Professional Documents
Culture Documents
H IU HNH
Gio vin: Tun Anh B mn Khoa hc My tnh Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin HBK H Ni anhdt@it-hut.edu.vn 0989095167
1
Xt cc vn HH bt k phi gii quyt, Phng thc gii quyt cc vn . H tr cho cc mn khc trong vic xy dng c s cho Tin hc. Nhng v/ xem xt s khng lc hu trong tng lai.
MC CH YU CU
Minh ho cho cc v/ l thuyt, Khong cch gia v thc t cng ngh Tin hc ni chung v HH ni ring gn nh bng 0.
TI LIU
Mang yu t chuyn :
A.Tanenbaum Design and Implementation operating system. A. Tanenbaum Advanced Concepts to Operating Systems. Microsoft Press Inside to WINDOWS 2000. Nguyn l h iu hnh: H H iu hnh: Tc gi: Nguyn Thanh Tng 4
1- Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton My tnh in t u tin ra i nm 1944-1945, MTT c xy dng v hot ng theo nguyn l Von Neuman: My tnh c iu khin bng chng trnh v trong cu lnh ca chng trnh ngi ta ch nu a ch ni cha gi tr ch khng nu trc tip gi tr.
Th h th 3 (1965-1980)
mch tch hp (IC) h iu hnh chia s thi gian
Th h th 4 (1980-nay)
my tnh c nhn (PC-Personal Computer) h iu hnh mng v h iu hnh phn tn
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Ngi lp trnh thng nhm ln nng sut lp trnh thp, p dng nhiu bin php kch thch:
K lut hnh chnh, Thng pht kinh t.
Nng sut ch tng cht t v n nh mc 8 cu lnh/ngy cng! Kt qu nghin cu tm l hc: Bn cht con ngi khng quen lm cc cng vic n iu, khng c tnh quy lut, sm hay mun cng s c sai st!
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Nh vy, nng cao nng sut - cn tc ng vo MTT. cc cng vic mi ngi v CT u cn (V/d Trao i vo ra) to sn CT mu (Standard Programs SP) cung cp cng vi my. Hnh thnh LSP = {SP}
User
10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
US
ER
P LS
MTDT
MTDT
10%
10%
10%
11
12
16.6667% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667%
US ER
16.6667%
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Tng tc ca MT, Tng tnh vn nng, Tng tin cy, Gim gi thnh, Cho php phn cc thit b thnh tng nhm c lp, tng mm do ca cu hnh.
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Tc ng phn mm ln USER
y ngi dng ra xa my, nhng to iu kin khai thc trit v ti u thit b
Cc yu t trn c s tc ng ca tin b cng ngh, nhng phn mm ng vai tr quan trng, nhiu khi c tnh quyt nh:
Bn phm, My in.
1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 %
1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 % 1 0 % 1 6 .6 6 6 7 %
1 0 %
1 0 %
1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 % 1 0 % 1 6 .6 6 6 7 %
M T D T
1 0 % 1 0 % 1 0 %
1 6 .6 6 6 7 %
U S E R
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Tc ng phn mm ln USER
Hiu ng t o to, Nguyn l WYSIWYG, Gii phng ngi dng khi s rng buc vo thit b vt l c th.
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2 Cc ti nguyn c bn
b) PROCESSOR
a) B nh:
Vai tr, Gt chn Asin ca h thng, Quan trng: s dng nh th no? Bo v thng tin?
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iu khin my tnh, Thc hin cc php tnh s hc, l gic v iu khin, C tc rt ln (vi chc triu php tnh / giy), Thng thng c thi gian rnh (thi gian cht) ln hiu sut s dng thp, V/: tng hiu sut s dng (gim thi gian cht).
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C) THIT B NGOI VI
S lng: Nhiu, Cht lng: a dng, Tc : Cc chm (so vi Processor), V/: Phi m bo: H thng thch nghi vi s lng v tnh a
dng, Tc thit b ngoi vi khng nh hng ng k n nng sut h thng.
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3 - NH NGHA H IU HNH
C nhiu gc quan st v nh gi, Cc i tng khc nhau c yu cu, i hi khc nhau i vi OS, Xt 4 gc :
Ca ngi s dng, Ca nh qun l, Ca nh k thut, Ca ngi lp trnh h thng.
