Ngôn NG Hình TH C Và Ôtômat (Cô H )

Gio trnh Kin trc my tnh v H
iu hnh
1
I HC NNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
NGN NG HNH THC & TMT
iu hnh
2
Mc tiu gio trnh
1. Cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v
ngn ng, vn phm v tmt.
2. Cung cp cc phng php phn
tch t vng, phn tch c php.
3. C s cho vic tm hiu cc ngn ng
lp trnh.
4. Rn luyn k nng lp trnh cho sinh
vin
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA NNG
Gii thiu
iu hnh
3
Ni dung gio trnh
CHNG 1. M U
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
CHNG 3. BIU THC V VN PHM CHNH QUI
CHNG 4. VN PHM V NGN NG PHI NG CNH
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
CHNG 6. MY TURING
Gii thiu
iu hnh
4

CHNG 1. M U

Mt s vn v ngn ng
Khi nim vn phm
Khi nim tmt
iu hnh
5
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
- B ch (bng ch) l tp hp hu hn cc k
hiu
V d:{0,1} b ch gm 2 k hiu 0 v 1
{a,b,c,,z} b ch gm cc k hiu a z
Tp cc ch ci ting vit
iu hnh
6
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
- Xu trn b ch V l 1 dy cc k hiu ca V
V d: 0110 l xu trn b ch {0,1}
a, ab, giathanh l xu trn b ch
{a,b,,z}
- di xu l s cc k hiu trong xu
K hiu: di xu x l |x|
V d: |01110|=5
iu hnh
7
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
- Xu rng l xu c di bng 0
K hiu: c, |c|=0
- Tp tt c cc xu trn V l V
*
, {c}_V
*

V
+ =
V
*
-{c}
V
*:
tp v hn m c
V d: V={a,b}V
*={
c,a,b,aa,bb,ab,ba,}
iu hnh
8
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
- Cc php ton trn xu
Ghp tip: cho 2 xu x,y. Ghp tip ca x, y l
x.y hay xy l 1 xu vit x trc, ri n y sau
ch khng c du cch.
V d: x=01
y=0110
xy=010110
iu hnh
9
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
o ngc xu x (x
r
): xu c vit theo th t
ngc li ca xu x
V d: x=0101 x
r
=1010
Ch : c
r
= c, 1
r
=1
- Xu x m x=x
r
th x l xu hnh thp (xu i
xng)
V d: x=0110 x
r
=0110, x: xu hnh thp
iu hnh
10
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
Ly tha xu x (x
n
): xu nhn c bng cch
ghp tip chnh xu x n ln.
x
n
= x.x.x...x (n ln x)
x
0
= c vi mi xu x
V d: x=01 x
3
=010101
1
0
= c
iu hnh
11
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.2. Ngn ng
- Ngn ng L trn b ch V l tp hp cc xu
trn V, L_V
*
- Cc php ton trn ngn ng
V ngn ng l tp hp nn c cc php ton
tp hp: (giao), (hp), -(hiu), b
Ghp tip 2 ngn ng
iu hnh
12
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.2. Ngn ng
- Cc php ton trn ngn ng:
Cho L1, L2 trn b ch V
Php giao: L1L2 = {x | xeL1 v xeL2}
Php hp: L1L2 = {x | xeL1 hoc xeL2}
Php hiu: L1- L2 = {x | xeL1 v xeL2}
Php b: L=V
*
- L
iu hnh
13
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.2. Ngn ng
Ghp tip 2 ngn ng
Cho 2 ngn ng L1, L2. Ta gi ghp tip
L1.L2 (L1L2) ca L1 v L2 l mt tp hp
L1L2={xy/(xeL1) v (yeL2)}
x.x=x
2
; x.x.x=x
3
; x
0
=c; x
i
=x
i-1
x
L
0
={c}; L
i
=L
i-1
.L
- L*=L
0
L
1
L
2
; L
+
=L
1
L
2

iu hnh
14
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.3. Biu din ngn ng
Ngn ng n gin
- Phng php lit k: ngn ng c s xu l hu
hn v c th xc nh c.
V d: ngn ng l cc s t nhin nh hn 20
v ln hn 12
L={13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19}
iu hnh
15
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.3. Biu din ngn ng
Ngn ng n gin
- Phng php s dng tn t P(x): ngn ng m
cc xu c cng cc c im.
V d: ngn ng l cc s thc nh hn 5.
L={x/ (xe R) v (x<5)}
iu hnh
16
CHNG 1. M U
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.3. Biu din ngn ng
Ngn ng phc tp
- Vn phm: c ch sn sinh ra ngn ng
- i vi ngn ng t nhin: vn phm l h
thng ng php.
- i vi ngn ng lp trnh: vn phm l qui tc
c php vit chng trnh.
iu hnh
17
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.1. nh ngha: G=(, , s, p) trong :
: tp hu hn cc k hiu kt thc.
: tp hu hn cc k hiu cha kt thc.
s: k hiu bt u; se
p: tp hu hn cc sn xut c dng o| vi
- oe( )
+
, c t nht mt k hiu cha kt
thc
- |e()*
iu hnh
18
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.1. nh ngha: G=(, , s, p) trong :
s: k hiu bt u; se
p: tp hu hn cc sn xut c dng o| vi
- oe( )
+
, c t nht mt k hiu cha kt
thc
- |e()*
iu hnh
19
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
Qui c:
- K hiu kt thc c vit bng ch thng
- K hiu cha kt thc c vit bng ch in
- K hiu cha kt thc nm bn tri ca sn
xut u tin l k hiu bt u.
iu hnh
20
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.2. Cc khi nim
Xu (cu) v dng cu:
- o gi l xu khi o e *
- o gi l dng cu khi oe()
*
iu hnh
21
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.2. Cc khi nim
Quan h suy dn:
- A c quan h suy dn ra o hay o c suy dn
t A, c ngha l t A p dng cc sn xut sinh
ra c o
- Quan h suy dn trc tip: t A p dng mt
sn xut sinh c o
K hiu: Ao vi Ae v oe()
*

