PHN I

CC THIT B PHN NG CHNG I TNG QUAN V CC THIT B TRAO I NHIT

1.1 TNG QUAN V PHN LOI THIT B TRAO I NHIT

ch bin cc sn phm du m khc nhau t du th v kh thin nhin phi tin hnh qua rt nhiu phn on khc nhau. T phn on lc, tch, sy, chng ct n cc phn on ch bin su nh hp th, hp ph, crcking, reforming, hydrotreating u i hi phi cung cp mt nhit lng ng k thc y cc qu trnh chuyn bin ho hc, l hc v ho l. Trong cc nh my ho du cng nh cc nh my ch bin kh, nguyn liu ban u thng c cung cp mt nhit lng nht nh tham gia cc qu trnh chuyn 6 bin ho - l trong hu nh tt c cc phn on. sn phm ca cc phn on ny hoc sn phm thng phm cui cng li c lm lnh hoc ngng t hi lu, t c nhit thp cho php chuyn chng ra b cha. Gi tr nhit to ra t cc thit b gia nhit, dng nguyn liu t cc cng on lun l mt yu t ca gi thnh ch to. Do vy, trong thc t ngi ta thng tm mi cch gim thiu v tn dng ti a cc thit b cng nh cc qu trnh trao i nhit ca mt nh my. Thit b trao i nhit c s dng rng di nht l cc ng trao i nhit. Nc v khng kh thng c s dng nh nhng ngun cung cp nhit v thu nhit trong qu trnh trao i nhit. Thng thng ngi ta phn chia lm 3 loi thit b trao i nhit da vo cc chc nng ring bit ca chng: - Thit b trao i nhit v lm lnh: trong cc thit b ny khng xy hin tng chuyn pha. Dng lng nng hoc dng khng kh nng c b tr ngc chiu vi dng lng lnh, khi hai dng ny tip xc nhau s xy ra cc qu trnh trao i nhit. Vic cn lm nng hoc lm lnh mt dng ph thuc vo dng cht lng hoc kh ta b tr i trong cc ng trao i nhit. - Thit b ngng t: Cc thit b ny cho php ngng t mt sn phm hi thnh lng bng mt sn phm lnh hoc cc cht lng ph nh nc, khng kh, cc sn phm gy lnh cc thit b thng c b tr ti nh cc thp ch bin phn on trong nh my ch bin du kh.

- Thit b ti un si ( Thit b gia nhit) Cc thit b ny thng c lp y cc thp ch bin du kh nhm ti un si mt phn sn phm y hi lu li thp hoc ti sinh cht xc tc cng nh cp nhit b sung cho cc phn on i hi nhit lm vic thch hp
1.2 CC DNG THIT B TRAO I NHIT V LM LNH

1.2.1 Cu to 1.2.1.1 Thit b trao i nhit ng i Cc thit b trao i nhit ny c kt cu bng cc chi tit thng ca hai ng ng tm v c ni mi u bng cc khuu v cc u ni. iu ny rt thun tin khi cn tho d bo dng hoc thay th.

Hnh I.1.1: Thit b trao i nhit ng i S gin n nhit gia cc ng trong v ngoi c thc hin nh cc vng kht. Ton b thit b c lp t trn mt b hnh hp vn chuyn c. Tuy nhin i vi cc thit b trao i nhit dng ng i ny li c mt s nhc im c bn nh: - Ri ro r r ti cc u ni. - D b un vnh khi nhit cao tc dng ln. - B mt truyn nhit nh hn so vi ton b th tch thit b, bn knh ti thiu gia cc khuu hn ch vic a cc ng kht li nhau, b mt trao i nhit ln nht l 15 m2. Cc thit b trao i nhit loi ny thng ch c s dng vi cc sn phm bn, nhit cao v lu lng nh. 1.2.1.2 Thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm Loi thit b ny c dng nhiu trong cc nh my lc du, trn hnh I.1.2 l cu to chung mt s thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm. Thit b c kt cu bng mt chm ng gn trn mt tm trn v mt s tm chn so le hnh ch chi. Ti mi u chm ng c gn cc hp phn phi m bo dng cht lng bn trong chm ng bng nhiu ng. Chm ng c t bn trong v bc c trang b cc ng ra vo ca dng cht lng th 2. N di chuyn bn ngoi cc ng ca chm ng tun theo ng vch ngn ch chi.

a)

c) b)

Hnh I.1.2: Cc loi thit b trao i nhit ng chm a). V bc Thp cacbon c s dng ch to v bc. i vi cc loi v bc t 24 inch tr ln v bc c ch to t cc tm thp cun v hn li. Mi u v bc c hn gn cc mt bch cha hp phn phi, cc ng vo v ra ca dng cht lng th 2. Vic hn thm vng tng cng hay khng tu thuc vo p sut lm vic ca thit b. b). Chm ng Chm ng l h thng ng c gn c nh mi u bng mt mm cp trong hai tm hnh trn (Hnh I.1.3). Vic khoan cc l trong hnh trn tu thuc vo cch b tr mng ng v bc ng. Bc ng l khong cch gia cc tm ca hai ng k nhau. ng trn mng ng thng c sp xp

Hnh I.1.3: Mm cp cc ng trong tm trn

theo hai cch chnh l: theo hnh 6 cnh u (hnh I.1.4 a) v theo hnh trn ng tm (hnh I.1.4b).

a) b) Hnh I.1.4: Cch sp xp ng trn mng ng a. ng xp theo hnh 6 cnh u b. ng xp theo hnh trn ng c lp vo mng ng ch yu bng phng php lng hoc hn. i khi ngi ta cn ghp ng vo mng bng m. Phng php ny kh phc tp, song cho php dch chuyn khi gin di.

Hnh I.1.5: Cch lp ng vo mng ng I, II, III: Lng ng; IV: hn; V: Ghp bng m Chm ng thng c b tr cc cc vch ngn ngang nhm mc ch ko di dng chy trong v bc, ng thi ci to vic truyn nhit ra bn ngoi ng bng cch tng vn tc dng chy. Cc tm vch ngn ny c gn trn chm ng theo hnh ch chi, n c lm bng cc a c ng knh nh hn cht t ng knh trong ca v bc v c khong trng t do, m din tch bng khong 20 40 % din tch ton phn (Hnh I.1.6a). Trong mt vi trng hp ngi ta c th s dng cc loi tm chn dc ( hnh I.1.6b)

a)

b) Hnh I.1.6: Mt s dng vch ngn ca chm ng a). Vch ngn ngang dng ch chi b). Vch ngn dc (tm chn dc) c). Lp rp ng chm vo v bc Vic lp rp ng chm vo v bc ph thuc vo cu to v tng loi thit b trao i nhit. y chng ta phn bit ba loi thit b trao i nhit chnh sau ( Hnh I.1.2): - Thit b trao i nhit loi tm trn c nh (hnh I.1.2a): Cc tm trn c nh ny c th c hn trc tip vo v bc. Loi thit b ny c u im l kt cu n gin, t nng n, cho php cha mt lng ti a ng bn trong v bc. Tuy nhin nhc im l ch c s dng khi nhit lm vic chnh lch gia cht lng nng v cht lng lnh nh vic co hay gin chm ng l chp nhn c. - Thit b trao i nhit vi u di ng (hnh I.1.2b): Mt trong hai tm trn l c nh, c rp li gia cc mt bch ca v bc v hp phn phi. Tm th hai c ng knh nh hn c lp hp hon lu v c th trt t do bn trong v bc. Cc thit b ny cho php s gin n cng nh lm sch c hc chm ng mt cch d dng, loi ny c s dng nhiu trong cc nh my lc du. - Thit b trao i nhit hnh ch U (hnh I.1.2c): S dng ng cong hnh khc khuu cong dng ghim kp tc, b bt mt tm trn bo ton tnh gin n ca u di ng. Phng php ny tit kim c tm trn nhng li khng th lau chi c bng phng php c hc. d). Kt cu mt s kiu b gin n i vi thit b truyn nhit kiu ng chm khi nhit gia ng v v bc chnh lch nhau qu ln s lm cho s gin n ca v v ng khc nhau gy ra ng sut gia mng ng v v bc, chnh lch cng ln th ng sut cng tng v c th lm hng thit b. Do , khi thit k ngi ta phi thit k c cu b gin n cho thit b. C 2 loi kiu kt cu b gin n: - Ghp vo v mt vnh c tnh n hi (hnh I.1.7a) hoc ng n hi (ng c hai u un cong) ( hnh I.1.7b).

