Ứng dụng ghép kệnh OFDM trong DVB-H

Li ni u
LI NI U
Truyn hnh l mt knh truyn thng ph dng hin nay ngoi cc hnh thc bo vit, radio, cc trang tin tc trc tuyn. Ni dung ca cc chng trnh truyn hnh thng a dng hn cc hnh thc khc, v ngy c a dng ha. Cc chng trnh truyn hnh pht theo hnh thc pht qung b, im ti im hay a im ty theo cc gi dch v m khch hng yu cu. Hn th na nhu cu c nhn ha ni dung cn xem ca khn gii kh ln, h c nhu cu xem nhng chng trnh yu thch v ph hp vi mnh. Mt khc hin nay cng nh trong tng lai nhu cu gii tr cng nh thu nhn thng tin ca con ngi trong x hi ngy cng i hi cao v tnh cp nht tc thi, mi lc mi ni, cng vi l s i hi v cht lng v s tin dng. Hn na theo cc thng k gn nay th c trn 2 t ngi s dng in thoi di ng v n ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn trong x hi hin i. Do , khi chng ta mang c cc ni dung c gi tr n vi nhng ngi dng s dng di ng s t c hiu qu cao trong truyn thng. Hin nay trn th gii tn ti nhiu cng ngh truyn hnh di ng khc nhau, m trong ni bt ln cng ngh DVB-H. Vit Nam, VTC bc u trin khai cc dch v truyn hnh di ng da cng ngh DVB-H. Mt yu cu t ra y l truyn hnh di ng phi thc hin pht ni dung ti cc thit b u cui cm tay trong mi trng di ng, chu nhiu nh hng v cht lng knh v tuyn m vn phi m bo cht lng ni dung cng nh v bng thng, do cc ni dung thng i hi thi gian thc. Gii php gii quyt y c a ra l la chn phng php iu ch v ghp ni dung thch hp. chnh l s dng k thut iu ch ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM. V vy em chn ti ng dng ghp knh OFDM trong DVB-H. Ni dung ti gm : Chng I Cc cng ngh truyn hnh s di ng mt t Trong chng m u gii thiu khi qut v truyn hnh s di ng mt t. Cc cng ngh truyn hnh ang c nghin cu pht trin v trin khai trn th gii, so snh nhng im khi qut nht v nhng cng ngh ny. Chng II K thut iu ch OFDM Sang chng II ca ti m t v nguyn l chung ca OFDM. Hiu c phng thc thc hin iu ch trong OFDM. T c c nhng nh gi v u nhc im ca k thut ny. Chng III Cng ngh DVB-H trong cung cp dch v mobile TV chng III ny phn tch xu hn v cng ngh truyn hnh di ng mt t DVB-H. a ra cc khi nim chung nht v tiu chun cng ngh DVB-H, nm c cc thnh phn ch yu ca mt h thng DVB-H. Thu thp c mt vi s
Li ni u
liu v thng tinh v tnh hnh th nghim cng nh trin khai thng mi ca cng ngh DVB-H trn th gii. Chng IV ng dng ghp knh OFDM trong cung cp dch v truyn hnh di ng DVB-H Chng IV l chng cui ca ti, c nhng m t k hn v ng dng k thut ghp knh OFDM vo trong iu ch DVB-H. a ra cc m hnh trin khai ca h thng DVB-H cng vi l mt s my pht v thit b u cui DVB-H Do nhn thc c hn ch nn khng th khng mc nhng thiu xt, mong nhn c nhng gp v nhn xt ti hon thin hn. Qua y em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong b mn v tuyn, khoa Vin thng 1 v thy hng dn trc tip thy TS. Nguyn Qu S cng cc bn trong lp gip em hon thnh n tt nghip i hc. H Ni, Ngy 8 thng 9 nm 2008
Nguy n Danh Quang
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Mc lc
MC LC
LI NI U........................................................................................................................ i MC LC............................................................................................................................ iii THUT NG V VIT TT............................................................................................... v DANH MC HNH V....................................................................................................... vii DANH MC BNG BIU ................................................................................................ viii CHNG I CC CNG NGH TRUYN HNH S DI NG MT T ...................... 1 1.1. Gii thiu Mobile TV (Truyn hnh di ng).................................................................. 1 1.2. Truyn hnh di ng s dng cu trc mng 3G ............................................................. 3 1.2.1.MobiTV........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2. Mng 3+ cho truyn hnh di ng................................................................................. 4 1.2.3. Truyn hnh di ng s dng 3G HSDPA .................................................................... 5 1.2.4. Truyn hnh di ng s dng MBMS ........................................................................... 6 1.3. Cng ngh truyn hnh di ng mt t T-DMB............................................................. 6 1.3.1. Bng tn s dng ......................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2. Qu trnh chn la nh cung cp dch v cho T-DMB ................................................. 7 1.3.3. H thng Truyn dn T DMB................................................................................... 9 1.4. Cng ngh DVB-H ........................................................................................................ 9 1.5. Cng ngh truyn hnh di ng MediaFLO .................................................................. 12 1.6. Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng khc ....................................................................... 13 1.6.1. Tiu chun ATSC cho pht truyn hnh qung b mt t .......................................... 13 1.6.2. Cng ngh ISDBT.................................................................................................... 14 1.7. So snh cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng .................................................................. 15 1.8. Kt lun chng I ........................................................................................................ 18 CHNG II K THUT IU CH OFDM .................................................................... 19 2.1. Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM...................................................................................... 19 2.2. iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM ................................................................................ 21 2.2.1. Chuyn i ni tip song song................................................................................... 23 2.2.2. iu ch sng mang con ............................................................................................ 24 2.2.3. Chuyn i t min tn s sang min thi gian .......................................................... 24 2.2.4. Chn khong bo v ................................................................................................... 25 2.2.5. ng b trong OFDM ............................................................................................... 25 2.2.6. iu ch cao tn......................................................................................................... 27 2.3. u nhc im ca OFDM........................................................................................... 28 2.4. Kt lun chng II ....................................................................................................... 29 CHNG III DCH V TRUYN HNH DI NG S DNG CNG NGH DVB-H... 30 3.1. Gii thiu: Pht qung b video s cho thit b cm tay................................................ 30 3.2. Ti sao chn DVB-H?................................................................................................... 31 3.3. DVB-H hot ng th no? .......................................................................................... 31 3.4. Cng ngh ca DVB-H .............................................................................................. 33 3.4.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca h thng DVB-H.................................................................... 33 3.4.2. Thnh phn chc nng ca m hnh pht d liu DVB-IP .......................................... 34 3.4.3. Ct lt thi gian (Time Slicing) ................................................................................. 35 3.4.4.Thi gian chuyn gia cc knh v cc bit bo hiu tham s my pht (TPS) .............. 36 3.4.5. MPE-FEC ................................................................................................................. 37 3.5. DVB-H IP Datacasting................................................................................................. 38 3.6. Kin trc mng ........................................................................................................... 39 3.7. Truyn dn DVB-H....................................................................................................... 40 iii
Mc lc 3.8. Mng my pht DVB-H ............................................................................................... 41 3.9. u cui v cc thit b cm tay.................................................................................. 43 3.10. Cc tm lc thc thi DVB-H (h s)......................................................................... 43 3.11. Giao din v tuyn m ................................................................................................ 45 3.12. Hng dn dch v in t trong DVB-H.................................................................... 46 3.13. D n th nghim DVB-H v trin khai thng mi ho............................................. 46 3.13.1. M ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.13.2. Chu u................................................................................................................... 48 3.13.3. Vit Nam ................................................................................................................. 48 3.14. V d ca mt h thng truyn dn DVB-H cho TV di ng ....................................... 49 3.14.1. Cc b m ho cho TV di ng ................................................................................ 49 3.14.2. ng gi IP.............................................................................................................. 50 3.14.3. iu ch................................................................................................................... 51 3.14.4. My pht DVB-H v cc thnh phn khc................................................................ 52 3.15. Kt lun chng III..................................................................................................... 52 CHNG IV NG DNG GHP KNH OFDM TRONG CUNG CP DCH V TRUYN HNH DI NG DVB-H.................................................................................... 53 4.1. Ph tn v bng thng dnh cho DVB-H..................................................................... 53 4.2. iu ch OFDM trong DVB-H ................................................................................... 54 4.3. S lng, v tr v nhim v ca cc sng mang........................................................... 56 4.4. Dung lng ghp DVB-H v C/N yu cu ................................................................... 57 4.5. M hnh ghp knh DVB-H vi h thng DVB-T ........................................................ 59 4.6. Mt s my pht v thit b u cui DVB-H............................................................... 61 4.6.1. Mt s my pht DVB-H ........................................................................................... 61 4.6.2. Thit b u cui DVB-H ........................................................................................... 64 4.7. Kt lun chng IV..................................................................................................... 67 KT LUN ......................................................................................................................... 68 TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................... 69
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Thut ng v ch vit tt
THUT NG V VIT TT
Vit tt ASI AVC ATSC DAB DMB S-DMB DVB DVB-H DVB-T DVBCBMS DTTB DTH DRM FDM OFDM COFDM FLUTE FEC ESG ETSI GPS H.264 HSDPA IMT2000 High-speed downlink packet access The ITUs framework for 3G Ting Anh Asynchronous Serial Interface Advanced Video Coding Advanced Television Systems Committee Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Multimedia Broadcasting Stallite-DMB Digital Video Broadcasting DVB-Handheld DVB-Terrestrial DVB-Convergence of Broadcast and Mobile Services Digital terrestrial broadcasting Direct to home
Digital rights management
Ting Vit Tn hiu ni tip bt ng b M ha Video cao cp y ban cc h thng truyn hnh cao cp Pht thanh qung b k thut s Pht qung b a phng tin s Ch pht DMB v tinh Pht qung b video s DVB cho thit b cm tay DVB pht mt t Hi t dch v qung b v di ng DVB Pht qung b mt t s ca Nht Bn Ti tn nh Qun l bn quyn k thut s Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao c m ha sa li ng dng truyn file c dng trong cc mng n hng Sa li chuyn tip Hng dn dch v in t Vin tiu chun Chu u H thng nh v ton cu Tiu chun nn video ca ITU Truy cp gi ng xung tc cao C cu ca ITU cho cc dch v
Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal FDM Coded OFDM FLUTE Forward Error Correction Electronic service guide European Telecommunication Standards Institute Gobal Positioning System
Thut ng v ch vit tt
services IPDC ISDB-T IPsec IPE ITU ICI ISI LTE MBMS MediaFLO MPEG MPE NOC OMA OMA BCAST Motion Pictures Expert Group Multi-Protocol Encapsulation National Ops Center Open Mobile Alliance OMA standard for broadcasting The broadcasting of multimedia Podcasting programs available on the Internet in multimedia format. QAM QCIF QPSK RS TPS Quadrature amplitude modulation Quarter common interface format Quadrature phase shift keying Reed-Solomon code Transmission Parameter Signalling IP Datacasting Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial IP security IP Encapsulator International Telecommunication Union Inter Carrier Interference Inter Symbol Interference Long-term evolution Multi broadcast Multi Service
3G Qung b IP Tch hp dch v s pht qung b mt t Bo mt IP ng gi IP Hip hi Vin thng quc t Nhiu gia cc sng mang Nhiu gia cc k hiu iu ch Gii php di hn Pht qung b a hng a dch v Cng ngh qung b a phng tin ca Qualcomm Nhn chuyn gia v hnh nh ng ng gi a giao thc Trung tm iu hnh quc gia Lin on di ng m Tiu chun OMA cho pht qung b Cc chng trnh qung b nh dng a phng tin trn Internet iu ch bin pha vung gc nh dng giao din mn hnh (176x120 NTSC v 176x144 PAL). iu ch kha dch pha vung gc M Reed-Solomon Bo hiu tham s truyn dn
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Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1-1: V d v truyn hnh di ng 3G MobiTV.............................................................. 3 Hnh 1-2: V d phn knh T DMB.................................................................................... 7 Hnh 1-3: Truyn dn T DMB da trn h thng DAB Eureka 147 ..................................... 9 Hnh 1-4: H thng DVB H .............................................................................................. 11 Hnh 1-5: V d h thng Media FLO M......................................................................... 13 Hnh 1-6: Dch v ISDB T Nht Bn ............................................................................. 15 Hnh 2-2: S chng ln ph ca sng mang con................................................................... 20 Hnh 2-3: H thng thu pht OFDM trong ng dng v tuyn.............................................. 22 Hnh 2-4: S iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM ................................................................ 23 Hnh 2-5: To tn hiu OFDM giai on IFFT ..................................................................... 24 Hnh 2-6: Cc bc ng b trong OFDM ........................................................................... 25 Hnh 2-7: ng b khung .................................................................................................... 26 Hnh 2-8: c lng dch thi gian ..................................................................................... 26 Hnh 2-9: c lng dch tn s.......................................................................................... 27 Hnh 2-10: iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng c s s dng k thut tng t ............. 28 Hnh 2-11: iu ch tn s v tuyn tn hiu OFDM bng c s s dng k thut s (DDS Tng hp s trc tip).......................................................................................................... 28 Hnh 3-1: Mt h thng truyn dn truyn hnh di ng DVB-H.......................................... 32 Hnh 3-2: DVB-H IP Datacasting......................................................................................... 32 Hnh 3-3:Ct lt thi gian trong DVB-H .............................................................................. 36 Hnh 3-4: Cu trc khung MPE-FEC ................................................................................... 38 Hnh 3-5: Chm giao thc DVB-H ...................................................................................... 39 Hnh 3-6: DVB-H trong ghp knh dng chung ................................................................... 40 Hnh 3-7:Cc mng n tn s DVB-H................................................................................ 42 Hnh 3-8:Khong cch tng i SFN. Tt c khong cch trn c s iu ch 16QAM vi khong bo v cho COFDM............................................................................................. 42 Hnh 3- 9: Truyn dn ni dung tng tc DVB-H qua Data Carousel ................................. 45 Hnh 3-10:Gii php DVB-H m ......................................................................................... 46 Hnh 3- 11: DVB-H M-Mng Modeo.............................................................................. 48 Hnh 3- 12: Mt v d trin khai h thng truyn dn truyn hnh di ng DVB - H............. 51 Hnh 4-1: Ph tn UHF s dng cho DVB-T v DVB-H...................................................... 53 Hnh 4-2: Cc ng cong ngoi suy ................................................................................... 58 Hnh 4-3: H thng ghp knh chung vi DVB-T ................................................................ 59 Hnh 4-4: H thng ghp knh phn cp .............................................................................. 60 Hnh 4-5: M hnh mng cung cp DVB-H ring bit .......................................................... 61 Hnh 4-6: My pht Channelot 100 ...................................................................................... 61 Hnh 4-7: My pht MTD4000 series................................................................................... 63 Hnh 4-8: in thoi h tr truyn hnh DVB-H Nokia N92 ................................................ 64 Hnh 4-9: in thoi di ng Nokia N77.............................................................................. 65 Hnh 4-10: in thoi di ng h tr DVB-H Nokia N96 .................................................... 65 Hnh 4-11: in thoi di ng h tr DVB-H Samsung SGH-P900 ..................................... 66
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Danh mc bng biu
DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1-1: Cc chng trnh pht trn T-DMB ti Hn Quc.................................................. 8 Bng 1-2: So snh tham s cc cng ngh truyn hnh s pht qung b mt t.................. 16 Bng 1-3: So snh 3 cng ngh truyn hnh di ng............................................................. 17 Bng 3- 1: Th nghim thng mi DVB-H ........................................................................ 49 Bng 4-1: Cc thng s trong min tn s ca knh tn hiu OFDM DVB-H 8MHz............. 54 Bng 4-2: Cc phng php iu ch c s v khong bo v tng ng............................. 54 Bng 4-3: Khong bo v ca ch 8K cho tng bng thng............................................. 56 Bng 4-4: T s C/N cho ch 8K nhn Video................................................................... 57 Bng 4-5: T s C/N cho ch 8K nhn m thanh.............................................................. 58
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Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng
CHNG I CC CNG NGH TRUYN HNH S DI NG MT T