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Loi h thng:
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NH NGHA H IU HNH
a l gic C:
Ngi dng: Thun tin, Nh qun l: Qun l cht ch, khai thc ti u, tr m m Nh k thut: ng y l
uy n gc kh n ba n g t m i i o
a l gic D:
a l gic E:
Thc hin
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26
i thoi: h thng gn nh + linh hot, i thoi ngn ng i thoi (bng li hoc c ch). m phng 2 i tng con ngi l h thng tr tu nhn to, l h chuyn gia,
Ra i sm nht:
04/1951 x hi mi bit v tin vo kh nng gii quyt cc bi ton phi s ca MT, 1952 - Von Neuman xut t tng xy dng CT t hon thin , 1961 Bell Lab Cc CT tr chi Animal v Core Ware, Khai thc thc t cc h CG: 1971-1972. OS xy dng t 1950, 1965 - H H ni ting OS IBM 360
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Hon thin nht: Thng k UNESCO: 73% s cng trnh khng hon thnh do khu t v/, Cc HCG khc: Cn b chuyn ngnh + Cn b lp trnh, OS:
Ngi lp trnh gii quyt bi ton ca chnh mnh Hiu r: V/+kh nng cng c+ kh nng bn thn 1974: 3 cng trnh xy dng k thut tiu biu nh cao tr tu loi ngi: H thng T t ng lin lc a, H thng Appolo a ngi ln mt trng, OS IBM 360.
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Tin cy v chun xc
Mi cng vic trong h thng u phi c kim tra:
Kim tra mi trng iu kin thc hin, Kim tra kt qu thc hin,
Nhiu chc nng KT: chuyn giao cho phn cng. V d: Lnh COPY A:F1.TXT B: Sau khi KT c php, bt u thc hin lnh. Ln lt h thng s KT g v c th c thng bo no?
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Kt CARD I/O, Tn ti a? Thit b in t a? ng c a? Kh nng truy nhp ca a? Kh nng truy nhp a? Tn ti file F1.TXT? Kh nng truy nhp file? ........
BO V
Hn ch truy nhp khng hp thc, Hn ch nh hng sai st v tnh hay c , Bo v:
Nhiu mc, Nhiu cng c, Nhiu thi im v giai on khc nhau.
NDD
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35
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NGUYN L M UN
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NGUYN L MACROPROCESSOR
Trong OS khng c sn CT gii quyt v/, Khi cn thit: H thng to ra CT v thc hin CT to ra:
Nguyn l ny p dng vi c bn thn ton b OS: Trn a ch c cc thnh phn. Khi cn cc thnh phn c lp rp thnh H IU HNH (Np h thng). Lu : Cc nguyn l Ph chc nng v Macroprocessor tri vi l thuyt lp trnh c cu trc.
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Mi i tng trong OS Bng tham s (Con Table, Control Block), H thng khng bao gi tham chiu ti i t vt l m ch tham chiu ti bng tham s iu khin tng ng. Vi cc a t, CD bng tham s ghi phn u Vng h thng (System Area), Vi cc files Header.
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NGUYN L GI TR CHUN
Nguyn l gi tr chun
Tc ng ln gi tr tham s hoc bng gi tr chun:
Startup, Autoexec.bat, Control Panel
Cch gi khc: Nguyn tc ngm nh (Default), H thng chun b bng gi tr cho cc tham s bng gi tr chun, Khi hot ng: nu tham s thiu gi tr OS ly t bng gi tr chun. Vai tr ca nguyn l:
Thun tin: khng phi nhc li nhng gi tr thng dng, Ngi dng khng cn bit y d hoc su v h thng.
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6 THNH PHN
Nhiu cc phn chia theo chc nng, mc chi tit,
H thng Supervisor, H thng qun l thit b ngoi vi, H thng qun l files, H thng cc chng trnh iu khin: iu phi nhim v, Monitor, Bin bn h thng,
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Thnh phn
Lu : ngn ng khng phi l thnh phn h thng, nhng trong thnh phn h thng c mt s CT dch. Phn bit: Chng trnh phc v h thng v chng trnh ng dng
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Chng trnh dch trong Windows: WIN.COM COMMAND.COM Nguyn tc dch: Interpreter
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50
TB Vo/Ra
TB Vo/Ra
TB Vo/Ra
TB Vo/Ra
TB Vo/Ra
TB Vo/Ra
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Knh Multiplex
Php trao i vo ra: thc hin theo nguyn l Macroprocessor, Vi my vi tnh: Thit b iu khin vo ra I/O Card, My Card on Board, Lp trnh trn Card vo/ra: Vit TOOLS khi to chng trnh knh, Khi nim knh b (Multiplex), Card Multimedia.