- ng gin n t do: loi vng m, loi u phao h, loi u phao kn, loi ch U, loi ng kp (hnh I.1.8)

a)

b)

Hnh I.1.7: Kt cu vnh n hi v ng n hi

a. Loi vng m

Hnh I.1.8: Cc phng php gin n t do b. u phao h c. u phao kn d. ng ch U e. ng thp

1.3 THIT B NGNG T

Cc thit b ngng t c thit k nh cc thit b trao i nhit tuy nhin chng c thit k bi cc chi tit c cng c tnh hnh hc, chng thng l loi trao i nhit vi u di ng v thng c t nm ngang. Trong trng hp ny tm chn ch chi c t thng ng cho php tho cht ngng mt cch d dng (hnh I.1.9)

Hnh I.1.9: Thit b ngng t vi ng thng hoc vch ngn ci thin vic truyn ti nhit trong qu trnh ngng t, ngi ta lp thm cc tm chn theo cch: - Dng tho r (hnh I.1.10a) - Dng phn chia v tp trung (hnh I.1.10b) - Dng phn chia (hnh I.1.10c)

a)

b)

c)

Hnh I.1.10: Dng lu chuyn ca hi trong v bc Trong trng hp ti lm lnh cht ngng t, ngi ta hay lp t thit b ngng t thng ng, cch b tr ny cho php iu chnh d dng b mt ng cho vic ngng t.
1.4 THIT B TI UN SI

Thit b ti un si c thit k nhm mc ch l lm bay hi cc cu t phn y thp chng ct, to ra mt pha hi hay m bo s chng ct mt cch trit cc cu t mong mun. Cc thit b ny c thit k v cu to cng ging nh cc thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm v bc, nhng c s thay i bi h phn ly lng hi c a vo. Ngi ta phn chia thnh 2 loi chnh sau: 1.4.1 Thit b ti un si chm Thit b c s khc bit vi cc thit b trao i nhit l to ra s bay hi chc chn, hn hp lng - hi to thnh trong v bc c a li vo y thp di a cui cng, y hi t tch ra khi lng. Lu trnh vn chuyn ca dng lng trong thit b ti un si thng c thit k theo hai cch. Trng hp th nht dng lng i ra t y thp chng ct c a vo thit b ti un si v ch i qua mt ln, c ngha l n c thc hin bi s chnh lch p sut thu tnh gia y thp chng ct v dng

hi lu vo. Trng hp th hai dng lng c np vo v lun chuyn nhiu ln trong thit b, nht l nu ta dng nguyn l bm y, t c t sut ho hi cao ngi ta thc hin bng cch iu chnh lu lng bm. Vi l do , thit b trong trng hp ny c dng nhiu hn thit b trong trng hp th nht. gim thiu s mt mt nhit trong cc thit b ti un si ngi ta thng loi b cc tm chn ch chi v iu chnh li kch thc gia ng knh v bc v chiu di ng theo cc t l nht nh. 1.4.2 Thit b ti un si vi mc cht lng Ngoi chc nng ho hi thit b ny cn c nhim v tch hai pha, thit b c thit k mt g trn m chiu cao tng ng vi ng knh ca chm ng sao cho chm ng ny lun ngp. ng knh ca v bc thng c thit k ln hn nhiu ng knh ca chm ng nhm to khong trng trn mc cht lng gi l vng bay hi v nhm loi tr vic ko theo cht lng trong dng hi (hnh I.1.11). Chm ng c thit k theo cch c in, khi cht lng nng l sn phm du m, trong trng hp dng hi nc ngi ta thng dng tm trn di ng hoc s dng cc ng hnh ch U. Trong cc thit b ny dng cht lng thng c lun chuyn mt cch t nhin (da vo chnh lch p sut thu tnh). Trong nhiu trng hp thit b ny cn c gi l m un si.

a) b)
Hnh I.1.11: Thit b ti un si vi mc cht lng a). Thit b ti un si vi mc cht lng b). Chu trnh dng lng trong thit b

CHNG II KHUY TRN

2.1 MC CH V YU CU

Mc ch thng gp ca qu trnh khuy trn l phn tn u vt cht, nng lng trong khng gian. Vic khuy trn c dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho hc ch bin cc huyn ph, nh tng v cc hn hp ng nht cc cht rn. Nh khuy trn cc phn t tip xc cht ch v b mt tc dng lun lun i mi, do tng cng cc qu trnh chuyn khi (ho tan...) truyn nhit (un nng, lm ngui, un bc hi...) v cc qu trnh ho hc. i vi cc h khng ng nht, khuy trn cung cp nng lng c hc, lm l lng cc ht c kch thc v khi lng ring khc nhau, phn tn u chng trong khng gian, lm v cc chm ht, cc git v ht ln, ngha l lm tng phn tn. Qu trnh ny rt c ngha trong vic to ra cc ph liu (di dng huyn ph, nh tng hay hn hp rn trc) trc khi gia cng. Mc ch ca cc qu trnh dng khuy trn s quy nh nhng yu cu v n v nhng yu cu ny c lng ho qua mt s thng s nh: - ng u: c nh gi bng vic ly mu nhiu im khc nhau c khuy kim tra thnh phn cng nh cc tnh cht ho l khc. - Cng tc dng: c xc nh bi thi gian t c yu cu cng ngh cho. Trong cc qu trnh c thi gian nht nh th cng tc dng c xc nh bng tc quay ca my khuy. - Hiu qu ca qu trnh khuy: c tnh bng tiu hao nng lng t c kt qu d tnh. Phng php khuy trn trong mi trng lng ph bin nht l khuy trn bng my khuy, ngoi ra cn dng cch khuy bng kh nn.
2.2 PHN LOI

Theo cc qu trnh khuy trn ngi ta thng phn ra 2 loi khuy trn l khuy trn bng c hc v khuy trn bng kh nn. Theo cu to cnh qut, ngi ta phn loi nhng my khuy c hc thnh 3 nhm sau: - My khuy cnh qut gm nhng cnh qut phng - My khuy chn vt - My khuy tuc bin
2.3 CNH KHY

Cnh khy ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh khuy trn, vic la chn v thit k cnh khuy ph thuc vo mc ch ca qu trnh khuy trn. Cnh khuy ng vai tr trc tip n ch tiu nh gi ng u ca cht cn c khuy trn. Trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip ta thng hay s dng mt s dng cnh khuy sau: - Cnh khuy loi chong chng - Cnh khuy loi Tuabin - Cnh khuy loi mi cho - Cnh khuy hnh khung - Cnh khuy dng vt ng ng - Cnh khuy bng cong - Cnh khuy tm ch - Cnh khuy hnh qu bng

Hnh I.2.1: Cc m hnh cnh khuy

2.4 CU TO MT S DNG MY KHUY

2.4.1 My khuy cnh qut phng 2.4.1.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng n gin nht gm mt hay nhiu thanh t thng gc hay nghing vi hng chuyn ng (hnh I.2.2). Cnh qut c gn vo mt trc thng ng quay 12 80 vg/ph. ng knh cnh qut khong 0,7 ng knh thng. Khi s vng quay nh, cht lng c chuyn ng trn Hnh I.2.2: trong khu vc chuyn ng ca Mt s dng cnh khuy dng phng cnh qut, do cc lp khng pha trn vi nhau v hiu sut khuy trn thp.

