Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : Ancol

DNG 1

BI TP ANCOL TC DNG VI KIM LOI KIM

A- C S L THUYT
x R(OH)x + xNa R(ONa) x + H 2 (1) 2 1. Nhn xt: * n H2 = x n ancol 2 1 n ancol 2 +) x = 2 n H 2 = n ancol

+) x = 1 n H 2 = Nh vy nu n H 2 =

1 n ancol th l ancol n chc. Cn n H 2 = n ancol th l ancol 2 chc, nu l hn 2

hp cc ancol th l hn hp cc ancol 2 chc hoc c 1 ancol n chc v ancol cn li c s nhm chc ln hn 2. +) Nu n H 2 n ancol th l ancol a chc. +) Nu hn hp 2 ancol m n H 2 > 2. Ch - Nu cho ancol tc dng vi Na th ch xy ra phn ng (1). - Nu cho dung dch ancol tc dng vi Na th ngoi (1) cn xy ra phn ng gia nc vi Na. Hai phn ng ny xy ra ng thi. - Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: mancol + mNa ban u = mcht rn sau phn ng + - Cc cng thc tng qut ca mt s ancol cn nh: + Ancol no, n chc + Ancol n chc + Ancol n chc cha 1 ni i + Ancol a chc bt k + Ancol no, a chc : CnH2n+1OH. : R-OH hoc CnH2n+1-2kOH. : CnH2n-1OH. : CnH2n+2-2k-x(OH)x. : CnH2n+2-x(OH)x. m H2 1 n ancol th c 1 ancol n chc. 2

- Nu cht hu c X cha 3 nguyn t C, H, O m tc dng c vi Na hoc K th X cha chc OH (ca ancol hoc phenol) hoc cha chc COOH (ca axit). Nhng nu X khng tc dng vi dung dch kim th X l ancol.

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Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : Ancol

B- BI TP VN DNG
I PHN T LUN Bi 1:Cho 3,7 gam mt ru n chc tc dng vi Na d thu c 700 cm3 H2 (o 27,30C v 0,88 atm). Xc nh cng thc tng qut v cng thc cu to ca ru (C4H9OH) Bi 2: Cho m gam ru n chc X tc dng vi Na d th thu c 1,12 lt H2 .Nu t chy lng ru trn th cn va 10,08 lt CO2 v to thnh 6,72 lt CO2 cc kh u o ktc a.Tnh m (6 gam) b.Tm cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca X (C3H8O v c 2 ru c cng thc ny ) Bi 3:Mt hp cht hu c A ch cha (C,H,O) .Khi ha hi 0,31gam A th thu c th tch bng th tch ca 0,16 gam O2 trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut . Mt khc cng 0,31 gam A tc dng vi Na d th thu c 112 ml H2 (ktc) .Tm cng thc phn t ca A (C2H6O2) Bi 4: Khi t chy hon ton 6,44 gam mt r A th thu c 9,24 gam CO2 . Mt khc khi cho 0,1 mol A tc dng hon ton vi Na thi thu c 3,36 lt kh (ktc) . Tm cng thc phn t v gi tn A (C3H5(OH)3) Bi 5 : X l ru no, Khi dt chy hon ton 1 mol X cn 3,5 mol O2 .Mt khc 1 mol X tc dng hon ton vi Na thu c 1,5 mol O2 .Tm cng thc phn t ca X (C3H8O) Bi 6 :Cho 0,05 mol mt ru A Tc dng vi Na d sinh ra 1,12 lt H2 (ktc).Nu cho 7,6 gam ru ny tc dng vi K th thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). a.Xc nh cng thc phn t v vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ca ru A . S: C3H6(OH)2 b.Xc nh cng thc cu to ng ca A bit A c phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 cho dung dch xanh lam Bi 7:Cho 11,95gam hn hp gm ancol etylic v etylenglicol tc dng hon ton vi Na d thu c 3,64 lt H2 ktc .Tnh phn trm khi lng mi cht trong hn hp (0,125 mol C2H5OH v 0,1 mol C2H4(OH)2 0,1 mol ) Bi 8:Cho 15,2 gam hn hp glixerol v mt ru no n chc A tc dng vi Na thu c 4,48 lt kh H2 ktc .Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 th ha tan c 4,9 gam Cu(OH)2 Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ru A (C3H7OH) Bi 9: Cho 20,3 gam hn hp glixerol v mt ru no n chc A tc dng vi Na thu c 5,04 lt kh H2 ktc .Mt khc 8,12 gam A hon tan va ht 1,96 gam Cu(OH)2 a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca ru A (C4H9OH) b.Tnh phn trm khi lng mi cht trong hn hp (54,68% v 45,32% ) Bi 10: Cho A v B l hai ru n chc, mch h .A l ru no, B l ru khng no trong phn t c mt ni i .Cho hn hp X gm 3 gam A v 2,9 gam B tc dng vi Na d sinh ra 1,12 lt kh H2 ktc Xc nh 2 ru A v B (C3H7OH v CH2=CH-CH-CH2-OH) Bi 11: Cho 11 gam hn hp 2 ru no n chc tc dng hon ton vi Na d th thu c 3,36 lt kh H2 ktc. Bin son: Hong Nam Ninh THPT L Thng Kit namninh87@gmail.com 2

Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : Ancol a.Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai ru (C2H5OH v CH3OH) b.Tnh phn trm khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ( 58,18% v 41,82%) Bi 12: i hc Nng Nghip -1998 Cho 2,84 gam hn 2 ru no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng vi mt lng Na va th thu c 4,6 gam cht rn v V lt kh (ktc) a.Tnh V (0,896 lt ) b.Xc nh cng thc phn t 2 ru trn (CH3OH v C2H5OH) Bi 13:i hc Nng Nghip I-2001 Hn hp X gm 2 ru n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng .Chia X lm 2 phn bng nhau -Phn 1:t chy hon ton, ri cho ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng nc vi trong d th thu c 7 gam kt ta v bnh ng nc vi tng 5,24 gam . -Phn 2: Tc dng vi Na d thu c V lt H2 ( 27,30C v 1,25 atm ) a.Xc nh cng thc pt v phn trm mi ru trong hn hp (CH3OH :0,03 mol v C2H5OH : 0,02 mol) Bi 14: t chy hon ton 23 gam mt ru A thu c 44 gam CO2 v 27 gam H2O a.Cho 23 gam Na tc dng vi Na Tnh th tch kh thu c (ktc) :5,6 lt b.Mt hn hp X gm A v B mt ng ng ca A c khi lng l 18,8 gam tc dng hon ton vi Na to ra 5,6 lt kh ktc. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A v B v tnh phn trm mi ru trong hn hp (CH3OH :0,3 mol v C2H5OH : 0,2 mol) Bi 15: Ly mt lng Na kim loi tc dng va vi 18,7g hn hp X gm 3 ancol n chc th thu c 29,7g sn phm. Tm cng thc cu to ca ancol c khi lng phn t nh nht. Bi 16. Cho hai ancol cng bc X v Y. Ly 1,15g mi ancol tc dng vi Na d, X cho 280 cm3 H2, cn Y cho 214,66cm3 H2. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca X v Y. Bit cc kho ktc. Bi 17. (H Giao thng Vn ti TPHCM 2001) Cho 12,8g dung dch ru A (trong nc) c nng 71,875% tc dng vi mt lng tha natri thu c 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Tm cng thc cu to ca A. Bit t khi hi ca A i vi NO2 bng 2. Bi 18. Hn hp X gm mt ru no, n chc mch thng A v mt ru no mch thng B, c trn theo t l 1: 1 v khi lng. Khi cho hn hp X tc dng vi Na d th th tch H2 do B sinh ra bng 16/17 th tch H2 do A sinh ra (cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Mt khc khi t chy 13,6g hn hp kh X th thu c 10,36 lt kh CO2 (kct). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A v B, cho bit t khi hi ca B so vi A l 4,25. Bi 19. Th nghim 1: Trn 0,015 mol ancol no A vi 0,02 mol ancol no B ri cho hn hp tc dng ht vi Na c 1,008 lt H2. - Th nghim 2: trn 0,02 mol A vi 0,015 mol B ri cho tc dng ht vi Na th thu c 0,952 lt H2 - Th nghim 3: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp ru nh trong th nghim 1 ri cho tt c sn phm chy i qua bnh ng CaO mi nung, d thy khi lng bnh tng 6,21g Tm cng thc phn t, vit cng thc cu to ca cc ancol, bit th tch cc kh o ktc. Bin son: Hong Nam Ninh THPT L Thng Kit namninh87@gmail.com 3

Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : Ancol Bi 20. Mt ancol no n chc A c t khi hi i vi ancol no B l 0,5. Khi cho cng mt lng A v B tc dng vi natri d th th tch kh thot ra t B ln gp 1,5 ln t A. Mt khc nu t chy hon ton hn hp gm 4,6g mi ancol th thu c 7,84 lt CO2 (ktc). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca hai ancol. II PHN TRC NGHIM Cu 1. Cho 9,2g mt ancol no, n chc X tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lit (ktc) H2. CTPT ca ancol X l A. CH4O B. C2H6O C. C3H8O D. C4H10O Cu 2. Cho 3,35g hh X gm 2 ancol no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng phn ng vi Na d thu c 0,56 lit H2 (ktc). CTCT thu gn ca 2 ancol l A. C2H5OH, C3H7OH B. C3H7OH, C4H9OH C. C4H9OH, C5H11OH D. C5H11OH, C6H13OH Cu 3 (H Nng nghip I 1998). Cho 2,84 gam hn hp X gm 2 ancol no, n chc , l ng ng k tip nhau tc dng va vi Na to ra 4,6 gam cht rn v V lt kh H2 (ktc). a) Gi tr ca V l: A. 0,224 B. 0,448 C.0,896 D. 0,672 b) CTPT ca 2 ancol l: A. CH4O, C2H6O B. C2H6O, C3H8O C. C4H10O, C5H12O D. C3H8O, C4H10O Cu 4. Cho 1,52g hn hp 2 ancol n chc l ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi Na va , sau p thu c 2,18g cht rn. CTPT ca 2 ancol l A. CH3OH v C2H5OH B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH C. C3H5OH v C4H7OH D. C3H7OH v C4H9OH Cu 5. Cho 7,8 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc k tip nhau trong day ng ng tac dung ht vi 4,6 gam Na c 12,25 gam cht rn. o la 2 ancol: A. CH3OH va C2H5OH B. C2H5OH va C3H7OH. C. C3H5OH va C4H7OH D. C3H7OH va C4H9OH. Cu 6. Cho Na tc dng va vi 1,24 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc X, Y, Z thy thot ra 0,336 lt kh H2 (kc). Khi lng mui natri ancolat thu c l A. 2,4 gam. B. 1,9 gam. C. 2,85 gam. D. 3,8 gam. Cu 7. Cho 11g hh gm hai ancol no n chc k tip nhau trong dy tc dng ht vi Na thu c 3,36lit H2(kc). CTPT 2 ancol: A.CH3OH v C2H5OH. B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH. C C3H5OH v C4H7OH. D. C3H7OH v C2H5OH Cu 8. Cho 22g hn hp hai ru no, n chc k tip trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi Na d thu c 6,72 lt H2 (ktc). Hai ru l: A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH C. C4H9OH v C5H11OH D. CH3OH v C2H5OH Cu 9. Cho 23,4 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng tc dng ht vi 13,8 gam Na, thu c 36,75 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l: A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH C. C4H9OH v C5H11OH D. CH3OH v C2H5OH Cu 10. Cho 18,8 gam hn hp C2H5OH v ancol X ng ng ca n tc dng vi Na thu c 5,6 lt H2 (ktc). S mol ca ancol X l: A. 0,3 B. 0,2 C. 0,4 D. 0,5 Cu 11. Mt th tch hi ancol A tc dng vi Na to ra mt na th tch hi hiro cng iu kin nhit , p sut. Mt khc ancol A lm mt mu dung dch brom. Cng thc phn t ca ancol A l: A. C3H6O3 B. C3H6O C. C2H6O D. C2H6O2 Cu 12. Hn hp X cha glixerol v hai ancol no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Cho 8,75 gam X tc dng ht vi na (d) th thu c 2,52 lt H2 (ktc). Mt khc 14 gam X ha tan ht 0,98 gam Cu(OH)2. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol trong X l: A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH B. C3H7OH v C4H9OH C. C4H9OH v C5H11OH D. CH3OH v C2H5OH Bin son: Hong Nam Ninh THPT L Thng Kit namninh87@gmail.com 4

Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : Ancol Cu 13. Mt ancol no, a chc, mch h c n nguyn t C v m nhm OH. Cho 7,6gam ancol ny tc dng vi Na d, thu c 2,24 lt H2 (ktc). Biu thc lin h gia n v m l: A. 7n + 1 = 11m B. 7n + 2 = 12m C. 8n + 1 = 11m D. 7n + 2 = 11m Cu 14. Cho 5,8 gam hn hp X (chim 0,1mol) gm 2 ancol no, mch h (c s lng nhm hiroxyl hn km nhau nhau 1 n v) tc dng vi na d thu c 1,568 lt H2 (ktc). Cng thc 2 ancol l: A. C3H7OH v C3H6(OH)2 B. C3H7OH v C2H4(OH)2 C. CH3OH v C2H4(OH)2 D. C2H5OH v C3H6(OH)2 Cu 15. Cho 21,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng vi 23 gam Na, sau phn ng hon ton thu c 43,8 gam cht rn. Cng thc phn t ca 2 ancol l: A. CH4O v C2H6O B. C4H10O v C5H12O C. C2H6O v C3H8O D. C3H8O v C4H10O Cu 16. Ly 18,8 gam hn hp X gm C2H5OH v mt ancol A no, n chc tc dng vi Na d thu c 5,6 lt H2 (ktc). Cng thc phn t ca A l: A. C3H7OH B. CH3OH C. C4H9OH D. C5H11OH. Cu 17. Hn hp 2 ancol A v B cng s nhm OH. Nu ly hn hp X tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt H2 (ktc). Nu t chy X th thu c 11 gam CO2 v 6,3 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca 2 ancol l: A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH B. C2H4(OH)2 v C3H6(OH)2 C. C3H7OH v CH3OH D. CH3OH v C2H5OH. Cu 18. Cho hn hp ancol metylic v mt ancol ng ng ca n tc dng vi Na d thy bay ra 672 ml H2 ( ktc). Nu cho hn hp ancol trn tc dng vi 10g axit axetic th khi lng este sinh ra t nht l bao nhiu? Gi gi s hiu sut este l 100% A. 4,44g B. 7,24g C. 6,24g D. 6,40g Cu 19. Cho m gam hn hp 2 ancol M v N (hn km nhau 1 nguyn t C) tc dng vi Na d thu c 2,24 lt kh H2 (ktc). Mt khc khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp trn thu c 22g CO2 v 10,8g H2O. Vy M v N c cng thc phn t l: A. C2H5OH v C3H7OH B. C3H7OH v C3H5OH C. C2H5OH v C3H5OH D. C2H5OH v C3H6(OH)2 Cu 20. Mt ankanol X c 60% cacbon theo khi lng trong phn t. Nu cho 18g X tc dng ht vi Na th th tch H2 thot ra ( ktc) l: A. 1,12 lt B. 3,36 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 4,48 lt Cu 21. Mt hn hp gm 2 ancol X v y no, n chc hoc c mt lin kt i. Bit 16,2g hn hp lm mt mu hon ton 500 g dung dch brom 5,76%. Khi cho 16,2g hn hp trn tc dng vi Na d th th tch H2 ti a l: A. 2,016 lt B.. 4,032 lt C. 8,064 lt D. 6,048 lt. Cu 22. Cho 1,24 gam hn hp 2 ru n chc tc dng va vi natri kim loi thy thot ra 336 cm3 H2 (ktc)> Hn hp cc cht cha natri c to thnh c khi lng l: A. 1,9g B. 2,85g C. 3,80g D. 4,60g Cu 23. Cho 1,45g hn hp X gm 1 ru no n chc C v mt ru D (ru no 2 ln) tc dng ht vi kim loi kali cho 3,92 lt kh H2 (ktc). em t chy hon ton 29,0g cng hn hp X trn thu c 52,8g CO2. Cng thc cu to ca C v D ln lt l: A. C2H5OH v C3H6(OH)2 B. C2H5OH v C2H4(OH)2 C. CH3OH v C2H4(OH)2 D. CH3OH v C3H6(OH)2 Cu 24. Cho 16,6g hn hp gm ru etylic v ru n-propylic phn ng ht vi Na(ly d), thu c 3,36lit kh H2(kc). Thnh phn phn trm v khi lng tng ng ca hai ru l: A. 72,3%v 27,7%. B. 50% v 50%. C. 46,3% v 53,7%. D. 27,7% v 72,3%. Cu 25. : Mt ru no n chc bc mt tc dng vi Na gii phng 6,72lit kh (kc). Khi ehidrat ha cng mt khi lng ru , thu c 33,6g mt olefin. Cng thc phn t ca ru l: A. CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3. B. (CH3)2CHOH C. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH. D. (CH3)3C(OH) Cu 26: Cho 1,85g mt ru no n chc X tc dng vi Na d thu c 308ml kh H2(1atm v 27,3oC). Cng thc phn t ca X l: A. C2H5OH. B. C3H7OH . C. C4H9OH D. C5H11OH Bin son: Hong Nam Ninh THPT L Thng Kit namninh87@gmail.com 5