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2 - K THUT PHNG M
BUFFER
K THUT PHNG M
C ch phc v phng m, Vn ng file output, FLUSH(F), Vai tr phng m:
Song song gia trao i vo ra v x l, m bo c lp:
Thng tin v phng tin mang, Bn ghi l gc v vt l, Lu tr v x l,
AM
DISK a
Gim s ln truy nhp vt l:Gi thit mi ln truy nhp vt l: 0.01, truy nhp kiu BYTE.
AM
RAM
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K THUT PHNG M
Khng c Buffer 1B 512B 5KB 50KB 0.01 ~5 ~50 ~8 Buffer 512B 0.01 0.01 0.1 1
Cc loi phng m
Phng m chung hoc gn vi file, Cc H QTCSDL cn h thng phng m ring nng linh hot v tc x l, Cc loi b nh Cache v phng m. Ba kiu t chc chnh:
Phng m truy nhp theo gi tr, Phng m truy nhp theo a ch, Phng m vng trn.
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Cc loi phng m
Cc loi phng m
B) Phng m truy nhp theo a ch:
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Cc loi phng m
C) Phng m vng trn: thng p dng cho cc h QT CSDL.
3 - SPOOL
SPOOL Simultaneuos Peripheral Opearations On-Line, Khng can thip vo CT ngi dng, Hai giai on:
Thc hin: thay th thit v ngoi vi bng thit b trung gian (a cng), X l kt thc:
Sau khi kt thc vic thc hin CT, a thng tin ra thit b yu cu.
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SPOOL
SPOOL
Gii phng h thng khi s rng buc v s lng thit b, Khai thc thit b ngoi vi ti u, K thut lp trnh hiu qu. H thng cung cp cc phng tin ngi dng to SPOOL, Ai to SPOOL ngi x l kt thc.
X l kt thc
(min ph)
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64
X l kt thc: c CT knh lu v chuyn giao cho knh. Nh vy, mi thit b s dng file CT knh.
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Mc ch:
Sector
2 2 2
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CC KHI NIM C BN
nh s t 1, S Sector/track Constant, H s an xen (Interleave) nguyn t cng nhau vi s sector/track, Kch thc 1 sector:
128B 256B
CC KHI NIM C BN
Cylinder: 0,1,2, . . . u t (Header): 0, 1, 2, . . . Cluster:
Nhm sectors lin tip lgic, n v phn phi cho ngi dng, nh s: 2, 3, 4, . . . Kch thc: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (S),
Sector:
512B
1KB
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3 3 3
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72
BOOT SECTOR
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74
BOOT SECTOR
Offs 0 3 B D E 10H 11 13
L (Byte)
BOOT SECTOR
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
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Ngha Lnh JMP (EB xx 90) Tn h thng Format a Kch thc Sector Sec/Cluster
a ch tuyt i FAT1 trong a l gc
15 16 18 1A 1C 20 24 28 2A 2C
1 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4
Kiu a t (F8 HD, F0 1.44MB) FAT16: Sec/FAT FAT32: 00 00 Sec/ Track S u t a ch tuyt BS trong a vt l Sec / Disk (32MB) hoc 0 Sec / FAT
3 8 2 1 2 1 2 2
S lng bng FAT FAT16: S phn t ROOT FAT32: 00 00 sect/Disk (<32MB) hoc 00 00
Flags
Version
18
a ch ROOT (Cluster)
76
30 32 34 40 41 42 43 47 52
2 2 1210 1 1 1 4 1110 8
FAT32
FAT16
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V d
58 00 0C 00 00 20 90 00 34 06 29 46 4D 00 00 00 D1 41 53 00 03 00 09 54 57 F8 0D 00 47 33 49 00 00 00 32 32 4E 00 00 00 20 20 34 3F 00 00 20 20 2E 00 00 00 20 20 31 40 00 00 20 FA 00 00 00 00 20 33 02 3F 02 00 20 C9 08 00 00 00 20 8E 2D 00 00 00 20 41 00 00 00 00 20 BC
TH MC
(Catalog, Directory, Folder,. . .), Bao gm: Th mc gc (ROOT) + Th mc con,
Cc h thng ca Microsoft v OS IBM cu trc cy, UNIX - cu trc phn cp, Th mc = {Phn t}, mi phn t: 3210 B Phn t file, Th mc con v ROOT: File c cu trc.