Hnh I.2.3 Thng khuy c gn cc vch

Nu tng s vng quay, di tc dng ca lc li tm cht lng s chuyn ng t gia ra ngoi thnh bnh; gia c p sut thp, cht lng cc lp trn v di chuyn vo gia, gy nn mt s tun hon cht lng. C hai chuyn ng y to thnh mt chuyn ng phc tp v khuy trn mnh cc lp, to thnh hnh phu v su tng khi tng s vng quay, kt qu l s dng km dung tch ca bnh. khc phc ngi ta t nhng tm ngn thng ng st vo thnh (thng 4 ci) gi l tm ngn phn x (hnh I.2.3) lm tr ngi vic quay ca cht lng v gim su ca phu, nhng nng lng tiu th s tng ln. khuy trn tt ton b th tch trong thng, ngi ta dng my khuy c cnh qut nm ngang v thng ng, gi l my khuy bi cho, cu to loi cnh khuy ny bn vng, dng khuy cht lng nht rt tt. u im ca my khuy cnh qut phng: - Cu to n gin v r. - Khuy tt cc cht lng c nht trung bnh v nh. Nhc im: - i vi cht lng c v nht km tc dng. - Khng thun li khi khuy nhng dung dch d b ph v cu trc ho hc. 2.4.1.2 Phm vi s dng - My khuy cnh qut c hiu qu khi khuy cht lng c nht ng lc n 2,5 , trn 2,5 dng my khuy bi cho. - Ho tan hoc to thnh huyn ph nhng cht rn c trng lng ring nh. 2.4.2 My khuy chn vt 2.4.2.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng Chn vt thng c 3 cnh qut l nhng phn t ca mt ng xon c. Khi quay chn vt gy ra mt chuyn ng xon c ca cht lng theo hng trc ca my khuy to ra mt dng tun hon t trc ra ra bnh mt pha v t ra vo trc pha kia, mnh hn ca my khuy hnh qut. i khi ngi ta t thn ng hnh tr bn ngoi chn vt lm b phn khuych tn (hnh I.2.4) v

Hnh I.2.4: Cnh khuy hnh chn vt

thng dng nht trong cc thit b c ng rut g, hoc chiu cao ln hn ng knh rt nhiu. ng knh chn vt t 0,25 -0,30 ng knh ca thng v s vng quay t 400 - 1750 vg/ph, nhng vi cht lng c nht t 0,5 tr ln hay vi cht lng to bt nn lm vic t 150 400vg/ph. u im: - Khuy trn mnh hn v nhanh hn my khuy cnh qut. - Nng lng tiu th va phi mc d s vng quay ln. - Gi thnh khng cao. Nhc im: - Hiu sut nh khi khuy trn cht lng nht. - Th tch b hn ch khi tng cng khuy cht lng. 2.4.2.2 Phm vi s dng - Khuy trn mnh cc cht lng t nht; - iu ch huyn ph v nh tng; - Khuy cht kt ta trong huyn ph c n 10% tng rn vi kch thc ht n 0,15mm. 2.4.3 My khuy tuc bin 2.4.3.1 Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng My khuy tuc bin c hai loi: loi h (hnh I.2.5a,b) v kn (hnh I.2.5c) gm bnh xe li tm c 16 cnh qut bt cht vo mt trc ng. Cht lng i vo my khuy gia, dc theo trc v i ra theo hng tip tuyn vi bnh xe, qua bnh xe cht lng thay i hng u u t thng n nm ngang v vng ra vi mt vn tc ln. Thng ngi ta cn lp bn ngoi bnh xe mt b phn hng c cnh gung un cong.

c)

Hnh I.2.5: Cu to cnh khuy tuc bin My khuy tuabin lm vic vi 100 - 350vg/ph v khuy cht lng rt mnh. u im: - Khuy nhanh v ha tan nhanh. - Khuy trn cc cht lng c nht ln c hiu qu. - C th tin hnh qu trnh c lin tc. Nhc im: - Cu to phc tp v gi thnh cao. 2.4.3.2 Phm vi s dng - Khuy trn mnh cc cht lng c nht ln (my khuy h n 100 my khuy kn n 500 dng trong cc thng c th tch ln (5 - 6m3), hoc chiu cao nh khng dng my khuy chn vt c. - Phn tn tinh vi, ho tan nhanh. - Khuy trn huyn ph c ht rn ln n 25mm v cc cht kt ta c n 60% cht rn. 2.4.4 Khuy trn bng kh nn Cng c khi ngi ta khuy trn cc cht lng bng cch cho nhng bt kh nh hoc hi i qua. S khuy trn ny gi l thi kh v thc hin trong thng thi kh. Phng php ny rt n gin v c s dng c bit khi mt trong cc cht khuy trn l kh hay khng kh, v khi tin hnh truyn nhit ng thi vi khuy trn.

Thit b n gin nht gm mt hay nhiu ng nm ngang c nhiu l, t xung y thng cha cht lng. Cc ng phi tht nm ngang cc bt kh khi ra khi l thng c sc cn thy hc nh nhau v ra u t tt c cc l. ng knh ca l thng t 3 6mm. So vi khuy trn c kh, cch khuy trn bng kh nn thun tin hn khi cht lng khuy trn c hot tnh ho hc cao v ph hu nhanh cc my khuy. Nhng khi thi kh c th mang theo vi khng kh nhng hi bc qu v cc kh ho tan trong cht

Hnh I.2.6: Khuy trn bng kh nn

lng, ng thi cng sinh ra qu trnh ph: xy ho v bin thnh nha ca chy lng khuy trn; nng lng tiu th cng nhiu hn.

CHNG 3 TNG QUAN V THP PHN NG

Thp phn ng (thp chng ct, thp hp th, hp ph) c nghin cu rt k trong gio trnh cng ngh lc du v cng ngh ch bin kh cng nh mn ho cng v mn My thit b ho cht. y, trong gio trnh ny ch yu nghin cu thp phn ng v phng din c kh v gii thiu mt cch tng quan cch lp ghp v mt s thit b ph tr nhm b sung kin thc gip cc bn sinh vin c thm mt ci nhn tng th v thp chng ct hp th hp ph hay c s dng trong Lc Ho du.
3.1 THP CHNG CT HP TH

3.1.1 Cu to chung mt loi thp chng ct hp th 3.1.1.1 Thp m (thp hp th) Hnh 3.1: Thp m
1. V 2. a tip liu 3. Ca tho 4. Li m 5. a phn phi li

Trn hnh I.3.1 l s cu to tng qut mt thp hp th loi m. Thp hp th loi m c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh ch bin kh, cu to ca thp gm v thit b 1, a tip liu hay cn gi l a phn phi dung mi 2. a tip liu c nhim phn u dng lng t b phn ti cht lng. B phn ti cht lng thng c s dng l cc vi phun (trn hnh I.3.2), dng lng i ra khi vi phun c la chn tu thuc vo ch lm vic ca thp.

Hnh I.3.2: Mt s vi phun cht lng a. Vi phun hoa sen b. Ti bng dy h c. Vi phun cht lng vo tip tuyn Ngay di cc a phn phi dung mi ngi ta lp cc li m. Cu to mt s loi a m v li m c ch ra trong hnh I.3.3

Hnh I.3.3: Cu to mt s a phn phi v li m I. a phn phi loi 1 II. a phn phi loi 2 III. a phn phi loi 3 Trong thp hp th, phn gia thp ngi ta thng lp thm a phn phi li 5, a phn phi li c nhim v phn phi li dng cht lng chy t trn phn nh thp xung nhm cho qu trnh hp th c xy ra ng u phn di y thp. Mt trong cc yu t quyt nh chnh n hiu qu hp th l vic b tr, la chn loi m 6 trong cc thp hp th. Trn hnh I.3.4 a ra mt s loi m hay c s dng trong thp hp th. Cc loi m ny c th c sp xp theo trt t hoc sp xp mt cch ngu nhin, ln xn.