1.1. Gii thiu Mobile TV (Truyn hnh di ng)
Thut ng Mobile TV hay truyn hnh di ng xut hin u nm 2003 Hn Quc v Chu u l nhng ni pht trin mnh m cc dch v gia tng cho in thoi di ng, cng l nhng vng pht trin mnh m nht cc cng ngh di ng. N bao hm ngha truyn cc ni dung ca cc chng trnh truyn hnh, cc on video, hnh nh, m thanh n l cc ni dung a phng tin n my thu pht cm tay di ng v d nh PDA, in thoi di ng, cc thit b multimedia cm tay hay cc u thu thch hp cho my tnh xch tay hay lp trong t. Thc t l cc thit b di ng khi h tr cng ngh Mobile TV s thu c cc knh truyn hnh m khng cn TV hay u thu c kch thc ln nh trc, cc thit b di ng c u im l ngi dng c th cp nht cc bn tin, cc thng tin khc mt cch nhanh chng, mi lc mi ni, ngay c khi h i ngoi ng. Ngoi ra Mobile TV cng cung cp cc ni dung s a phng tin khc nh hnh nh, m thanh, d liu theo nhng yu cu c th. N khc vi truyn d liu qua mng di ng cc d liu s c truyn ti ngi dng khi c yu cu v vi mt lng hn ch, phc v ch yu cho tng ngi dng n khng mang tnh cht qung b nh truyn hnh di ng. Do vy s tn ti nguyn v tuyn cho truyn dn ni dung ti nhiu ngi dng cng lc. Cc chng trnh c th c pht theo phng thc qung b n mi ngi xem trong vng ph sng hoc l pht ring (unicast) ti khch hng c nhu cu. Chng cng c th l truyn multicast n mt nhm ngi s dng. S pht qung b c th l qua mi trng mt t nh truyn hnh s v tng t c pht n cc gia nh ca chng ta, hoc chng c th c pht trc tip qua cc v tinh n cc my di ng. S pht cng c th c pht qua Internet/Web (*) Cc ti nguyn pht truyn hnh di ng in thoi di ng l mt thit b a nng. N c kt ni ti cc mng di ng t bo ng thi nhn FM qung b qua b d sng FM hoc kt ni n mng LAN v tuyn qua Wi-Fi. Pht truyn hnh di ng c th tng t vi a ch qua mng 3G, cc ch m rng qung b ca 3G nh MBMS hoc MCBS, hoc cc mng qung b mt t v v tinh. Trong tt c cc ch ny, mt ti nguyn chung cn thit phi lu ti l ph tn s. S pht trin nhanh chng ca truyn hnh di ng, ng lc v quy m ca n khng c cc nh cng nghip lng trc c, mc d khng phi tt c u ng vi tuyn b ny. V vy m cng ngh truyn
Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1
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hnh di ng loi b c s xo trn tm ra cch thy c ph tn ca n v pht truyn hnh di ng. Anh v M ph tn qung b truyn hnh truyn thng UHF v VHF cng c s dng cho c truyn s, do cn c ni dung ng thi trong c hai ch . Anh, BT Movio phi dng n ph pht thanh qung b s pht truyn hnh di ng s dng tiu chun c gi l DAB-IP. Hn Quc ph tn DAB cho cc dch v v tinh c s dng pht cc dch v di dng v tinh qung b a phng tin s S-DMB. DVB-H l mt tiu chun c thit k rng ri s dng cho cc mng DVB-T hin ti cng cung cp cc dch v DVB-H v s dng cng ph tn. N thc s cn thit cho cc quc gia c ph tn UHF ang c nh du (d phng) cho cc dch v nh vy. M, ni cc h thng ATSC khng cho php tn dng cho truyn dn di ng, ph tn UHF cn li dnh cho truyn dn s v ph tn c u gi. Modeo, nh khai thc DVB-H mo him lp t mng mi ton b da vo cng ngh DVB-H s dng di bng L ti 1670 Mhz. 2Wire nh khai thc khc c ph trong di tn 700MHz l bt u khi ng cc dch v DVB-H s dng khe ph tn ny. M (cng vi Hn Quc v n ) cng l ngi nm gi cc cng ngh CDMA m Qualcomm pht minh ra. Qualcomm cng b mt cng ngh qung b cho truyn hnh di ng c gi l Media FLO, cng ngh ny kh dng cho tt c cc nh khai thc cung cp truyn hnh di ng theo hnh thc qung b. Nhiu quc gia khc ang thit lp s dng cng ngh tng t. Hn Quc chnh ph cng cho php s dng ph VHF cho cc dch v truyn hnh di ng v TDMB c khi ng cho cung cp cc dch v truyn hnh di ng. Nht, s dng qung b ISDB-T cung cp dch v truyn hnh di ng. S cch tranh ca nhiu cng ngh trong cung cp truyn hnh di ng dn ti c rt nhiu tiu chun trong ngnh cng nghip ny. Hin nay nhiu n lc tm kim ph tn v ti nguyn cho truyn hnh di ng trn phm vi ton cu v khu vc hng ti hi t cc tiu chun ny trong tng lai. Hin nay trn th gii c cc tiu chun v truyn hnh s di ng tiu biu: DVB-H (pht trin t DVB-T) (Chu u); T-DMB (pht trin t DAB) (Hn Quc) v MediaFLO (pht trin bi QUALCOMM), ISDB-T (Nht Bn) Do c s tn ti ca nhiu tiu chun cho truyn hnh s di ng, mi tiu chun u c nhng u v nhc im ring, nn nhiu nc vn cn ang trong qu trnh nghin cu, th nghim trc khi a ra quyt nh la chn tiu chun no.
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1.2. Truyn hnh di ng s dng cu trc mng 3G

1.2.1.MobiTV MobiTV c l mt v d tt nht v dch v TV di ng qua mng 3G (Hnh 1-1). MobiTV cung cp hn 50 knh trc tip ph thng t cc nh cung cp dch v qung b, bao gm CNN, CNBC, ABC News, Fox News, ESPN, Knh thi tit v khm ph v vi hng lot knh khc na ang tip tc c b sung v danh sch. N cung cp dch v ny qua mt s nh qun l nhiu nc s dng mng 3G. Chng bao gm: + M - Sprint, Cingular, Midwest Wireless, Alltel, Cellular, South, Verizon + Mexico - Telcel; + Peru - Moviestar; + Canada - Bell, Rogers, TELUS; + Anh - Orange, Three
Nh cung cp ni dung
Dch v
Qun l mng di dng
Ngi dng
Hnh 1-1: V d v truyn hnh di ng 3G MobiTV
Dch v c hn mt triu ngi s dng trong nm u tin c trin khai. Khi nim v dch cung cp TV di ng vi dng lng a ng dn khng nh l rt c s a chung. Bc th nghim bt u t to lung cho cc clip video ngn v cc chng trnh ghi ti cc dch v lung video cung cp bi cc nh qun l vin thng di ng s dng mng UMTS hay mng di ng th h th 3. ITU chp nhn cc mng 3G di c cu chung ca IMT2000 hot ng xung quanh 2 cng ngh li UMTS v CDMA 2000. Con ng pht trin cng ngh UMTS(WCDMA) c th cho cc quc gia s dng mng GSM v tn s 3G trong UMTS c phn chia cho ph tn UMTS. C cu CDMA2000 trn mt nhnh khc c thit k ph hp cho mng cdmaOne. Cc mng 3G c s s dng di bng
Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1 3
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tn rng (v d: 5MHz trong WCDMA 3G) cho mt sng mang WCDMA. a truy nhp phn chia theo m s dng bng thng rng cho php cung cp video, m thanh v dch v d liu qua mng. Nn tng 3G c s dng cho cc ng dng TV di ng nh c c bng thng rng cho 3G hay cc dch v ca UMTS. Nn tng 3G ang c vn hnh Chu u, M, Hn Quc, v Nht Bn v s hot ng ti a c th nghim cc khu vc trn. Tuy nhin mng 3G hay UMTS nhn mt cch khch quan l khng ph hp vi kiu d liu video ln cung cp cho s lng ln ngi dng ng thi. S dng truyn ti trong bng mt s lng phin truyn pht n ng thi c to ra trong su lung 256K v cng tng s ngi dng cho truyn pht n video. S dng nn tng c m t qua cc clip ngn, tin tc, cc u , hoc ni dung ti ch, n c xem trn cc thit b 3G c bn. y c phn bit vi cc knh truyn hnh trc tip, c cung cp qua cc mng qung b mt t hoc v tinh. l bi v cc mng 3G s dng cng bng tn thoi cho cung cp video tt trong 3G nh cc cng ngh cung cp nh MBMS. MBMS l cng ngh qung b cho trong bng (tc l trong cng bng tn hot ng ca cc thit b di ng). Cc cng ngh khc c xy dng s dng ngoi ph tn ca bng tn UMTS. V ph tn hu hn, bng tn 3G tr nn t . Kh nng c tng cng vi nhng cng ngh mi c gii thiu nh HSDPA v cng ngh trin khai di hn cho 3G LTE t cc d n 3G. S dng cng ngh ny v dng m ha tn hiu video vi mi tiu chun 3GPP c kh nng pht a hng ti 10 12 knh trong di 5MHz. 1.2.2. Mng 3+ cho truyn hnh di ng Mng 3G cho php ti lung video v ni dung TV. Tuy nhin, kiu cung cp ny to ra mt lu lng ng k v c th mng nhanh chng b qu ti. Thc t thy rng TV di ng c s dng cn mng hn l vch ra cc tiu chun 3G c hon thnh cho cc nh qun l khai thc do yu cu i hi m rng tiu chun 3G bao gm MBMS ( ph tn trong bng cho d liu) v HSDPA (ph tn m rng cho d liu). MBMS d tnh s dng mt knh pht qung b cho mi thay v s dng kt ni im im ring bit cho tng my di ng. Cng ngh MBMS c ngha l mt s a ch c a ra ny sinh t cc du hiu v tn s v ph n ngc li vi cng ngh HSDPA. V d v cc dch v MNMS: O2 th nghim trong bng UHF(c lp vi 3G)
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Dch v TDtv ca IPWireless dng mt phn ph tn ca 3G cho truyn ti d liu.
1.2.3. Truyn hnh di ng s dng 3G HSDPA HSDPA l s pht trin ca cng ngh 3G cho truyn ti d liu tc cao h tr tt cho dch v video. HSDPA c th m rng tc bt cho ng xung ln n 10Mb/s trn tru trong bng 5MHz ca mng 3G. N t c nh vy do dng k thut lp vt l mi nh chuyn i iu ch v m ha, lp lch ng gi nhanh v chn nhanh. Trung bnh mt ngi dng c th mong t tc download 550 1000 kb/s trn tru thm ch trong mi trng ti trng. iu c th to cho vic cung cp DVD video cht lng cao cho mn hnh nh ca TV di ng. Vo gia nm 2006, 52 mng HSDPA i vo khai thc ti 35 quc gia v 120 mng c nhng bc tin di trong k hoch. Cingular Wireless M c k hoch trin khai HSDPA hu ht cc thnh ph ca M vo cui nm 2006. Cc cng ngh nh HSDPA khng c nh m lun c ci tin. Cc nh khai thc qun l c mng HSDPA hay c k hoch trin khai bao gm: 1. Chu u 3. M Orange (Php, Anh) T-Mobile Mobilkom (o) Hutchison 3G O2 Vodafone SFR Bouygues Telenor Telfort TEM TIM NTT DoCoMo Vodafone KK KTF SKT Telstra
2. Chu Thi Bnh Dng
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Cingular Wireless
Hot ng sn sng cho truyn ti tc bt cao trong mt thi gian nht nh qua sng kin ca 3GPP v d nh UMTS gii php tng cng di hn cho nt truy cp v tuyn mt t. 1.2.4. Truyn hnh di ng s dng MBMS Pht qung b a phng tin v dch v pht a hng l cng ngh mi thit k vt qua gii hn ca mng 3G, cch thc ring cho ti cc knh trc tip cung cp trc tip cho khn gi. Mng MBMS dng hnh thc pht a hng cho nhiu ngi dng cho ni dung cn qung b hn l s dng cc phin truyn n hng t mt my pht ti mt thit b, l do gii hn ring bi dung lng ca ti nguyn tn s ca mng di ng. Pht a hng c bit hu dng cho cc s kin c bit v d nh th thao hay cc ni dung m nhc khi hng triu ngi dng cng mun truy cp s kin mt cch ng thi. MBMS c chng minh thnh cng ti Stockholm, Thy in bi Ericsson.
1.3. Cng ngh truyn hnh di ng mt t T-DMB

Thng 12/2002, Hn Quc cng b tiu chun truyn hnh mt t s a phng tin T-DMB. Cng b ny c cc nh qung b v cc nh sn xut thit b tn thnh mnh m. Tiu chun T-DMB c hip hi cng ngh vin thng TTA ng thng qua. Ma thu nm 2003, Hn Quc cho pht th nghim trn knh 12 (204-210MHz) (knh ny chia lm 3 khi) ti Seoul. Kt qu th nghim cng trng cho thy rng h thng T-DMB cung cp thnh cng thu truyn hnh di dng v c th thu tt ti tc chuyn ng 100km/h. Mc cng trng ti thiu thu tn hiu DMB l 48-54dBmV/m. Sau khi lut v pht thanh truyn hnh DMB c Chnh ph Hn Quc thng qua vo thng 8/2004, DMB bt u pht trin mnh. Dch v pht thanh truyn hnh a phng tin c hai loi: S-DMB (DMB v tinh) v T-DMB (DMB mt t). T-DMB p ng yu cu thu xem ca ngi s dng trn cc phng tin nh my cm tay, my tnh xch tay v my thu trn t. Theo kt qu iu tra ca Hip hi bo ch v vin thng KSJCS th t l xem TV trong nh l 86,2% v xem ni cng cng, thit b thu di ng, cm tay... khong 13,8%. Bn cnh , tm l ca ngi Hn Quc thch dng cng ngh cao v mi cng s gip cho vic pht trin DMB. Thm vo , cc dch v DMB c nh gi l thch hp nht truyn cc thng bo khn v ngi dng c th nhn tn hiu t bt c lc no v bt c u qua my thu c nhn.
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1.3.1. Bng tn s dng V bng tn: T-DMB s dng bng III VHF gii hn t (174-216)MHz v bng 1,5GHz, rng bng thng mi knh l 1,536MHz, khong cch bo v gia hai knh lin k khong 0,2MHz. T-DMB ti Hn Quc pht trn knh 8 [180-186MHz] v knh 12 [204210MHz] bng tn VHF. rng bng thng cho pht analog trc y ca h ch c 6MHz, nn hin nay h ch b tr c 3 my pht DMB-T. Mi bng tn 6MHz phn b cho 3 my pht T-DMB . Mi my pht T-DMB chim di thng 1,536MHz; gia cc di tn ny l khong trng trnh can nhiu sang nhau. Di tn chnh xc ca 1 my pht l 1,536MHz; khong trng cch gia cc di tn ny l 0,2MHz. Hin c 6 nh cung cp dch v trn 6 knh cao tn 1,536MHz: tng s 7 TV + 13 radio + 8 s liu. Nu khng pht radio th c th pht 10 chng trnh TV (b 3 radio s thm c 1 TV).
CH. 8: 180 186MHz 6 MHz CH. 12: 204 210MHz 6 MHz
0,2
CH. 7
1,536
CH.9
CH. 10
CH. 11
CH. 13
U1 Media: 2 TV 1 Data YTN: 1 TV 2 Radio 1 Data
1to1:
1 TV 2 Radio 1 Data
MBC: 1 TV 3 Radio 1 Data KBS: 1 TV 3 Radio 1 Data
SBS: 1 TV 3 Radio 2 Data
ROK 8A 181.280MHz [180,51-182,05] ROK 8B 183.008MHz [182,228-183,778] ROK 8C 184.736MHz [183,966-185,506]
ROK 12A 205.280 MHz ROK 12B 207.008 MHz ROK 12C 208.736 MHz
Hnh 1-2: V d phn knh T DMB
1.3.2. Qu trnh chn la nh cung cp dch v cho T-DMB Sau khi c chin lc tng th v chn cc nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh di ng, ngy 27/12/2004 Chnh ph Hn Quc ng ti trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng v vic tuyn chn cc nh cung cp dch v cp php. Bn i pht
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thanh truyn hnh mt t (KBS, MBC, SBS, EBS) v su t chc ca cc nh pht thanh truyn hnh khc (KMMB, Korea DMB, Kukmin DMB Plus, YTN DMB, Ucube Media) trnh n xin dch v truyn hnh di ng. Nh vy c 10 nh khai thc cnh tranh mnh lit v vic cp giy php cho dch v T-DMB. Thng 3/2005, vic la chn kt thc vi 6 nh cung cp dch v, Chnh ph Hn Quc cp 3 giy php cho 3 nh khai thc truyn hnh mt t hin ti l KBS, MBC, SBS v 3 giy php cho 3 nh khai thc mi l YTN DMB, U1 Media (Korea DMB), KMMB. Ngy 18/07/2005 B Thng tin v Truyn thng Hn Quc chp nhn cc tn s s dng cho cc nh cung cp dch v T-DMB, c th s lng knh v dch v nh sau:
Bng 1-1: Cc chng trnh pht trn T-DMB ti Hn Quc
S lng knh KBS 1Video 3Audio
Tc bt 544Kbps 128Kbps
Ni dung U-KBS Star : KBS 1TV KBS MUSIC U1Radio (Business News) OZIC (Music)
MBC
1Video 3Audio
544Kbps 128Kbps
my MBC : MBC TV MBC FM : MBC Radio MBN (Business News) Arirang (Korean Culture in English)
SBS
1Video 3Audio
544Kbps 128Kbps
SBS U : SBS TV SBS u Radio TBS (Traffic information) Kyungki FM (Local)
YTN DMB
1Video 2Audio
512Kbps 160Kbps
mYTN : YTN TV on TBN (Traffic information) Satio (Music) YTN Premium: Data
1Data KOREADMB 1Video 2Audio U1 Media 2Video
320Kbps 544Kbps 128Kbps 512Kbps
YTN Premium: Data 1to1: korea DMB TV Biz4U (Culture) Live4U (Music) U1:U1Media TV
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544Kbps 1.3.3. H thng Truyn dn T DMB
U-KBS Heart : KBS 2TV
DMB l s m rng ca cng ngh pht thanh s (DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting). Cng ngh DAB c thit k v pht trin vo cui nhng nm 1980 cho pht s cc chng trnh pht thanh. Trong thp k 90 rt nhiu nc trn th gii trin khai cng ngh ny. V ngun gc s pht trin ca DAB c khi u bi EUREKA, Hip hi cc cng ty kinh doanh Chu u. Hip hi ny cung cp ti chnh v iu phi cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin. V DAB l d n th 147 c m nhn bi EUREKA nn DAB cng c bit n di thut ng EUREKA-147. Sau , DAB c chp nhn l mt tiu chun ca Chu u, v t nm 2005 DAB cng l mt c s tiu chun ho ca DMB. DMB dng cng ngh truyn dn DAB, nhng cng vi mt vi m rng nh b sung cc phng thc m ho cho ni dung video v ni dung nghe nhn. Hn na, DMB cung cp nhng gii php hiu qu cho s sa cha li, ci cho php nhn cc chng trnh truyn hnh di ng cht lng cao, ngay c khi ngi i ng tc cao ln ti 200km/h. T DMB l h thng DMB truyn dn mt t.
Hnh 1-3: Truyn dn T DMB da trn h thng DAB Eureka 147
1.4. Cng ngh DVB-H