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80
Phn t 8.3
9 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 1A 1C 2 2 2 2 4
Stt
2 bytes cao ca cluster xut ph Thi im cp nht cui cng Ngy cp nht cui cng 2 bytes thp ca cluster xut pht Kch thc file (Byte)
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Phn t 8.3
Byte s 0: Vai tr c bit. 00 Cha s dng, phn t cha dng u tin - du hiu kt hc th mc,
E5 () b xo,
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Tn di
Khng qu 255 k t, Unicode, H thng phn bit theo 66 k t u tin, Lu tr theo cch a vo, Nhn dng: a v ch hoa.
Phn t tn di n
Phn t tn di n-1
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Cu trc phn t tn di
Offs 0 1 B C D E 1A 1C 1 1010 1 1 1 1210 2 4 L ngha S th t i (64+i) 5 k t C1 C5 Thuc tnh (00001111B) 00 du hiu phn t tn di K phn t 8.3 C6 C11 00 00 C12 C13
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Stt
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FAT
Bit Shutdown = 1 Ra khi h thng ng cch Bit Diskerror = 1 khng c li truy nhp a ln truy nhp cui cng.
T phn t 2 tr i:
Gi tr 0 Cluster t do, FF7 (FFF7, 0FFFFFF7) Bad cluster, Cc gi tr khc phn phi, Cc phn t tng ng nhng Clusters ca mt file to thnh mt danh sch mc ni, EOC (End of Cluster Chain) FFF (FFFF, FFFFFFFF).
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MASTER BOOT
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MASTER BOOT
Nguyn tc khai thc HD: Chia HD thnh cc phn, mi phn c kch thc c nh, Mi phn s dng nh mt a t c lp: a l gic ( Logical Volume). OS cho php to cc a kch thc ng trong mi a l gic.
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Bng phn vng bt u t a ch 1BEH, Bng phn vng = {4 phn t}, Mi phn t s dng a l gic, Tn ti c ch cho php to nhiu hn 4 a l gc trn mt a vt l.
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Dng cc hm API, Chng trnh c v a ra mn hnh ni dung BS ca a mm A: (Hexa v ASCII): ogram R_BS_A; es Crt, Dos; nst s16: string[16]=0123456789ABCDEF; r B: array[0..511] of char; reg: registers; i,j,k: integer; c: char; GIN clrscr; fillchar(b,sizeof(b),0); writeln(Cho dia vao o A: va bam phim bat ky.); c:=readkey;
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I := 0; Repeat with reg do begin dl := 0; { 0 -> A:, 128 -> C:} dh := 0; {u t} cl := 1; {Sector} ch := 0; {Cylinder} al := 1; {So Sectors can doc} ah := 2; {2 -> Read; 3 -> Write;. . .} es := seg(b); bx := ofs(b) end;
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intr($13,reg); inc(i) Until i = 2; for i := 0 to 511 do begin j := b[i] shr 4 + 1; k := b[i] and $0F + 1; write(s16[j]:2, s16[k]); if (i+1) mod 16 = 0 then begin write( :5); for j := i-15 to i do if (b[j] <32) or (b[j] = 255) then write(.) else write(chr(b[j])); 99
writeln; if i = 255 then c:= readkey end end; Repeat Until keypressed END.
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III QUN L B NH
QUN L B NH
Vi h thng:
B nh tc ng nhiu ln phc tp ca gii thut, Phi gii quyt 2 v/ tri ngc nhau: Tit kim b nh, Tn dng ti a b nh cho php. Phn ln cc chng trnh: vit trn ngn ng lp rnh: Assembler, VB, JAVA, VC++, . . . Vi ngi lp trnh: CT v thc hin CT l nh x t n sang gi tr.
