khn v t tin. lm gim nhng hn ch ca DGPS c in, cc cng vic nghin cu cng ang c tin hnh, pht trin v thit lp mt h thng DGPS khu vc ln WADGPS. H thng WADGPS c th ko di tm hot ng ca dch v DGPS trn mt khu vc ln ca ton cu trong khi s lng trm tham kho v tc pht d liu tng cng l nh nht. Vic nghin cu ch ra rng ch cn thit lp mt mng gm 10 12 trm bao ph i Ty Dng. Phng tin pht s hiu chnh DGPS l thng tin v tinh, d liu sai s tn hiu t cc trm tham kho s c truyn qua v tinh thng tin cho mt trm x l trung tm n x l v c chia ra lm ba nhm c bn : nh v v tinh, tr truyn sng v lch ng h. Bn tin hiu chnh vi phn vi ba thnh phn tng ng c pht cho ngi s dng qua v tinh. Tt c cc ngi s dng nm trong vng bao ph ca v tinh thng tin c c chnh xc ca v tinh GPS. T chc hng hi v tinh quc t INMARSAT angnghin cu pht trin WADGPS bng vic s sng v tinh a tnh INMARSAT. Hc vin k thut v trc a v tr cng vi c quan hng khng Anh ang nghin cu v thy rng chnh xc vi to hai chiu l 5 m, c th t c qua h thng WADGPS. T chc hng khng quc t ICAO cng c kim tra kh nng ca vic s dng WADGPS qua cc v tinh INMARSAT cho vic h cnh chnh xc. 157

Vo thng 6 nm 1994 c quan hng khng lin bang ca M (FAA) cng b mt thng bo ngh cho h thng DGPS ton cu v theo k hoch thc hin vo nm 1997. Hy vng rng WADGPS s c thc hin trong vi nm ti khi cc v tinh INMARSAT th h 3 c phng. 4.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin ca DGPS trn th gii. C quan quan tm sm nht ti vic pht trin DGPS trn th gii l phng nghin cu v pht trin ca cc phng v b bin M cng vi h thng giao thng ca B Giao Thng M vo nm 1983. Nm 1986 th u ban c bit RTCM SC 104 a ra cc khuyn ngh u tin cho vic nh dng khung tn hiu DGPS v yu cu s dng tiu chun hng hi cho dch v DGPS. U ban v tuyn dn ng ca IALA (T chc n bin th gii) bt du xy dng h thng DGPS da trn cc siu v tuyn vo nm 1984. Vo u nhng nm 1990 hng Leica ca M nhn c hp ng pht trin mng nh v DGPS cho vng Bantich 1991 th Thu in v Phn Lan thit lp h thng DGPS. Nm 1992 th an Mch xy dng trm u tin v n nm 1993 bt u xy dng 3 trm DGPS ti Skagen v Bavand v mt trung tm iu khin ti Fonaes. C quan qun l n bin ca Ailen ua 3 trm DGPS v mt trm theo di iu khin trm ny c khai thc trong ch iu khin t xa v dng iu khin cc trm DGPS. Ngoi ra hng Laica cung cp v lp t thit b cho cc h thng DGPS ca B v Ba Lan. Bao gm c trm gim st v trm iu khin. Nm 1994 Trung Quc bt u lp t h thng DGPS nh gi kh nng v sau t mua tip 4 h thng va v lp t vo cui nm 1995. Nm 1997 th c quan an ton hng hi ca c bt u mua thit b DGPS v lp t 4 trm pht v 1 trm iu khin. Tt c cc trm pht v trm iu khin c lin kt vi nhau mng di rng rnh ring. Ngy 10 /09/ 1997 Singapore hon thnh vic lp t v ua vo mt trm DGPS phc v cho eo Singapore v li ra vo cng Singapore. Tnh ti ngy 03/03/1998 M lp t 47 trm DGPS phc v cho ven b bin nc M : Hawaii, Alasca v Puerto Rico.