Thng 11/2004, Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI) cng b tiu chun chuyn ti ni dung a phng tin n cc thit b cm tay, tiu chun DVB-H.
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Tiu chun DVB-H c th chia s cc b hp knh qung b vi tiu chun DVB-T; DVB-H c tn s v tuyn RF tng thch vi DVB-T v c th chia s cng mi trng v tuyn. DVB-H s dng k thut lt ct thi gian (Time Slice) tit kim cng sut trung bnh ca thit b u cui v c th chuyn giao tn s (k thut ny l bt buc cho truyn hnh di ng DVB-H). DVB-H s dng k thut sa li trc cho d liu a giao thc MPE-FEC ci thin t s C/N v Doppler trong cc knh di ng cng nh ci thin c dung sai nhiu xung, cho php my thu ng u vi nhng tnh hung thu kh. Cc k thut Time slice v MPE-FEC c thc hin lp lin kt nn khng nh hng n lp vt l ca DVB-T, n tng thch hon ton vi lp vt l ca DVB-T ang tn ti (DVB-T, DVB-S & DVB-C). Time Slice v MPE-FEC c th s dng cng mt b hp knh vi cc dch v khng c Time Slice v MPE-FEC. DVB truyn thng c th tip tc thu nhn cc dch v khng c Time Slice v MPE-FEC . DVB-H s dng thm ch 4K (DVB-T ch c ch 2K, 8K) cn bng kh nng di ng v kch c t bo mng SFN. Ch 4K l ch trung gian gia ch 2K v 8K. Vic thm ch 4K c nh hng n lp vt l, tuy nhin khng lm tng cng knh ca thit b (ch cn thm cng lgic v b nh). Ph ca ch 4k tng t 2k v 8k nn khng cn thay i b lc pht. My pht DVB-H s bao gm cc tham s h thng DVB-T v 1 t mch lgc iu khin trang thit b v n hon ton tng thch vi cc khi khc ca h thng. Tuy nhin i vi my thu ch 2K, 8K khng th thu c tn hiu ch 4K, iu ny khng hn ch kht khe i vi bt k mng DVB-H mi s dng ch 4K v mc ch chnh l cho dch v mi v loi mi ca thit b xch tay, cm tay. Ch c hn ch trong trng hp nhu cu dung lng tng phi chia s b hp knh gia dch v DVB-T v dch v DVB-H. Khi DVB-H a vo trong mng DVB-T ang tn ti, tc bt cho cc dch v IP c th c dnh ring nh b hp knh hoc s dng iu ch phn cp. Nu khng c bng thng cho DVB-H, yu cu phi thit lp mng DVB-H ring. Trong trng hp chia s bng thng gia dng truyn ti MPEC-2 vi dch v DVB-H, th b iu ch DVB-T phi iu chnh sao cho c th nhn tn hiu DVB-H (t nht c mt dng truyn ti s dng Time Slice).
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DVB-H ph hp cho cc knh c rng bng thng l 5, 6, 7 v 8 MHz, hot ng trn cc bng tn III, IV, V v bng L. Bng UHF l ph hp vi m hnh ph sng t bo, bng UHF nm ngay di bng tn dnh cho GSM. Tuy nhin, phi xem xt n kh nng can nhiu ca truyn hnh di ng khi s dng knh tn s gn vi bng tn thu ca GSM 900MHz v CDMA 800MHz. Hn na, vi cng sut tn hiu truyn hnh qu ln c th gy ra cn tr cho cc my thu GSM, CDMA, tr khi b lc RF c s dng. Ti nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit Chu u do mt s dng bng UHF qu cao, nn mt vi nc xem xt n nh 2 hoc 3 knh UHF cho dch v truyn hnh di ng. Hai knh ny h s dng mng n tn ph sng. Mc d mng n tn c cu hnh mng kh phc tp, nhng b li hiu qu s dng ph tn s rt cao v h s dng vi hai hoc 3 mng n tn ph gi ln nhau. Bng VHF c u im v c im truyn sng hn bng UHF. Nhng n li khng ph hp vi m hnh ph sng t bo bi v anten ca n kh ln khi t ti cc trm Gc (Base stations) tn ti. i vi bng L c c im truyn sng suy gim hn so vi bng tn UHF, VHF. Tuy nhin, do bng tn UHF, VHF s dng vi mt cao nn mt s nc s dng bng L cho dch v truyn hnh di ng thng mi tiu chun DVBH. Vi bng tn ny c th nh hng n vng ln cn bng tn cao ca GSM, CDMA v UMTS.
Hnh 1-4: H thng DVB H
Tiu chun cng ngh DVB H s cn c cp k hn chng III.
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1.5. Cng ngh truyn hnh di ng MediaFLO

K thut FLO do Qualcomm pht trin s dng k thut gi d liu, c thit k c bit cho vic phn phi hiu qu v kinh t chng trnh a phng tin ti hng triu thu bao khng dy, ng thi k thut ny thc s lm gim gi phn phi ni dung, cho php ngi dng nhn cc knh trn cng cc thit b cm tay di ng m h s dng cc dch v thoi v d liu t bo truyn thng. FLO thc hin tt cho di ng v hiu qu ph tn vi cng sut tiu th nh nht. FLO da trn dng chng trnh s dng 30khung/1s cung cp chng trnh 14 knh pht thanh quc gia thi gian thc v 5 knh chng trnh truyn hnh a phng vi thi gian thc (chng trnh thi gian thc h tr cc s kin nng hi nh th thao) trn mt knh tn s 6MHz v c th cung cp 50 knh chng trnh quc gia v 15 chng trnh a phng thi gian khng thc (ni dung c ghi li), mi knh cung cp 20 pht ni dung trong mt ngy, ngi dng c th truy cp vo cc chng trnh thi gian khng thc theo mt bn hng dn (bao gm ca nhc, thi tit, tin tc tng hp...). Ngoi cc knh chng trnh truyn hnh cn c thm mt s lng ln cc knh d liu thng qua giao thc mng, bao gm thng tin cp nht v giao thng, ti chnh, thi tit... + Kin trc h thng FLO bao gm 4 h thng nh : Trung tm iu hnh mng (NOC) (gm trung tm iu hnh mng quc gia v 1 hoc nhiu trung tm iu hnh mng a phng); cc my pht FLO; mng 3G v cc thit b u cui my cm tay FLO. NOC c chc nng tnh cc, c s h tng qun l ni dung cho mng. + FLO s dng k thut iu ch OFDM, s sng mang con 4K, thng tin c iu ch trn mi sng mang con l QPSK, 16QAM. Cc tn hiu c t chc thnh cc siu khung, mi siu khung gm 4 khung, mi siu khung gm 200k hius/1MHz. + V knh tn s, FLO s dng cc knh tn s c rng knh 5,6,7,8MHz. Vi knh 6MHz, FLO c th cung cp tc ln n 11,2Mb/s tng ng vi vi chc knh chng trnh pht sng ng thi. + V bng tn s FLO c th s dng on bng tn t 450MHz-2GHz. Tuy nhin on bng tn trn suy hao rt ln nn thng thng s dng bng IV, V. M, FCC cp php on tn s 698-746MHz, vi khi 6MHz cho nghip v qung b, di ng, c nh, vi cng sut pht ti a 50Kw, cao anten pht 300m. Vi cc thng s cao anten thu khong 1m, h s nhiu 8dB, t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR :16dB ; gain anten thu bao gm c suy hao cm tay khong : -5,4dBi ;
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vi tn s trung tm 716MHz, tnh theo m hnh truyn sng Okamura Hata khu vc ngoi th vng ph sng khong 1937km2. M ang pht trin FLO vi knh tn 6MHz, vi tn s thp hn 700MHz ; cc v tr c cao anten pht trung bnh khong 100m.
Hnh 1-5: V d h thng Media FLO M
1.6. Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng khc

1.6.1. Tiu chun ATSC cho pht truyn hnh qung b mt t Tiu chun ATSC s dng lc iu ch khc gi l 8 mc di bin st li(8VSB). Tc d liu 19.29Mb/s c th thch ng vi bng thng 5.38MHz bao gm m ha RS 187/207. ATSC l tiu chun , n nh r cc thnh phn hp thnh ca pht qung b lung. * M ha m thanh nn m thanh Dolby AC-3 (tiu chun c quyn c dng di bn quyn ATSC A/53) * Video nn video MPEG-2 (ITU H222) * Lung truyn ti MPEG (ETSI TR 101 890) * Dch v chng trnh v giao thc thng tin PSIP (ATSC A/65) * Mi trng phn mn ng dng d liu c s (ATSC A/100), Java (JVM) v chun HTML * Chun pht qung b d liu TCP (ATSC A/90) v chun MPEG (ETSI TR 101 890)
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Cc mng 8VSB khng ph hp vi mng vi cc mng n tn s khng bng tc thu. Thc t hn ch v s thu trn cc phng tin giao thng ang di chuyn ch nh hn 50km/h. Do s thiu tng thch ca tiu chun ATSC cho s ci tin truyn ti TV di ng, nhiu nc s dng cng ngh ny c khuynh hng tin ti dng cc cng ngh thay th khc. Mt v d l cng ngh MediaFLO (c nng cp bi Qualcomm), c nn tng qun l giao din khng gian CDMA trong khe bng thng 6MHz. H thng s dng tn s 700MHz M vi thp v tuyn c cung cp tn hiu ngun qua v tinh. Hn Quc, nc ny cng s dng ATSC di chuyn ti cng ngh DMB v Nht Bn tin ti DMB S, ISDB T. Mt trong nhng u im ca DVB T l c th chia s chung c s h tng vi DVB H. Tuy nhin, mc d thc t thy rng u im ghp thm pht qung b a phng tin di ng vo mng truyn ti mt t sn c l khng th i vi ATSC nhng cc cng ty vn thc hin vi vic ci t thm DVB H, v d Crown Castle M. Mng mi c c s s dng trn bng L v c lp vi mng truyn dn ATSC trong nc M.
1.6.2. Cng ngh ISDBT

Truyn hnh di ng s dng ISDB-T pht qung b mt t ang c cung cp Nht Bn. ISDB-T c ngha l pht qung b s dch tch hp v l tiu chun ring ca Nht Bn . Mng ISDB-T s dng mt phn ca bng thng mt t s (1/13), n c gi l mt on. Hin ti cc dch v ny ang c cung cp di ci tn OneSeg, mang li kt qu vic s dng mt on bng thng mt t. Pht qung b mt t s (DTTB) bt u Nht vo thng 12 nm 2003 v bt u qu trnh thay th dn truyn ti tng t theo khun dng NTSC. Ph tn qung b bao gm cc knh 6MHz v v th b trng truyn ti tng t, chng c s dng cho cc dch v DTTB. a s ca pht qung b trn DTTB by gi l HDTV. Dch v truyn hnh di ng s dng ISDB T Nht bt u vo nm 2006 s dng mt phn on ca 13 phn on trong mt knh 5,6MHz. Thng s m ho m thanh v video cho ISDB-T l:
-
Video m ho s dng H.264 MPEG4/AVC h s ng c s L1.2 ti phn gii QVGA (320 x 240) 15fps; m thanh MPEG-2 vi tc ly mu 24,48kHz.
Mt phn on c bng thng 5,6/13 = 0.43MHz, hay 430kHz, c th h tr mng 312kb/s vi iu ch QPSK v t l m (a ra khong bo v 1/8). 312kb/s d liu c th truyn video chun c m ho tc 180kb/s v m thanh 48kb/s,
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d liu Internet v thng tin lung chng trnh 80kb/s. Mt phn on n c th mang n mt knh video v d liu theo chiu di vi thng tin chng trnh.
Hnh 1-6: Dch v ISDB T Nht Bn
1.7. So snh cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

So snh cc cng ngh truyn hnh s di ng mt t ta thy mt s im nh sau: * V bng tn hot ng th truyn hnh di ng mt t s dng c s h tng mng 3G, HSDPA, hay MBMS u hot ng trong bng tn ca cc mng di ng, n s nh hng trc tip ti lu lng ngi dng ng thi ca mng di ng. N nh hng ti cc dch v bng thng rng khc ca mng di ng. * H thng ATSC ang dn c chuyn hng sang cc h thng s dng cng ngh khc do nhng hn ch ca h thng. Do vy ta khng so snh y * Cc tiu chun cng ngh T-DMB, DVB-H, ISDB-T, MediaFLO u s dng bng tn tch bit vi cc mng di ng, truyn dn ngoi bng. T cc phn tch trn ta c bng so snh cc cng ngh truyn hnh s di ng mt t
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Bng 1-2: So snh tham s cc cng ngh truyn hnh s pht qung b mt t
Tiu chun
iu ch
S sng mang con
Dng truyn ti
rng knh (MHz)
Bng tn
S knh chng trnh/1knh tn s
Phng php lm gim cng sut my thu Nh
2k, T-DMB DQPSK COFDM 1k, 0,5k; 0,25k MPEG-2 TS 1.736
III, 1.5 GHz
3knh/1,5MHz (mi knh 230kb/s)
rng bng thng c ti u ho
QPSK DVB-H hay 16-QAM COFDM QPSK MediaFLO hay 16-QAM COFDM
8k, 4k, 2k
IP/MPEFEC/ MPEG-2 TS Gi d liu 5, 6, 7, 8 5, 6, 7, 8
III, IV and V IV and V
9 knh/6MHz 12 knh/8MHz (mi knh 300kb/s) 20 knh/6MHz 27 knh./8MHz (mi knh 300kb/s) 1 Knh Nh rng bng thng c ti u ho Ct lt thi gian Ct lt thi gian
4k
chung (packet data)
QPSK ISDB-T hay 16QAM COFDM MPEG-2 TS 0,312
video180kb/s 1 knh audio 48kb/s, d liu 80kb/s
Vi tiu chun ISDB-T l tiu chun ring ca Nht Bn, hin nay cha c quc gia no p dng tiu chun ny nn y em khng a vo bng so snh chung v cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng mt t. Da vo bng cc tham s trn ta c nhng so snh chung nht v 3 cng ngh truyn hnh di ng ph bin nht hin ny l DVB-H, T-DMB, MediaFLO.
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Bng 1-3: So snh 3 cng ngh truyn hnh di ng
Tiu chun Bng tn Bng thng
T-DMB VHF, 1,5GHz 1,736MHz (hp nn d b nh hng fading hn)
DVB-H III, IV, V 5, 6, 7, 8 MHz
MediaFLO IV, V 5, 6, 7, 8MHz
Kh nng phc v
Km hn DVB-H
DVB-H iu ch QPSK s li hn 3dB so vi T-DMB iu ch DQPSK, vi cng cc tham s k thut khc
MediaFLO cng tc bt/Hz vi DVB-H th MediaFLO s li hn 3dB so vi DVB-H. Thc t MediaFLO s li hn 5-7dB so vi tn hiu DVB-H vi cng t l C/N
Cng sut tiu th my thu Thi gian chuyn i gia cc chng trnh Gi thnh trin khai mng vi cng mt vng ph sng Kh nng dng chung c s h tng hin c
Cao (P tb=250mw)
Thp (P tb=80mw) (nh s dng Time Slice) Khong 4,5-5s (chm) lm nh hng n cng sut tiu th ca my thu
Thp nht
Khong 2s v khng lm tn hao n cng sut tiu th ca my thu R hn
Ti thiu gp hai ln DVB-H hot ng bng UHF Khng
Gp hai ln MediaFLO
C th tn dng c c s h tng ca DVB-T nn chi ph u t khng cao. DVB-H c th pht trn cng my pht DVB-T s dng iu ch phn cp hoc dng b hp knh
Khng
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T bng so snh trn ta thy cng ngh DVB-H t v dung ha c ht cc ch tiu c nh gi. Nhn tng th DVB-H t c nhiu u im hn so vi hai cng ngh cn li tit kim c chi ph trin khai do tn dng c thit b ca h thng DVB-T, bng tn hot ng rng t b nh hng bi fading, mc tiu th nng lng ti my thu va phi, do vy cng ngh truyn hnh di ng mt t DVB-H c nhiu li th khi trin khai Vit Nam, ni m c sn h thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T ca i truyn hnh k thut s VTC.
1.8. Kt lun chng I

Trong chng I gii thiu s lc v cc cng ngh truyn hnh s di ng mt t v ang c pht trin, trin khai v m rng phc v ngi dng. Chng l n by thc y nn cng nghip ni dung, ngnh truyn hnh pht trin v tin gn hn ti ngi xem, do nhng tnh cht linh hot, tin li v rt cp nhp ca truyn hnh di ng. Qua y, ta cng c th bc u c nhng so snh c trng nht v cc cng ngh truyn hnh s di ng mt t. Nh trn, ta thy cc cng ngh u yu cu tc truyn ti cao v t c tnh n nh, do vy ngi ta hu ht chn hnh thc ghp knh iu ch a sng mang OFDM cho phn truyn dn ca cc cng ngh. Nh vy chng II ta i vo tm hiu k hn v k thut OFDM.
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Chng 2: K thut iu ch OFDM
CHNG II K THUT IU CH OFDM

K thut iu ch OFDM l mt trng hp c bit ca iu ch phng php iu ch a sng mang m trong cc sng mang ph trc giao vi nhau, nh vy ph tn hiu cc sng mang ph cho php chng ln ln nhau m pha thu vn c th khi phc li tn hiu ban u. S chng ln ph tn hiu lm cho h thng OFDM.
2.1. Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM

Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) rt ging vi ghp knh theo tn s Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) thng thng. Nu truyn tnh hiu khng phi bng mt sng mang m bng nhiu sng mang, mi sng mang ti mt phn d liu c ch v c tri u trn c bng thng th khi chu nh hng xu ca p knh truyn s ch c mt phn d liu c ch b mt, trn c s m d liu m cc sng mang khc mang ti c th khi phc d liu c ch. iu ny tng ng khi ghp knh theo tn s (FDM). Do vy, khi dng nhiu sng mang c tc bit thp, nhiu d liu gc s c thu chnh xc. hi phc d liu mt, ngi ta dng phng php sa li tin (FEC-Forward Error Correction). my thu mi sng mang c tch ra khi dng cc b lc thng thng v gii iu ch.Tuy nhin khng c can nhiu gia cc sng mang (Inter- Carrier Interference (ICI)) cn phi c khong bo v khi hiu qu s dng ph tn km i. OFDM s dng nhng nguyn l ca FDM cho php nhiu tin tc s c gi qua mt knh Radio n. Tuy nhin n cho php s dng hiu qu ph tn s. Khc vi FDM, trong OFDM, nhng tn hiu thng tin t nhiu trm c kt hp trong mt dng d liu ghp knh n. Sau d liu ny c truyn khi s dng khi OFDM c to ra t gi dy c nhiu sng mang.Tt c cc sng mang th cp trong tn hiu OFDM c ng b thi gian v tn s vi nhau, cho php kim sot tt can nhiu gia nhng sng mang. Cc sng mang ny chng lp nhau trong min tn s, nhng khng gy can nhiu gia cc sng mang (ICI) do bn cht trc giao ca iu ch.. iu ny lm gim hiu qu ph tn. Tuy nhin vi OFDM nh s trc giao gia nhng sng mang con lm gim ng k khong bo v ci thin hiu qu ph. OFDM cn c tn gi khc l iu ch a sng mang trc giao(OMCM) da trn nguyn tc phn chia lung d liu tc cao thnh cc lung d liu tc thp, truyn trn nhiu sng mang trc giao nhau. Phng php a sng mang dng cng ngh OFDM s tri d liu cn truyn trn rt nhiu sng mang, mi sng mang c iu ch ring bit vi tc bit thp. Cc sng mang con ny c la chn sao cho mi song mang con s trc giao vi cc sng mang k cn nhau. iu ny lm cho hiu qu s dng ph tn hin ca
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ton h thng tng ln ng k.