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1 CC BC X L CT
CC BC X L CT
Qun l b nh QL Tin trnh QL Processor
Bin tp (Link)
Np v nh v (Fetch)
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CC BC X L CT
L gc
ch
t n
us Tn er s
H m
t n
od u hi l th n c
ng Kh
gian
od
ul
Tn trong
H TC FE
T chc b nh vt l?
Qun l b nh l gc ~ t chc chng trnh, Mi cch t chc CT cu trc CT, Mi cu trc: u c s dng trong thc t.
106
B nh vt l
A) Cu trc tuyn tnh: CT bin tp tm v lp rp cc m un thnh mt m un duy nht, cha y thng tin thc hin CT
108
B) CU TRC NG
Trong CT ngun: phi dng cc lnh macro h thng np, mc ni, xo (Load, Attach, Delete) . . . cc m un khi cn thit,
m0 m0 m0 m0
109
c im:
m2 m2 m2 m1
m0
110
CU TRC NG
i hi user phi bit c ch v cng c qun l b nh, Thi gian thc hin ln: song song thc hin vi tm kim, np v nh v, Tit kim b nh, Km lu ng kh np, cp nht, xo.
CU TRC NG
Cc m un np trong qu trnh thc hin vo cc files .DLL ( dynamic Link Library)
c im:
Bin bn ci t, uninstall. Winword, Excel, Vietkey . . . Cc ngn ng lp trnh: cng c t chc DLL.
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C) CU TRC OVERLAY
MC 0 MC 1 MC 2
RAM
Moduls cc lp, lp = {cc moduls khng tn ti ng thi} Moduls lp i c gi bi moduls lp i-1, Thng tin v cc lp: S t chc overlay, do user ung cp cho Link, Link to s qun l overlay, Supervisor Overlay t chc thc hin. c im:
Modu mc Moduls mc 2
MC 3
Mod mc
V d: FOXPRO, PCSHELL. . . .
Tng cng:
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D) CU TRC MODULS
c im:
T ng hon ton, Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Hiu qu ph thuc vo cu trc ban u ca CT ngun, D dng s dng chung m un.
115
c im: Tit kim b nh, Hiu qu khng ph thuc v cu trc ban u ca 116 CT ngun.
3 - QUN L B NH VT L
C kch thc c th, C cu hnh s dng c th. Bo v thng tin, B nh cho d liu. Cch t chc? Xc lp quan h vi b nh l gc: nh th no v khi no? Tnh hung thiu b nh?
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QUN L B NH VT L
Cc ch qun l b nh vt l:
Ch phn vng c nh, Ch phn vng ng, Ch m un, Ch phn trang,
c im:
Vn :
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a) Ch phn vng c nh
5 KB A C,B
Ch phn vng c nh
c im:
B nh n phn, i phn c kch c c nh hng nht thit ng nhau), dng nh mt nh c lp, c v thc hin CT.
Mi vng c mt danh sch qun l b nh t d Mi vng: thc hin mt CT ng dng, S bo v thng tin: theo ton vng. Mt s CT iu khin phi dc copy vo tng vng.
120
Ch phn vng c nh
b) CH PHN VNG NG
CT Phn phi vng b nh lin tc thc hin v qun l nh b nh c lp. mt danh sch QL b nh t do duy nht.
Lnh OP, Do OP thc hin, Nhng vng no bin thay i: mt thng tin. L do: lm li DSQL b nh t do.
122
CH PHN VNG NG
H s song song bin thin, hin tng phn on ngoi (External Fragmentation) SWAPPING, Lnh OP, Do OP thc hin, Khng mt thng tin.
CH PHN VNG NG
c im:
Cng c SWAPPING:
124
C) CH QUN L THEO M UN
0
CH QUN L THEO M UN
Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt cp
CT cu trc m un,
SCB (Segment Control Block)
M un
offset
SCB RAM, a ch u ca SCB Rs- Segment Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 2 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (Rs) + s truy nhp ti phn t th s SCB, ** Khi D = 1: A+d truy nhp ti d liu.
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CH QUN L THEO M UN
s
c im:
Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Khng i hi cng c c bit c th p dng cho mi MTT, D dng s dng chung m un gia cc CT, Hiu qu ph thuc vo cu trc CT ngun, Tn ti hin tng phn on ngoi (External Fragmentation).