iu hnh
22
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.2. Cc khi nim
Quan h suy dn:
- Quan h suy dn nhiu ln: t A p dng nhiu
sn xut mi sinh c o
K hiu: A
+
o vi Ae v oe()*
- di suy dn: s ln p dng cc sn xut
- di ca suy dn trc tip bng 1
iu hnh
23
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.3. Ngn ng c sinh ra t vn phm
- Tp hp cc cu c sinh ra t vn phm s
to nn ngn ng.
- Xc nh cu c sinh ra t vn phm:
T k hiu bt u ca vn phm p dng cc
sn xut sinh cc cu.
iu hnh
24
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
- V d: cho G: S0S1 | c
S==>0S1==>01
S==>0S1==>00S11==>0011
S==>0S1==>00S11==>000S111==>000111
Vy L(G)={0
n
1
n
|

vi n>=0}
(1) (2)
(1) (2)
(1) (1) (2)
(1) (1) (1) (2)
iu hnh
25
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
- V d 2: Cho G: SaA
AaA | b
L(G)={a
n
b | n>0}
iu hnh
26
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.4. Phn cp vn phm ca Chomsky
- Nu cc sn xut u c dng Aa |aB vi A,B
eA;a eE: vn phm chnh quy (VP loi 3)
- Nu cc sn xut c dng Ao vi AeA;
oe(EA)*: vn phm phi ng cnh (VP loi 2)
- Nu cc sn xut c dng o| vi o,
|e(EA)*: vn phm cm ng cnh (VP loi 1)
- Nu khng c hn ch g trn sn xut: vn phm
t do (VP loi 0)
iu hnh
27
CHNG 1. M U
2. Vn phm
2.4. Phn cp vn phm ca Chomsky
Lu :
- Vn phm loi 3 l trng hp c bit ca vn
phm loi 2.
phm loi 1.
phm loi 0.
iu hnh
28
CHNG 1. M U
3. Khi nim tmt
- B gm: tp cc trng thi v cc iu khin
dch chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi
khc khi nhn d liu vo.
- tmt biu din hot ng ca bng in

- tmt on nhn t kha int
Tt
Bt
n cng tc
i in int
i n t
iu hnh
29

CHNG 2. TMT HU HN

tmt hu hn n nh(DFA)
tmt hu hn khng n nh(NFA)
S tng ng ca DFA v NFA
ng dng
iu hnh
30
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh(Deterministic
finite automata DFA)
1.1. M t
- tmt hu hn l mt ci my on nhn xu
gm:
Mt bng vo c chia thnh nhiu , mi
cha mt k hiu ca xu vo
Mt u c, mi thi im tr vo mt trn
bng
iu hnh
31
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
0 1 0 1 1
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.1. M t
Mt b iu khin Q gm cc trng thi, ti
mi thi im n c mt trng thi c xc
nh qua hm chuyn trng thi
Bng vo
q
B iu
khin
u c
iu hnh
32
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.1. M t
- Ti mt thi im, trng thi q b iu khin
v k hiu m u c ang c s xc nh
trng thi tip theo b iu khin.
- Mi ln c xong mt , u c chuyn sang
phi mt .
- Trng thi u tin b iu khin: trng thi
bt u ca tmt
iu hnh
33
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.2. nh ngha: M(, Q, , q0, F)
: b ch vo
Q: tp hu hn cc trng thi
q0 e Q: trng thi u
F _ Q: tp cc trng thi kt thc
: hm chuyn trng thi c dng (q,a)=p
Vi q,p e Q, a e
Vi mi (q,a)=p ch c mt trng thi p duy nht
iu hnh
34
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.2. nh ngha:
- V d: DFA M(, Q, , q0, F)
: {0,1}
Q: {0,1}
q0: 0
F: {1} tp cc trng thi kt thc
: (0,0)=0, (0,1)=1, (1,1)=1 v (1,0)=0

iu hnh
35
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. Otomat hu hn n nh
1.3. Biu din cc hm chuyn trng thi
Dng bng: s dng ma trn c:
- Ch s hng: trng thi
- Ch s ct: k hiu vo
- Gi tr ti hng q, ct a l trng thi p,
sao cho (q,a)=p
iu hnh
36
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
Dng bng:
V d: c hm chuyn ca mt Otomat nh sau:
(1,a)=2, (2,b)=2, (2,c)=2
a b c
1 2
2 2 2
iu hnh
37
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
Biu dch chuyn:
- Mi trng thi qeQ c t trong cc vng
trn.
- Trng thi bt u q0 c thm du > u.
- Trng thi kt thc qeF c t trong vng trn
kp.
- Cc cung ni t trng thi q sang trng thi p c
mang cc nhn ae, c ngha (q,a)=p
iu hnh
38
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmat hu hn n nh
Biu dch chuyn:
V d: c hm chuyn ca mt Otomat nh sau:
(1,a)=2, (2,b)=2, (2,c)=2
1
2
a
b
c
iu hnh
39
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.4. Hm chuyn trng thi m rng
- trng thi q
1
c xong xu x=a
1
a
2
a
3
...a
i-1
=ya
i-1
chuyn sang trng thi q
i

- C o(q
1
,a
1
)=q
2
; o(q
2
,a
2
)=q
3
;..., o(q
i-1
,a
i-1
)=q
i
: ta
c th biu din nh sau: o
*
(q
1
,x)=q
i

- o
*
(q
1
,x)= o(o
*
(q
1
,y),a
i-1
)=q
i
: hm chuyn trng
thi m rng.

iu hnh
40
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.4. Hm chuyn trng thi m rng
Cho : (0,0)=0, (0,1)=1, (1,1)=1 v (1,0)=0
Xc nh o
*
(0,01101)=?
o(0,0) = 0
o
*
(0,01) = o(o(0,0),1) = 1
o
*
(0,011) = o(o
*
(0,01),1) = 1
o
*
(0,0110) = o(o
*
(0,011),0) = 0
o
*
(0,01101) = o(o
*
(0,0110),1) = 1
iu hnh
41
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.5. Hot ng on nhn xu
- T trng thi bt u, c tng k hiu vo t
tri sang phi. Mi ln c th xc nh li
trng thi qua hm chuyn trng thi.
- Nu c xong xu vo m ri vo trng thi kt
thc th xu vo c on nhn ngc li xu
vo khng c on nhn
- Nu khng th c xong xu vo th xu vo
khng c on nhn.
iu hnh
42
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
- Xu x c on nhn bi tmat DFA
o
*
(q
0
,x)=peF
- Cho DFA M({a,b},{0,1,2,3,4},o,0,{4}),
: (0,a)=1, (1,b)=2, (2,a)=3, (2,b)=4
(3,a)=3, (3,b)=4, (4,b)=4
xu x=abaabbb c c on nhn k0?