Khong bo v
Gii thng c tit kim
Hnh 2-1 So snh ph FDM v OFDM
S chng ln v ph tn hiu ca cc knh con c m t nh hnh di y.
Hnh 2-2: S chng ln ph ca sng mang con
Hnh 2-2 miu t n gin v nguyn l trc giao, trong ph tn hiu ca mt knh con c dng tn hiu hnh sin(x)/x. Cc knh con c xp t trn min tn s cch nhau mt khong u n sao cho im cc i ca mt knh con bt k l khng ca knh con ln cn. iu ny lm nguyn l trc giao tha mn v cho php my thu khi phc li tn hiu mc d ph ca cc knh con chng ln ln nhau. Mt cp sng mang con c gi l trc giao nu nh khong cch tn s gia chng bng 1/T Hz, trong T l khong thi gian k hiu trn mi sng mang con. Mun
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t c iu trn th phi c s ng b thi gian v tn s sng mang con trong vic iu ch v gii iu ch. Nh trn ta bit, mun pha thu c th khi phc c tn hiu gc ta cn c iu kin trc giao gia cc knh sng mang con vi nhau. Ta xt s trc giao trong min tn s ca tn hiu OFDM. Trong min tn s mi sng mang th cp OFDM c p ng tn s sinc (sin(x)/x). l kt qu ca thi gian k hiu tng ng vi nghch o ca khong cch sng mang. Mi k hiu OFDM c truyn trong mt thi gian c nh (TFFT). Thi gian sumbol ny tng ng vi nghch o ca khong cch ti ph 1/TFFT Hz. Dng sng trong hnh ch nht ny trong min thi gian dn n p tuyn tn s sinc trong min tn s. Dng sinc c 1 bp chnh hp, vi nhiu bp bin c cng gim dn theo tn s khi i ra khi tn s trung tm. Mi ti ph c mt nh ti tn s trung tm v mt s gi tr khng c t cn bng theo cc l trng tn s bng khong cch sng mang. Bn cht trc giao ca vic truyn l kt qu ca nh ca mi ti ph tng ng vi im 0 ca cc ti ph khc. Khi tn hiu ny uc pht hin nh s dng bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT). Cc tn hiu c a vo iu ch OFDM thng c iu ch thnh N knh con vi N sng mang ph trn c s mt sng mang chnh c chng cho bng tn hot ng nht nh fn. Cc my pht pht tn hiu iu ch OFDM vi sng mang fn gp li thnh mng n tn s SFN (Singer Fequensy Network). Cc SFN ny thng c dng trong cc h thng pht truyn hnh s mt t hin i
2.2. iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM

ng gp c bn cho s pht trin ca OFDM l vic ng dng bin i Fourier (FT) vo iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu. K thut ny phn chia tn hiu ra thnh tng khi N s phc. S dng bin i Fourier ngc IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) cho mi khi v truyn ni tip. Ti pha thu, bn tin gi i c phc hi li nh bin i Fourier FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) cc khi tn hiu ly mu thu c. K thut iu ch OFDM kt hp vi cc phng php m ha v xo trn (interleaving) thch hp cho php truyn d liu tc cao qua knh v tuyn vi tin cy cao.
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Hnh 2-3: H thng thu pht OFDM trong ng dng v tuyn
c th ca tn hiu OFDM l n hon ton c to ra trong min s, do rt kh ch to cc my thu pht kha pha di rng trong min thi gian. Ti khi pht, d liu s sau khi c iu ch vo cc sng mang c em i thc hin php bin i Fourier to s trc giao gia cc sng mang. Trong thc t ngi ta dng php bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) cho bc ny. FFT l mt dng bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) nhng cho hiu qu tnh ton cao hn nn c dng trong cc h thng thc t. Sau khi to c s trc giao gia cc sng mang, cc sng mang ny li c chuyn v min thi gian bng IFFT truyn i. Lc ny ta to c mt tn hiu OFDM gm mt nhm cc sng mang trc giao vi nhau trong min thi gian. Lu , tn hiu OFDM mi ch bng tn c s, cn c chuyn ln ti tn s c la chn truyn i. Khi thu thc hin qu trnh ngc li khi pht. Tn hiu OFDM thu t anten c chuyn v bng tn c s x l. Tn hiu ny sau c qua FFT phn tch tn hiu trong min tn s. Pha v bin ca cc sng mang con c nhn din v c chuyn thnh d liu s cn thu.
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Hnh 2-4: S iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM
2.2.1. Chuyn i ni tip song song D liu s thng dng mt chui cc bit lin tip. Trong h thng OFDM, mi k hiu thng mang t 40 4000 bits, do bc chuyn i ni tip song song l cn thit t cc bit thng tin ln OFDM k hiu. S bit thng tin trn mt k hiu ph thuc vo phng thc iu ch v s sng mang con. Ch rng nu ta dng phng thc iu ch thch nghi (Adaptive Modulation) th s bit thng tin trn tng sng mang con c th khng ging nhau. Ti pha thu qu trnh ngc li, chuyn i song song ni tip, s c thc hin chuyn d liu v dng ni tip nh ban u. Khi tn hiu OFDM truyn trong mi trng a ng, do pha inh chn la tn s s xut hin nhng nhm sng mang con b suy gim nghim trng ti mc gy ra li bit ti pha thu. Cc im trng trong p ng tn s ca knh truyn c th lm cho thng tin trn mt s sng mang ln cn nhau b ph hu, kt qu l c mt cm cc bit lin nhau b li. Nu nh cm bit li ny khng qu ln, nm trong tm kim sot ca b sa li pha thu th vn s chng ng ngi. Nhng thc t, cc cm bit li ny li thng kh ln, trong khi kh nng kim sot ca b sa li li rt hn ch, v li vic ci thin kh nng sa li thng rt tn km. Mt tng n gin v d thc hin gii quyt vn ny l: nu nh cc cm bit li ny gm cc bit khng ln cn nhau th khi chuyn i song song sang ni tip pha thu, cc bit li ny s nm ri rc, v nh vy ta trnh c cc cm bit li ln. Do hu ht cc h thng thc t, ngi ta u s dng mt b xo trn bit hay cn gi l ci xen (interleaving) nh l mt phn ca qu trnh chuyn i ni tip song song. Thay v truyn cc bit tun t theo v tr ca chng trong chui bit thng tin u vo, ta truyn chng khng theo th t, ri sau li sp xp chng ng th t pha thu.
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2.2.2. iu ch sng mang con Cc sng mang ph sau khi c cp pht cc bit thng tin truyn i, chng s c iu ch pha v bin bng cc phng thc iu ch thch hp. Lc ny sng mang c biu din bng vector IQ. Qu trnh iu ch vo cc sng mang con thc cht l qu trnh nh x cc bit thng tin theo mt s iu ch (Constellation) c th. Do qu trnh ny cn gi l Mapping. Ti my thu, thc hin vic gii m vect IQ thnh t m ban u. Trong qu trnh truyn, nhiu v mo ca knh truyn lm cho cc vect IQ thu nhn c khng r nt, do c th gy li nhn din t m. Do vi mi phng thc iu ch s cn mt t s tn hiu trn tp m nht nh. V d vi phng thc iu ch 16-QAM, khi t s tn hiu trn tp m cho php l S/N = 18dB. 2.2.3. Chuyn i t min tn s sang min thi gian Sau giai on iu ch sng mang con, ta n nh c cho mi sng mang con mt bin v pha da trn cc bit thng tin c truyn i v phng thc iu ch sng mang c s dng, nhng sng mang con khng truyn tin s c bin bng 0. y l bc xy dng tn hiu OFDM trong min tn s. truyn c th tn hiu OFDM phi c chuyn v min thi gian bng IFFT. Trong min tn s, mi im ri rc m ti ta thc hin IFFT tng ng vi mt sng mang con. Cc sng mang con c bin bng khng s c s dng nh di bo v
Hnh 2-5: To tn hiu OFDM giai on IFFT
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2.2.4. Chn khong bo v Vi mt di thng cho trc, tc k hiu ca mt tn hiu OFDM nh hn nhiu so vi tc k hiu ca mt sng mang trong h thng n sng mang. Nh ta bit, di thng ca mt tn hiu OFDM s bng di thng cho trc trn chia cho N sng mang con. Do vy tc bit ca mt tn hiu OFDM s nh hn N ln tc bit trn mt sng mang trong h thng n sng mang. Tc k hiu trn sng mang con thp to cho OFDM c kh nng chu ISI rt tt. Tuy nhin, cn c th ci thin hn na kh nng chu ISI ca h thng OFDM bng cch chn thm cc di bo v vo trc mi k hiu . Di bo v ca mi k hiu l mt phn bn sao ca chnh k hiu , c th l phn u hoc phn cui hoc c 2 phn ca chnh k hiu . Thng th ngi ta hay dng phn cui ca k hiu lm di bo v cho k hiu . Chn thm di bo v lm thi gian truyn ca k hiu tng ln, do lm tng kh nng chu ISI. Nh cp trn, mi sng mang con mang mt phn tin tc ca 1 k hiu, dng mt phn k hiu lm di bo v cn to cho vic truyn dn c lin tc, khng c s ngt qung gia cc k hiu. Hn na, di bo v cn cho php gim li do s x dch thi gian my thu. 2.2.5. ng b trong OFDM Mt vn ny sinh y l trong qu trnh truyn song song N knh con xut hin hin tng dch tn s gy ra mt tnh trc giao ca tn hiu OFDM, do cn c s ng b trong chm tn hiu OFDM gim thiu s dch tn gy mt tnh trc giao gy ra nhiu gia cc knh con ICI lm gim cht lng iu ch OFDM. (*) ng b trong h thng OFDM
Hnh 2-6: Cc bc ng b trong OFDM
Trc ht, cn ng b khung (hoc gi) cung cp thng tin iu chnh v OFDM k hiu. Tip , cn hiu chnh tn s trc khi thc hin bin i FFT gim nh hng ca nhiu ICI (inter-channel interference). Sau thm mt giai on
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iu chnh mn v b tn s c thc hin. Ni chung iu chnh khung v sa tn s l cng vic rt phc tp, i hi cu hnh phn cng cng nh phn mm cao. K thut iu chnh v sa tn s trong OFDM c th chia thnh hai loi: phng tin d liu (data aided) v k thut phi tuyn (non-linear techniques). K thut phng tin d liu s dng mt mu bit bit hoc tn hiu pilot nh gi tr v dch tn s. K thut phi tuyn s dng tnh chu k ca tn hiu rt ra thnh phn hi mong mun bng cch s dng ton t phi tuyn (*) ng b thi gian v ng b khung Trc ht cn c mt mch ng b khung pht hin im bt u ca khung. iu ny c thc hin bng cch to ra s tng quan gia tn hiu n vi thnh phn mo u (preamble) bit trc. Mch ny i khi cng c dng iu chnh cho b iu khin h s khuych i. Do ngng ca mch phi c iu chnh cho ph hp. Bi v dch thi gian khng nh hng n tnh trc giao ca cc k hiu do c th b thi gian sau bin i FFT. Sau y l s khi tng qut.
Hnh 2-7: ng b khung
nh hng ca dch thi gian l quay pha v tng mt cch tuyn tnh theo th t ca cc sng mang. nh gi dch thi gian ta c lng theo s sau y.
Hnh 2-8: c lng dch thi gian
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Nh ni trn dch tn s nh hng ti tnh trc giao ca tn hiu OFDM. Dch tn phi c sa trc khi bin i FFT pha thu. B bin i FFT c th s dng nh b pht hin dch tn. Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh sau:
Hnh 2-9: c lng dch tn s
S ln lp li ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N v yu cu v chnh xc ca vic c lng tn s. S ny hot ng kh tt trong mi trng c t s S/N nh. Tuy nhin, k thut ny c hn ch khi dch tn s f < 1/2T. dch tn ban u phi ln hn gii hn 1/2T . 2.2.6. iu ch cao tn Tn hiu OFDM c to ra sau giai on IFFT mi ch tn s c s, tn hiu ny cn phi c nng ln tn s cao hn phc v cho vic truyn dn. Bc ny c th p dng k thut tng t hoc k thut chuyn i s. C 2 k thut u c cc thao tc ging nhau, tuy nhin iu ch s c xu hng chnh xc hn do chnh xc trong vic phi ghp 2 knh I&Q, mt khc k thut iu ch s cho gi tr pha chnh xc hn.
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Hnh 2-10: iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng c s s dng k thut tng t
Hnh 2-11: iu ch tn s v tuyn tn hiu OFDM bng c s s dng k thut s (DDS Tng hp s trc tip)
2.3. u nhc im ca OFDM

T nhng c im phn tch trong chng III ny, ta c th rt ra mt vi kt lun v u nhc im v kh nng ng dng. K thut iu ch OFDM i vi cc h thng thng tin v tuyn c mt s u im sau: * S dng bng tn hiu qu * H thng OFDM c th loi b hon ton nhiu phn tp a ng (ISI) nu di khong bo v ln hn tr truyn dn ln nht ca knh. * Ph hp vi cc h thng truyn dn bng rng, do nh hng ca ca phn tp v tn s i vi cht lng h thng c gim nhiu so vi h thng truyn dn n sng mang. * H thng c cu trc thu n gin.
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Bn cnh nhng u im trn k thut iu ch OFDM cng c mt s nhc im c bn l: * ng bao bin ca tn hiu pht khng bng phng. iu ny gy ra mo phi tuyn cc b khuch i cng sut pha pht v thu. * S dng khong bo v trnh c nhiu phn tp a ng nhng li gim i mt phn hiu sut ng truyn, do bn thn khong bo v khng mang thng tin. * Do yu cu v trc giao gia cc sng mang ph, h thng OFDM rt nhy cm vi hiu ng Doppler cng nh s dch tn v dch thi gian do sai s ng b.
2.4. Kt lun chng II

T nhng c im phn tch trong chng III ny, ta c th rt ra mt vi kt lun v u nhc im v kh nng ng dng. Ngy nay k thut OFDM cn kt hp vi cc phng php m ha knh s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. Cc h thng ny c gi vi khi nim COFDM (Code OFDM). K thut iu ch OFDM hay COFDM c ng dng vo rt nhiu h thng thng tin v tuyn tc cao nh Wimax, Wireless LAN, DAB, DVB, T - DMB. Nh s linh hot v li ch to ln ca chng. Cng ngh truyn hnh s di ng mt t DVB H cng p dng OFDM cho h thng truyn dn ca mnh m c th hn l COFDM. DVB H s c m t xu hn trong chng III sau y.
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Chng 3:Dch v truyn hnh di ng DVB-H
CHNG III DCH V TRUYN HNH DI NG S DNG CNG NGH DVB-H

3.1. Gii thiu: Pht qung b video s cho thit b cm tay
Cng ngh DVB-H c thit k s dng c s h tng pht qung b truyn hnh mt t s chuyn giao cc dch v a phng tin cho cc my di ng. N c th s dng cng cc khe ph tn dng cho truyn hnh s. Cng ngh DVB cho cc thit b cm tay c thit k t c cc mc tiu ca chuyn tip dch v TV cho thit b cm tay, n bao gm: Dch v qung b tip cn s lng ngi dng khng gii hn Cung cp cng sut pht ln sao cho cc thit b di ng c th lm vic thm ch c trong cc to nh. Tiu th ngun pin khi thu knh truyn hnh la chn. Vic s dng ph tn pht qung b mt t, n ang dn c tr li t do v c kt qu ca vic s ho cc mng truyn hnh. Kh nng m ho v sa li cung cp cc iu kin cng tn hiu kh bin cao trong mi trng thit b cm tay. C s h tng ti thiu khi trin khai cc dch v truyn hnh cho di ng. DVB-H c th s dng cng c s h tng vi DVB-T. Mt dch v DVB-H c th cung cp 20-40 knh hoc hn tu thuc vo tc bt hay ln ti 11Mb/s trong mt knh ghp DVB-H, n c th tip cn ti hng nghn ngi xem ch qung b. Di y l cc la chn cu hnh mt h thng DVB-H: Cc mode bng thng 5, 6, 7 v 8MHz Cc ch sng mang COFDM 2K, 4K, 8K Cc nh dng iu ch gm c 4QAM, 16QAM, v 64QAM DVB-H c tiu chun ho bi DVB v ETSI di m EN 302 304 vo thng 11 nm 2004. L do ci tin mt cch t nhin ca cng ngh, c nhiu phiu bn mi vi cc c im k thut c bn mang ti cho ti khon pht trin mi nht. Cng ngh c ph chun cho php th nghim mt s ni bao gm Helsinki, Pittsburgh, Oxford, Barcelona, v Berlin. DVB-H c s trn tiu chun m v tng thch vi DVB-T. N hng theo cc ch IP datacast v trn ton b mng u cui ti u cui IP.
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3.2. Ti sao chn DVB-H?