Swapping
RAM
RAM
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128
CH QUN L THEO M UN
Do h thng m nhim, Khng mt thng tin, Ni dung swapping: a mt hoc mt s m un ra b nh ngoi, gii phng ch np m un mi.
SWAPPING:
D) CH PHN TRANG
B nh c chia thnh cc phn bng nhau cc trang (Pages), Cc trang nh s 0, 1, 2, . . . - a ch trang.
130
CH PHN TRANG
CH PHN TRANG
Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt cp
CT - cu trc phn trang, Bng qun l trang PCB (Page Control Block),
DP
AP
PCB RAM, a ch u ca PCB RP- Page Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 2 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (RP) + p truy nhp ti phn t th p PCB, ** Khi Dp = 1: A d truy nhp ti d liu.
131
132
CH PHN TRANG
c im:
Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Phi c cng c k thut h tr nh v trang, Khng s dng chung m un gia cc CT, Hiu qu khng ph thuc vo cu trc CT ngun, Bng PCB c th rt ln, Khng b phn on ngoi.
134
CH PHN TRANG
Do h thng m nhim, Khng mt thng tin, Ni dung swapping: a mt trang ra b nh ngoi, gii phng ch np trang mi.
E) CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG
B nh vt l phn trang, CT cu trc m un, Mi m un phn trang:
SWAPPING:
136
CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG
CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG
Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt nhm 3:
SCB RAM, a ch u ca SCB Rs- Segment Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 3 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (Rs) + s truy nhp ti phn t th s SCB, ** Khi D = 1: A+d truy nhp ti PCBs SCB, *** Khi Dp = 1: A d truy nhp ti d liu.
137
138
s
Rs = 300 15
p
81
d
532
12314
150
405000
12314
150
12395
Nhn
405
405532
140
IBM PC
IBM PC
2 ch : Ch thc (XT) v ch bo v (AT). Ch Real Mode:
ROM
AM
B NH C S
141
142
Ch Protected Mode
3FFF
Ch Protected Mode
Mi khi MCB (Memory Control Block) B nh chung {MCB}
k MCB
B nh vt l
2 1 0
143
Index
GDT (Global Descriptor Table). B nh ring {MCB} LDT (Local Descriptor Table). MCB: 8 Bytes/phn t. Thc hin CT: GDT RAM, GDTR LDT RAM, LDTR
Lnh: LGDTR, SGDTR, LLDTR, SLDTR
144
MCB
Thuc tnh
80286
D A l
MCB
A
d=1 P Present Descriptor Privilege Level DPL S System E ED W A Accessed
Kh nng:
Vt l: AR 24 bits Vph= 224 = 16MB L gic: Vlg=21321216 =230 =1 GB
Executable
d=1
ED
145
146
MCB
80386 - PENTUM
G = 0 - Ch m un, n v tnh kch thc khi Byte L = 220 = 1 MB. G = 1 - Ch phn trang, n v tnh kch thc khi trang (4 KB) L = 220 P = 220212 = 232 = 4 GB. D = 0 - Ch d liu 16 bit, D = 1 - Ch d liu 32 bit.
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148
80386 - PENTUM
80386 - PENTUM
Ch kt hp m un phn trang:
Kh nng:
Vt l: AR 32 bits Vph= 232 = 4GB L gic: Vlg=21321232 =246 = 26240 = 64 TB
149
150
Phn loi
152
Phn loi
a) c lp: Bo v thng tin, b)Quan h thng tin: Tin trnh nhn: Tn ti? u? Giai on no? C ch truyn tin:
Hm th, I/O Ports, Monitor/
153
Phn loi
c) Phn cp: Ti nguyn cho tin trnh con:
H thng QL ti nguyn tp trung: t h thng, H thng QL ti nguyn phn tn: t vn ti nguyn tin trnh chnh,
QL phn tn: Tin trnh chnh phi kt thc sau tin trnh con POST, WAIT. d) ng mc: S dng chung theo nguyn tc ln lt, Cc h thng m phng, tr chi, . . .
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BIU DIN
2 cch m t ph bin:
PARBEGIN S1 ; S2; ....... Sn PAREND; COBEGIN S1 ; S2; ....... Sn COEND;
Gi thit: S1, S2, . . ., Sn cc cng vic thc hin song song (Trn 1 hoc nhiu my).