158

Trong hai nm 1997, 1998 Canada lp t 19 trm DGPS phc v ven Thi Bnh Dng, i Ty Dng v vng H Ln (Great Lake). Cc nc nh Hn Quc, Indonesia, Malaysia, n .. cng lp t v khai thc h thng DGPS. Mt s nc Chu u i tin phong trong lng vc DGPS v h thng tiu v tuyn ca h hot ng trn cng mt tn s phn chia theo thi gian, th h s sng tn s HF pht bn tin hiu chnh, cn a s cc nc khc s dng cc trm pht theo kiu kiu ngh ca IALA tn dng cc trm DGPS sn c. Khi xy dng h thng DGPS Vit Nam chng ta cng cn pht xem xt ti vn hp tc v ho ng vi khu vc v trn th gii. Chng ta nn quan tm ti kin ngh ca IALA khi lp t.
4.2. Nhng li ch v ng dng ca mng DGPS Vit Nam.

Vit Nam l mt quc gia c nhiu bin v c a hnh rt phc tp. Do vy, ph hp vi s pht trin ca h thng nh v trn th gii, m nu ng dng DGPS s c hiu qu rt cao trong nhiu lnh vc. Ngy nay k thut DGPS c ng dng rt nhiu m dn dn thay th cc h thng nh v khc. Cc ng dng bao gm : Cc kho st kh tng thu vn ca c quan kho st a cht v b bin nh :Tng cc a chnh, Trung tm o c bin, Cc o c bn qun s,Vin thit k giao thng thu, on o c bin v v bn hi qun, Cng ty n bo an ton hng hi Vit Nam Nh p dng k thut DGPS m c th thc hin nhanh chng v chnh xc. 4.2.1 o hng. * Trong linh vc hng khng. Vic o hng hng khng i hi chnh xc cao v vy m li ich ca DGPS l v cng to ln v tc ng ti h thng kim xot khng lu, vch tuyn bay, kin sot chng va chm, DGPS cho php b xung ng bay ng khi thi tit xu hay tn sut hot ng bay cao. ng thi tng chnh xc ca kim sot khng lu khi bay trn bin, Li ch ny lm gim thi gian bay, nhin liu v gim chi ph v tng mc an ton. * Trong lnh vc o hng hng hi. Kh nng o hng ton cu s gim thi gian trung chuyn gia cc cng vi an ton cao hn vng ven b v iu kin 159

thi tit xu. Ngoi ra DGPS kt hp vi radar s to ra c h thng chng va chm. Cc chin dch tm kim cu nn s t c hiu qu cao hn khi s dng DGPS. * i vi giao thng ng b. Vic cung cp cc h thng GPS v DGPS trn t, tung ra thi trng r nhng nm u ca thp nin 90 v trn in thoi di ng nm 2002, to ra h thng gim st, nh v t ng cho t (AVM /AVL ) cho cc cng ty vn ti, cnh st cu ho, cp cu gii quyt tt cc qu trnh thc thi nhim v. 4.2.2 Thi gian chnh xc Chc nng chnh ca thi gian chnh xc do GPS cung cp l truyn thi gian ng b ho cc thit b trn h thng vin thng. 4.2.3. Lp bn a hnh. GPS, DGPS to ra cc mng li ng dng quan st khng gian mt t, mt bin To ra cc dc v chp nh ng khng, quan st y nc ven h, ng v cc dn khoan du, thit lp mng in to vi chnh xc l 1 mm, to ra cc im o trong vng khng nhn thy. Hai k thut c s dng lp bn a hnh dng DGPS l : nh v im dng dng mt my thu v nh v ng tng i vi trm tham chiu t xa. 4.2.4. i vi mc ch qun s. Bng vic cung cp ba thng tin lin tc : V tr, Tc , Thi gian n th hin tnh u vit ca h thng. H thng gip tng cng kh nng thc thi nhim v, phn phi tc chin qun binh chng hp thnh hay lc lng a quc gia, tng chnh xc ca thit b v kh. Nhng li ch qun s ca DGPS khng ch tng cng hiu qu tng th ca h thng v kh m cn nhn bi li ch i vi cc chin dch binh chng hp thnh thng qua vic s dng h tham chiu chung. ng dng ca h thng nh v v tinh vi sai DGPS cho c : - Ch huy, kim sot, truyn thng tnh bo. - Cc ng dng chin thut : Hng khng Hng hi Tc chin trn b - Cc chin dch quy m chin lc. 4.2.5. Nghin cu khoa hc GPS v DGPS ng dng cho vic nghin cu a vt l ( Theo di s dch chuyn ca v tri t, pht trin cc m hnh in ly ) Vt l (o trng trng tri t ) v xc nh n nh tn s ca ht notron hay chm. 160

