H THNG QUN L CHT LNG V SINH AN TON THC PHM THEO GMP V HACCP

I. S

ra i v ngha ca GMP v HACCP

GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) a ra cc ni dung c bn ca iu kin thc hnh sn sut tt, nhm kim sot tt c cc yu t nh hng ti an ton v sinh thc phm trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm t thit k, xy lp nh xng, thit b, dng c ch bin, iu kin phc v cho cng vic chun b ch bin n qu trnh ch bin, bao gi, bo qun v con ngi thc hin cc thao tc ch bin thc phm. Nhng qui nh ny to iu kin cho cc c s sn xut thc phm xy dng nhng qui phm c th ph hp vi iu kin, qui m, trnh cng ngh ca mnh. Cc qui nh a ra cc nguyn tc thc hnh v sinh chung p dng trong ch bin thc phm (bao gm nui trng v thu hi, x l, ch bin, ng gi, lu gi, vn chuyn, phn phi v bn) cho ngi m bo thc phm sn xut ra an ton, lnh mnh v b dng. Ngoi ra n cn nhm mc ch, da trn c s xy dng cc qui phm v thc hnh v sinh thc phm cho cc hng ho hay cc nhm hng c bit i hi phi p ng cc yu cu c bit v v sinh thc phm. HACCP c hnh thnh vo nhng nm 1960 khi cng ty Pillsbury ca qun i M v c quan nghin cu hng khng M (NASA) cng phi hp tm cch sn xut cc thc phm an ton cho cc chng trnh khng gian. NASA mun c mt chng trnh hon ton khng khuyt tt m bo an ton cho cc thc phm m cc nh du hnh dng trong v tr. Cng ty Pillsbury xut v ci bin HACCP thnh h thng c th to mc an ton cao nht song vn c th gim nh hot ng ly mu v th nghim khu thnh phm. HACCP ch trng vo vic kim sot ti cc cng on v dng cc k thut gim st thng xuyn ti cc Im kim sot trng yu ngay t cc bc u tin trong qu trnh ch bin. Nhng khi nim v HACCP c Pillsbury trnh by cng khai ti hi ngh bo v thc phm nm 1971. Nm 1974 nhng nguyn tc ca HACCP c c quan Thc phm v dc phm M (FDA) thc hin y i vi cc loi thc phm ng hp. Vo nhng nm 80 phng thc ny c nhiu cng ty thc phm c ting khc trin khai p dng. Nm 1985,

Vin hn lm Khoa hc Quc gia M khuyn co rng m bo an ton cho thc phm, cc qu trnh ch bin chng phi tun theo cc yu cu ca h thng HACCP. Gn y nhiu t chc Quc t nh U ban quc t v thc phm( ICMSF), Hip hi quc t v sa, thc phm v v sinh mi trng (IAMFES) c nhiu khuyn co v p dng HACCP. Phng php HACCP mang tnh h thng v khoa hc, n xc nh cc mi nguy hi c bit cng nh cc gii php kim sot nhm m bo tnh an ton cho thc phm. N l cng c nh gi cc mi nguy hi v xc lp cc h thng kim sot ch trng vo vic ngn nga hn l vic th nghim ti khu thnh phm. Trong mi trng hp, h thng HACCP u to mi iu kin cho s pht trin cng ngh v quy trnh ch bin tin b. II. Ni dung ca GMP v HACCP Cc yu cu ca GMP: - Yu cu v nh, xng v phng tin ch bin: Yu cu ny i hi khi xy dng c s ch bin thc phm cn phi xem xt n v tr sao cho ph hp vi mt c s ch bin thc phm phi sch s thong mt, khng gy nhim mi trng, khng t nhng ni c mi trng khng lnh mnh .v.v. - Qui nh v cc yu cu kim sot v sinh nh xng nh: X l nc thi, sn phm ph, bo qun ho cht gy him, kim sot sinh vt gy hi v dng cc nhn - Kim sot qu trnh ch bin : Kim tra tt c mi hot ng phi thc hin theo nguyn tc v sinh c bn ca GMP, phi c cc bin php kim sot cht lng sao cho cc im kim sot quan trng c kim sot trong sut qu trnh ch bin. Thc hin cc bin php phng sn phm b nhim bn, th cc ch tiu vi sinh ho hc, tp cht khu cn thit

 xc nh nguy c gy nhim. Cc sn phm b nhim bn hay bin cht phi b loi b hoc c x l gim bt c cht. - Yu cu v con ngi: i vi c s ch bin thc phm th yu cu i vi con ngi khi tuyn vo lm vic l ht sc quan trng. Nht thit phi kim tra sc khe ( v th lc, tr lc v bnh tt) ca tt c mi ngi , c bit vi nhng cng nhn tip xc trc tip vi thc phm trnh ly bnh truyn nhim. Phi a ra nhng qui nh trong vic khm sc kho cho cn b cng nhn vin nh khm nh k m bo ch c nhng ngi c tiu chun sc kho mi c tip tc lm vic trong c s sn xut thc phm .Phi thng xuyn gio dc cho cc cn b cng nhn vin trong c s mnh bit gi gn sc kho v v sinh cc nhn m bo cc yu cu ra. - Kim sot khu bo qun v phn phi: a ra cc yu cu v vic vn chuyn v bo qun sao cho thnh phm phi m bo trnh nhim bn thc phm bi cc tc nhn vt l, ho hc, vi sinh. . . v khng lm phn hu thc phm. Qua nhng yu cu nu trn cho thy, GMP c c th coi l h thng tin , n cp n tt c mi yu t ti thiu c lin quan ti cht lng v sinh trong ch bin thc phm. T v tr ca c s n cu trc ca tng b phn, t dy chuyn cng ngh ti mi trng, t thit b, dng c ti con ngi, t cht ph thi ti sn phm trung gian, ph gia, nguyn vt liu v thnh phm. Xy dng thnh cng GMP s m bo cho doanh nghip chc chn c sn phm t cht lng cao v v sinh an ton thc phm. III. Cc yu cu ca h thng HACCP: H thng HACCP bao gm 7 nguyn tc c bn nh sau: Nguyn tc 1. Phi phn tch c mi nguy hi: Xc nh cc nguy hI hoc tim nng nguy hI c lin qua tI tt c cc giai on sn xut thc phm; t khu sn sut nguyn liu x l, ch bin, phn phi cho n khu tiu th cui cng. nh gi kh nng d sy ra cc mi nguy hI v xc nh cc giI php kim sot chng. Nguyn tc 2.Xc nh cc Im kim sot ti hn( CCPs ): xc nh im/ th tc / cc bc thao tc ti cn c kim sot loi b cc mi nguy hi hoc hn ch mt cch kh d kh nng xy ra ca chng. Thut ng im y c th l mt cng