iu hnh
43
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
o(0,a) = 1
o
*
(0,ab) = o(o(0,a),b) = 2
o
*
(0,aba) = o(o
*
(0,ab),a) = 3
o
*
(0,abaa) = o(o
*
(0,aba),a) = 3
o
*
(0,abaab) = o(o
*
(0,abaa),b) = 4
o
*
(0,abaabb) = o(o
*
(0,abaab),b) = 4
o
*
(0,abaabbb) = o(o
*
(0,abaabb),b) = 4eF, xu x
c on nhn
a b
1 2 0
a
3
b
a
4
b
b
iu hnh
44
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
Ta c th vit li nh sau:
0abaabbb 1baabbb
2aabbb
3abbb
3bbb
4bb
4b
4eF, xu x c on nhn
a b
1 2 0
a
3
b
a
4
b
b
iu hnh
45
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
1.6. Ngn ng c on nhn bi DFA
- Cho DFA M(, Q, , q0, F), ngn ng L c
on nhn bi M c xc nh nh sau:
L(M)={xeE
*
| o
*
(q
0
,x)=peF}
- V d: v tmat on nhn ngn ng L gm
cc xu l s nh phn c di >=2
0 1 2
0|1 0|1
0|1
iu hnh
46
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
Trng thi khng chp nhn c
- Trng thi khng c mi tn i vo ch c m
tn i ra (tr trng thi bt u).
- Trng thi ch c mi tn i vo khng c mi
tn i ra (tr trng thi kt thc
q
q
iu hnh
47
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
Bi tp:
(1) Cho M, xu x: kim tra xu x c c on
nhn hay khng?
x: aabbca, abbbca, abbaca, aaaca
0 1 2 3 4
a b c a
c
a b
iu hnh
48
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
Bi tp:
(2) Xy dng DFA on nhn ngn ng L(M) sau:
- L(M)={abc
n
b
m
vi n>=0, m>0}
- L(M)={0(10)
n
vi n>0}
- L(M)={0
n
1
m
vi n>=0, m>0}
- L(M)={0
n
1
m
vi n>0, m>0}

iu hnh
49
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
1. tmt hu hn n nh
Bi tp:
(3) Xy dng tmat on nhn L(M) l:
- Mt s nh phn chn c di xu ln hn 2.
- Mt s nguyn c du, khng du.
- Mt s nguyn khng du ca NNLT C
- Mt s thc tnh c du, khng du.
iu hnh
50
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
2. tmat hu hn khng n nh
(Nondeterministic finite automata NFA)
2.1. nh ngha: M(, Q, , q0, F)
: b ch vo
q0 e Q: trng thi u
: hm chuyn trng thi c dng (q,a)=P
Vi qeQ, ae(c), P_Q
iu hnh
51
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
V d: tmt on nhn cc xu c di
chn trn b ch {0,1}
0|1 0|1
1 2 0
c
iu hnh
52
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
S khc nhau gia DFA v NFA
- NFA: (q,a)=P, vi qeQ, ae(c), P_Q
DFA: (q,a)=p, vi q,p e Q, a e
- NFA: c th c dch chuyn khi c c
DFA: khng th dch chuyn khi c c

iu hnh
53
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
2.2. Hm dch chuyn m rng
- o(q
0
,a
1
)={q
1
, q
2
} v o(q
1
,a
2
)={q
3
,q
4
}
o(q
2
,a
2
)={q
5
,q
6
}
- o
*
(q
0
,a
1
a
2
)= o(q
1
,a
2
)o(q
2
,a
2
)={q
3
,q
4
,q
5
,q
6
}
- C o
*
(q,x)={p
1
, p
2
,...,p
k
} th
o*(q,xa)= vi xeE
*
, aeE
k
i
i
a p
1
) , (
=
o
iu hnh
54
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
2.2. Hm dch chuyn m rng
- Cho NFA, o
*
(0,01001)=?
o(0,0)={1}
o*(0,01)= o(1,1)={1,2}
o*(0,010)= o(1,0) o(2,0) ={1}
o*(0,0100)= o(1,0) ={1}
o*(0,01001)= o(1,1) ={1,2}
0 1
1 2 0
0|1
iu hnh
55
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
2.3. on nhn xu x bi NFA
- Xu x c on nhn bi tmat
o
*
(q
0
,x)F=u
- Theo v d trc:
o*(0,01001)= {1,2}
{1,2}F ={2} = u: xu 01001 c on nhn
iu hnh
56
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
2.4. Ngn ng c on nhn bi NFA
- Cho NFA M(, Q, , q0, F), ngn ng L c
on nhn bi M c xc nh nh sau:
L(M)={xeE
*
| o
*
(q
0
,x) F=u}
- Theo v d trc cc xu bt u bng 0 v kt
thc bng 1 c on nhn: 00111, 0100101,
0111, 010101,...
iu hnh
57
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
3. Xy dng DFA t NFA
- Cho NFA M(
N
, Q
N
,
N
, q
0
, F
N
)
th DFA M(
N
, Q
D
,
D
, q
0
, F
D
)
- Xc nh Q
D
,
D
, F
D

To tt c cc tp con T t tp Q
N
Xc nh o
D
(T,a)=o
N
(q
i
,a) vi q
i
eT, aeE
Mi tp T tng ng vi 1 trng thi ca DFA
Loi b cc trng thi khng chp nhn c
Trng thi tng ng vi tp T c cha trng
thi kt thc s l trng thi kt thc ca DFA
iu hnh
58
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
3. Xy dng DFA t NFA
- V d:
0 1
1 2 0
0|1
0 1
{0} {0,1} {0}
{1} {2}
*{2}
{0,1} {0,1} {0,2}
*{0,2} {0,1} {0}
*{1,2} {2}
*{1,2,0} {0,1} {0,2}
0 1
q0 q3 q0
q1 q2
*q2
q3 q3 q4
* q4 q3 q0
* q5 q2
* q6 q3 q4
iu hnh
59
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
3. Xy dng DFA t NFA
- V d:
0 1
q0 q3 q0
q1 q2
*q2
q3 q3 q4
*q4 q3 q0
*q5 q2
*q6 q3 q4
0
q3
0 1
q4 q0
1 0
1
0
1
1
q1
q2
q5
q6
1
iu hnh
60
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
3. Xy dng DFA t NFA
- Cc trng thi q1, q2, q5, q6: khng chp nhn
c
- q4 tng ng {0,2}: l trng thi kt thc
0 1
q0 q3 q0
q3 q3 q4
*q4 q3 q0
q3
0 1
q4 q0
1 0
1
0
iu hnh
61
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
4. ng dng
- on nhn t kha, s, ..., t t
- DFA on nhn kha float