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Yu cu
i) m bo ti nguyn gng khng phi phc v qu kh nng ca mnh, ii) Khng tin trnh nm v hn trong on gng, iii) Nu c xp hng ch th sm hay mun tin trnh cng qua c on gng, iv) Nu c tin trnh ch i v nu ti nguyn gng c gii phng, th ti nguyn gng phi phc v ngay cho tin trnh ang ch i.
158
Cng c iu
Cng c iu : 2 loi:
Cp cao: do h thng m nhim, nm ngoi tin trnh c iu , Cp thp: ci t ngay vo trong tin trnh c iu . Cc gii thut iu cp thp: 3 lp gii thut: Phng php kho trong, Phng php kim tra v xc lp, K thut n bo.
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S NGUYN L
BEGIN Ban u k = 0; kho m PARBEGIN tt1: while k = 1 do; <-ch i tch cc k := 1; <on gng tt1> k := 0; <phn cn li ca tt1> tt2 : while k = 1 do; <-ch i tch cc k := 1; <on gng tt2> k := 0; <phn cn li ca tt2> PAREND END
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IBM 360/370: 1 lnh TS ( m 92H), IBM PC: Nhm lnh BTS (Binary Test and Set)
L:= G:=
G 1
G 0
G 1
G 0
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164
c im: n gin, phc tp khng tng khi s tin trnh tng. Nguyn nhn: Cc b ho bin v tnh lin tc ca KT & XL, Tn ti hin tng ch i tch cc. Nguyn nhn: Mi TT phi t a mnh vo on gng.
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166
K THUT N BO(Semaphore)
K THUT N BO
Ni dung lnh P(S): * Dec(s); ** If S < 0 then a TT i xp hng. Ni dung lnh V(S): * Inc(s); ** If S 0 then Kch hot TT ang xp hng.
Dijsktra xut 1972. xut: Mi ti nguyn gng c t tng ng vi mt bin nguyn c bit S (Semaphore), Ban u: S Kh nng phc v t.ng. gng, 2 lnh my P(S) v V(S) thay i gi tri ca S, mi lnh lm 2 cng vic v lm mt cch lin tc.
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168
K THUT N BO
K THUT N BO
S iu :
Thc hin:
V nhiu l do, khng th ch to MT vi 2 lnh trn, Lnh P(S), V(S) th tc tng ng.
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170
K THUT N BO
6 CNG C IU CP CAO
Semaphore nh phn: Phn ln cc ti nguyn gng c kh nng phc v = 1 S nh phn. P(S): If s = 0 then Xp_hng Else s := 0; V(S): If dng_xp_hng NULL then Kch_hot Else s := 1; Vn t tn cc th tc P v V. 171
on gng quy c, Bin iu kin quy c, Monitor h tr iu : cung cp gi tr cho bin iu kin quy c. Monitor ng vai tr v bc bo v ngn cch gia ti nguyn gng v cng c truy nhp ti n.
172
7 - B TC v CHNG B TC
Khi nim b tc (Deadlock): Cng ch i, V hn nu khng c tc ng t bn ngoi.
B TC v CHNG B TC
174
Phng nga
iu kin p dng:
Xc xut xut hin b tc ln, Cc bin phpTn tht ln.
Phng nga
Chng ti nguyn gng:
T chc h thng ti nguyn l gc, 2 mc truy nhp, SPOOL.
Bin php: tc ng ln mt hoc mt s iu kin gy b tc 4 iu kin khng xut hin ng thi. Cc gii php: c p dng nng cao hiu qu ca h thng.
Chng xp hng ch i:
Ch phn phi s b, Trc khi ngt TT: lu trng thi (Dump), Cng c:
im gc (Control Points), im ngt (Break Points)
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176
Phng nga
t im gc:
C nh trong CT, Theo tc nhn ngoi (vd: thi gian)
Phng nga
Phn phi li ti nguyn:
ng dng:
Hiu chnh CT, Thc hin cc CT di, Vi ton b h thng: Hibernating.
Cc ti nguyn quan trng (B nh, Processor . . .) lun lun c phn phi li, Ch yu: ch cn lu cc ti nguyn ring, H thng ti nguyn l gc: gim nhu cu phn phi li. phn phi li: Lu v khi phc trng thi t nguyn.