Qua ngin cu to ra m hnh tng in ly, s c d bo tt hn trong vic truyn sng HF


4.3. Mt s kin, kin nghi thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam.

4.3.1. c im a hnh v hot ng. Cng vi cc ng dng ca GPS v DGPS di dng cc my thu v trm tham kho rt cn thit phi m rng ng dng kt hp vi cc h thng bn s, h thng thng tin vin thng, in thoi, in tn, my tnh vv. Cng xy dng cc trm tham kho DGPS theo cc c trng ng hc khc nhau, c cc mc chnh xc khc nhau trang b ph hp vi hot ng ca tng lnh vc ring, l iu ht sc quan trng v cn phi u t nghin cu k. VD : C th nghin cu h thng DGPS PHARAO (Phase Annigvity Resolation Application m _ the _ ply ) hay DGPS IBLS (Integrity Beacon Landing System )hoc cc thit b t hp ca hng AVIS, General motos cho vn chuyn hay h thng Proteach Monitoring cho cc hot ng chng ti phm vv. Vic ng dng k thut GPS v DGPS cn phi c cc k hoch tng th t vic nghin cu k c im a l, tnh hnh pht trin kinh t k thut t nc cng nh cc sut v tin cy, tnh tit kim, chnh xc cn thit... 4.3.1.1 Trc tin ta c th xem xt li ch ca GPS v DGPS trn c s c im a hnh t nc. V tnh hnh t nc Vit Nam l nc c din tch rng, c 3 vng a hnh : Vng bin, Vng rng ni v Vng ng bng. Trong c vng bin v vng ni c din tch ln. - Vng bin : di 3260 km b, gii hn lnh hi theo kinh tuyn 1020 E n 110 0 E theo v tuyn 80 N n 220 30 N ( khong mt triu Km2 ) - Vng bin min trung dc v thng c nhiu vng trin thin nhin t. Min nam trung b c vng kn a hnh phc tp. - Vng bin pha Nam v cc nam c nhiu bi, rng s vt, sa bi to ra ng b bin o kh xc nh b bin theo t lin. - Ngoi ra cn nhiu o nh to ra cc chng ngi vt - Vng ni tp trung ng Bc ko di sang pha Ty Bc t Bc n Trung Nam B theo vng cung ng Triu v Dy Trng Sn. a hnh nhp nh, nhiu ni cao, gii hn ng bin gii phc tp. 161

4.3.1.2 V kh tng. iu kin kh tng Vit Nam chu nh hng ca cc ch gi ma r rt cng cc cn bo nhit i ko di. Ma ng c gio ma ng Bc t thng 10 n thng 2. Cp gi lc mnh c th n cp 7. Ma h c gi Nam v Ty Nam t thng 3 n thng 9 sc gi c lc t n cp 5 v 6. Ngoi ra ma h cn c cc cn bo nhit xy ra mnh nht vo thng 7 n thng 9 thi gian bo ko di ngy, vng hot ng ca bo rng. Do t nc c chiu di theo v ln nn hai min Nam Bc c cc ma kh hu khc nhau. Min Bc c bn ma, cn min Nam c hai ma ma nng r rt. Cc iu kin trn c nh hng nhiu n cc hot ng qun s v dn s trn cc hot ng trn khng, trn bin v trn t lin. 4.3.2 Mt s yu cu xut ng dng DGPS T vic kim tra nghin cu DGPS v vic tm kim cc dch v nh v chnh xc (PPS) cng dch v nh vi tiu chun (SPS), trong SPS c pht cho ngi s dng min ph. hn ch tiu chun S/A, do vic trin khai ng dng phi xt n cc yu t ny mt cch c th. Kh nng nh v hn ch S/A l bin php ch nh do B Quc Phng M a vo. S nh hng bao gm : S thay i thng xuyn ca S/A trong thng bo lch v tinh, tc bin thin sai s, lch tiu chun S/A (khong 0,14 m/s) vi gia tc lch 0,0037 m.s2. Nhng n ngy 1/6/2000 B quc Phng M khng ua sai s S/A vo trong lch v tinh. Cng vi vic m rng hot ng s dng khi ng dng GPS v DGPS cn quan tm n cc bn tin. - Bn tin CGIC. Bn tin in t : L d liu chm ngn (trong vng vi pht), nh s iu chnh qu o v tinh iu chnh gi v tinh GPS hay gi liu v gi chm trung bnh (trong vi gi), nh khung tn hiu o hng pht i cc b phn k thut hay cc d liu c gi chm di (vi ngy) nh cc thng s Ephamerit ca v tinh. - Bn tin RTCM SC 104 cung cp cc d liu cp nht vi sai (s hiu chnh ) k c s hiu chnh tc bin thin ca bn tin hiu chnh. 162