Hnh I.3.4: Mt s loi m a. m vng Rasiga b. m vng c vch ngn ch thp c. m vng c xon c d. m cu e. m chn vt xon f. m yn nga g. m v g

Ngoi ra, trn thn cc thp hp th cn c b tr ca tho 3, ca kh vo 7 v cc thit b ph tr khc. Trong bng III.1 a ra mt s thng s c bn ca a phn phi v li m Bng III.1: Kch thc c bn ca a phn phi v li m a phn phi loi 1 v 2 Li m Chiu di a loi 2, ng dn cht lng Chiu rng S1 ng ng S ca bc, b knh knh Hp kim lng Thp dxS t a li Dt m m Loi X18H10T 1 2 CT3 X17H13M2T 25x25 50x50 mm Chic mm 250 19 12 369 23 47 300 25x2 48 31 22 480 43 4 3 350 24 590 20,5 40 37 500 28 785 22 41 600 44,5x2,5 70 55 40 980 20 5 4 41,5 750 91 70 1165 22

ng knh thp

400 500 600 800 1000 1200

3.1.1.2 Thp chp Nh trnh by trn, thp chp (hay cn gi l thp chng ct) l thp c s dng nhiu nht trong cc thp phn ng, chnh v vy nguyn l hot ng, tnh ton thit k cng nh cu to c bn cc thit b c trnh by rt k trong gio trnh cng ngh lc du. Trong mn hc ny ta ch cp n cc vn mang tnh cht tm hiu thm v cch lp ghp nhm gip cc bn sinh vin c ci nhn tng quan hn v thp phn ng ni chung v thp chp ni ring. * Mt s dng thp chp

a)

b) Hnh I.3.5: Mt s dng thp chp 2. a 3. Tai 3. ng thu

c) 4. Ca 4. Ca 5. B thp

a. Thp chp trn: 1. V c. Thp chp di bng gang

b. Thp chp di: 1. Thn 2. a * Mt s phng php ghp chp (chp):

Trn hnh I.3.6 l mt s phng php ghp chp thng dng hay c s dng. Theo chp c th c p ln a v c hn c nh vo a (hnh a) hay c nh v bi mt thanh ngang c hn vo g thnh b chn ca a chp v c nh v bng c vt ( hnh b,c,d) hoc i khi ngi ta cng c th ghp chp bng cch nh v chp bng cc thanh c hn trc tip vo thn thp nh hnh e v f. S chp c ghp trn mt a c tnh theo cng thc:

n = 0,1.

D2 d2 h

Hnh I.3.6: Mt s phng php ghp chp * Mt s phng php lp a v ng chy truyn: Trn hnh I.3.7 l mt s phng php lp a v ng chy truyn i vi thp chp. Theo c th thit k cc gi a nh hnh a, hn cht a vi thn thp nh hnh b, hay lp a s dng cc bch ghp cht a nh hnh c hoc ghp a bng cc m trung gian nh hnh d. Tu thuc vo ch vn hnh bo dng ca thp m ngi ta la chn phng php lp a v ng chy truyn ca thp sao cho thun tin trong vn hnh v sa cha bo dng.

Hnh I.3.7: mt s phng php lp a v ng chy truyn

3.2 THP HP PH

3.2.1 Phn loi thp hp ph Tu theo phng php lm vic ngi ta chia thit b hp ph ra cc loi chnh sau y: - Thp hp ph vi lp xc tc c nh (lm vic gin on) - Thp hp ph vi lp xc tc chuyn ng ( lm vic lin tc) - Thp hp ph vi lp xc tc l lng ( thp hp ph tng si) 3.2.2 Thit b hp ph lm vic gin on vi lp xc tc c nh Thp hp ph lm vic gin on vi lp xc tc c nh c 3 phng thc lm vic sau y: 1. Phng thc 4 giai on: hp ph, nh hp ph, sy, lm lnh 2. Phng thc 3 giai on: hp ph, nh hp ph, lm lnh 3. Phng thc hai giai on: hp ph, nh hp ph. Trn hnh I.3.8 l cu to ca mt thp m c bn. Khi chn phng thc lm vic cho thit b, cn cn c vo c trng ca cht b hp ph cn thu hi v nng u ca n trong khng kh. Khi nng du kh cao th dng phng thc 4 giai on, khi nng trung bnh v nh Hnh I.3.8 (2 3 g/m3) th dng phng php ba giai on. Cu to c bn thp m Ch dng phng thc hai giai on khi nhit

ca hn hp kh trong thit b tng i ng nht v thp (< 35 0C) v trong trng hp cht hp ph khng tan trong nc. C nhiu loi thp hp ph lm vic gin on vi lp xc tc c nh, tuy nhin v cu to th khng c s khc nhiu. S khc bit duy nht l vic b tr, lp t hay hnh dng ca thp. Trn hnh I.3.9 l cu to mt thp hp ph vi lp xc tc c nh v cch b tr lp t khc nhau.

Hnh I.3.9: cc thp hp ph lm vic gin on vi lp xc tc c nh a) Loi thng ng b) loi nm ngang c) Loi hnh vnh khn 1. V 2. Li 3. Ca cho cht hp ph vo 4. Ca tho cht hp ph 5 Ca tho nc ngng - u im ca loi thp ny l cu to n gin, d dng vn hnh sa cha khi cn - Nhc im c bn ca loi thp ny l lm vic gin on nn nng sut khng cao. 3.2.3 Thp hp ph lm vic lin tc vi lp xc tc chuyn ng Thp hp ph lin tc vi lp xc tc chuyn ng l h thng nhiu thp hp ph c lp ni tip vi nhau. i vi thp hp ph loi ny thng chia ra lm ba khu vc: khu vc hp ph, khu vc chng, khu vc nh hp ph. Cu to ca thp hp Hnh I.3.10: c b tr nh hnh v I.3.10 S h thng thit b hp ph v nh tng si
1. Xicln; 2. Phng phn ly; 3. Phng hp ph 4. Thit b trao i nhit; 5, 6. B phn tho 7. Phng nh hp ph; 8. V bc ngoi cho hi t vo

- u im ca h thng thp hp ph lin tc so vi thp hp ph lm vic gin on l nng sut ln hn, hiu qu hp ph cao hn. - Nhc im l kh khn trong vn hnh bo dng, sa cha, chi ph u t ln. 3.2.4 Thit b hp ph tng si Cu to thp hp ph tng si c ch ra trong hnh I.3.11, cu to thit b ny khc hai loi trn l lp thm h thng iu chnh kh vo. Do u im ln nht ca thp hp ph loi ny l khng c khu vc xc tc cht (mt hot tnh xc tc), nhit ng u trnh c hin tng qu nhit, tr lc b, nng sut ln, d vn chuyn cht hp ph trong dy truyn sn xut.

Hnh 3.10: Thp hp ph tng si 1. Thn thit b 2. B iu chnh p sut 3. ng dn kh iu chnh vo 4. Thng ph 5. Ca thi kh ra 6. Np thit b 7. ng dn cht hp ph vo 8. Bunke 9. ng 10. ng dn hn hp kh vo 11. ng tho cht hp ph

PHN II
H THNG VN CHUYN V TN CHA DU KH CHNG I CC TRANG THIT B TN CHA (BN CHA, B CHA)
1.1 TNG QUAN

Cc loi thit b tn cha v vn chuyn ng vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ho cht ni chung v trong cng nghip du kh ni ring. Hu nh tt c cc qu trnh ch bin du kh u c s tham gia ca cc thit b tn cha, vn chuyn: Tn cha vn chuyn nguyn liu, sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh ch bin, sn phm thng phm. Ngoi ra, thit b tn cha cn c s dng vo nhng mc ch nh: kinh doanh, mc ch quc phng mang tnh chin lc ca tng quc gia. Ngi ta c th tn cha xng du vo cc b cha bng thp, b cha khng phi bng thp (b phi kim loi) hoc cha du vo cc phuy, can nh. Cc phng tin tn cha xng du ni chung phi m bo cc yu cu chung sau: - Trnh v gim bt hao ht v s lng v cht lng xng du - Thao tc thun tin - m bo an ton phng c v phng chy i vi cc nh my lc du, cc n v kinh doanh xng du thng phm, tng kho, t nhng i hi v vn kinh t, xu hng ngy nay cng mun xy dng nhng thit b tn cha ln hn c th tn cha c nhiu hn.Tuy nhin, kinh ph xy dng cc thit b tn cha ny thng l kh tn km, chng thng chim 10 20% tng kinh ph u t cho mt nh my lc du. V vy i vi cc nh my lc du v mt kinh t h tm cch gim ti thiu gi thnh lp t ca cc thit b tn cha v vn chuyn nh th. Song v mt k thut, ch to h phi tnh ton sao cho vic s dng cc thit b tn cha v vn chuyn phi hp l, an ton, trnh tn tht nht l trong nhng thi gian khng lm vic ca bn cha. Ngy nay, cc thit b tn cha c pht trin a dng ho v cng ngh v k thut, p ng c hu ht cc nhu cu tn cha khc nhau trong lnh vc du kh. C rt nhiu loi thit b tn cha c s dng trong vic tn cha xng du, tuy nhin trong khun kh gio trnh ny ch gii thiu vi cc bn nhng loi thit b tn cha

xng du c tr lng ln ( bn cha, b cha), thng c s dng trong cc nh my lc du cng nh trong lnh vc kinh doanh xng du.
1.2 PHN LOI CC THIT B TN CHA XNG DU