on hoc mt giai on trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm, k t khu chun b nguyn liu th, tip nhn hay thu hoch, vn chuyn, thu gom, bo qun v.v. Nguyn tc 3: Xc lp cc ngng ti hn: Xc lp cc ngng ti hn m bo cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP) vn trong tnh trng c kim sot. Nguyn tc 4. Thit lp h thng gim st tnh trng c kim sot ca cc ngng ti hn: Xc lp h thng th nghim hoc quan trc nh k gim st tnh trng c kim sot ca cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP). Nguyn tc 5: Nu cc hot ng khc phc cn phi tin hnh khi vic gim st cho thy mt im CCP c th khng tnh trng c kim sot. Nguyn tc 6: Nu cc th tc thm tra khng nh rng h thng HACCP ang tin trin tt. Nguyn tc 7: Thit lp cc ti liu lin quan n mi th tc, mi bo co sao cho ph hp vi 6 nguyn tc trn v ph hp cho vic p dng chng. IV. p dng GMP v HACCP p dng HACCP thnh cng cn phi c s cam kt v tham gia ca lnh o v ton th mi ngi. N cng i hi s tham gia ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc nh ngnh V sinh an ton trong nng nghip, V sinh cy trng, ho hc, k thut xy dng dn dng.v.v. Vic p dng HACCP hon ton tng hp vi vic p dng cc h thng qun l cht lng khc
nh ISO 9000 v ISO 14000 - v bn thn n l mt giI php la chn mang tnh u tin v qun l an ton thc phm. Cc chuyn gia v cht lng cho rng cc c s ch bin thc phm nn p dng c GMP, HACCP v ISO 9000 nu c th, ba h thng ny s to ra ngI nh cht lng bn vng cho c s. C th v GMP l nn tng, ISO 9000 l nhng tr ct v HACCP l mi nh. Mt c c ch bin thc phm c iu kin p dng c ba h thng ny chc chn sn phm ca h s thng c trong cuc cnh tranh trn thng trng. Vic p dng HACCP c tin hnh theo cc bc sau y: Thit lp mt nhm hot ng v HACCP. M t sn phm. Nu r mc ch s dng. Xy dng lc tin trnh. Thm nh lc tin trnh ngay tI hin trng thc t ca qu trnh sn sut.

Lit k tt c cc mi nguy hI c lin quan tI mi bc , tin hnh phn tch chng v cn nhc mi bin php kim sot cc mi nguy hi c ch ra. Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn. Thit lp cc ngng ti hn cho tng im kim sot CCP. Thit lp h thng theo di gim st cho tng im kim sot. Thit lp cc hnh ng khc phc. Thit lp cc th tc thm tra. Thit lp phng thc ti liu ho v lu gi chng. Tt c cc doanh nghip v cc ngnh mun p dng thnh cng HACCP u phi tun th nhng nguyn tc v v sinh thc phm - GMP. Nu iu kin c s h tng cng nh cc yu cu cp thit v khu v sinh cha c m bo th vic u tin l phi gii quyt cc khu trc. Chnh v iu ny m ngi ta gi GMP l h thng tin , cn HACCP l h thng b tr cho cc c s p dng GMP nhng mun lm tt hn. Mun p dng HACCP th cc c s bt buc phi p dng GMP trc. Khng c GMP th khng th c HACCP. Khi nh gi v ghi nhn mc an ton thc phm c ci thin nh p dng H thng HACCP hoc ghi nhn vai tr ch o ca n trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm, ngi ta nhn thy rng vic p dng HACCP lun lun i hi mt phong tro ca c cng ng v i hi Chnh ph cn c mt vai tr ch o trong qu trnh thc hin HACCP. Theo o lut gn y nht ca hi ngh bn trn Uruguay v thng mi v thu quan (GATT), v Hip nh p dng cc bin php v sinh an ton cho cy trng v ng vt (SPS) cng nh Hip nh v hng ro k thut trong thng mi, xu th p dng cc qui nh ca ca U ban Codex ang rt c quan tm. Chnh v vy cc tI liu ca U ban Codex k c " cc ch dn p dng h thng HACCP" tr thnh ngun ti liu tham kho cho cc yu cu quc t v an ton thc phm. Vic p dng HACCP c xem l mt phn khng th thiu c trong cc ti liu ch dn ca Codex. p dng cc phng thc qun l mi ca quc t trong lnh vc qun l cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm t c cc yu cu ca GMP v HACCP s gip cc doanh nghip Vit nam iu kin thm nhp vo th trng thng mi th gii, tham gia cc Hip nh Thng mi trong AFTA v T chc Thng mi Th gii WTO.