l : S hiu chnh vi sai GPS, tc bin thin ca s hiu chnh DGPS, thng s trm tham kho vi chnh xc v tr trm l 0,01m, bn tin c bit, s hiu chnh vi sai tc cao vv. 4.3.3 Trin khai lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. Ngoi ra cc vn k thut cn quan tm lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. Vic trin khai b tr cc trm tham kho DGPS cn quan tm ti vn : Theo SA v theo kho st v tr hp l. * Vn SA: Vic chn hnh thc DGPS loi tr c sai s lch v tinh, sai s ng h cn li bi y l cc sai s bin thin chm trong khi hiu chnh ca trm tham kho c pht vi tc cp nht khong vi pht/ln. Cn vn tc bin thin sai s lch chun SA nu l 0,14m/s th sau 30 giy s c lch chun l 4m. V d ta chn DGPS c thi gian cp nht d liu 20 giy. Ngha l tu mc chnh xc, theo tng khu vc b tr trm tham kho DGPS m ta chn loi c thi gian cp nht yu cu ph hp iu kin kinh t. Ngy nay vn sai s SA c BQP M khng a vo cc tn hiu lch v tinh. Do vy chng ta cng khng quan tm n vn SA na. * Vn v tr: Cn c vo kho st b bin, vng ni, cc khu vc sn bay, hi cng, khu vc lin quan n cc yu cu v cc mc ch s dng nn cn c cc k hoch b tr cc trm DGPS. Cn c vo kh nng ph sng ca DGPS trn ton lnh th ch n c im t nc di v Trung B hp tnh n s trm DGPS, cng cng sut, tn s pht tn hiu hiu chnh. ng thi kt hp nghin cu cc yu t nhiu giao thoa, quy nh qun l tn s dn s, qun s vv la chn h thng DGPS pht s hiu chnh vi phn trn di tn s no trong phm vi band tn : 30 Khz - 3 Mhz Band sng Trung 3Mhz 30 Mhz Band HF 30 Mhz 300 Mhz Band VHF 300 Mhz 1000 Mhz UHF Hoc band L, S, C

163

Tm li : Cn c vo tnh hnh kinh t, tin cy, chnh xc v tnh thc tin ph hp vi tnh hnh c th trin khai lp mng DGPS Vit Nam * Mng DGPS Vit Nam 1. Cn c vo tnh hnh kinh t t nc lp t trm ci chnh vi sai DGPS 2. Cn c vo tin cy, chnh xc v tnh hnh thc tin ca ng dng mng DGPS Vit Nam. 3. Cn c vo kh nng ng dng ca rt nhiu lnh vc nh : Tng cc a chnh ( o c a hnh y bin, o c bn , dn gin khoan thm d du kh, ti nguyn thin nhin ) Giao thng vn ti ( Bao gm c ng khng, ng bin, ng b ) Qun s (Hi qun, khng qun, lc qun 4. Cn c vo trnh pht trin khoa hc cng ngh ca Vit Nam v trn th gii y mnh cng nghip ho, hin di ho t nc. 5. V cn nhiu vn khc ..