C nhiu cch phn loi cc thit b tn cha. Da vo cng dng, s vn hnh, hnh dng thit b ta phn loi cc thit b tn cha theo cc loi sau: 1.2.1 Phn loi theo s vn hnh Theo s vn hnh ca ca bn cha, b cha ta phn bit thnh 3 loi chnh sau: - Bn cha tn tr du th - Bn cha trung gian (cc loi bn cha s dng trong cc phn on ch bin nh my du) - Bn cha hn hp v sn phm cui. 1.2.2 Phn loi theo p sut lm vic Da vo p sut lm vic ca bn ngi ta chia thnh: - Bn lm vic p sut kh quyn - Bn lm vic p sut cao (Cao p): p sut trong bn P > 20 atm. - Bn lm vic p sut thp (p sut chn khng) 1.2.3 Da vo chiu cao xy dng Da vo chiu cao xy dng ngi ta c th chia ra: - B ngm: B chn di t - B na ngm na ni: 1/2 chiu cao b nh ln khi mt t - B ni: Lm trn mt t 1.2.4 Theo hnh dng bn cha Theo hnh dng v tr ngi ta chia thnh cc loi b: - Hnh cu - Hnh tr - B nm thng ng - B nm ngang.
1.3 CU TO V NGUYN TC HOT NG

Cu to ca mt thit b tn cha s dng trong cng nghip du kh ni chung thng gm ba b phn chnh sau: - Thn thit b - y lp thit b - Cc thit b ph tr 1.3.1 Thn thit b Thn ca cc thit b tn cha thng l hnh tr hoc hnh cu, chng c ch to bng phng php cun, dp, v, hn nhiu tm thp li vi nhau. dy ca tm

thp tu thuc vo kch thc ca bn cha. Dung tch bn cha c th ln hay nh ph thuc vo i tng s dng. Nu i tng s dng l cc n v kinh doanh cc sn phm thng phm th th tch bn cha thng vo khong 10 m3 30 m3. Nu l cc kho cp 1, 2, 3 trong cc nh my lc du th th tch bn cha thng t 100 m3 500 m3. Thn bn cha hnh tr thng c s dng nhiu hn thn bn cha dng hnh cu do d ch to, d lp t cc thit b ph tr. Tuy nhin i vi cc dng cht lng hoc kh (tn cha LPG) i hi thit b tn cha chu p lc cao v tnh thm m ngi ta li thng s dng bn hnh cu do ng sut c phn b u trong thnh bn.

Hnh II.1.1: Mt s bn cha thng dng 1.3.2 y v np bn cha y v np l hai chi tit cng vi thn to thnh thit b, hnh dng y v np ca thit b ph thuc vo nhim v ca n, vo p sut lm vic v phng php ch to. y v np c th c hn, c lin vi thn hoc c lp ghp vi thn bng

mi ghp bch. Trong cc thit b tn cha thng hay dng cc loi y, np c hnh : elip, chm cu, nn (cn) hoc phng. - Vi cc thit b lm vic p sut thng, nn dng y np phng (trn hoc hnh ch nht) v ch to n gin, r tin. - y np hnh cu, hnh elp c dng trong thit b lm vic vi p sut ln. - y nn c dng vi cc mc ch sau: + tho sn phm ri hoc cht lng c hm lng pha rn cao. + phn phi tt cht kh hoc lng theo tt c tit din thit b. + khuych tn lm thay i t t tc cht lng hoc cht kh nhm mc ch gim bt sc cn thu lc. 1.3.3. Cc thit b ph tr Cc thit b ph tr c s dng trong h thng tn cha nhm m bo cho thao tc xut nhp ti bn cha xng du c thun tin v m bo an ton trong vic cha xng du trong b. Di y l mt s thit b ph tr thng c s dng trong cc b cha xng du: 1. Cu thang: phc v cho vic i li ln xung bn cha xng du trong qu trnh thao tc ti bn ca cng nhn giao nhn. 2. L nh sng: c t trn np b tr ng, c tc dng thng gi trc khi lau chi bn, sa cha v kim tra bn trong b. 3. L chui ngi: C tc dng i vo trong bn khi tin hnh lau chi, sa cha, bo dng bn trong b. 4. L o lng ly mu: C tc dng th cc thit b o, thit b ly mu trong trng hp xc nh cao mc nhin liu v ly mu nhin liu. L o lng, ly mu nhin liu c t lp t trn mi b tr ng. 5. ng thng hi: ch dng trn cc b tr ng, cha du nhn v DO, FO, ng ny c tc dng iu ho khng gian hi nhin liu ca b vi p sut kh quyn. 6. ng tip nhn cp pht: dng u ni vi ng ng cng ngh tip nhn cp pht nhng ng ny c t ngay tng thp th nht ca b thp tr ng. 7. Van h hp v van an ton: - Van h hp: Van h hp kiu c kh dng iu ho p sut d v p sut chn khng trong b cha. - Van h hp c lp kt hp vi van ngn tia la: C tc dng iu chnh bi trong b cha trong gii hn 2 atm n 20 atm v ngn tia la t bn ngoi vo tron b. - Van an ton kiu thu lc: C tc dng iu ho p sut d hoc chn khng trong b cha khi van h hp khng lm vic. Di p sut d t 5,5 atm 6 atm v chn khng t 3,5 atm 4 atm.

8. Hp ngn tia la: c lp trn b cha pha di van h hp loi khng kt hp tc dng ngn chn s pht sinh ngn la hoc tia la bn trong b. 9. Van bo v: C tc dng hn ch tn tht mt mt nhin liu tng trng hp ng ng b v hoc khi van hai chiu chnh ca b cha b hng hc. Van bo v c lp u cui ng tip nh cp pht quay vo pha trong b cha. 10. B iu khin ca van bo v: c lp pha trn ca ng tip nhn cp pht c tc dng m van bo v, gi n t th m v ng van bo v li. 11. Van Xi phng: c tc dng nh k x nc lng ln trong bn cha. 12. Thit b o mc nhin liu trong b cha: Vi mc ch tit kim thi gian o mc nhin liu trong b cha. ng thi m bo kim tra d dng c mc nhin liu. 13. Thit b cu ho: Ph thuc vo th tch ca b cha ngi ta c th lp t trn b n 6 bnh bt cu ho hn hp v cc bnh bit c nh. C tc dng y bt kh c hc vo b khi trong b xy ra s c chy. 14. h thng tip a: trnh hin tng st nh vo b. Trn bn cha thng c hn t 3 6 ct thu li. 15. H thng ti mt: Dng lm mt b khi tri nng to gim hao ht xng du do bay hi. 16. H thng thot nc.
1.4 TNH TON THIT K BN CHA

Trong mn My v thit b ho cht cc bn c trang b cc phng php tnh b dy mt s hnh dng thit b ho cht ni chung. Trong cng ngh Lc Ho du ngi ta cng da vo tnh ton b dy thit b tn cha xng du. S khc bit khi ly cc h s hiu chnh s c trnh by k phn sau. B dy thit b tn cha xng du c tnh theo cng thc: C = Ca + Cb + Cc +Co Trong : Ca - h s b sung do n mn ho hc ca mi tng , mm Cb - h s b sung do bo mn c hc ca mi trng, mm Cc - h s b sung do sai lch khi ch to, lp rp, mm Co - h s b sung quy trn kch thc, mm.
1.5 GII THIU MT S BN CHA B CHA