- NFA on nhn s nguyn c du
5 0
f
1
l
2
o
3
a
4
t
+| - |c
1 2
0|..|9
0
0|..|9
iu hnh
62
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
Bi tp
(1) V NFA on nhn
- cc s nh phn c di l bi s ca 4.
- cc t 110, 101.
- Cc t 0(101)
+
1
(2) Chuyn NFA thnh DFA
- Cc NFA cu (1)

iu hnh
63
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
Bi tp
- NFA hnh v sau:

- NFA c hm chuyn sau:
3 1 2
0
0|1
0|1 0
0
0|1
o a b c d
0 {1,2} {1} {2}
1 {0} {2} {0,1}
*2
iu hnh
64
CHNG 2. TMT HU HN
Bi tp
- NFA c hm chuyn sau:
o 0 1
0 {1,3} {1}
*1 {2} {1,2}
2 {3} {0}
*3 {0}
iu hnh
65
CHNG 3. BIU THC & VN PHM CHNH QUY
Biu thc chnh quy
Ngn ng chnh quy
Vn phm chnh qui
iu hnh
66
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.1. nh ngha:
Cho b ch E, biu thc chnh quy (BTCQ)
trn E c nh ngha qui nh sau:
- u l BTCQ
- c l BTCQ
- aeE, a l BTCQ
- Vi r, s l BTCQ th (r+s), rs, r*, s* l BTCQ
C th vit (r+s) hay (r s)
iu hnh
67
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.1. nh ngha:
V d: Cho E={0,1} ta c:
- u, c, 0, 1 l BTCQ
- (0+1), 01, 0*, 1*, (0+1)01, (0+1)0*, (01)*,
((0+1)01)* l BTCQ
iu hnh
68
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.1. nh ngha:
V d:
- (a+b+c) l BTCQ ch nh 3 xu a, b, c trn b
ch {a, b, c}
- (a+b)* l BTCQ ch nh mi xu trn {a, b}
- aa*bb* hay a
+
b
+
l BTCQ ch nh cc xu bt
u bng mt s k hiu a, tip theo l mt s
k hiu b trong k hiu a v b xut hin t
nht 1 ln
iu hnh
69
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.1. nh ngha:
V d:
- (b+c)(a+ab)* l BTCQ ch nh cc xu trn {a,
b} khng cha bb
- (0+1)*1 l BTCQ ch nh cc xu l s nh
phn l
iu hnh
70
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.2. Th t u tin ca cc php ton
- Php bao ng (*)
- Php ghp tip (.)
- Php hp (+)
V d: 10*+0 : (1(0)*)+0
iu hnh
71
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.3. Tnh cht i s
- Tnh giao hon:
r + s = s + r
- Tnh kt hp:
(r + s) + t = r + (s + t)
r(st)=(rs)t
iu hnh
72
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.3. Tnh cht i s
- Tnh cht phn b
r (s + t) = rs + rt
(r + s)t = rt + st
- Mt s tnh cht khc
(r*)* = r* cr = rc = r c*= c
r + r = r r* = r
+
+ c
r
+
= rr* = r*r (r*s*)* =(r + s)*
iu hnh
73
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.4. Ngn ng c ch nh bi BTCQ
Ngn ng L(r) c ch nh bi BTCQ r
bt k l c xy dng da trn quy tc
- L(c ) = {c}
- L(a) = {a}
- L(r+s)=L(r)L(s)
- L(rs) = L(r)L(s)
- L(r*) = (L(r))*
iu hnh
74
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
1.4. Ngn ng c ch nh bi BTCQ
V d: xy dng BTCQ ch nh ngn ng L c
t nht mt k hiu a v 1 k hiu b trn {a, b}
- L(r) = L(r
1
) L(r
2
)=L(r
1
+r
2
)
- L(r
1
): cc xu r
1
c dng w
1
aw
2
bw
3
- L(r
2
): cc xu r
2
c dng w
1
bw
2
aw
3
- BTCQ ch nh L:
(a+b)*a(a+b)*b(a+b)* + (a+b)*b(a+b)*a(a+b)*
iu hnh
75
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
Bi tp
(1) Xy dng BTCQ ch nh cc ngn ng sau:
- Tp hp cc xu trn {a,b} c di chia ht
cho 3
- Tp hp cc xu trn {a, b, c} ch cha 1 k
hiu a, cn li l cc k hiu b v c
- Tp hp cc s nh phn c tn cng l 11
- Tp hp cc s nguyn k0 du chia ht cho 5
iu hnh
76
1. Biu Thc chnh quy
Bi tp
(2) M t ngn ng c ch nh bi BTCQ sau:
- (a+b+c+d)*(a+d)
- 1(0+1)(0+1)(0+1)
- ((0+1)(0+1))
+

- a(a+b)*a
- (ab)* + (ba)*
iu hnh
77
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
2.1. Khi nim
- Ngn ng chnh quy l ngn ng c biu
din bi biu thc chnh qui.
- Ngn ng chnh qui c on nhn bi
tmt hu hn.
- Ngn ng c sn sinh t vn phm chnh
quy l ngn ng chnh qui
iu hnh
78
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
2.2. tmat NFA on nhn ngn ng c
biu din bi BTCQ
- BTCQ l a

- BTCQ l c

a

c
iu hnh
79
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
biu din bi BTCQ
- BTCQ l rs
c

s

r
iu hnh
80
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
biu din bi BTCQ
- BTCQ l (r+s)
c

r

s

c
c
c
iu hnh
81
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
biu din bi BTCQ
- BTCQ l r*

r

c
c
c
c
iu hnh
82
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
biu din bi BTCQ
- V d: xy dng NFA on nhn (0+1)(01)*