164

a n cc vn sau : 1, t nc chng ta cng phi thit lp mt mng DGPS, cc trm pht tn hiu ci chnh phn sai DGPS duy nht, ng dng cho cc hot ng Vit Nam. 2, V thit lp mt mng chung cho nn vn u t vn cng nh, vic tn dng cc thit b khoa hc k thut ca cc ngnh khc. V d : Tng cc a chnh quan tm ca ch tch nc c d n xy dng cc trm ci chnh DGPS ph sng ton b vng bin Vit Nam v ton b vng t lin. phc v cho cng tc o c bn va thm d ti nguyn thin nhin V vy cc ngnh khc cng c th hp tc u t cng vi Tng cc a chnh cng pht trin v tn dng cng ngh v vn u t 3, Tu tng mt s ngnh c th m c th thit lp xy dng cc trm ci chnh DGPS ring cho tng ngnh v mt s khu vc c th phc v cho ngnh ca mnh. V d : Mt vn quan trng ca vn quc phng l tnh b mt nh hng ti an ninh quc gia, ca nn x hi ch ngha Nn c th mt s lnh vc th c th s dng mng chung. Nhng nhng vn nu trn th chng ta phi xy dng cc trm ci chnh ring mt s khu vc nh : Khu vc qun o Trng Sa ti Khnh Ho. 4, Mt s ngnh khc nu khng c kh nng thit lp mng DGPS cho ring mnh thi c th tn dng hoc thu tn hiu ca cc hng trn th gii m c vng ph sng v khu vc hot ng ca mnh. Nh h thng vi phn din rng WADGPS ca cc hng Omnistar hot ng rt c hiu qu. 5, Chng ta phi quan tm ti cc chun quc t ca ITU, T chc en bin quc t IALA
4.4. Trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS.

Vic trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS cng phi tu thuc vo yu cu v mc ch s dng, tnh kinh t m trang thit b my GPS v DGPS. Cc hng s dng cc my thu DGPS cng nn ng b vic trang b my thu DGPS . Nhu ta bit cc my thu DGPS ca Tng cc a chnh s dng cc my thu ca hng Trimble .V vy cc ngnh khc cng nn quan tm ti vn ny . Ngy nay cc my thu GPS v DGPS t hp hai my thu ny thnh mt my duy nht c th thu c c GPS v DGPS. 165

Hin nay c nhiu hng sn xut cc thit b GPS v DGPS cng vi s tng nhanh cc i tng s dng cho nn vn gi c cho cc dch v ny (GPS v DGPS ) cng gim ang k va co mt s min ph hon ton. gii quyt vn ng dng GPS v DGPS vo cc hot ng dn s v qun s mt cch c hiu qu v tit kim. Cn nghin cu v la chn thit b m bo yu cu nhim v c s knh cc i t 10 n 12 knh, dng c c vic thu GPS v DGPS l tt nht.

Chng V : Kt lun
Qua nghim cu chng ta thy rng cng ngh GPS l h thng ng v ton cu c s dng rng ri. Khi h thng GPS ra i n nh du s pht trin ng k ca khoa hc nh v dn ng . N cho php con ngi tin xa hn v s khm ph th gii cng nh em li kt qu to ln trong mi hot ng , mi ngnh ng dng GPS. Mc d vy i vi GPS vn cn chu nh hng ca nhiu ngun tc ng gy nn sai s nh v dn ng . V vy ngi ta a ra k thut DGPS , y l k thut mi hin i, vi phng php bin iu tn hiu l MSK m bo tin cy v chnh xc cao( 1m ). DGPS l h thng ng v ton cu c sa phn sai c ngha l trn c s chng mt trm chun Beacon ( bit chnh xc v tr to )s thu tn hiu t cc v tinh GPS v tnh ra khong cch, cc thng s cn thit so snh vi s liu bit tnh ra cc phn sai mt cch tc th v gi cc phn sai ny ti cc trm ng dng (Rover).Ti cc trm Rover cn c vo cc phn sai s tnh ra cc s liu ng v chnh xc. Qua thc nghim v l thuyt ngi ta tnh c lng phn sai trong vng 500 km l tng ng nhau . DGPS l h thng ng v cho chnh xc cao lm vic lin tc n nh, phm vi bao qut rng ln. Do n c ng dng rng ri trong cc hot ng ca cuc sng : T hot ng o c bn , hot ng du lch , thm him , thm o n k thut xc nh ng bay ca hng khng v khng qun, xc ng v tr ca cc tu thuyn , iu khin v kh , ch th mc tiu Qua qu trnh nghin cu lun vn ny thu c kt qu nh sau: 5. Nghin cu lch s pht trin ca cc phng php nh v. 166