Pht qung b video s s dng truyn dn mt t c s dng mt cng ngh rng ri vi hn 50 nc c truyn dn mt t trong ch s. Thm ch nhng nc truyn dn truyn hnh tng t l quy tc tiu chun, truyn dn mt t s nhanh chng c gii thiu v thay th dn truyn dn mt t tng t. Trong qu trnh, ph tn ang c tr li t do, vi mt tn hiu ghp knh DVB-T n c th mang ti 6 ti 8 knh, n d dng chim khe tn s. Mt thnh phn m rng ca cc dch v ny ti cc thit b di ng bi vy cn cn nhc ti cc la chn ph hp vi s thay i i vi cc khuyn ngh ca DVB-T, n dn ti cc khuyn ngh ca DVB-Handheld. Cc dch v DVB-T khng ph hp ngay vi cc thit b di ng. V cc tiu chun cho DVB-T c lm c s cho my thu s c nh vi ng ten trn mi tng i ln v khng gii hn nng lng pin trong qu trnh thu. Cc yu t ny thc hin lm cho vic thu thng DVB-T khng ph hp trong mi trng di ng, do c trng ca mi trng di ng l cng tn hiu nh hn nhiu, s di ng, v fading. Tiu chun DVB-H, xc nh cc yu t ny thng qua m rng hp l cc ch tiu k thut, tr thnh mi trng l tng cho vic cung cp TV di ng. Cc yu t khc lm gim tin ti DVB-H l cc dch v TV di ng da trn 3G hoc UMTS, cc dch v ny vi bn cht pht unicast khng c kh nng m rng trong mi trng rng ln. Chng b gii hn trong vic s dng ph tn tn s v ti nguyn mng ti cung cp truyn hnh qung b a knh cho mt s lng ln ngi dng ng thi. m rng, cc dch v multicast ang c xc nh nh MBMS. Tuy nhin s c lp ca truyn hnh qung b thun tu vi tn s mng di ng t bo c nhng u im rt quan trng. Cng ngh pht m thanh s (DAB) ang c cng khng l tng, DAB s hu bng tn truyn dn trt hp v cn ph tn, giao thc cho cung cp a phng tin tin cy. H thng DMB l mt phn m rng ca cc tiu chun DAB ngha l cung cp thm cc thuc tnh cho a phng tin di ng. DVB-H da trn lp IP v pht cc gi d liu IP, l cng ngh m c u im hn DMB im ny.
3.3. DVB-H hot ng th no?

DVB-H da trn c s truyn ti c s IP. Video c truyn ti s dng tn hiu m ho video MPEG-4/AVC (H.264), n c th cung cp tn hiu m ho QCIF 384kb/s hoc t hn. C nhiu b gii m c th hot ng trn tn hiu truyn hnh thi gian thc v cung cp tn hiu m ho MPEG-4/AVC u ra di nh dng IP. V da trn truyn ti IP, DVB-H c th h tr m ho m thanh v hnh nh khc ngoi MPEG-4/AVC. V c bn l mt truyn ti IP, n c th h tr mi loi lung
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AV. Ngoi MPEG-4, nh dng m ho Microsoft VC-1 l c sp t trong tiu chun DVB-H. phn gii v kch c khung c th c la chn bi nh cung cp dch v tho mn cc mc tiu tc bit. D liu sau c pht i bng mt IP datacast (Hnh 3-1).
Hnh 3-1: Mt h thng truyn dn truyn hnh di ng DVB-H
Trong mi trng DVB-H in hnh mt s lng cc dch v m thanh v truyn hnh c th c m ho bi mt dy cc b m ho. Tt c cc b m ho c kt ni bi b chuyn mch ti b ng gi IP(IP encapsulator), sau c kt hp tt c cc dch v m thanh v video cng nh tn hiu PSI v SI v d liu EPG thnh cc khung IP. B ng gi IP cng cung cp d liu knh c sp xp vo cc khe thi gian sao cho my thu c th vn tch cc trong sut thi gian d liu la chn knh tch cc truyn vo khng gian (Hnh 3-2).
Hnh 3-2: DVB-H IP Datacasting
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B ng gi IP cng cung cp nhiu m sa li, cc m ny c th cung cp cc tn hiu ng tin cy trong mi trng di ng tiu chun. Tc d liu ti u ra ca ca mt b ng gi IP trong DVB-H ni chung ph thuc vo kiu iu ch cng nh s sn sng bng thng. Thng thng th mt knh ghp DVB-H s c th c tc d liu l 11Mb/s, khi c iu ch s to thnh mt di sng mang rng 7-8MHz. So snh vi mt knh ghp 21Mb/s cho dch v DVB-T trong bng VHF. Tc truyn dn cuar DVB-H c hiu sut thp hn v l do chp nhn sa li mc cao truyn dn mnh hn trong mi trng cc thit b cm tay. u ra ca b ng gi IP nh dng ASI, sau c iu ch bi b iu ch COFDM vi 4K (hoc 8K) sng mang. B iu ch COFDM cung cp s n hi cn thit chng li fading chn lc (selective), v cc iu kin lan truyn khc. Tiu chun DVB-T cung cp cho sng mang 2K n 8K trong iu ch COFDM. Ch 4K c d nh dng cho DVB-H v 2K sng mang khng a ra ch bo v tho ng chng li fading chn lc tn s v n cng cung cp kch thc nh hn bi v yu cu khong trng bo v trong mng n tn (SFN). ng thi ch 8K sng mang c s lng sng mang dy c v cc tn s qu gn i vi dch Doppler, chng rt quan trng i vi cc my thu dch chuyn. Do , ch mi 4K sng mang kt hp cht ch nh l phn thit yu trong tiu chun DVB-H. Ch 4K dung ho tt hn gia cc kch thc v hiu ng Doppler do di chuyn. Mt b chn k hiu 4 K cng c s dng trong qu trnh iu ch. Tuy nhin, cn nhn bit rng ch sng mang thc t c ph thuc vo bng tn trin khai, v d bng UHF hoc bng L. iu ch cho mi sng mang trong tp hp cc sng mang c th vi iu ch QPSK, 16QAM, hoc 64QAM. Tiu chun DVB-H khuyn ngh cho iu ch COFDM, n ph hp cho cc SFN. H thng s dng cc ng h thi gian da trn GPS v nhn thi gian m bo rng tt c cc my pht trong mt vng c th vn hnh duy tr c ch ng b thi gian, n rt cn cho SFN. iu cng bao hm ngha l cc b lp c th c s dng trong vng ph ti cng tn s v cc b lp cung cp thm cng tn hiu ti cc my thu ti my di ng.
3.4. Cng ngh ca DVB-H

3.4.1. Nguyn tc c bn ca h thng DVB-H Xy dng da trn cc nguyn l ca tiu chun DVB-T v cc tiu chun pht thanh s, tiu chun DVB-H b sung thm cc thnh phn chc nng cn thit cho cc yu cu ca mi trng thit b di ng cm tay. C DVB-T v DVB-H u dng chung lp vt l v DVB-H c th tng thch ngc vi DVB-T. Nh DVB-T, DVB-
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H c th vn chuyn lung truyn ti MPEG-2 tng t v dng chung my pht v cc b iu ch OFDM cho tn hiu ca n. Mc tiu t 20 ti 40 chng trnh pht thanh v truyn trnh cho cc thit b cm tay c th pht bng 1 b ghp duy nht hoc dung lng mt b ghp c th dng chung cho DVB-T v DVB-H. Trong thc t tc bit cho mt b ghp DVB-H c th t c t 5 ti 21Mb/s. DVB-H h tr b sung cho thit b di ng cm tay. Bao gm vic tit kim pin qua chu trnh ct lt thi gian, s vng chc ngy cng c tng cng v ci thin kh nng khi phc li so vi DVB-T s dng sa li (MFC-FEC) ng gi a giao thc. Ngoi ra DVB-H pht qung b m thanh, hnh nh v cc d liu khc bng IPv6. DVB-H cng c th c cho cc tn s khng qung b. Tip theo l cc thuc tnh c bn ca mt h thng DVB-H: M ho m thanh, video, d liu hoc cc file; Dng IP datacasting cung d liu ti a my thu; T chc d liu vo mt nhm ca cc gi cho mi knh (time slicing); Thm d liu tn hiu thch hp cho ti thng tin lung DVB-H; ng dng sa li chuyn tip v ng gi a giao thc; Dng thi gian ly mu ca h thng GPS cho cc mng n tn s; iu ch s dng QPSK, 16QAM hoc 64QAM sng mang 4K COFDM vi vic an xen tn s. 3.4.2. Thnh phn chc nng ca m hnh pht d liu DVB-IP DVB-H dng pht d liu IP (tham chiu ti IPDC). Qu trnh bao hm ng gi ni dung s vo cc gi IP v sau chuyn cc gi ny trong mt b th tc ng tin cy. Nn tng IP khng hn ch cc kiu ni dung do n c th ti v v vy IPDC ph hp cho video trc tip, ti video xung (qua truyn file), cc file nhc, lung m thanh v video (theo nh dng lung), trang Web, tr chi hay nhiu loi ni dung khc. So vi cc mng unicast IP th IPDC cung cp cc u im ni bt v cc mng qung b c th vn ti hng nghn u cui (khng hn ch s ngi dng) v tc c nng cao, n lun sn sng cho tt c ngi dng. Dng IP nh cng ngh c s c u im l d liu trong ni dung c th c gim st cng chung cc giao thc ph bin trn Internet, cc thit b khng t v cc k thut qun l sn sng. Mi trng truyn dn cng c lp vi kiu ni dung ang c vn chuyn. Cc kiu ni dung c th l truyn hnh trc tip, cc file m thanh v video hoc cc trang Web HTML/XML.
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D liu c pht qung b bao gm hai loini dung qung b v m t dch v, nh d liu PSI/SI v hng dn dch v in t. Ngoi ra d liu cng bao gm thng tin qun l bn quyn truy cp v thu bao ni dung. Lp IP cung cp cc socket m qua thng tin ca mi loi c pht i. 3.4.3. Ct lt thi gian (Time Slicing) Mt trong nhng c im phn bit DVB-H vi DVB-T l c im ct lt thi gian ca cc d liu knh trn on ghp cui cng. Trong trng hp DVB-T, nhiu knh s c ghp vi nhau (v d 6 hoc 8 dch v trong mt knh ghp 8MHz). Tuy nhin mc ghp knh, cc gi cho cc knh khc nhau lin tip nhau. V kt qu ca tc b bt rt cao, my thu cho mi knh cn hot ng trong ton b thi gian v cc gi s ti lin tc. Trong trng hp DVB-H, b ng gi IP a ra kh nng y ca vic ghp knh trong mt thi gian gii hn cho mt knh duy nht. Do cc gi cho knh ny c th ti theo tng chm, chm ny sau chm kia, trong sut thi gian ny. Trong khi khe ny c cp pht cho knh ny th khng c gi t cc knh khc. iu ny cho php my thu, nu n ch cn mt knh, hot ng trong sut thi gian cc gi cho knh ny c nhm li vi nhau (v d trong sut khe thi gian c ch nh cho mt knh ring c th). Vo nhng thi im khc, my thu (tuner) c th c tt duy tr ngun. N phi c bt ngun tr li trc khi khe c ch nh ti theo k hoch (trong thc t cn 200ms cho ng b). Cho php my thu di ng trong ch tit kim nng lng thi gian thu tn hiu ln ti 95% ph thuc s lng dch v c ghp. Trong hng mc thi gian, d liu c khong thi gian t 15s c vn chuyn bng mt chm duy nht. Nu tc knh d liu l 1Mb/s (ly lm v d) my thu s phi cn 5Mbit b nh m cho thi gian 5s khng hot ng. Nh mt s la chn, cho mt dch v TV chy 25 khung hnh/s , my thu cn b nh m 125 khung d liu. Cc khung c lu trong b nh m ny c hin th bnh thng v ngi dng khng nhn bit c my thu ang khng hot ng (Hnh 3-3).
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Hnh 3-3:Ct lt thi gian trong DVB-H
Tng s d liu c truyn trong mt chm bng mt khung FEC. N c th t 1-5 Mbit. Khi my thu khng thu cc chm mong mun ca d liu, thit b iu hng nm trong my cm tay s khng hot ng v v th s dng t nng lng hn. Tuy nhin c nhiu s la chn dng cc khong thi gian khng hot ng. V d my thu c th o ln tn hiu t cc b lp gn ti cc b lp khng phc v chuyn giao ti cc my pht hoc b lp thch hp hn. N c th xp cc dch v c ct lt thi gian (v d: DVB-H) v khng c ct lt thi gian (v d: DVB-T) trong cng mt b ghp knh. 3.4.4.Thi gian chuyn gia cc knh v cc bit bo hiu tham s my pht (TPS) Mt trong nhng vn ny sinh do my thu ang ch tit kim nng lng l thi gian cn chuyn knh truyn hnh trn my di ng. gim thi gian tm kim v cho php "pht hin dch v nhanh", cc bit bo hiu ca lung DVB-T cng mang thng tin v lung DVB-H. Khung bo hiu DVB-T bao gm 68 bit TPS trong ch c 23 bit dng cho cc tham s DVB-T. Khi DVB-H c ti trn cng mt knh ghp, mt s bit TPS khng c s dng c dng mang thng tin v DVB-H. Cc dng thng tin sau y c cc bt TPS mang: C DVB-H hin din trong knh ghp DVB hay khng, Ch 4K hoc 8K, S dng ct lt thi gian, S dng sa li chuyn tip.
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Cc bit TPS thm vo trong lung bo hiu gip tr li knh mi c chn nhanh hn cng nh chuyn giao trong trong mi trng di ng, my thu DVB-H hiu c trng thi ca ton b lung pht. 3.4.5. MPE-FEC Qu trnh thu cc thit b cm tay rt khc vi qu trnh ny cc ng ten thu sng mt t c nh: Th nht, t bn thn ng ten rt nh v c h s tng t thp. Th hai, thit b cm tay trong mi trng di ng, tn hiu thu c c th tri qua s dao ng mnh v cng sut thu. Mc d lp vt l mnh s dng truyn dn OFDM lm gim fading chn lc c gim bt nh hng, v d s dng cc mng n tn v cc tn hiu thu c tng cng t tt c cc ngun phn x v trc tip th vn cn ti mt qu trnh bo v b sung di dng chun ho li chuyn tip. D liu m thanh v hnh nh trong mt mi trng DVB-H c pht i bng IP datacasting. C ngha rng d liu c ng gi vi cc tiu IP v c pht ging nh n c truyn qua qua Internet. Tuy vy, mi trng v tuyn khng thn thin nh Internet v phi chu mt t l li cao do s thay i cc mc tn hiu, nhiu v cc hiu ng truyn dn khc. Do d liu cn c bo v tt. Bo v d liu c thc hin trong trng hp DVB-H s dng cng ngh sa li chuyn tip. Cc b ng gi IP thc hin thm cc chc nng ca MPE-FEC. FEC c thc hin mc lin kt (v d trc khi d liu c m ho). Cn bit rng DVB-H s dng lp vt l ca DVB-T (c ngha iu ch COFDM). COFDM rt vng chc v cung cp thu tt ngay c di iu kin truyn dn a ng. MPE-FEC cung cp mc bo v xa hn v trn c COFDM. D liu n t b m ho c t vo khung FEC, khung FEC sn sng vi s dng m RS(255,191). Khung bao gm 1024 hng. Mi hng c 191 ct (mi ct l mt byte) d liu IP v 64 ct d liu FEC t cc mu tng ng cc byte. Nh vy mi hng i din cho 191 byte d liu IP, d liu ny c chuyn i b sung thnh phn sa li chuyn tip thnh 255 byte. Nu 1024 hng c dng trong khung, th mt khung bao gm 191KB d liu IP v 255KB d liu c pht. N cng c biu din nh 1,528 Mbit d liu IP v 2,040Mbit d liu pht.(Hnh 3-4)
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Hnh 3-4: Cu trc khung MPE-FEC
Vi mt b m ho chy tc 384kb/s (48kByte/s), mt khung FEC c th mang 3,97s d liu, n c pht nh mt chm. N bo gm khong 100 khung tc m ho 25fps. Vic s dng FEC lm gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu cn thit thu thu tn hiu vi h s ln ti 7dB, a ra kh nng phc hi ng k cho cc thit b cm tay trong vic thu tn hiu truyn dn DVB-H.
3.5. DVB-H IP Datacasting

DVB-H l mt h thng truyn dn a phng tin, n c k vng phc v nhiu nh dng file v a ng dng. N c th bao gm lung m thanh, hnh nh, chuyn ti file, hng dn dch v in t, d liu HTML hay XML. V th tiu chun c thit k theo mt cu trc phn lp hp l thc hin cc tc v ny lp IP datacast. Tiu chun bao gm mt s lp v cc ngn xp giao thc. Lp vt l cung cp truyn ti MPEG-2 v truyn dn ni dung da trn COFDM. Cc yu cu k thut c ETSI hon thnh vo thng 11 nm 2004. Ch c mt thay i lp vt l t h thng DVB-T l s dng ch 4K trong truyn dn COFDM, ch ny ph hp hn cho vn chuyn ti cc my di ng v TPS. Lp IP datacasting cho php ni dung d liu c vn chuyn di dng cc gi qua mng vt l DVB-H. N dng cc ngn xp UDP/IP mc lp mng v MPE mc lin kt d liu(Hnh 3-5). D liu m thanh v hnh nh, c m ho bng H.264/AVC v c ghp lung dng di lp UDP/IP trong lp ng dng. Tn hiu cng c mang i qua mng cc lp mng v lp lin kt d liu.
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Datacasting trong DVB-H c nh ngha trn trn c s IPv6. Datacasting cung cp kh nng mm do hn trong qun l cc ng dng v tng thch vi cc yu cu ng dng IP trong tng lai-cc ng dng yu cu tng tc v n nh a ch cho tt c cc my di ng cng vi an ninh v thuc tnh IPv6.
Lung Video H.264/AVC Truyn file FLUTE/ALC Hng dn in t Lp ng dng
UDP Bo hiu IPv6 FEC ct lt thi gian DVB-T Chuyn vng INT Ch 4K, TPS
Lp mng
MPE
Lp lin kt d liu Truyn ti Lp vt l
Hnh 3-5: Chm giao thc DVB-H
3.6. Kin trc mng

Tiu chun DVB-H c thit k mt mc cho php khai thc h thng truyn hnh qung b mm do vi nhiu cu hnh c th cng vi cc mng truyn hnh s ang c sn hoc lp t mi. Cn tin tng rng trong khi truyn dn DVB-T i km vi cc ng ten tng i ln trn mi nh th DVB-H li cn phi tip cn ti cc ng ten rt nh trong mi trng di ng. C mt yu cu na l truyn dn c bn trong cc to nh. Bi v cc yu t ny, cng sut pht x ng hng c ch (EIRP) cn phi cao hn rt nhiu cho h thng DVB-H. Cng sut pht cng ph thuc vo chiu cao ng ten. V d, nu EIRP yu cu cho mt my di ng vi ngng cng sut ti thiu -47dB trong phm vi 5km l 46dBm (P=20W) cho ng ten c chiu cao 120m, th vi ng ten c chiu cao l 25m s yu cu xp x 70dBm EIRP (P=10kW).
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Hnh 3-6: DVB-H trong ghp knh dng chung
3.7. Truyn dn DVB-H