0

1
c

c
c
c
iu hnh
83
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
2.2. tmat on nhn ngn ng c biu
din bi BTCQ
- V d: (0+1)(01)*

c
c
c

0
c

1
iu hnh
84
2. Ngn ng chnh quy

0

1
c

c
c
c

c
c
c

0
c

1
0
0|1
c
1
2
0
c
3
1
iu hnh
85
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
2.3. Tnh cht ng ca ngn ng chnh quy
Cho L1(r) v L2(s) l ngn ng chnh quy th:
- L1(r) L2(s): ngn ng chnh quy
- L1(r) L2(s): ngn ng chnh quy
- L1(r).L2(s): ngn ng chnh quy
- (L1(r))*: ngn ng chnh quy
iu hnh
86
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
Bi tp
(1) V NFA on nhn ngn ng c biu din
bi BTCQ sau:
- (01)*(0+10*)
- (10+(0+01)1*0)
- (0+1)*(11+00)(0+1)*
iu hnh
87
2. Ngn ng chnh quy
Bi tp
(2) V DFA on nhn ngn ng c biu din
bi BTCQ sau:
- 1*01
+

- 10*11*
- (a+b)c*ab*
iu hnh
88
3. Vn phm chnh quy
3.1. nh ngha vn phm tuyn tnh tri
- Mt vn phm G=(, , s, p) c gi l vn
phm tuyn tnh tri nu tt c cc sn xut c
dng ABw hay AB vi A,Be; we
*

- V d: SS a | S b | a
iu hnh
89
3. Vn phm chnh quy
3.2. nh ngha vn phm tuyn tnh phi
- Mt vn phm G=(, , s, p) c gi l vn
phm tuyn tnh phi nu tt c cc sn xut c
dng AwB hay AB vi A,Be; we
*

- V d: Sa A
Aa A | b A | c
iu hnh
90
3. Vn phm chnh quy
3.3. nh ngha vn phm chnh quy
- Vn phm tuyn tnh tri, vn phm tuyn tnh
phi l vn phm chnh quy.
iu hnh
91
3. Vn phm chnh quy
3.4. Xy dng NFA t vn phm tuyn tnh
phi
Cho vn phm chnh qui G=(
G
, , s, p)
xy dng NFA M=(Q, , q
0
, o, F) on nhn
ngn ng c sinh ra t G
-

=
G
- Vi Ae th AeQ
- q
0
= S
iu hnh
92
3. Vn phm chnh quy
phi
- Nu Aa
1
a
2
...a
i
th o*(A,a
1
a
2
...a
i
)=q
i
: thm q
i

vo Q v F
- Nu Aa
1
a
2
...a
i
th t vo o cc dch chuyn
trng thi v thm vo Q cc trng thi mi sao
cho o*(A,a
1
a
2
...a
i
)=q
i
a
1
a
2

A

...
q
i

a
i

iu hnh
93
3. Vn phm chnh quy
phi
- Nu Aa
1
a
2
...a
i
B th t vo o cc dch chuyn
trng thi v thm vo Q cc trng thi mi sao
cho o*(A,a
1
a
2
...a
i
)=B

- Nu Ac th thm A vo F
a
1
a
2

A

...
B
a
i

iu hnh
94
3. Vn phm chnh quy
phi
- V d: Sa A
Aa A | b A | c
a
a |b
S
A
iu hnh
95
3. Vn phm chnh quy
3.4. Xy dng vn phm chnh quy t NFA
Cho NFA M=(Q, , q
0
, o, F) xy dng vn
phm chnh qui G=(
G
, , s, p)
-
G
=

- =Q
- S=q
0

- qap nu o(q,a)=p
- qc nu q e F
iu hnh
96
3. Vn phm chnh quy
3.4. Xy dng vn phm chnh quy t NFA
V d:
-
G
= {a,b}

- ={S, A}
- S=S
- SaA v o(S,a)=A ; AaA v o(A,a)=A
- AbA v o(A,b)=A; Ac v A e F
a
a |b
S
A
iu hnh
97
3. Vn phm chnh quy
Bi tp
(1) V otomat NFA t G sau:
- S0S| 1S | 1
- S + A |- A
A0 A| 1A| ..| 9A |0|..|9
- SabA
AbB| B
Bc

iu hnh
98
3. Vn phm chnh quy
Bi tp
(2) Xy dng G t NFA sau:

D B C
0
0|1
0|1 0
A
0|1
iu hnh
99
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
4.1. Trng thi tng ng
- Vi weE* c
o*(p,w)=q
l