6. Nghin cu cng ngh DGPS v kh nng ng dng ca DGPS cho nc ta 7. Thy c rng nc ta nn thit lp mng DGPS gm cc trm pht ci chnh ph sng ton b nc ta c trn khng, trn t lin v trn mt bin. 8. Cc trm cI chnh ny c thit lp thnh mng v c mt trm iu khin trung tm t ti H Ni. K thut DGPS l mt vn rt rng v thi gian c hn nn em khng th nghin cu ht c.Trng qut trnh nghin cu khng trnh khi nhng sai st rt mong c s ng gp kin v ch bo ca cc thy gio v cc ban ng nghip . Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio o c Knh cng ton th cc thy trong t mn gip em hon thnh bi nghin cu ny.

Xin chn thnh cm n !

Mt s ti liu tham kho

1. Tng quan v cc h thng v tinh quc t v ng dng cho Vit Nam (Khoa hc Cng ngh ) 2. ti nghim cu khoa hc : Khai thac ng dng cng ngh MSK - DGPS trong o c bin . (Tng cc a chnh) 10. Series 4000 Recceiver Reference (Trimble) 11. RTCM Recommended Standards for Differential NAVSTAR GPS Service. 12. Cc trang Web site : a. http://www.LMX400DGPSNAVIGATIONRIECEIVERS b. http://www.GPSworld_DGPSAntenaforLaptaps 167

c. d. e. f.

http://www.Differential_GPS http://www.edu_observatory.org/gps/dgps.html http://www.Trimble.com http://www.Omnistar.com

168

Trng i hc hng hi Vit Nam


Khoa in - in t tu bin
B mn in t vin thng

lun vn tt nghip

Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Vn Duy


Gio vin hng dn : PGS. TS. o c Kinh

H Ni, 2002

169

Trng i hc hng hi Vit Nam


Khoa in - in t tu bin
B mn in t vin thng

lun vn tt nghip
Tn ti:
nghin cu h thng nh v v tinh ton cu vi sai dgps (Differential Global positioning system)

Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Vn Duy Lp


Kinh

: TV - K39 - H

Gio vin hng dn : PGS. TS. o c

H Ni, 2002

MC LC
170

Chng II.................................................................................5 Tng quan v cc h thng nh v...........................................5

2.1. Cc h thng nh v dn ng trc khi c h thng GPS ...............................................................5 2.1.1 H thng nh v Radio (Radio navigation system)...5 2.1.1.1 H LORAN_C :.......................................................5 2.1.1.2 H thng CHAYKA v LORAN/CHAYKA :..................6 2.1.1.3 H thng DECCA....................................................6 2.1.2 H thng TRANSIT:....................................................6 2.2. H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System ).................................................7 2.2.1. H thng NAVSTA.....................................................7 2.2.2 H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS.....................12 2.2.3. H thng nh v ton cu ci chnh phn sai (Differential GPS)..............................................................13
Chng III..............................................................................15 Cng ngh DGPS.....................................................................15

3.1. C s l thuyt:................................................15 3.2. Nguyn l o DGPS .........................................16 3.3 Phng php iu ch,nh dng Format s hiu v cc loi thng bo (Message type) c gi i trong tn hiu ci chnh phn sai.............................21 3.3.1 Phng php iu ch...........................................21 3.3.2. nh dng Format s liu.......................................21 3.3.3. Cc loi thng bo (Massage type ).......................23 3.3.3.1 Loi thng bo 1 (Massage Type 1). Ci chnh phn sai DGPS (Differrential GPS Corrections) .........................23 3.3.3.2. Thng bo 2 (Massage type 2 ) Delta Differential GPS Correction...............................................................27 3.3.3.3. Thng bo 3 (Massage type 3) Thng bo ca trm Refrence.........................................................................29 3.3.3.4. Thng bo 5 (message Type 5) l chm v tinh kho (Constellation Heath)..............................................30