1.5.1 Bn cha hnh tr ng

Hnh II.1.2: Mt s mt ct ca b cha hnh tr ng Cc bn tn cha hnh tr ng thng l nhng b c th tch cha ln t: 400 m3 n 100.000 m3. B thng cu to gm 4 phn: - Mng b: bao gm cc lp: t m tng lp dy 15 20 cm, lp t ny c th dy 50 60 cm. Trn nhng lp t ny l lp ct dy t 20 30 cm thn b phn b lc ng u v c ln n nh. Sau lp nha ng trn trn cng l lp ct dy10 m- 15 cm chng thm nc. Xung quanh mng b ngi ta xy k hoc b tng c rnh thot nc ma v nc s t trong b ra. - y b: Thn b thng gm cc tm thp hn li vi nhau lm bng tn dy t 4 8 mm. Tuy nhin do y b cn chu lc ct tp chung ca thnh b nn ta thng s dng tn dy 10 12 mm lm y b - Thnh b: Bao gm nhiu tm thp ghp hn vi nhau, chiu di tm thp theo chu vi, chiu rng theo chiu cao b thng gi l cc tng. Do phi chu p lc thu

tnh, trng lc du v b ln dn theo su nn nn tn lm thnh b c b dy thay i t 4 8 mm. Vic g tn thnh b c cc cch g sau: + G kiu ng chui: Tng trn c ng knh nh hn tng di + G kiu giao kt: Cc tng tn g xen k nhau, tng ny vo trong tng kia ra ngoi v c lun chuyn nh th. + G hn hp: Phi hp hai kiu g trn trong mt b. - Mi b: mi b thng c lm bng tn c chiu dy t 4 5 mm. hnh dng mi cng c thit k theo nhiu dng khc nhau nhm hn ch mt s nhc im ca tng loi bn i vi cc nhin liu cn cha. Cc dng mi bn thng c ch to l: + Bn c mi c nh: Mi phng, nhn, hnh cu + Bn c mi di ng: Cc lo bn ny hin ang c s dng rng ri trong cc nh my lc du, cc tng kho xng du tn cha cc sn phm d bay hi: du th, xng bi chng bi chng gii quyt rt hiu qu gim hao ht, mt mt do s bay hi trong bo qun, tn cha xng du. Mt nc di ng c s dng trt dc theo thnh bn, nm trc tip ln ln cht tn cha theo s thay i mc trong bn. Trong iu kin ny, pha hi lm dng cht lng thc t c loi b. Mt giong c bit c s dng nhm bo m s lin kt gia nc v thnh bn. Li vo nc c lm bng mt cu thang xon hn v thnh bao. nc t c cng theo yu cu ch to, mi c gia c bi mt vnh thp v mt s chn . Nc c ch to sao cho c th d dng tho d thun tin khi v sinh, bo dng v sa cha. 1.5.2. B tr nm ngang Ngi ta thng ch to cc loi b hnh tr nm ngang vi th tch t 10 100 m3. Thn bn thng gm nhng tm thp c chiu dy t 4 5 mm cun li thnh hnh tr c ng knh nht nh. Hai u ca b c th c ch to dng phng hoc cn (chp)

Hnh 1.3: Mt ct mt b hnh tr nm 1. u lp nhit k 4. u lp van an ton 7. u lp ng h o mc 10. Ca xut hi 13. Ca x

1.6 KIM TRA BN - KN

2. u lp p k 5. Ca chui ngi 8. Chn 11. ng cn bng hi

3. u lp van x nh 6. u lp van an ton 9. Ca xut lng 12. u nhp lng

14. Gin phun sng cu ho

1.6.1 Kim tra kn 1.6.1.1 Kim tra kn y b C th tin hnh bng hai cch: - Phng php chn khng. - Phng php thuc th. a. Phng php chn khng Ngi ta dng thit b gi l ra th chn khng, l mt hnh hp mt mt trng, mt i din c knh v cc ng ni n my ht chn khng v n p k. Ngi ta t thit b ln mt on ng hn cn th, trt ma tt xung quanh, dng bm chn khng ht khng kh trong hp to chn khng trong hp. Nu ng hn khng kn th x phng bi trn ng hn s c bong bng, ta phi nh du li, tuy vy cng c th nc khi thng th s c tm kh ni ln. th kn y b bng phng php chn khng vi tn dy 4mm th trong ra cn l 500mm ct thu ngn. Nu dy hn th to chn khng l 600mm. b. Phng php th bng ho cht

Ngi ta p t xung quanh thnh b ngn khng cho kh thot ra kh nn kh vo y b, chiu cao t p khong 100 mm. Ngi ta a 3 4 vi bm kh amnc vo y b vi p sut d 8 9 mm ct nc di y b. Trn ng hn c nh sch ngi ta qut dung dch phnol talin. Nu thy ch no chuyn mu ta ghi li. Cn nu dng dung dch axit HNO3 2,5% th qut dung dch ln vi mn hoc giy bn ph ln ng hn, ch no thng cht ch th ng mu en. Th ng hn y v tn thnh th nht c th th bng ra vung gc hoc th bng du ho qut bn ngoi, bn trong b qut vi hoc phn ln ng hn. 1.6.1.2 Kim tra kn mi hn thnh b Cc mi hnh thnh b kim tra kn bng cch qut hoc phun du ho pha trong, pha bn ngoi qut nc vi hoc qut phn. Qut 2 ln du ho cch nhau 1 pht sau theo di nu khng c vt du loang coi nh l c. Mi hn gi u thnh b m bn trong hn ngt qung th dng my hoc n kh phun du vo k 2 tm tn ri quan st bn ngoi. Nhng ch ming v tn chng ln nhau th kn phi khoan 1 l nh ri bm du vo trong gia hai lp tn y vi p xut 1 2kg/m2. Bn ngoi ng hn qut nc vi hoc phn theo di sau 12 gi nu khng c vt du loang l tt. 1.6.1.3 Th kn mi b Th bng phng php nn kh trong b v bi nc x phng ln ng hn mi b, tn gip thnh b. Nu ng hn khng kn bt x phng s ni ln (p xut th bng 15% p xut lm vic ca b). C th th kn mi b bng cch phun du ho vo phn tip gip mi b v pha ngoi b, trn ng hn ta bi phn hoc qut nc vi ri quan st theo di xem lp vi c qut c b thm t hay khng. 1.6.2 Th bn b 1.6.2.1 Th cng ca b Th cng ca b bng cch bm y nc vo b cha trong b t 3 n 7 ngy nu ln ca b khng ng k, b khng b bin dng th c th kt thc vic th, coi nh l tt. Cn nu b c s bin dng ln phi tm cch khc phc. 1.6.2.2 Th bn mi b

Th bn ca b l th hai ch p xut, p xut dng v p xut chn khng bng cch: bm nc hoc nn kh vo trong b, hoc rt nc ra khi phi c van khng ch p xut trong b v p k theo di. p xut khng ch nh phn th kn nhng thi gian gia p xut l 2 3 gi.
1.7 BO QUN B CHA XNG DU

1.7.1 Sn b Tu thuc vo v tr t b cha du m ngi ta sn cc loi sn khc nhau, c th sn c trong b v ngoi b chng n mn thnh b. B t ngoi tri ngoi vic sn chng n mn cn phi sn thm lp sn chng trng phn x nh sng mt tri nhm gim thiu tn tht hao ht c v cht lng v s lng xng du cha trong b. Vic sn pha trong b lp sn chng n mn thng phi tin hnh sn b khi mi bt u a b vo s dng. i vi bn ngoi b thng sn mt lp chng g, kh lp sn ny sau mi sn cc lp sn v nh khc. 1.7.2 C k hoch xc ra b cha du mt cch nh k Cc kho tn cha xng du cn c k hoach xc ra b cha xng du mt cch nh k c lin hn. Tuy nhin trong cc trng hp di y cn nht thit phi xc ra b cha xng du nhm m bo cht lng xng du tn cha khng b nh hng v mt cht lng. - Khi a b mi vo s dng, do b mi thi cng nn c th b bn t bn vo, cc r st, cc mu que hn do vy cn phi xc ra bnh tht sch trc khi a vo s dng. - Khi thay i chng loi du cha trong b. - Khi b b h hng phi xc ra b cha trc v sau khi sa cha. */. Thi gian cn thit phi xc ra b cha xng du. Tu theo tng loi xng du cha trong b, tnh cht ca kho ta nh ra thi gian cn thit cn phi xc ra b cha: - t nht mt nm 2 ln i vi b cha nhin liu dng cho ng c phn lc, xng my bay, du m dng cho cc ngnh hng khng - t nht mi nm mt ln i vi cc b cha nhin liu pha ph gia, cc b cha ph gia, cc loi xng t v du m dng cho t. - t nht 2 nm 1 ln i vi cc b cha du nhn, du FO, du DO */. Trnh t xc ra c tin hnh nh sau: Phi rt ht xng du ra khi b bng cc my bm, khi du cn nhiu th c th rt xng du ra khi b bng cc ng ng xut nhp. - i vi du du sng c th bm nc vo b cho du ni ln vt du cho kit.