v o* (q,w)=q
t
m q
t
, q
l
cng kt thc
hoc cng khng kt thc
- {q,p} v {p,k} cc cp trng thi tng ng
th cp {q,k} cng tng ng (t/c bt cu)
- Hai trng thi khng tng ng c gi l
hai trng thi phn bit.
{p, q} l cp
trng thi
tng ng.
iu hnh
100
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
- Xy dng bng nh du cp trng thi phn bit
(1) Nu p l trng thi khng kt thc v q l trng
thi kt thc th {p,q} l trng thi phn bit.
(2) Vi aeE c o(p,a)=q
l
v o(q,a)=q
t
m {q
t
, q
l
} l
cp trng thi phn bit th {p, q} cp trng thi
phn bit.
iu hnh
101
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
V d: xy dng bng nh du cp trng thi
phn bit cho otomat sau
A
C
B
D
E
F
G
1
0
0
1
0,1
0
1
0,1
0,1
0
1
iu hnh
102
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
- Ta c B, D, E, G: trng thi kt thc
A,C,F: trng thi khng kt thc
p dng (qt1) nn cc cp sau l phn bit:
{A,B}, {A,D}, {A,E}, {A,G},
{C,B}, {C,D}, {C,E}, {C,G},
{F,B}, {F,D}, {F,E}, {F,G}
iu hnh
103
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
- nh du x vo cc l cp trng thi phn
bit
B X
C X
D X X
E X X
F X X X
G X X X
A B C D E F
iu hnh
104
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
- p dng (qt2) i vi tng cp trng thi phn
bit
{A,B}, {A,D}, {A,E}, {A,G}: v A l trng thi
bt u nn khng c qt2.
{C,B}: c to ra t cng trng thi A nn k0
c (qt2)
{C,D}: o(A,1)=C v o(B,1)=D nn {A,B} phn
bit ( nh du ri)
iu hnh
105
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
{C,E}: k0 c a tha (qt2)
{C,G}: o(A,1)=C v o(E,1)=G nn {A,E} phn
bit ( nh du ri)
{F,B}: k0 c a tha (qt2)
{F,D}: o(C,1)=F v o(B,1)=D nn {C,B} phn
bit ( nh du ri)
{F,E}: k0 c a tha (qt2)
iu hnh
106
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
{F,G}:
o(E,1)=G v o(C,1)=F nn {C,E} phn bit (
nh du ri)
o(G,1)=G v o(C,1)=F nn {G,C} phn bit (
nh du ri)
o(F,1)=F v o(G,1)=G nn {F,G} phn bit (
nh du ri)
Ta k0 tm thm c cp trng thi phn bit no
iu hnh
107
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
- Ta c bng nh du trng thi phn bit sau
B X
C X
D X X
E X X
F X X X
G X X X
A B C D E F
iu hnh
108
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
- Ta c cc cp trng thi tng ng sau:
{A,C}, {A,F}, {B,D}, {B,E}, {B,G}, {C,F},
{D,E}, {D,G}, {E,G}
iu hnh
109
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
4.2. Hai otomat tng ng
- Hai otomat cng on nhn mt ngn ng th
tng ng.
- Hai DFA tng ng th cp trng thi u
tng ng.
- Cc tiu ha DFA: tm DFA tng ng c s
trng thi t nht.
iu hnh
110
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
4.3. Thut ton
- Loi b cc trng thi khng chp nhn c
- Xc nh tt c cc cp trng thi tng ng
- Chia cc trng thi thnh cc nhm, sao cho:
cc trng thi trong cng mt nhm tng
ng nhau
Khng c cp trng thi no 2 nhm khc
nhau l tng ng.
iu hnh
111
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
4.3. Thut ton
- o
min
(S,a)=T khi qeS th o(q,a)=peT
- Trng thi u M
min
l trng thi c cha trng
thi u ca M
- Trng thi kt thc M
min
l nhng trng thi c
cha trng thi kt thc ca M
iu hnh
112
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
4.3. Thut ton
V d: Cc tiu ha DFA v d trc
- Ta c cc cp trng thi tng ng sau:
{A,C}, {A,F}, {B,D}, {B,E}, {B,G}, {C,F},
{D,E}, {D,G}, {E,G}
- To thnh cc nhm trng thi tng ng:
{A,C,F}, {B,D,E,G}

ACF
1
0
BDEG
0|1
iu hnh
113
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
Bi tp: Cc tiu cc DFA sau:
(1)
o 0 1
A B F
B G C
*C A C
D C G
E H F
F C G
G G E
H G C
iu hnh
114
4. Cc tiu ha DFA
Bi tp: Cc tiu cc DFA sau:
(2)
o 0 1
A B E
B D C
*C C C
D E C
*E D C
iu hnh
115
CHNG 4. VN PHM & NGN NG PHI NG CNH
Vn phm phi ng cnh
S nhp nhng trong vn phm phi ng cnh
Ngn ng phi ng cnh
Dng chun ca vn phm phi ng cnh
iu hnh
116
1. Vn phm phi ng cnh
nh ngha:
G=(, , s, p) trong :
s: k hiu bt u; se
p: tp hu hn cc sn xut c dng
Ao vi Ae v oe()*
iu hnh
117
V d:
SS(S)S | c
iu hnh
118
Suy dn tri, suy dn phi
- Nu lun lun thay th k hiu cha kt thc
bn tri nht gi l suy dn tri.
- Tng t ta c suy dn phi
- V d: vit suy dn tri, suy dn phi to ra xu
a+a*a ca vn phm sau:
EE+E |E*E| (E) |a
iu hnh
119
Cy suy dn: cy tho mn cc iu kin:
- Mi nt c 1 nhn: k hiu kt thc hoc cha
kt thc
- Nhn ca nt gc: k hiu bt u
- Nhn ca nt l: k hiu kt thc
- Nu mt nt c nhn A c cc nt con ca n t
tri sang phi c nhn x1, x2, x3, xn th
Ax1x2x3xn e p
iu hnh
120
Cy suy dn
- Suy dn tri to ra cy suy dn tri.
- Suy dn phi to ra cy suy dn phi
- V d: v cy suy dn tri, cy suy dn phi to
ra xu a+a*a ca vn phm sau:
EE+E |E*E| (E) |a

iu hnh
121
2. S nhp nhng trong vn phm phi ng
cnh
Khi nim vn phm nhp nhng
- Cho vn phm phi ng cnh G. Nu -xeL(G)
c sinh ra t 2 cy suy dn khc nhau th G
c gi l vn phm nhp nhng
- V d: EE+E | E*E | (E) | a
iu hnh
122
cnh
Kh s nhp nhng
- a vo vn phm lut u tin
- t tha s chung

iu hnh
123
cnh
Kh s nhp nhng
- V d: SaS | aSbS | c
iu hnh
124
3. Ngn ng phi ng cnh
- Tp hp cc xu c sinh ra t vn phm phi
ng cnh l ngn ng phi ng cnh

iu hnh
125
4. Dng chun ca vn phm phi ng cnh
Khi nim
Vn phm phi ng cnh k0 cha:
K hiu tha
Sn xut c
Sn xut n v
c gi l vn phm phi ng cnh dng
chun
iu hnh
126
Xc nh v kh k hiu tha
- K hiu tha c 2 loi:
K hiu v sinh
K hiu k0 t n c
- K hiu AeA c gi l k hiu v sinh khi
AoeE
*
- K hiu AeA c gi l k hiu k0 t n
c khi S
+
oA|
iu hnh
127
- V d: xc nh k hiu tha ca VP sau:
(1) S0S | 1S | A| c
A0A
(2) S0S | 1S | c
A0A | 1
iu hnh
128
- Xc nh k hiu k0 v sinh:
c k0 v sinh
aeE k0 v sinh
Vi Ao m mi k hiu thuc o k0 v
sinh th A k0 v sinh.
- K hiu k0 phi l k hiu k0 v sinh th l k
hiu v sinh
iu hnh
129
- Xc nh k hiu t n c:
S l k hiu t n c
Vi Ao m A l k hiu t n c th
mi k hiu thuc o l k hiu t n
c.
- K hiu k0 phi l k hiu t n th l k
hiu k0 t n c
iu hnh
130
- Kh k hiu tha:
Loi b tt c cc k hiu v sinh v cc
sn xut cha n.
Loi b tt c cc k hiu k0 t n c
v cc sn xut cha n.
iu hnh
131
- V d: Kh k hiu tha ca cc vn phm:
(1) S0S | 1S | A| c
A0A
(2) S0S | 1S | c
A0A | 1