171

3.3.3.5. Thng bo 16 (Message Type 16) thng bo c bit.................................................................................31 3.4. Cc phng php o DGPS...............................32 3.4.1. K thut MSK DGPS vi cc trm Beacon............32 3.4.1.1. Yu cu chung ca mt trm Beacon Control l:. .32 3.4.1.2. H thng antena bao gm cc phn chnh sau: ...34 3.4.1.3. Hot ng ca my GPS Monitor ti trm Beacon Control...........................................................................36 3.4.2. Chc nng bo ng v thng bo (Alams and message) ca RSIM. .........................................................38 3.4.3. Phng php DGPS din rng (Wide area Differential GPS WADGPS) ...........................................47 3.4.4. K thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF..........................................................................49 C. Cc tnh nng k thut DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF. ..........................................................54 D. Mt s loi thit b k thut DGPS s dng di tn UHF v VHF............................................................56 3.4.5. Cc ngun sai s tc ng n chnh xc DGPS. .........................................................................................57 3.4.5.1. Sai s SA (Selectice Availalility)...........................57 3.4.5.2 S tr do nh hng ca chit xut ca tng Ion trong kh quyn...............................................................57 3.4.5.3. S tr tn hiu do nh hng chit quang ca tng i lu............................................................................58 3.4.5.4. Sai s qu o v tinh.........................................58 3.4.5.5. Sai s v ng h v tinh....................................59 3.4.5.6. Sai s ca ng h my thu GPS.........................59 3.4.5.7. Sai s do nh hng ca hin tng a tuyn......59 3.4.5.8. chnh xc do nh hng ca ng h v tinh (hay con gi l s phn tn chnh xc ).......................59 3.4.6 Mt s thit b ng dng cng ngh DGPS Vit Nam..................................................................................62 3.4.6.1. Thit b ng b DGPS s dng di tn s cao VHF hoc UHF .......................................................................62 A. Cu hnh trm tnh :............................................62
172

B. Cu hnh trm ng............................................63 3.4.6.2 Cu trc v tnh nng k thut cc thit b dng trong cng ngh ci chnh DGPS gii tn s cao...............64 A. My thu nh v DGPS ci chnh...........................64 B. RADIO LINK .......................................................64
Chng IV :...........................................................................70 Mt S kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS ti Vit Nam. . .70

4.1. Xu hng v tnh hnh pht trin ca mng DGPS trn th gii:..........................................................70 4.1.1 Xu hng pht trin...............................................70 4.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin ca DGPS trn th gii..........71 4.2. Nhng li ch v ng dng ca mng DGPS Vit Nam.......................................................................72 4.2.1 o hng.................................................................72 4.2.2 Thi gian chnh xc ................................................73 4.2.3. Lp bn a hnh...............................................73 4.2.4. i vi mc ch qun s.......................................73 4.2.5. Nghin cu khoa hc ............................................73 4.3. Mt s kin, kin nghi thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam.............................................................74 4.3.1. c im a hnh v hot ng............................74 4.3.1.1 Trc tin ta c th xem xt li ch ca GPS v DGPS trn c s c im a hnh t nc....................74 4.3.1.2 V kh tng........................................................75 4.3.2 Mt s yu cu xut ng dng DGPS ................75 4.3.3 Trin khai lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. .......76 4.4. Trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS..............78
Chng V : Kt lun................................................................79 Mt s ti liu tham kho.........................................80 Chng II...............................................................................92 Tng quan v cc h thng nh v..........................................92

2.1. Cc h thng nh v dn ng trc khi c h thng GPS .............................................................92 2.1.1 H thng nh v Radio (Radio navigation system). 92 2.1.1.1 H LORAN_C :.....................................................92
173

2.1.1.2 H thng CHAYKA v LORAN/CHAYKA :.................93 2.1.1.3 H thng DECCA..................................................93 2.1.2 H thng TRANSIT:..................................................93 2.2. H thng nh v ton cu GPS (Global Positioning System )...............................................94 2.2.1. H thng NAVSTA..................................................94 2.2.2 H thng nh v ton cu GLONASS.....................99 2.2.3. H thng nh v ton cu ci chnh phn sai (Differential GPS)............................................................100
Chng III............................................................................102 Cng ngh DGPS...................................................................102