- i vi cc b cha du nhn, du t l khng c php cho nc vo nn sau khi vt sch du y b, trn thnh b vn cn mt lng du dnh bm ngi ta c th phi nng b trong vng 2- 3 ngy cho du chy xung y b, dng bn chi, gi lau dn gn li v tip tc vt bng cc x thng a ra ngoi. Sau khi vt sch du phi tch b khi h thng cng ngh bng cch t bch c gia cc van u b. Tin hnh kh hi xng du trong b bng cch bm nc vo trong b ngm t 2 4 ngy sau rt nc trong b i, m tt c cc l chui ngi, l nh sng, l o mu, tin hnh thng gi t nhin t 2 3 ngy hoc tin hnh thng gi nhn to bng qut nng hi xng du gim xung di mc cho php m bo an ton cho ngi cng nhn khi lm vic trong b. Sau khi vt ht bn t, cn bn trong b c th dng lng cu ho phun nc ln thnh v y b ra sch cc cn bn, r st, bn nha bm vo b mt kim loi ca b. B c coi l sch khi y b, thnh b khng cn bn t, r st, nha v cn, axit ca xng du. Nng hi xng du phi di gii hn n cho php ( nu b xc ra sa cha). Vic xc ra cc b ngm hnh tr nm chn di t ngi ta cng phi vt ht du trong b bng bm lc tay. Sau bm nc vo b v ngm trong 2 3 ngy ri tin hnh bm nc ra ngoi. Sau khi bm ht nc thng gi t nhin t 1 -2 ngy ri cho ngi mang trang b phng c v bo h lao ng xung vt ht nhng bn t trong b.

1.8 BO QUN XNG DU TN CHA TRONG PHUY V BAO B NH

1.8.1 Nhng yu cu i vi phuy cha du - Chc chn, bn, s dng lu - Nh nhng thun tin cho vic vn chuyn - Hnh dng thch hp tin cho vic vn chuyn th s cng nh my mc. - Cu to v quy cch ca Phuy cha du: Phuy cha du c lm bng thp, thp c s dng lm Phuy cha du c cn nng. Phuy cha du thng c 2 loi l 100 lt v 200 lt. Phuy cha du c l ng du v l thng hi, phi dng np c ren v giong y cht. L p sut ca Phuy phi chu c p sut trong Phuy l 0,5 atm. 1.8.2 Bo qun, tn cha xng du trong phuy v bao b nh

Tn cha sn phm du trong Phuy v bao b nh s m bo gi nguyn c phm cht v s lng sn phm du to iu kin thun li cho vic tnh ton thit k - Tng loi sn phm du cha trong Phuy v bao b bn ngoi phi c nh nhn hiu ghi r tng loi sn phm c tn cha bn trong. - Ch c cha sn phm xng du trong bao b n chiu cao ti a 97% th tch ca phng tin cha ng. - sch ca bao b trc khi cha ng sn phm du tu thuc vo sn phm du c tn cha ln trc v sn phm du tip theo cn tn cha. - Trc khi ng du vo Phuy phi kim tra cht lng Phuy, kn, sch ca Phuy v np nt c khng. Ngi ta thng bo qun cc sn phm du ng trong Phuy v cc loi bao b trong nh kho, cng c th bo qun du nhn ti cc kho bi kh ro v xa ni c la. - Khng c bo qun sn phm du tn cha trong phuy v bao b nh trong cc kho m t v chng s hp th hi nc do phm cht s km i. - Phi bo qun sn phm du ring tng loi. Cc Phuy cha sn phm du cp I (Xng, Diezel) ch c xp mt tng cn cc loi du nhn th c xp hai tng. - i vi cc loi can mi, trc khi nhp du phi c sy kh bng khng kh nng ri sau s nhanh sn phm vo du vo can kh m khng kp bm li trn thnh trong ca can. - Cc loi chai l thu tinh th phi lau sch bi bn bm bn trong v bn ngoi chai. Lau sch bi bn bng khn kh. - Khi bo qun du bng phuy t cc bi cha ngoi tri Phuy phi c dng nghing mt gc 150 v phn np nhp du phn trn gc nghing nc ma ng khng th o trong Phuy c. - Cc Phuy m phi nn trong nh v nm l tt nht trnh hin tng tch du lm kh m do nh hng ca nhit ngoi tri v do p sut chu nn ca nhng lp m phi di y Phuy gy ln. - Can, Phuy cha sn phm du c nhit bt chy nh hn 450C phi c bo qun trong nh c mi che. Nu sn phm du c nhit bt chy ln hn 450C th c th Can, Phuy ngoi tri.
1.9 THI HN TN CHA CC SN PHM XNG DU

Xng du, m my l sn phm c tnh cht c bit. Trong mt thi gian no ca qu trnh tn cha s b bin cht, do cn c quy nh tn cha cho tng loi sn phm du m. Thi hn bo qun mt s nhin liu du m v cht lng chuyn dng trong b v thng:

Tn nhin liu du m v cht lng chuyn dng 1. Xng my bay pha ch v pha cht chng Oxy ho + Xng t: - Cha trong b ni - Cha trong b chm hoc na ni na chm - Cha trong thng 2. Xng my bay khng pha ch + Xng t - Cha trong b ni - Cha trong b chm hoc na ni na chm - Cha trong thng 3. Du ha my ko 4. Du thp sng 5. Nhin liu T 1; T 2; TC 1 6. Nhin liu Diezel 7. Du nhn my bay, t, my ko. Diezel my nn kh khng c cht pha thm 8. Du MT 16 , M - 141 , du bin th 9. Du truyn ng khng c cht ph gia 10. Du trc, du Xilanh 11. M tng hp, m ch, m Constalin 12. M 1 13 13. Du phanh CK 14. Vadlin k thut, m ON 54 15. M 201, 204 16. M 202, 203

Thi gian bo qun ( Nm) 2 2,5 2 2,5 3 0,5 1 4 4 6 5 5 6 5 2,5 1 2 5 4 5

1.10 CC DNG LN B NGUYN NHN - PHNG PHP KIM TRA V X L

1.10.1 Phn loi cc dng Ln b 1.10.1.1 Ln u Nn b sau khi xy dng vo cha du do x l nn khng tt b b ln khng nghing lch nhng ln y gi tr s qui nh. 1.10.1.2 Ln lch Sau khi a vo cha du th b b ln cc b tng phn lm cho b b nghing i mt gc theo phng thng ng i vi b tr ng. Vi b tr nm do mt b b ln lm cho b b nghing. 1.10.2 Nguyn nhn Hin tng ln u ch yu l do nn t khng chu lc, m vic gia c mng b khng m bo nn thng xy ra ln hoc do thay i cc yu t thu vn nh mc nc ngm t nhin ln cao mt thi gian di cng lm cho b b ln. Hin tng ln lch l do x l mng khng u ch m k, ch m khng k hoc mng b thi cng mt phn t nn mt phn trn lng t mn phi m nn.