iu hnh
132
Kh sn xut c
- A l bin trit tiu khi A
+
c
- Xc nh bin trit tiu:
A c th A: bin trit tiu
AC
1
C
2
...C
n
nu C
1
, C
2
,...,C
n
l bin trit
tiu th A l bin trit tiu
iu hnh
133
Kh sn xut c
- Cho G(E, A, S, p), kh sn xut c ta c
G(E, A, S, p) vi p xc nh nh sau:
Vi mi AB
1
B
2
...B
n
ep ta thm cc
Ax
1
x
2
...x
n
vo p trong mi x
i
thay th B
i

tha mn:
Nu B
i
l bin k0 trit tiu c th x
i
=B
i

Nu B
i
l bin trit tiu th x
i
=c v x
i
=B
i
Khng cho tt c cc x
i
=c
iu hnh
134
Kh sn xut c
- V d: kh sn xut c ca vn phm :
SAB
AaAB | c
BbAB | c

iu hnh
135
Kh sn xut c
- Ta c S, A, B: l bin trit tiu
- Xt SAB c
A l bin trit tiu nn thay A bng c v A
B l bin trit tiu nn thay B bng c v B
ta c: SAB | B | A

iu hnh
136
Kh sn xut c
- Xt AaAB ta c: AaAB | aB | aA | a
- Xt BbAB ta c: BbAB| bB | bA | b
Vy ta c vn phm sau:
SAB | B | A
AaAB | aB | aA | a
BbAB| bB | bA | b
iu hnh
137
Kh sn xut c
Bi tp: kh sn xut c ca cc vn phm sau:
(1) S0S |1S | c
(2) SS(S)S | c
(3) Sa S b | b S a | c
iu hnh
138
Sn xut n v
- Sn xut c dng AB c gi l sn xut
n v; vi A,BeA
- Cp (A,B) cp bin ca sn xut n v
iu hnh
139
Kh sn xut n v
Cho G(E, A, S, p), kh sn xut n v ta
c G(E, A, S, p) vi p xc nh nh sau:
- Thm cc sn xut khng n v vo p
- Xc nh cc cp bin (A,B) m A
+
B (ch s
dng cc sn xut n v)
- Vi mi cp bin (A,B) xc nh trn, thm
vo p cc sn xut Ao; vi Bo l sn xut
khng n v trong G
iu hnh
140
Kh sn xut n v
- V d: Kh sn xut n v cho vn phm sau:
SaA |A | bB
AB | a
BA | ab | bb
iu hnh
141
Kh sn xut n v
- Ta c cc sn xut khng n v:
SaA| bB
Aa
Bab |bb
- Ta c cc cp bin (S,A), (S,B), (A,B), (B,A)
tha mn S
+
A; S
+
B; A
+
B; B
+
A
cp (S,A), c Aa nn thm: Sa
iu hnh
142
Kh sn xut n v
cp (S,B), c Bab v Bbb nn thm:
Sab |bb
cp (A,B), c Bab v Bbb nn thm:
Aab |bb
cp (B,A), c Aa nn thm: Ba

iu hnh
143
Kh sn xut n v
Vy ta c vn phm sau:
SaA | a | ab |bb |bB
Aa | ab | bb
Bab |bb | a
iu hnh
144
Kh sn xut n v
Bi tp: kh sn xut n v cho vn phm sau:
(1) S0A | 1 A | A
AS | 0 | 1
(2) EE+T | T
TT*F | F
F(E) | a
iu hnh
145
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
tmat y xung (PDA)
Ngn ng c on nhn PDA
S tng ng gia PDA v vn phm phi ng
cnh
tmat y xung n nh
iu hnh
146
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
0 1 0 1 1
1. tmat y xung
(Push Down Automat - PDA)
1.1. M t
Bng vo
q
B iu khin
u c
Ngn xp
iu hnh
147
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.1. M t
Ti mt thi im b iu khin:
Trng thi q
c mt k hiu trn bng vo (c: k0 c)
Nhn k hiu nh ngn xp
xc nh trng thi tip theo v quyt nh hnh
ng lin quan n ngn xp
iu hnh
148
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.1. M t
C 2 cch tmt y xung on nhn xu
vo:
c xong xu vo v tmat trng thi kt
thc
c xong xu vo v ngn xp rng
iu hnh
149
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.2. nh ngha: M(, Q, I, z, , q0, F)
: b ch vo
q0 e Q: trng thi u
I : tp k hiu trn ngn xp
z e I : k hiu u tin nh ngn xp
: hm chuyn trng thi dng (q,a,x)={(p,o )} Vi
q,p e Q, a e {c}, xe I, o e I*
iu hnh
150
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.2. nh ngha: M(, Q, I, z, , q0, F)
: hm chuyn trng thi dng (q,a,x)={(p,o )} Vi
q,p e Q, a e {c}, xe I, o e I*
X: k hiu nh ngn xp
o: chui k hiu thay th x nh ngn xp
o= c: k hiu x trn nh ngn xp c ly ra
o=x: ngn xp khng thay i.
o=yz: ly x ra, y z vo, y y vo.
iu hnh
151
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.2. nh ngha
V d: Otomt y xung on nhn cc xu a
n
b
n