Cng ngh DVB-H c thit k dng chung h tng DVB-T c sn, h tng ny c trin khai cho truyn hnh s. Hn na vic dng chung mng DVB-T dn n xem xt c bit trong khung c s cc yu cu k thut. DVB-H c th c vn hnh di 3 cu hnh mng sau: 1. Mng dng chung DVB-H (dng chung b ghp MPEG-2): Trong mt mng dng chung DVB-H cc knh truyn hnh di ng sau IPE (b ng gi IP) chia s b ghp DVB-T vi cc chng trnh TV mt t s khc. Cc chng trnh truyn hnh s mt t s c m ho dng MPEG-2, trong khi cc chng trnh truyn hnh di ng c m ho MPEG-4 v IPE. B ghp knh kt hp chng vo mt lung pht duy nht, sau lung ny c pht i sau iu ch (Hnh 3-6). 2. Mng phn cp DVB-H (chia s mng DVB-T theo phn cp): Trong mt mng phn cp, iu ch phn cp vi 2 lung: DVB-T v DVB-H, chng to thnh mt phn ca u ra b iu ch (Hnh 3-7 miu t chia s mng theo phn cp). DVB-T c iu ch nh lung c quyn u tin thp, DVB-H l lung c quyn u tin cao. Trong trng hp quyn u tin cao, iu ch vng chc hn (chng hn nh QPSK) v i lp vi u tin thp hn c th l 16QAM. Phng thc iu ch "mt " thp hn mang li kh nng bo v cao hn chng li li v iu ch mt cao hn mang li kh nng chng li thp hn.
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3. Mng chuyn dng (dnh ring) DVB-H: Sng mang DVB-T c s dng dnh ring cho truyn dn DVB-H. Trong mt mng chuyn dng, sng mang COFDM s c dng ring bi truyn hnh di ng, cc knh m thanh nh l mt IP datacast vi v bc MPEG-2. Cc mng chuyn dng thng c s dng bi cc nh khai thc mi-nhng nh khai thc khng c mng qung b mt t (Hnh 3-7).
3.8. Mng my pht DVB-H

Cc hng dn thc thi DVB-H cho mt my thu tham chiu (ETSI 102 377) v phc v cho thit k h thng. Thit k quy nh t s C/N l 16dB. Vng ph trong nh thng thng cn xem xt suy hao truyn dn l 11dB hoc hn. p dng cc tham s thit k, mt thnh ph c rng nh Paris hay New Delhi thng s yu cu 17-20 my pht. Ph thuc vo yu cu vng ph sng, cc h thng DVB-H c th c thit k theo mng n tn s hoc mng a tn s. * ph sng DVB-H Mt th trn nh c th c ph sng bi mt "" DVB-H duy nht bao gm mt my pht v 10-20 b lp. Cc b lp c yu cu ph sng trong cc vng bng du do a hnh a l. Mt b lp thc cht l mt my pht my pht nh vi mt ng ten c tng ch cao thu tn hiu t my pht chnh. Do cc yu cu SFN, cu hnh trn khng th m rng qu gii hn v tr thi gian thu t my pht chnh s gy ra tn hiu b pht li, lnh pha vi my pht chnh. S lng b lp trong mt DVB-H c xc nh theo cng sut ca my pht cng nh chiu cao ca thp pht sng. Thp cng cao gim c vng bng v gim c s lng b lp cn thit cho mt vng a l . * Mng n tn s Cc vng rng ln (mt thnh ph hay vng xung quanh 50 km theo bn knh) c th c ph sng bng cch s dng mt SFN. SFN bao gm mt s cc DVB-H, mi c mt my pht v mt s b lp. My pht thu tn hiu dng mt lung pht MPEG-2, ngun gc t IPE (Hnh 3-8). Mt mng IP c dng phn phi tn hiu ti cc my pht trong vng quy nh. Tt c v tr my pht nhn c cng mt tn hiu, vi thi gian c gn tem ng h GPS. Ti mi v tr my pht b iu ch COFDM ng b tn hiu bng vic tham chiu thi gian GPS sao cho tt c cc my pht pht tn hiu ng nht v thi gian m khng quan tm ti v tr a l ca chng. S lng b lp c th tng ln dng cho thu tn hiu trong nh, t dn n thut ng SFN dy c.
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Hnh 3-7:Cc mng n tn s DVB-H
Hnh 3-8 m t cc khong cch tng i SFN in hnh.
Hnh 3-8:Khong cch tng i SFN. Tt c khong cch trn c s iu ch 16QAM vi khong bo v cho COFDM
* Cc mng a tn s Khi yu cu vng ph sng rng (v d c mt vng lnh th, kch thc vi trm km ), ngun mt tn hiu t mt IPE duy nht l khng thc t do c thi gian tr trong vic cung cp tn hiu cho tt c my pht. Trong trng hp nh vy, cc
2
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my pht ngoi mt khong cch nht nh s dng cc tn s khc. Da trn cu hnh ny, cn ti nm hoc su khe tn s ph sng quc gia. Trong trng hp ny, thng phn pht tn hiu thng qua mt v tinh sao cho hng trm my pht c th c ph sng, k c cc vng xa xi.
3.9. u cui v cc thit b cm tay

DVB-H cung cp mt cng ngh qung b thnh cng tn hiu truyn hnh trc tip bng vic m ho ni dung v pht cc gi IP sau khi p dng FEC. Tuy vy, thit b u cui thu l in thoi di ng (chng hn Nokia N92), chng cn h tr ng ten thu cn thit thu tn hiu. B iu chnh cng hng mt chip v b m ho DVB-H cung cp mt cch thc hiu qu thu TV di ng trn my cm tay vi iu kin cc my cm tay c trang b thm mt ng dng TV ngoi cc chc nng thng thng thoi v d liu s dng trong mng 3G. DVB-H v vy khng phi l mt cng ngh trong bng nh MBMS. Cc my thu DVB-H trong hu ht cc in thoi di ng c mt knh hi tip qua cc mng 2G hoc 3G, y l im khc bit so vi cc my thu qung b thng thng khc. C ngha cc nh khai thc qung b c th s dng cc thuc tnh ny c thm iu khin qua vic bn cc chng trnh qung b, bo v ni dung v qun l bn quyn s. S cn thit kt hp nhng thuc tnh ny dn ti cc cch tip cn khc nhau i cht phm vi bo v ni dung hoc gim st tng tc knh hi tip. Cc tip cn khc nhau ny c phn nh trong cc h s ghi nh v l mt vng ca hi t cc tiu chun trong tng lai.
3.10. Cc tm lc thc thi DVB-H (h s)

Cc tiu chun DVB-H xc nh vic s dng pht d liu IP l mt m hnh vn chuyn ni dung. cng nh vy DVB-H cng xc nh phm vi trong cc kiu ni dung tng tc c vn chuyn. Cc thuc tnh b sung cn thit cho dch v DVB-H l: Bn cc chng trnh qua tng tc knh hi tip v M ho ni dung cho an ninh qung b v ng dng qun l bn quyn s trn ni dung i vi vic lu tr v s dng sau ny. C 3 phng thc bo mt ni dung. Phng thc u tin l an ninh qung b c cung cp bi cc h thng truy nhp c iu kin truyn thng. Tc l thit b cm tay thuc cc mng ring. Phng php th hai l dng m ho chung mc truyn dn nh ISMAcrypt v s dng s hu hoc DRM m mc ni dung.
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Phng php th ba dng phng thc m ho m nh IPsec mc qung b v cng s dng mt DRM 2.0 m bo v ni dung. Cc phng php th hai v th ba lm cho h thng qung b ng nht v cc my cm tay c th dng c bt k mng ca nh khai thc no. Mt nhm lm vic c gi l DVB-CBMS (CBMS vit tt ca hi t dch v di ng v qung b) chnh thc ho nh dng m thanh v video m n cn c s dng v nh dng ca ESG (hng dn dch v in t). N cng chu trch nhim a ra cc khuyn ngh trong vic bo mt ni dung v dch v. Cc tiu chun CBMS c ban hnh bi DVB vo thng 12 nm 2005. Ch vn chuyn nm trong cc ch tiu k thut DVB-CBMS. Mi knh c vn chuyn nh mt IP carousel, mang d liu cho ct lt thi gian c th. Ch vn chuyn ni dung tng tc tun theo mt c ch tng t v c rt ra t th gii qung b, ni m cc h thng n hng nh DTH hoc truyn hnh cp s cung cp tng tc nh s dng mt IP carousel, tc l pht mt cch lin tc cc tiu , thng tin thi tit, cc tp ch... v ngi s dng c th c ti xung c khi n mt nt t xa. Khng c ng hi tip, thng tin c nhu cu c rt ra khi data carousel. DVB-CBMS l mt h thng vn chuyn file multicast, ngun gc ca h thng l s dng cc carousels ging nhau cho vn chuyn cc file s liu. DVBCBMS c s dng vn chuyn cc hnh nh, tr chi, vn bn, nhc chung v cc d liu khc. Vic s dng CBMS c ngnh cng nghip qung b h tr rng ri. Cng nghip qung b s dng nhng cng ngh ny hn 2 thp k trong cc h thng truyn hnh v tinh v DTH s. Cc tiu chun da trn CBMS cng d tnh c s dng dn sut ca cc h thng m ho truyn thng bo v ni dung v iu khin truy cp. Cc v d kiu h thng m ho ny l Irdeto Access, Viaccess, Mediaguard, v Conax. Cc h thng m ho ny da trn m ho kho i xng v yu cu s dng card thng minh tng ng hay kho nhng trong my thu pht cm tay xa. Nhc im ca mt phng thc an ninh ni dung nh vy l khi mt ln mt nh khai thc chn mt loi h thng m ho cho m ho ni dung (Irdeto Access), cc my cm tay dng trong mng khng th lm vic trong mng khc (Viaccess or Conax). iu ny c xem nh l iu bt li tim tng bi iu ny trong cng nghip ch to thit b thu pht cm tay di ng, v vic kt ni t do gia cc nh khai thc l cha kho cho s tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip ny.
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My pht DVB-H Ni dung tng tc
D liu c pht theo vng lp li Carousel
Pht qung b n hng Hnh 3- 9: Truyn dn ni dung tng tc DVB-H qua Data Carousel
Truyn dn ni dung tng tc DVB-H qua Data Carousel. Cc khch hng c th xem ni dung tng tc nh la chn trn my di ng Phng php trn ca cc nh khai thc c mt cht ging thay th mt set-to box bi cc b gii m trong TV di ng. Trong kiu thc thi thit b di ng ny c th vn c tng tc thm qua cc mng 3G. Cc tng tc dng cng ngh carousel c s c trin khai trong nhiu th nghim khc nhau. Trong d n th nghim DVB-H c qun l bi T-Systems vo nm 2005 Berlin, s tng tc c MiTV cung cp, MiTV l mt API cho cc dch v tng tc. Carousel d liu s dng FLUTE (vn chuyn file qua truyn ti n hng) t 50kbps v cung cp nh v vn bn ng b vi ni dung video. Dch v ny cng s dng mt my khch ESG cho dch v ESG, dch v ny tun th DVB-H CBMS ESG.
3.11. Giao din v tuyn m

Khi nim ca giao din v tuyn m c Nokia v cc hng khc xut. Trong kin trc v tuyn m, mng qung b da trn cc tiu chun m, cc tiu chun ny to ra s lin kt gia cc nh khai thc khc nhau v cc thi t b cm tay di ng. Tiu chun ny c bit n nh Lin minh di ng m (OMA)/BCAST. Anh ninh ni dung bi m ho m (IPsec) v cc tiu chun m da trn qun l bn quyn (OMA DRM2). Mng s dng di ng 3G cho hi tip, m qua cung cp kh nng
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tng tc. OMA BCAST cung cp khung c s m c lp vi cng ngh truyn dn nh DVB-H, DVB-T, hay cc cng ngh khc.
Bo mt m ti lp ni dung (OMA DRM 2.0) M ha m lp qung b (v d Ipsec) Ni dung
Mng qung b
M ha lung
Mng di ng Yu cu mua Gii php giao din v tuyn m cho DVB-H
Hnh 3-10:Gii php DVB-H m
Giao din v tuyn m cung cp cc yu cu k thut mc v tuyn v ng dng cho DVB-H, cc giao thc lp IP, hng dn dch v in t, bo v vic mua v thanh ton cng nh m ho A/V trong lung DVB-H. Nh cho php cc mng v cc ng dng khc nhau ca cc nh khai thc khc nhau kt ni c ti mi thit b cm tay. S tng tc trong giao din v tuyn m c th l cc ng dn Website m truy cp c qua cc mng mng 3G.
3.12. Hng dn dch v in t trong DVB-H

Tng t vi cc giao din DVB-H (CBMS and OMA/BCAST), cc ESG cng c cch thc hin khc nhau da trn giao din thc hin chn. Cc h s trin khai cho ESG vn ang c pht trin v tnh kh thi ca cc h s hin nay ph thuc vo nh khai thc v giao din trin khai chn. i vi cc h thng da trn OMA/BCAST, Nokia xut bn h s trin khai ca h. Vi h s ny ESG h tr (pay-per-view) tr ph cho mi ln xem v cc knh tng tc. Mt ESG n l c th c dng cho nhiu nh khai thc, bao gm cc hng dn nh khai thc ring l. Cc h s CMBS ESG vn rt ring i vi cc nh khai thc v cc trin khai khng ging nhau v cc tham s, h s do cc nh khai thc chn.
3.13. D n th nghim DVB-H v trin khai thng mi ho
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Cc h thng DVB-H c kim tra rng ri trong mt s cc d n th nghim tri khp Chu M, chu u, chu . Cc d n th nghim ny trnh din s thch hp ca tt c cc thnh phn tiu chun DVB-H, bao gm m ho ngun, pht d liu IP v s thu nhn tn hiu COFDM cng nh khng nh s thch hp ca cc thit b cm tay trong cc iu kin truyn sng thay i. Ngoi ra, cc bn quyn thng mi cho trin khai cc dch v da trn DVB-H c cng nhn Italy (La3) v Phn Lan (Digita) din ra trng vi gii v ch bng th gii FIFA World Cup 2006. Dch v DVB-H thng mi u tin ca chu u c trin khai khai thc bi La3 Italy vo thng 6 nm 2006. 3.13.1. M Vin cnh truyn hnh s M b thng tr bi s m rng ca h thng truyn dn ATSC vi hn 1200 trm ang hot ng. V vy, tiu chun DVB-H da vo lp vt l ca truyn ti DVB-T c bn khng th b sung thm trn cc mng truyn hnh s ATSC ang c sn. Tuy nhin, cng ngh ny c th c trin khai bng cch to ra mt h thng truyn dn DVB-H c lp m khng dng chung truyn dn DVB-T hay dng chung b ghp MPEG-2 ATSC. Modeo (trc y Crown Castle Media) tin phong m ng th nghim DVBH M v cng trin khai mt dch v thng mi s dng 5MHz trong bng L. Th nghim c thc hin Pittsburgh, sau trin khai thnh dch v thng mi. Mng Crown Castle s dng v tinh phn phi nh l phng tin cung cp cho mng my pht bng L khp nc M. Khai trng thng mi vo nm 2007 mt mng 9 my pht hot ng ch mt tn s. Crown Castle s hu 5MHz trong bng L (16701675 Mhz). DVB-H nguyn thu l tiu chun truyn dn mt t v v Crown Castle s hu v qun l hn 10000 trm cho truyn thng v tuyn, n l li th trin khai nhanh dch v DVB-H di tn Modeo cho ton b mng ca h. Video c m ho theo khun dng Windows Media 9 (WMV9) vi phn gii QVGA v truyn 24fps to cho tc bit khong 300kbps cho mi lung video. N dng Windows Media DRM 10. Gi dch v ban u bao gm 10 knh video v 24 knh m thanh. Dch v c th thu bi cc in thoi di ng, PDA, v cc thit b xch tay khc. H thng s dng cc my thu tng thch Windows CE. Kt ni ng trc cho ton b mng my pht mt t c cung cp bi v tinh AMC-9, t v tr 83 Ty. Dch v s dng my cm tay Nokia N92 tng thch vi DVB-H.
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Hnh 3- 11: DVB-H M-Mng Modeo
Modeo cng s l mng qung b di ng u tin trn th gii h tr pod casting (phn phi cc chng trnh m thanh hay cc chng trnh truyn hnh qua giao thc Internet) 3.13.2. Chu u ETSI c sa i tiu chun DVB-H cho ph hp vi chu u, ni chp nhn tiu chun DVB-T cho truyn hnh s, nh vy lm cho kh nng trin khai dch v khng my kh khn. Dch v DVB-H thng mi c trin khai bi Italia 3 v mt s th nghim c kt thc c a ra Bng 3-1. Nhiu dch v th nghim by gi c pht trin thnh cc dch DVB-H chnh thc. Sau khi Broadcast Mobile Convergence (Bmco) th nghim c, 4 nh khai thc vin thng (TMobile, Vodafone, O2, and E-Plus) trin khai th nghim DVB-H vo nm 2006 cng vi thi im FIFA 2006, n c pht trin thnh dch v chnh thc. Digita Phn Lan cng tin hnh trin khai dch v DVB-H. 3.13.3. Vit Nam Vit Nam, Cng ngh DVB-H cng c a vo nghin cu th nghim t nm 2006. V ti thng 10 nm 2006 cng ty truyn hnh di ng VTCmobile n v thnh vin ca tng cng ty truyn thng a phng tin Vit Nam VTC chnh thc pht sng dch v truyn hnh di ng DVB-H ti H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. V cho ti nay sau hai nm hot ng chnh thc dch v truyn hnh di ng ca VTC cng c nhng bc pht trin. Hin ti theo hp ng k kt gia VTC v Nokia Vit Nam, mi ch c cc thit b u cui do Nokia cung cp mi c s dng dch v ca VTC, nh Nokia N92, Nokia N77 V mi y 01/08/2008 VTCmobile nng
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cp h thng v pht sng truyn hnh di ng theo tiu chun DVB-IPDC v OMABCAST. Hin ti VTC ang cung cp gi dch v truyn hnh di ng vi 12 knh truyn hnh trong v ngoi nc.
Bng 3- 1: Th nghim thng mi DVB-H
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Quc gia, thnh ph c, Berlin M, Pittsburgh Anh, Oxford Phn Lan, Helsinki Australia, Sydney H Lan, The Hague Ty Ban Nha, Barcelona, Madrid Vit Nam, H Ni, tp HCM
Qun l Bmco, Phillips Crown Castle Arquiva, mmo2 YLE, Telesonara, Digita, Ellsa, etc. Telstra, Bridge Networks KPN, Nozema Telefonica, Abertis VTC
Nm 2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006
3.14. V d ca mt h thng truyn dn DVB-H cho TV di ng