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178
Phng nga
Chng ch i vng trn:
Phn lp ti nguyn, to thnh h thng phn cp, Nguyn tc phn phi: Khi chuyn lp - phi gii phng ti nguyn lp c.
D BO V TRNH
Mi ln phn phi mt ti nguyn: kim tra xem vic phn phi ny c th dn n nguy c b tc cho mt s tin trnh no hay khng v l nhng tin trnh no? iu kin mi trng:
Xc xut xy ra b tc nh, Tn tht (nu c b tc) ln.
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180
D BO V TRNH
D BO V TRNH
182
D BO V TRNH
Tiu chun d bo: ngt, Da vo Kti bit cc TT c nguy c b tc, X l trc khi TT b b tc. c im gii thut:
n gin, Input: Maxi tin cy, Mi loi ti nguyn th tc, Mi ln phn phi kim tra.
183
184
8 - GI TIN TRNH
TT c th cnh tranh hoc tng tc vi nhau, Mi quan h tng tc: tun t hoc song song, Xc lp quan h:
Li gi, C ch x l s kin (S xt chng sau),
Lnh OP cc nhm lnh phc v nhn bit v khc phc, Nhm lnh xem trng thi (Display Status), Nhm lnh tc ng ln dng xp hng TT, Nhm lnh tc ng ln TT, Quan trng: cc lnh hu tin trnh, Cc bin php h tr v ngn chn t 185 ng
Cc cch gi:
Trong phm vi mt h thng, Gia cc h thng:
RI (Remote Invocation), RPC (Remote Procedure Call),
186
GI TIN TRNH
S gi:
Khng i xng, i xng.
GI TIN TRNH
Thng tin ti thiu lu v khi phc TT:
Ni dung cc thanh ghi, a ch lnh, Vng b nh RAM lin quan, Vng b nh phc v ca h thng, Cc s kin cha x l.
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188
V QUN L PROCESSOR
1 PROCESSOR L GC
Mc ch: Gim thi gian cht ca Processor nng cao hiu qu h thng, Vai tr thit b trung tm: lin kt cc b phn c lp (cng v mm) thnh h thng hot ng ng b. Trong phn ny: xt hot ng ca 1 CPU.
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190
VN
CT
TT Ch i
CT
TT Sn sng
TT Thc hin
TT Ch i
192
VN
VN
Trnh t phc v tc ng ln thi gian ch i trung bnh tw : gi thit 3 TT :
1 2 3
193
194
VN
VN
c) Thi im a TT ch i tr li sn sng? C ch s kin v ngt.
Khng y ra (Nonpreemptive), (X l theo l) C y ra TT CT (Preemptive) Sn sng (Phn chia thi gian) Lng t thi gian: 0.03 0.2.
Thi im?
TT Thc hin
KT
CT
TT Sn sng
TT Thc hin
TT Ch i
TT Ch i
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196
3 - IU THC HIN TT
Ch mt dng xp hng
a) FCFS (First come First served):
n gin, TT kt thc c, Khng cn input b sung, Tw ln, Non-Preemtipve.
TT th t u tin phc v,
tw min. TT kt thc. Mt dng xp hng, Nhiu dng xp hng.
Yu cu:
Ch :
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198
Ch mt dng xp hng
Thi gian thc hin t u tin cao, Tw gim, TT di c nguy c khng kt thc c, Kh d bo thi im phc v TT, Non-Preemtipve, Input: Thi gian thc hin TT.
Ch mt dng xp hng
c) SRT (Shortest Remaining Time):
Th t u tin phc v: xc nh theo lng thi gian cn li cn thit kt thc TT, tw gim mnh, Cc c trng khc: tng t nh SJN, TT di cng c nguy c khng kt thc c!
hu
200
Ch mt dng xp hng
d) RR (Round Robin):
Preemtipve, TT - kt thc c, Kh nng i thoi vi TT, u tin thch ng vi TT di: phn lp phc v vi t ln hn.
t( l th n i g g t ian )
10%
201
202
4 - NGT v X L NGT
204
X L NGT
CT con v CT x l ngt
Mc x l I
Mc x l II
205
206
208
C ch bo v:
Nguyn l ngn chn, Nguyn l cho php.
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210
4 - H thng ca Microsoft
211