Cc Phng php gii bi tp Ha hc Ph thng Chuyn : Ancol Cu 27: Cho Na tc dng va vi 1,24 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc X, Y, Z thy thot ra 0,336 lt kh H2 (kc). Khi lng mui natri ancolat thu c l A. 2,4 gam. B. 1,9 gam. C. 2,85 gam. D. 3,8 gam. Cu 28: Cho 7,8 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc k tip nhau trong day ng ng tac dung ht vi 4,6 gam Na c 12,25 gam cht rn. o la 2 ancol A. CH3OH va C2H5OH. B. C2H5OH va C3H7OH. C. C3H5OH va C4H7OH.D. C3H7OH va C4H9OH. Cu 29: 13,8 gam ancol A tac dung vi Na d giai phong 5,04 lit H2 ktc, bit MA < 100. Vy A co cng thc cu tao thu gon la A. CH3OH. B. C2H5OH. C. C3H6(OH)2. D. C3H5(OH)3. Cu 30: Co hai thi nghim sau : TN 1: Cho 6 gam ancol no, mch h, n chc A tac dung vi m gam Na, thu c 0,075 gam H2. TN 2: Cho 6 gam ancol no, mch h, n chc A tac dung vi 2m gam Na, thu c khng ti 0,1 gam H2. A co cng thc la A. CH3OH. B. C2H5OH. C. C3H7OH. D. C4H7OH. Cu 31: Cho 12,8 gam dung dch ancol A (trong nc) c nng 71,875% tc dng vi lng Na d thu c 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Cng thc ca ancol A l A. CH3OH. B. C2H4 (OH)2. C. C3H5(OH)3. D. C4H7OH. Cu 32: Ancol A tac dung vi Na d cho s mol H2 bng s mol A a dung. t chay hoan toan A c mCO2 = 1,833mH2O. A co cu tao thu gon la A. C2H4(OH)2. B. C3H6(OH)2. C. C3H5(OH)3. D. C4H8(OH)2. Cu 33: Cho 30,4 gam hn hp gm glixerol v mt ru n chc, no A phn ng vi Na th thu c 8,96 lt kh (ktc). Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 th ho tan c 9,8 gam Cu(OH)2. Cng thc ca A l A. C2H5OH. B. C3H7OH. C. CH3OH. D. C4H9OH. Cu 34: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp 2 ancol no n chc X, Y l ng ng lin tip thu c 11,2 lt CO2 cng vi lng hn hp trn cho phn ng vi Na d th thu c 2,24 lt H 2 ( ktc). Cng thc phn t ca 2 ancol trn l A. C2H5OH; C3H7OH. B. CH3OH; C3H7OH. C. C4H9OH; C3H7OH. D. C2H5OH ; CH3OH. Cu 35:Cho 4,6 gam hn hp gm Ru mtylic v prpylic (t l s mol l 1:1) tc dng hon ton vi Na thu c V lt kh .Gi tri ca V l A. 2,24 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 22,4 lt D. 11,2 lt Cu 36: Cho natri kim loi tc dng vi 1,06gam hn hp hai ru ng ng lin tip ca ru metylic thy thot ra 224ml hiro (o ktc). Xc nh cng thc phn t mi ru. A. CH3OH v C2H5OH B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH C. C4H9OH v C5H11OH D. Kt qu khc Cu 37: Cho 9,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol propylic v ancol n chc B tc dng vi Na d, sau phn ng thu c 2,24 lt H2 (ktc). B l ancol no di y? A.CH3OH B. C2H5OH C. C3H5OH D. p n khc Cu 38: Cho 15,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc tc dng vi Na va , sau phn ng thu c 21,8 gam cht rn v bao nhiu lt hiro (ktc)? A. 1,12 B. 2,24 C. 3,36 D. 4,48 Cu 39: thi cao ng 2008 :t chy hon ton hn hp M gm hai ru (ancol) X v Y l ng ng k tip ca nhau, thu c 0,3 mol CO2 v 0,425 mol H2O. Mt khc, cho 0,25 mol hn hp M tc dng vi Na (d), thu c cha n 0,15 mol H2. Cng thc phn t ca X, Y l: A. C2H6O, CH4O. B. C3H6O, C4H8O. C. C2H6O, C3H8O. D. C2H6O2, C3H8O2 Cu 40 (H khi A 2007) Cho 15,6g hn hp 2 ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5g cht rn. Hai ancol l: A. C3H5OH v C4H7OH B. C2H5OH v C3H7OH C. C3H7OH v C4H9OH D. CH3OH v C2H5OH.

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