Mt s cc nh cung cp thit b ang cung cp cc gii php y cho pht qung b DVB-H. Mt gii php y bao gm : Cc b m ho video v m thanh MPEG-4/WMV9 Cc b ng gi DVB-H IP H thng truyn dn DVB-H B lp B thch ng SFN H thng my thu GPS. Mt v d ca h thng m ho, ng gi IP v truyn dn ca truyn hnh di ng s dng dng sn phm DVB-H t Unique Broad-band Systems l mt v d minh ho. 3.14.1. Cc b m ho cho TV di ng Video c m ho bng b m ho MPEG-4/H.264, chuyn i sang phn gii tiu chun CIF hay QCIF. Thng th b m ho thi gian thc c s dng cho cc ng dng truyn hnh di ng DVB-H l mi trng truyn dn c kh nng m ho QCIF hoc phn gii cao nht thnh MPEG-4 v cung cp u ra dng IP cho b ng gi IP tip theo. Mt v d l b m ho MPEG-4/DVEN 1000 t Unique Broadband Systems. B m ho MPEG-4/H.264 c s dng cho m ho theo thi gian thc v pht qung b m thanh v hnh nh trc tip hay cc tn hiu m thanh tng t thnh
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lung m ho MPEG-4/H.264. B m ho c th c dng rng ri trong cc ng dng t m ho file v to lung ni dung ghi t trc ti m ho theo thi gian thc v pht qung b cc ngun video trc tip. N c th phc v cho to lung n hng/a hng, ghi thnh file v to lung cc ni dung m ho trc. Mt vi v d ca cc phng thc dng cu hnh: Hai knh, CIF, 30/25fps, 340-500kb/s; Hai knh, 720 x 480, 30fps, 2Mb/s; Mt knh, 1280 x 720 HDTV, 20fps, 2Mb/s. 3.14.2. ng gi IP ng gi IP l giai on tip theo trong qu trnh chun b tn hiu DVB-H pht i. B ng gi IP thc hin a chc nng, bao gm kt hp ca cc dch v khc nhau, tch hp cc lung d liu PSI/SI, cung cp iu khin ct lt thi gian v ng gi MPE. Mt v d in hnh ca b ng gi IP t Unique Broadband Systems l b ng gi IP DVE 6000 vi cc c im c lit k bn di: 4. dch v; 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Lp lch chm ng cc i bng thng; Cc tc bit iu chnh thch ng u ra ASI; iu khin ct lt thi gian chnh xc; Tch hp khng gin on thnh SFN; H tr ngun IP tc bt thay i v c nh; iu khin SNMP v Web; Giao din GUI qun l mng; Giao din ngi dng trc gic; H tr cc lung u vo IPv4 IPv6; To bng NIT, INT, PAT, PMT; Lp lch bng SI/PSI v x l tu theo yu cu thi gian 23-128 dch v (ph thuc vo cu hnh phn cng); Ln ti 8Mb/s thng lng; Tun theo cc chun: ETSI EN 301 192, ETSI EN 300 468, ETSI EN 300 744, ETSI TS 101 191,
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M ho Reed Solomon theo yu cu ngi dng cho tng
gia cc phn v chn vo lung truyn ti.;
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ISO/IEC 13818-1, ISO/IEC 13818-6.
B ng gi IP cung cp mt u ra ASI cho b iu ch. 3.14.3. iu ch Tn hiu v tuyn cao tn c iu ch thnh COFDM bi b iu ch. B iu ch trong trng hp DVB-H c thm cc chc nng thc hin hn cc chc nng c bn, v d iu ch lung ASI thnh COFDM. u tin l iu ch phn cp DVB-H, trong c 2 sng mang MPEG-2 c th c to thnh (cho DVB-H v DVB-T). iu ch phn cp c th gip pht cng knh cho cc my cm tay di ng cng cc ng ten c nh trn nc nh. B iu ch c th thit lp bng thng u ra 5, 6, 7 hay 8MHz, a ra s mm do trong quy hoch truyn dn hoc trin khai mt nc c th.
Hnh 3- 12: Mt v d trin khai h thng truyn dn truyn hnh di ng DVB - H
Mt v d l thit b iu ch DVB-H DVM-5000 t Unique Broadband vi cc c im k thut i theo: u ra tn s v tuyn t 30MHz ti 1GHz, H tr ch phn cp y , H tr SFN v MFN, Chuyn mch khng gin on gia cc u vo, Hiu sut MER cao, Tin sa li k thut s tuyn tnh v phi tuyn, iu khin t xa trnh duyt Web, iu khin t xa SNMP v
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H tr DVB-H y . 3.14.4. My pht DVB-H v cc thnh phn khc Mt h thng cc my pht DVB-H vi cng sut ti 200W l DVB-HTX50/100/200 t Unique Broadband Systems. N cng c cc b thch ng SFN (v d b thch ng DVB-T/DVB-H DVS 4010 SFN), cc b iu ch DVB-T/DVB-H (DVM5600) v mt h thng thu GPS (Hnh 3-12). Cc my pht DVB-H v cc b lp DVB-H lun sn sng t mt s cc nh cung cp thit b. V d my pht trng thi thng nht DVB-H Atlas t Harris vi hiu nng cng sut 9kW v b lp DVB-H Atom vi cng sut t 5 n 400 watt.
3.15. Kt lun chng III

Trong chng ny cp y v tng quan nht v cng ngh DVB-H. Bao gm cch thc hot ng, cc thnh phn cu thnh nn mt h thng truyn hnh k thut s cho thit b cm tay di ng: Cc b m ha MPEG-4/H.264, b ng gi IP thc hin IP datacasting, cc iu ch COFDM ghp theo bc v ng b. Qua nhng phn trnh by v phn tch trn ta c th a ra mt s nh gi v cc u im ca h thng truyn hnh di ng mt t DVB-H: L mt tiu chun m vi nhng h tr v gii php t hn 60 hng sn xut thit b L mt tiu chun hon thin vi nhiu nh pht trin th nghim v thng mi ha Mt tiu chun linh hot vi mt khong rng cho thit k mng Lng tiu th nng lng thp vi thng lng d liu cao, cho php hn 30 dch v trong mt knh ghp c xc nh dng trong lin kt vi cc c trng ca h thng DVB-IPDC C kh nng chia s ph tn v s u t vi cc mng DVB-T sn c. Chng IV ti s i su vo mt phn ca h thng truyn hnh di ng DVB-H, l M hnh ghp knh thc hin ghp cc knh ni dung iu ch cho u ra ca my pht bng k thut iu ch OFDM.
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Chng 4:ng dng OFDM trong DVB-H
CHNG IV NG DNG GHP KNH OFDM TRONG CUNG CP DCH V TRUYN HNH DI NG DVB-H
4.1. Ph tn v bng thng dnh cho DVB-H
DVB-H s dng ph tn UHF (470MHz - 862MHz) vi bng thng 8MHz VHF (Bng III - 200MHz) vi bng thng 7MHz L-Band (1452MHz - 1477MHz) vi bng thng 6MHz
Hnh 4-1: Ph tn UHF s dng cho DVB-T v DVB-H
Thng thng trong cc h thng DVB-H thng dng ph tn UHF v c mt s u im nh sau: Bng UHF cao khng b nh hng bi nhiu nhit ca con ngi. iu ny kh quan trng khi cc thit b u cui l cc thit b cm tay nh v ngi s dng hay mang theo bn mnh. Bng UHF cng thp my c th pht c i xa khng ging nh cc trong thng tin di ng thng rt nh. Ph hp vi nhng nh khai thc dch v truyn hnh di ng trn quy m ln, vng ph rng s yu cu cng sut my pht ln. Trong di tn UHF cng khng b can nhiu bi cc h thng truyn hnh mt t khc nht v mng thng tin di ng GSM Di UHF nhiu nc cn cha b chim dng nhiu cng l li th cho trin khai DVB-H. li v antena cng ln hn khi dng di VHF.
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Mt khc chi ph trin khai DVB-H UHF 600 cng thp hn khi trin khai T-DMB VHF 200. DVB-H s dng bng thng ng bng bng thng cho truyn hnh tng t do vy s ph hp cho cc quc gia cn d tn s cho truyn hnh v ph hp vi nhng nh khai thc dch v truyn hnh di ng trn quy m ln, vng ph rng s yu cu cng sut my pht ln. Hn na kh nng truyn ti s cao vo khong 5Mb/s ty theo phng thc iu ch.
4.2. iu ch OFDM trong DVB-H

DVB-H s dng phng thc iu ch COFDM ghp knh v truyn ti ni dung pht ti cc u cui. K thut iu ch COFDM l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao c m sa sai. Trong DVB-H s dng 3 ch 2K, 4K, 8K trong iu ch OFDM. Bng 4-1 m t cc thng s ca cc ch c s dng trong iu ch OFDM DVB-H.
Bng 4-1: Cc thng s trong min tn s ca knh tn hiu OFDM DVB-H 8MHz
Ch S sng mang con S knh con c iu ch Chu k c bn T Phn k hiu hu dng Khong cch sng mang Cc sng mang gia cc bc Kmin ti Kmax=(K-1)/Tu
2K 1705 1512 7/64s 224s 4464Hz
4K 3409 3024 7/64s 448s 2232Hz
8K 6817 6048 7/64s 896s 1116Hz
7,61MHz 7,61MHz 7,61MHz
DVB-H iu ch sng mang con theo 3 phng php QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM. DVB-H iu ch sng mang con cng vi s lng bit trn mt k hiu c trnh by trong bng di y:
Bng 4-2: Cc phng php iu ch c s v khong bo v tng ng
Chm sao T l m 1/2 2/3 QPSK 3/4 5/6 7/8 16-QAM 1/2 2/3
Khong bo v 1/4 3,74 4,98 5,6 6,22 6,53 7,46 9,95 1/8 4,15 5,53 6,22 6,92 7,26 8,3 1/16 4,39 5,86 6,59 7,32 7,69 8,78 1/32 4,52 6,03 6,79 7,54 7,92 9,05
S bit/k hiu
11,06 11,71 12,07

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3/4 5/6 7/8 1/2 2/3 64-QAM 3/4 5/6 7/8
11,2
12,44 13,17 13,58
12,44 13,82 14,64 15,08 13,07 14,51 15,37 15,83 11,2 12,44 13,17 13,58 18,1 6 14,93 16,59 17,57
16,79 18,66 19,76 20,36 18,66 20,74 21,95 22,62 19,6 21,77 23,06 23,75
S dng cc chm sao tn hiu bc cng cao th tc d liu ghp cng cao. V d, i vi mt tc m sa sai nh cng vi s lng sng mang con, nu DVB-H thay i s dng t QPSK sang 16-QAM th tc d liu ghp s tng gp i. Tuy nhin s dng cc chm sao tn hiu bc cao, cng sut my pht cn c tng ln v cc im tn hiu gn nhau hn cc chm sao tn hiu bc thp. Gii php thng minh ca DVB-H tng cc cng sut my pht cn thit l b sung MPEFEC. l mt lp bn ngoi m ho FEC v MPE-FEC cho php DVB-H s dng 16-QAM cc mc cng sut tng t nh QPSK m khng c MPE-FEC. Vi m hnh iu ch chung lung s liu u vo c tch thnh cc nhm c s bt ph thuc vo kiu iu ch c s (hay kiu iu ch knh con). Mi bit ny mang thng tin v pha v bin ca sng mang v tng ng vi mt im trn s chm sao. Trong m hnh iu ch phn cp, hai lung s liu c lp s c truyn trong cng mt thi im. Lung d liu c mc u tin cao (High Priority) c iu ch QPSK v lung d liu c mc u tin thp (Low Priority) c iu ch 16-QAM hoc 64QAM. DVB-H dng iu ch kt hp tc l cc bit d liu c nh x ln cc im sao nht nh, chng hn nh iu ch QPSK bt d liu 0o lun lun c nh x vo mt gc pha 45 o, bt d liu 01 c nh x vo gc pha 135o Khong thi gian bo v trong iu ch OFDM ca DVB-H. Khong thi gian bo v (cng c hiu nh tip u ca chu k) xc nh khong cch ln nht gia cc my pht trong mng n tn-SFN v kch c kh thi ca cc SFN. Khong thi gian bo v (GI) c b sung gia phn c ch ca cc k hiu OFDM nm bt c a ng dn b tr t cc k hiu OFDM pha trc. GI trnh nhiu gia cc k hiu (ISI) bi v ISI ph hu tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang con v cc mc ISI cao s gy ra khng thu c.
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Bng 4-3: Khong bo v ca ch 8K cho tng bng thng
Khong Ch Bng thng [MHz] 8 7 6 5 thi gian bo v [s] 8K, GI = 1/4 8K, GI = 1/4 8K, GI = 1/4 8K, GI = 1/4 224 256 299 358
4.3. S lng, v tr v nhim v ca cc sng mang

Tn hiu truyn i c t chc thnh cc khung (Frame). C 4 khung lin tip to thnh mt siu khung. L do vic to ra cc khung l phc v t chc mang thng tin tham s bn pht (bng cc sng mang bo hiu tham s bn pht Transmission Parameter Signalling - TPS carriers). L do ca vic hnh thnh cc siu khung l chn va mt s nguyn ln gi m sa sai RS(Reed-Solomon) trong dng truyn ti cho d ta chn bt k cu hnh tham s pht, iu ny trnh vic phi chn thm cc gi m khng cn thit. Nh ni phn trn DVB-H s dng k thut iu ch COFDM (OFDM c sa li), trong DVB-H s dng m sa li RS Mi khung cha 68 k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian (c nh du t 0 n 67). Mi k hiu ny cha hng ngn sng mang (6817 sng mang vi ch 8K, 3409 sng mang vi ch 4K v 1705 sng mang vi ch 2K) dy c trong di thng 8 MHz (Vit Nam chn di thng 8MHz, c nc chn 7MHz). Nh vy mi k hiu COFDM cha: Cc sng mang d liu (video, audio, ...) c iu ch M-QAM. S lng cc sng mang d liu ny ch c 6048 vi 8K, 3024 vi 4K v 1512 vi 2K. Cc pilot (sng mang) lin tc: bao gm 177 pilot vi 8K, 89 pilot vi 4K v 45 pilot vi 2K. Cc pilot ny c v tr c nh trong di tn 8MHz v c nh trong biu chm sao u thu sa li tn s, t ng iu chnh tn s (AFC) sa li pha. Cc pilot (sng mang) ri rc (phn tn): bao gm 524 pilot vi 8K, 262 pilot vi 4K v 131 pilot vi 2K c v tr c nh trong biu chm sao. Chng khng c v tr c nh trong min tn s, nhng c tri u trong di thng 8MHz. Bn my thu khi nhn c cc thng tin t cc
56
n tt nghip i hc
pilot ny s t ng iu chnh t c "p ng knh" tt nht v thc hin vic hiu chnh (nu cn). Khc vi sng mang cc chng trnh, cc pilot khng iu ch QAM, m ch iu ch BPSK vi mc cng sut ln hn 2,5 dB so vi cc sng mang khc Cc sng mang thng s pht TPS (Transmission Parameter Signalling) cha nhm thng s pht c iu ch BPSK v th trn biu chm sao, chng nm trn trc thc. Sng mang TPS bao gm 68 sng mang trong ch 8K 34 sng mang trong ch 4K v 17 sng mang trong ch 2K. Cc sng mang TPS ny khng nhng c v tr c nh trn biu chm sao, m cn hon ton c nh cc v tr xc nh trong di tn 8MHz.
4.4. Dung lng ghp DVB-H v C/N yu cu

DVB-H ch yu c thit k cho php nhn cc truyn dn Mobile TV v nhn tt c cc dng video mc C/N chp nhn c. Cc dng video yu cu BER thp hn rt nhiu so vi m thanh (v d b codec m thanh lp 2 MPEG-2 yu cu BER bng 2x10-4 th b codec video MPEG-2 yu cu BER bng 10-11. Tt c cc con s nh ra cho DVB-H c nh gi cao hn rt nhiu so vi nhn dng m thanh, v vy cn thit phi c lng c C/N t cc s liu c. Bng sau cha cc con s C/N cn thit nh cho nhn dng video (t l m MPE-FEC l 0,75 trong mi trng hp):
Bng 4-4: T s C/N cho ch 8K nhn Video
S lng cc sng mang con 8K 8K 8K 8K
C/N cn Chm sao tn hiu QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM T l m xon 1/2 2/3 1/2 2/3 thit nhn Video (dB) 9.6 12.6 15.1 18.1
c tnh C/N cn thit nhn m thanh sau khi cc gi thuyt sau y c a ra v sau cc ng cong c ngoi suy t d liu bit: BER cn thit cho nhn dng video trn my in thoi di ng l 10-9 ln hn 10-11. 10-9 l mt con s nh cho truyn hnh di ng.
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Cc gi tr C/N ng cho cc ch trong bng trn c s dng lm cc im cui cho mi ng cong im bt u ca mi ng cong l im BER = 0,5 v C/N = 0dB. BER=0,5 l gi tr BER ti nht c th. Mi ng cong c hnh thc nc v n iu, chng lun lun gim v BER
nghch o vi C/N, bt u ng cong gim chm v tr nn dc ng khi gi tr C/N ln hn.
Hnh 4-2: Cc ng cong ngoi suy
Cc gi tr C/N c lng t th trn cho DVB-H nhn m thanh BER=10-6 c a ra trong Bng 4-5. Cng vi cc dung lng ghp cho cc knh 7 hoc 8 MHz.
Bng 4-5: T s C/N cho ch 8K nhn m thanh
S lng sng mang con 8K 8K 8K 8K QPSK QPSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 1/2 2/3 1/2 2/3 Khong bo v Chm sao tn hiu Tc m xon
C/N cn thit c lng cho nhn m thanh (dB) 8,0 10,4 12,5 15,1
Dung lng Dung lng ghp cho (Mbps) 3,266 4,355 6,532 8,709 ghp cho (Mbps) 3,735 4,980 7,463 9,953 knh 7MHz knh 8MHz
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4.5. M hnh ghp knh DVB-H vi h thng DVB-T