vi n>=0: M(, Q, I, z, , q0, F)
: {a,b}
Q: {q
0
, q
1
, q
2
, q
3
}
q
0
: trng thi u
{q
3
}: tp cc trng thi kt thc
{1,z} : tp k hiu trn ngn xp
z : k hiu u tin nh ngn xp
iu hnh
152
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.2. nh ngha
(q
0
,a,z)={(q
1
,1z )}
(q
0
,c,z)={(q
3
,c )}
(q
1
,a,1)={(q
1
,11)}
(q
1
,b,1)={(q
2
,c)}
(q
2
,b,1)={(q
2
,c )}
(q
2
,c,z)={(q
3
,c )}

iu hnh
153
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.3. Biu din PDA bng biu dch chuyn
- Cc trng thi c t trong cc vng trn
- Trng thi u c du > gn pha trc
- Trng thi kt thc t trong vng trn kp
- (q,a,x)=(p,o ): t trng thi q sang trng thi p
c nhn a, x|o
- K hiu u nh ngn xp qui c l z
iu hnh
154
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.3. Biu din PDA bng biu dch chuyn
- V d: v tmat PDA on nhn xu a
n
b
n
vi
n>=0
a,z|1z
a,1|11
b,1|c c,z|c
b,1|c
c,z|c
q
0

q
1
q
2
q
3

iu hnh
155
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.4. Cu hnh ca PDA
Cu hnh ca PDA l b (q,w, o):
- q: trng thi
- w: phn xu vo s c
- o: ni dung ca ngn xp (nh-y: tri-phi)
iu hnh
156
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
1. tmat y xung
1.4. Cu hnh ca PDA
V d: Cu hnh ca PDA v d trc on
nhn xu: aaabbb
- (q
0
,aaabbb,z) |- (q
1
,aabbb,1z) |- (q
1
,abbb,11z) |-
(q
1
,bbb,111z) |- (q
2
,bb,11z) |- (q
2
,b,1z) |-
(q
2
,c,z) |- (q
3
,c,c)
- C ngha (q
0
,aaabbb,z) |-* (q
3
,c,c) : xu vo
c on nhn
iu hnh
157
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
2. Ngn ng c on nhn bi PDA
2.1. on nhn bi trng thi kt thc
- Ngn ng L c PDA M on nhn bi trng
thi kt thc l:
L(M)={w | (q
0
,w,z ) |-* (q
f
,c,o)} vi q
f
eF,
oeI*
iu hnh
158
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
2.2. on nhn bi ngn xp rng
- Ngn ng L c PDA M on nhn bi ngn
xp rng :
L(M)={w | (q
0
,w,z ) |-* (q
k
,c,c)} vi q
k
eQ
iu hnh
159
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
Bi tp: v PDA on nhn xu x l:
(1) a
n
b
m
c
m
vi n,m>=0
(2)

a
n
b
m
c
n
vi n,m>0
(3) Cc cp du () tng thch
(4) S nh phn c s ch s 0 bng s ch s 1
(5) biu thc s hc dng hu t c 1 s hng a
(6) S nh phn c s ch s 0 gp i s ch s 1
v xu khc c
iu hnh
160
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
2.3. Chuyn PDA t on nhn bi ngn xp
rng sang on nhn bi trng thi kt thc
Cho PDA M(, Q, I, z, , q0) on nhn
bi ngn xp rng thnh M(, Q, I, z, ,
q
0
, F) on nhn bi trng thi kt thc c:
- Q=Q{q
0
,q
f
}
- F={q
f
}
- I=I {z}
iu hnh
161
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
- c xc nh:
M
q
0

q
0

c,z|zz
q
f

c,z| c
c,z| c
c,z| c
iu hnh
162
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
V d:
q
1
q
0

a,z|1z
a,1|11
b,1|c
c,z|c
iu hnh
163
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
V d:
q
1
q
0

a,z|1z
a,1|11
b,1|c
c,z|c
c,z|zz
q
f
q
0
q
0

q
1

a,z|1z
a,1|11
b,1|c
c,z|c
c,z|c
iu hnh
164
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
V d:
q
1
q
0

a,z|1z
a,1|11
b,1|c
c,z|c
iu hnh
165
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
V d: (ab)
n
vi n>0
q
1
q
0

q
1

a,z|zz b,z|c
a,z|zz
q
3

c,z|c
iu hnh
166
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
2.4. Chuyn PDA t on nhn bi trng thi
cui sang on nhn bi ngn xp rng
Cho PDA M(, Q, I, z, , q0, F) on nhn
bi ngn xp rng thnh M(,Q,I, z, ,q
0
)
on nhn bi trng thi kt thc c:
- Q=Q{q
0
,q
k
}
- I=I {z}

iu hnh
167
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
- c xc nh:
M
q
0

c,z|zz
q
k

c,oeI| c
q
0

c,oeI| c
c,oeI| c
iu hnh
168
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
V d: a
n
b
m
vi n,m>=0
q
1

q
0

a,z|1z
a,1|11
b,z|1z
b,1|11
b,1|11
c,z|z
iu hnh
169
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
V d: a
n
b
n
vi n>=0
b,1|11
a,z|1z
a,1|11
b,z|1z
b,1|11
q
f
q
1

q
0

c,z|c
c,1|c
c,z|z
c,z|c
c,1|c
iu hnh
170
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
3. tmat y xung n nh
- tmt y xung tha mn:
(1) o(q,a,X) ch cha mt gi tr duy nht
(2) o(q,a,X) khng rng th o(q,c,X) phi rng
iu hnh
171
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
4. S tng ng gia PDA v vn phm phi
ng cnh
4.1. Chuyn vn phm phi ng cnh thnh PDA
hiu
V d:{0,1} b ch gm 2 k hiu 0 v 1
iu hnh
172
CHNG 5. TMT Y XUNG
4. S tng ng gia PDA v vn phm phi
ng cnh
4.2. Chuyn PDA thnh vn phm phi ng cnh
hiu
V d:{0,1} b ch gm 2 k hiu 0 v 1
iu hnh
173
CHNG 6. MY TURING
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
hiu
V d:{0,1} b ch gm 2 k hiu 0 v 1
iu hnh
174
CHNG 6. MY TURING
1. Mt s vn v ngn ng
1.1. Xu
hiu
V d:{0,1} b ch gm 2 k hiu 0 v 1

Ngôn NG Hình TH C Và Ôtômat (Cô H )

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Ngôn NG Hình TH C Và Ôtômat (Cô H )

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