3.1. C s l thuyt:..............................................102 3.2. Nguyn l o DGPS .......................................103 3.3 Phng php iu ch,nh dng Format s hiu v cc loi thng bo (Message type) c gi i trong tn hiu ci chnh phn sai...........................108 3.3.1 Phng php iu ch.........................................108 3.3.2. nh dng Format s liu.....................................108 3.3.3. Cc loi thng bo (Massage type ).....................110 3.3.3.1 Loi thng bo 1 (Massage Type 1). Ci chnh phn sai DGPS (Differrential GPS Corrections) .......................110 3.3.3.2. Thng bo 2 (Massage type 2 ) Delta Differential GPS Correction.............................................................114 3.3.3.3. Thng bo 3 (Massage type 3) Thng bo ca trm Refrence.......................................................................116 3.3.3.4. Thng bo 5 (message Type 5) l chm v tinh kho (Constellation Heath)............................................117 3.3.3.5. Thng bo 16 (Message Type 16) thng bo c bit...............................................................................118 3.4. Cc phng php o DGPS.............................119 3.4.1. K thut MSK DGPS vi cc trm Beacon..........119 3.4.1.1. Yu cu chung ca mt trm Beacon Control l: 119 3.4.1.2. H thng antena bao gm cc phn chnh sau: .121 3.4.1.3. Hot ng ca my GPS Monitor ti trm Beacon Control..........................................................................123
174

3.4.2. Chc nng bo ng v thng bo (Alams and message) ca RSIM. .......................................................125 3.4.3. Phng php DGPS din rng (Wide area Differential GPS WADGPS) .........................................134 3.4.4. K thut DGPS truyn thng gii tn s cao UHF hoc VHF........................................................................136 C. Cc tnh nng k thut DGPS s dng di tn s UHF v VHF. ........................................................141 D. Mt s loi thit b k thut DGPS s dng di tn UHF v VHF..........................................................143 3.4.5. Cc ngun sai s tc ng n chnh xc DGPS. .......................................................................................144 3.4.5.1. Sai s SA (Selectice Availalility).........................144 3.4.5.2 S tr do nh hng ca chit xut ca tng Ion trong kh quyn.............................................................144 3.4.5.3. S tr tn hiu do nh hng chit quang ca tng i lu..........................................................................145 3.4.5.4. Sai s qu o v tinh.......................................145 3.4.5.5. Sai s v ng h v tinh..................................146 3.4.5.6. Sai s ca ng h my thu GPS.......................146 3.4.5.7. Sai s do nh hng ca hin tng a tuyn....146 3.4.5.8. chnh xc do nh hng ca ng h v tinh (hay con gi l s phn tn chnh xc ).....................146 3.4.6 Mt s thit b ng dng cng ngh DGPS Vit Nam................................................................................149 3.4.6.1. Thit b ng b DGPS s dng di tn s cao VHF hoc UHF .....................................................................149 A. Cu hnh trm tnh :..........................................149 B. Cu hnh trm ng..........................................150 3.4.6.2 Cu trc v tnh nng k thut cc thit b dng trong cng ngh ci chnh DGPS gii tn s cao.............151 A. My thu nh v DGPS ci chnh.........................151 B. RADIO LINK ......................................................151
Chng IV :.........................................................................157 Mt S kin kin ngh thit lp mng DGPS ti Vit Nam. 157

175

4.1. Xu hng v tnh hnh pht trin ca mng DGPS trn th gii:........................................................157 4.1.1 Xu hng pht trin.............................................157 4.1.2. Tnh hnh pht trin ca DGPS trn th gii........158 4.2. Nhng li ch v ng dng ca mng DGPS Vit Nam.....................................................................159 4.2.1 o hng...............................................................159 4.2.2 Thi gian chnh xc ..............................................160 4.2.3. Lp bn a hnh.............................................160 4.2.4. i vi mc ch qun s.....................................160 4.2.5. Nghin cu khoa hc ..........................................160 4.3. Mt s kin, kin nghi thit lp mng DGPS Vit Nam............................................................161 4.3.1. c im a hnh v hot ng..........................161 4.3.1.1 Trc tin ta c th xem xt li ch ca GPS v DGPS trn c s c im a hnh t nc..................161 4.3.1.2 V kh tng......................................................162 4.3.2 Mt s yu cu xut ng dng DGPS ..............162 4.3.3 Trin khai lp t h thng DGPS Vit Nam. .....163 4.4. Trang b cc thit b thu GPS v DGPS............165
Chng V : Kt lun..............................................................166 Mt s ti liu tham kho.......................................167

176

You might also like