Trong h thng DVB-H, ngi ta a 3 m hnh ghp cho vic trin khai h thng DVB-H cng vi h thng truyn hnh k thut s mt t DVB-T l: ghp knh chung , ghp knh phn cp v h thng DVB-H dng ring. M hnh ghp knh dng chung: Lung tn hiu MPEG-2 ca truyn hnh tiu chun cho pht DVB-T c ghp chung vi lung MPEG-4/AVC IPE u ra a ti b iu ch v my pht DVB-T. y l h thng phc v ng thi thit u cui DVB-T v DVB-H, n ph hp cho cc doanh nghip mi bt u trin khai thm dch v DVB-H trn nn vt l DVBT sn c ca mnh. Ch cn thay i trong my pht bng vic nng cp cho cc bit tn hiu DVB-H v cc bt nhn dng pht DVB-H cng vi thng tin TPS cho my pht. Vic chia s thc t c hon thnh mc ghp knh. DVB-H a ra y tnh linh hot cho vic chn la mt on trong knh ghp cho cc dch DVB-H. Thnh cu thnh DVB-H ch cht trong mng l b ng gi IP. Ni m MPE ca d liu IP, ct lt thi gian v MPE-FEC c thc hin. Hnh 4-3 m t h thng DVB-H chia s dng chung b ghp knh vi lp vt l ca h thng DVB-T.
Hnh 4-3: H thng ghp knh chung vi DVB-T
M hnh ghp knh phn cp: Mt dng khc ca h thng DVB-H chia s lp vt l vi h thng DVB-T sn c. l s dng iu ch phn cp DVB-T, trong cu hnh ny dch v truyn hnh dng MPEG-2 ca DVB-T v cc dch v DVB-H IP s c a vo u vo my pht c lp nhau. Cc dch v DVB-H s c gn quyn u tin cao, do n tng c chu ng, nng cao cht lng hn u vo c quyn u
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tin thp l dch v DVB-T. Vic phn cp trong qu trnh iu ch ny gip qun l tt hn cc dch v trin khai nng cao cht lng cho vic thu tn hiu DVB-H trong mi trng di ng.
Hnh 4-4: H thng ghp knh phn cp
M hnh ghp knh dng ring: Khi y mt knh ghp c th c thu cho DVB-H, th s t do trong quy hoch c tng ln. Nu tht s cn thit, c th chn ch truyn dn mi 4K hay kiu an xen su c gii thiu trong tiu chun mi nht ca DVB-T cho DVB-H. y l m hnh ph hp cho cc doanh nghip trin khai dch v truyn hnh di ng mi hon ton. Mt mng tiu chun c thit k cho mt vi vng SFN, mi vng s dng tn s chi ca chng kch c ln nht ca mt vng SFN ph thuc vo kch c FFT, khong bo v c tnh a l trong mng nhng thng th nm trong khong 10km. Mi vng SFN c l mt vi my pht ng b GPS h tr bi mt s b lp trn knh ph mt vi nh. ln vng yu cu trong mt mng DVB-H c lm phng cao v cho php tt c cng sut giao thoa t mt phn b gii hn bi k hoch sp xp pht t my pht chnh c ng b nn cao hn v cng sut my pht v chiu cao anten thp hn mng DVB-T truyn thng. Mng c gi SFN kn. Tt nhin chi ph cho mng s cao hn mng DVB-T thng thng, nhng s lng dch v trong mt knh ghp c tng ln 10 ln.
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Hnh 4-5: M hnh mng cung cp DVB-H ring bit
4.6. Mt s my pht v thit b u cui DVB-H

4.6.1. Mt s my pht DVB-H a) My pht DVB-T/H Channelot 100
Hnh 4-6: My pht Channelot 100
Channelot c tr s ti Tel Aviv, Isarel, hng cung cp cc my pht truyn hnh s DVB-T/H v cc b lp. My pht Channelot 100 do hng cung cp tch hp tt c cc chc nng cn thit cho mt trm truyn dn cng sut thp DVBT/H Giao din vin thng dy v v tinh cho u cui mng phn phi ni dung * u thu v tinh Tn s trung tn: 950 - 2150MHz nh dng tn hiu DVB-S
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iu ch v m ha: tt c ty chn ca QPSK v 8-PSK Tc bit: 4 90Mb/s Giao thc: MPEG over UDP hoc RTP 100/1000 Ethernet cp UTP, cp quang, SDH qua cu chuyn Ethernet qua giao din E3/T3
* Giao din vin thng
Tch hp u thu GPS cho ng b mng SFN * u thu: 12 knh * Cng sut ng ten: 5V, 30mA DC B nhng iSplicer u cui qun l ni dung ti ch B iu ch DVB-T/H * nh dng: DVB-T, DVB-H * C FFT (ch iu ch OFDM): 2K, 4K, 8K * Khong bo v: 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4 * iu ch: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM * T l m chp: 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 * iu ch phn cp: = 1, 2, 4 * an xen bn trong: ring hoc In-depth * Tn hiu TPS: DVB-T hoc DVB-H * Qun l MFN: thch ng tc v ti ly mu PCR * Qun l SFN: qu trnh MIP v ng b GPS u ra v tuyn * Bng tn hot ng: 470 862MHz (UHF) * rng bng thng: 5, 6, 7, 8MHz * Cng sut u ra 50W, 100W v 200W vi thnh phn thm HPA u vo ASI: gm 2 giao din u vo ASI Qun l * Cng kt ni: 100 Base-T Ethernet hoc WAN * Giao thc: Web(HTTP) v SNMP * Cung cp kh nng qun l t xa hoc ti ch, thm tnh nng backup v copy cu hnh.
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b) My pht DVB-T/H MTD4000 series
Hnh 4-7: My pht MTD4000 series
My pht DVB-T/H MTD4000 c cung cp bi EGATEL, Ty Ban Nha. N c chia thnh 2 phn: phn iu ch s v phn my pht. iu ch s * u vo ASI Kch thc gi: 188/204 byte Tc bit: 5 - 31.67Mb/s Kch c FFT (ch iu ch OFDM): 2K, 8K T l m ha: 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8 Khong bo v: 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4 iu ch sng mang con: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Bng thng knh: 6,7,8 MHz Tn hiu TPS: DVB-T
* iu ch
* IF: 0 - 50MHz. (1Hz mt bc) * ng h v ng b ng h ni :10Hz 1ppm Tham chiu ngoi: 10Hz (BNC(f))
My pht
n tt nghip i hc
* B x l tn hiu trung tn Tn s trung tm: 36.15MHz Bng thng: 8MHz (ty chn) Loi tn hiu: Knh DVB-T Di tn : 470 - 862 MHz (UHF) Cng sut u ra cho mi knh: 31W (i vi MTD4010) v 53W (i vi MTD4050) 4.6.2. Thit b u cui DVB-H Nh ni chng III my u cui DVB-H cn mt s yu cu c th v vy hin ti c kh t nh cung cp sn xut thit b u cui cho ph hp vi cng ngh DVB-H. Nokia l mt trong nh sn xut in thoi di ng ln trn th gii, h cng l nh sn xut dn u trong vic p dng cc tiu chun DVB-H vo thit b di ng ca mnh. Di y l mt s u cui di ng ca Nokia h tr truyn hnh di ng DVB-H: Nokia N92
* u ra sng v tuyn
Hnh 4-8: in thoi h tr truyn hnh DVB-H Nokia N92
N92 l in thoi u tin tch hp DVB-H trong dng N ca Nokia cho php xem chng trnh TV. Ngi s dng c th truy cp d dng n cc knh truyn hnh m khng phi ngi trc TV, t thng bo khi c chng trnh yu thch, lp danh sch v ng k thu bao cc gi knh. Kh nng hot ng ca sn phm c nng cao ng k nh mn hnh chng la QVGA 2,8 inch, 320 x 240, 16 triu mu v mt mn hnh ph 128 x 36, 65.536 mu.
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Nokia N77
Hnh 4-9: in thoi di ng Nokia N77
Sau thnh cng bc u ca N92, mt k nguyn Mobile TV c m ra, em li mt phng thc gii tr mi m v ti u. S xut hin ca Nokia N77 nh mt bng chng cho vic Nokia ang mun chim lnh th trng gii tr a phng tin y tim nng ny. Phn mm MobileTV ci t sn trong my v th nghim thc t trn h tng mng O2 ti Anh cho thy, kh nng streaming cc knh TV rt tt, qut di tn t 470-750 MHz, rng hn so vi N92 v hin th sc nt trn mn hnh 16 triu mu, phn gii 240 x 320 pixels. Cc h tr v thng tin knh, lch chiu c hin th y , chi tit v ngi s dng c th chn la chuyn mc mnh yu thch, nm bt c thi gian theo di d dng. Nokia N96
Hnh 4-10: in thoi di ng h tr DVB-H Nokia N96
Nokia N96 c gii thiu vi nhng c im chnh ni bt v li th ca chic in thoi tnh nng xem truyn hnh theo cng ngh DVB-H, video v camera tt hn hn so vi cc dng in thoi i trc. Cng vi l tnh nng nghe nhc, kt ni internet, chi game, GPS v thn thin vi ngi dng. Kh nng hot ng ca sn phm c nng cao ng k nh mn hnh chng la QVGA 2,8 inch, 320 x 240, 16 triu mu cng vi vic h tr nh dng nn H263/SP, H264/AVC, WMV9, hay nh tnh nng TV-out. S kt hp gia TV truyn thng vi
n tt nghip i hc
in thoi a chc nng ca dng Nseries to ra mt thit b N92. Th nay N96 l mt bc pht trin mi k tip sau sau hai dng in thoi a phng tin N77 v N92 trc , sa cha mt s khuyt im ca cc dng my i trc to cho ngi dng nhng tnh nng u vit, cht lng tuyt ho, hnh nh sc nt m thanh trung thc nh camera 5 Mps, mn hnh cm ng... c bit in thoi cn c tnh nng TV-out nn ngi dng c th kt ni N96 vi cc thit b hin th khc (nh mn hnh LCD trn t, mn hnh TV,...) c th xem nhng chng trnh TV trn nhng mn hnh ny vi cht lng hnh nh kh sc nt. Mi y hai i th knh ch trn th trng in thoi di ng ton cu Samsung v Nokia cng b k hoch hp tc vi nhau thc y s pht trin ca cng ngh truyn hnh di ng DVB-H. Nokia v Samsung cam kt cng nhau thc y s pht trin v ng dng cng ngh OMA Broadcast Enabler (OMA BCAST) cng ngh h tr v bo mt ni dung s ng nht thng qua cc lp truyn ti s khc nhau. Lp cng ngh ny bao gm trong n c cng ngh DVB-H, 3GPP hay 3GPP2 V sn phm u tin m Samsung gii thiu vi ngi tiu dng ca th phn truyn hnh di ng DVB-H l Samsung SGH-P900.
Hnh 4-11: in thoi di ng h tr DVB-H Samsung SGH-P900
SGH-P960 cho php ngi dng c th xem nhng chng trnh TV vi mn hnh DNIe 2,6, 262 nghn mu hin th. Ging nh cc in thoi ca Nokia, chic in thoi ny cng c tnh nng tm dng xem TV khi c in thoi ti hay t lch ghi li chng trnh m mnh yu thch khi c s cho php ca nh cung cp dch v. Vi kch thc mn hnh 240x320 pixel, cng vi pin 1200 mAh h tr thi gian xem truyn hnh lin tc trong 5 gi. Ngoi ra vi c im TV-out nn ngi dng c th kt ni P960 vi cc thit b hin th khc (nh mn hnh LCD trn t, mn hnh TV,...) c th xem nhng chng trnh TV trn nhng mn hnh ny.
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4.7. Kt lun chng IV

Chng IV ny xem xt c phn ph tn hot ng ca cng ngh DVB-H v cch thc c th trong iu ch ni dung DVB-H. l k thut iu ch COFDM. Phn tch cc ch iu ch OFDM trong DVB-H, cc ch iu ch ny ph hp vi tng dng trin khai h thng my pht ca h thng DVB-H. Cc h thng DVBH c trin khai theo 3 m hnh ghp knh, cc m hnh ny c nhng c im ring, n ph hp vi tng yu cu c th ca tng nh cung cp dch v. Qua chng ny em xin gii thiu mt s my pht v thit b u cui DVB-H ph bin ca Nokia v Samsung.
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Kt lun
KT LUN
ti xem xt v cc cng ngh truyn hnh s di ng mt t ph bin trn th gii hin nay, l T-DMB, Media FLO, 3G, DVB-H. Trong cng ngh DVBH c nhng u im ni tri ca n v ang c a vo s dng rng ra nhiu vng trn th gii nh chu u, Bc M. V Vit Nam cng ng dng cng ngh ny cho dch v truyn hnh di ng ca VTC, tuy nhin s lng ngi dng cn hn ch do gi cc cn cao v kh nng h tr a chng loi thit b u cui. Ngoi ra ti cng xem xt ti k thut iu ch OFDM, mt k thut c nhiu u im v c ng dng kh nhiu trong cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn bng rng hin nay. Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng v bn cht u l cc h thng v tuyn bng rng, vic c p dng k thut iu ch OFDM mang li nhiu u im nh tit kim bng tn, nng cao kh nng v cht lng knh. H thng truyn hnh di ng mt t DVB-H p dng OFDM trong iu ch. Kh nng ng dng cng nh tnh thc tin ca ti Vit Nam l kh cao. DVB-H thc hin iu ch theo k thut COFDM, n c thm cc b m ha v sa li cho ni dung. V Vit Nam hin nay h thng truyn hnh s di ng mt t DVB-H ca VTC ang trin khai pht chung tn hiu vi h thng truyn hnh s mt t DVB-T trn cng lp vt l. Hng pht trin tip theo ca ti l nghin cu su hn v phn m ha trong iu ch v cch thc pht chung vi h thng DVB-T sn c.
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Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Amitabh Kumar, Mobile TV: DVB-H, DMB, 3G Systems and Rich Media Applications, Focal Press, Elsevier - 2007 [2] Gerard Faria, Jukka A.Henriksson, Erik Stare, Pekka Talmola DVB-H: Digital Broadcast Services to Handheld Devices, IEEE, 2006 [3] ETSI EN 302 304 V1.1.1, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Transmission System for Handheld Terminals (DVB-H), 11/2004 [4] DVB Technical Module, System comparison T-DMB vs DVB-H, 2006 [5] DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, SAMSUNG [6] DVB Fact Sheet, Broadcasting to Handhelds - The Global Technology Standard for Mobile Television, 08/2008 [7] Phm Quc Hng Lun vn tt nghip- ti: Cng ngh OFDM v ng dng trong truyn hnh s mt t, Trng i hc K thut cng ngh thnh ph H Chnh Minh , 08/2003 [8] Nguyn Vn c, B sch K thut thng tin s Tp 2 L thuyt v cc ng dng ca K thut OFDM, Kha in T Vin Thng, Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, 2006 [9] TS. Phm c Bi, KS. L Trng Bng, KS. Anh T, Cc c im c bn my pht DVB-T [10] TS. Nguyn Qu S, Cng ngh truyn hnh di ng no cho nh khai thc truyn hnh qung b, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2008 [11] Ti liu trn internet * www.channelot.com; * www.egatel.es; * www.mobiletv.nokia.com; * mobiletv.vtc.vn * www.dvb-h.org
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Ứng dụng ghép kệnh OFDM trong DVB-H

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Li ni u

Nguy n Danh Quang

Danh mc bng biu

DANH MC BNG BIU

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

CHNG I CC CNG NGH TRUYN HNH S DI NG MT T

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

1.2. Truyn hnh di ng s dng cu trc mng 3G

Qun l mng di dng

Hnh 1-1: V d v truyn hnh di ng 3G MobiTV

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Dch v TDtv ca IPWireless dng mt phn ph tn ca 3G cho truyn ti d liu.

2. Chu Thi Bnh Dng

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

1.3. Cng ngh truyn hnh di ng mt t T-DMB

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

U1 Media: 2 TV 1 Data YTN: 1 TV 2 Radio 1 Data

MBC: 1 TV 3 Radio 1 Data KBS: 1 TV 3 Radio 1 Data

SBS: 1 TV 3 Radio 2 Data

ROK 8A 181.280MHz [180,51-182,05] ROK 8B 183.008MHz [182,228-183,778] ROK 8C 184.736MHz [183,966-185,506]

Hnh 1-2: V d phn knh T DMB

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

S lng knh KBS 1Video 3Audio

SBS U : SBS TV SBS u Radio TBS (Traffic information) Kyungki FM (Local)

1Data KOREADMB 1Video 2Audio U1 Media 2Video

320Kbps 544Kbps 128Kbps 512Kbps

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

544Kbps 1.3.3. H thng Truyn dn T DMB

U-KBS Heart : KBS 2TV

Hnh 1-3: Truyn dn T DMB da trn h thng DAB Eureka 147

1.4. Cng ngh DVB-H

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Hnh 1-4: H thng DVB H

Tiu chun cng ngh DVB H s cn c cp k hn chng III.

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

1.5. Cng ngh truyn hnh di ng MediaFLO

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Hnh 1-5: V d h thng Media FLO M

1.6. Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng khc

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

1.6.2. Cng ngh ISDBT

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Hnh 1-6: Dch v ISDB T Nht Bn

1.7. So snh cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

Nguyn Danh Quang, HCD06VT1

Chng 1: Cc cng ngh truyn hnh di ng

S sng mang con

rng knh (MHz)

S knh chng trnh/1knh tn s

Phng php lm gim cng sut my thu Nh

2k, T-DMB DQPSK COFDM 1k, 0,5k; 0,25k MPEG-2 TS 1.736