Trong qu trnh cha du s gy nn ln lch. Cng c th mng b xy trn nn, t p nhng chu lc khc nhau cng gy ra ln lch b. 1.10.3 Kim tra ln b 1.10.3.1 Vic kim tra ln theo chu vi b Vic kim tra ln y b c th thc hin bng cc phng php o: - Phng php o thu chun xung quanh chu vi ca b. - o nghing lch ca b bng phng php dy di. B o thu chun c ng cao su vngchu vi b. * Nhng qui nh v cch o: + Tu theo chu vi b m chia cc im o xung quanh b nhiu hay t s im o nhng khng c nh hn 8 im v khong cch gia cc im khng nh hn 6m. + Vi b 2000 3000 m3 sau 4 nm s dng s dng chnh lch hai im o cnh nhau khng qu 40mm, hai im i din nm trn ng knh khng qu 180 mm. Nu b s dng qu 4 nm chnh lch cho php ln lt 60mm v 150mm. + Nhng b b 400 5000m3 chch lch cao bng 50% gi tr ca b ln. 1.10.3.2 Kim tra ln trong nn b C th nc vo y b cho ph khp c ni cao nht sau o chiu cao nc nhng ch lm. - Hoc c th o kh y b bng phng php thu chun s im. - S o phi ln hn 8 im trn b mt. - Chiu cao vt li lm trn y b khng c li qu 150mm, din tch vt li lm khng qu 2m2. 1.10.4 X l ln b Vic x l ln b tu theo mc ln, nguyn nhn ln ta c cch x l khc nhau: Nu do nn t c chu lc khng tt m ln b th c th phi kch b, o mng b ln, ng cc cc tre, cc g, cc b tng hoc cc cc ct xung mng b sau phc hi mng b theo thit k. y l cng vic x l ton b li mng b l cng vic kh phc tp v tn nhiu cng sc. Nu do ln cc b th ta c th ch cn kch phn ln qu nhiu tin hnh ng cc, lm li nn mng, gia c cc ct v.v phc hi li phn mng b l c.

CHNG II VN CHUYN XNG DU

2.1 TNG QUAN V VN CHUYN XNG DU

Vn chuyn nhin liu du m ni chung v vn chuyn xng du ni ring l iu tt yu trong cng ngh ho du. T khu khai thc n khu ch bin, n ni tn cha v ngi tiu dng, xt v phng din no vn chuyn nhin liu du m ng mt vai tr v cng quan trng. xy dng mt h thng vn chuyn nhin liu du m ni chung t khu khai thc n ngi tiu dng h thng vn chuyn thng chim 1/3 tng kinh ph xy dng mt d n. Trn c s nhng tnh cht ho l ca du m, vn chuyn nhin liu du m t ra cc yu cu k thut v cng nghim ngt. Mt khc du m thng c vn chuyn theo ng ngm di bin hoc di lng t, chnh tt c nhng yu t trn cng lm cho chi ph vn chuyn xng du tng cao. V vy trong thc t ngi ta thng tm mi cch vn chuyn xng du sao cho gim thiu chi ph v vn m bo an ton. Tu thuc vo tng iu kin c th ngi ta thng vn chuyn xng du bng cc cch sau: - Vn chuyn bng ng ng

- Vn chuyn bng ng thu ( Tu, thuyn) - Vn chuyn bng ng b, ng st

2.2 VN CHUYN BNG NG NG

2.2.1 Gii thiu chung v ng ng 2.2.1.1 Lu trnh cng ngh trong kho du Lu trnh cng ngh trong vn chuyn du kh l biu th s chy ca du trong qu trnh vn chuyn c thc hin vi cc h thng ng ng. H thng ng ng vn chuyn phi m bo an ton trong khi xut, nhp du v vn chuyn nhng phi thun tin, tit kim, kinh t v khng gy nhm ln. a. Lu trnh nhp du: - Nhp bng ng ng: A Dng my bm bm qua ng ng B

- Nhp bng ng st: Vagong ng tho du ng vn chuyn B

- Nhp bng ng thu: Tu du ng tho du ng du + vn chuyn B

C th vn chuyn trong kho. + Chuyn t b ln ln b o lng xut. + Pha ch du theo yu cu. + Chng hao ht (dn b). + Sa cha, sc ra b. B A ng ng vn chuyn ng dn bo lng. B A ng vn chuyn bm ng vn chuyn b B. b. Lu trnh xut (ngc li vi lu trnh nhp) nhng phi qua b o lng xc nh lng xut. Nhiu trng hp phi dng my bm khi khng t chy c. 2.2.1.2 Vt liu lm ng ng */. ng bng thp Vic la chn v s dng vt liu thp nhm ch to ng ng trong vn chuyn xng du l mt khu ng vai tr quan trng mang tnh hiu qu trong thit k

ng ng vn chuyn xng du, tu thuc vo mc ch nhin liu cn vn chuyn, iu kin lp t, iu kin a l... ngi ta thng la chn thp ch to ng ng da vo cc tiu chun sau: - Thnh phn ho hc ca thp: + Phn trm cc bon. + Phn trm lu hunh v pht pho. + Phn trm thnh phn s i n sa i cht lng thp nh: Silic, molipden, Titan, Crm, Niken. - Cht lng c hc ca thp: ng lc t gy gii hn n hi, dn di, sc bn v p, Vic chn loi thp phi k n: + Sc bn c hc ca n theo cc nhit (t gy v s ro). + Sc bn n mn ca thp. + Sc bn oxy ho ca thp. Sc bn c hc cc nhit cao pht hin ra ton b thang cc thp vi Molipden (0,5%) v vi Cr-Mo (0,5 1%) Mo v (0,5 5%) Cr. Cc sc bn cao nht c cho bng thang cc thp % cao ca Cr v Ni m thang hay c s dng nht l dy cc 18Cr 8 Ni. Cc loi tho ny dnh cho cc cht lng c hc ng k cc nhit thp. Ngi ta thch s dng hn i vi cc nhit ny thp vi 9% Ni, n c gi r hn i vi cc cht lng tng ng. cc vn v sc bn c hc km theo sc bn oxy ho v n mn, ngi ta yu cu cc thp hp kim ca Cr hay Ni-Cr n thng dung ho cc nhu cu khi sa i cc cht lng c hc. Cc ng c th c phn loi theo phng thc ch to ca chng. Ngi ta phn bit cc ng cn ko dn di ra khng hn (Seamless), cc tn cun v hn. Cc ng cn s dng dy ca ng 100%, trong khi cc ng ng hn c cho mt h s ghp ni nm gia 0,6 1. Cc ng ng cn c ch to thnh cc chi tit ng di khong 6m v thnh cc chi tit rn, nh cc khuu 90o v 45o vi bn knh un vng cung 1,5d, cc ch T, cc i hng ng tm v lch tm. Cc k thut hin ti cho php bo qun cc b phn ny mt dy khng i. */. Cc ng bng gang Gang c s dng cho cc ng ng di t o tnh bn n mn trong v ngoi ca n. T sut lm vic gii hn kp ca n nh, gii hn ng dng ca n vi cc dng chy t do hay p sut thp. Ngi ta dnh chng cho dng chy nc thi, nc lm lnh hay nc cu ho. Cc ng bng gang c phn thnh hai dng: - ng ng gang loi nh, b dy nh, s dng trong hng khng l nhiu nht.

- ng ng loi chun hay tc hnh vi b dy ln hn v cht lng tt, c dng cho cc nh lc du vi cc cng vic nu trn. Cc u ni l loi lng vo nhau, u lin kt v u loe ming, khong cch gia hai phn ny c bt bng xi mng i vi loi nh bng ch cho loi chun v bng giong cao su gi bng cc mt bch cho loi tc hnh. Cc ng gang c ch to thnh cc chi tit phng t 1 6cm, thnh khuu 1/4 hay 1/8, thnh ch T v u nn dng. Chng c t ln nn ct trnh cc hiu ng cong queo v no khi thay i hng trong trng hp dng chy di p sut trnh cc ri ro b tho ng. */. Cc ng bng xi mng. Cc ng bng xi mng t c dng trong cc nh my lc du, chng c dng cho tiu nc hay nc lm lnh v nc cu ho. Trong trng hp dng cho ng nc cu ho, ng c to bng cttng chu c p sut bng ph hai lp b tng chng n mn trong v ngoi v to cho n c cng chu c cc ri ro b bp. Loi ng ng ny c dng ng knh bng hay ln hn 300mm. cung cp nc bin hay nc sng, nhiu nh my lc du tin hnh vi loi ng ny. */. Cc ng bng cht do. Cc cht do trnh by mt kh nng ln thao tc cc sn phm n mn, chng khng c dng trong nh my lc du, khi cc iu kin lm vic (p sut, nhit ) thch hp vi thp. Tuy nhin ngi ta thc hin cc lp t x l nc bng cc ng cht do, cng nh cc ng ng dn axt Sunphoric. */. Cc ng bng nhm. Cc hpkim nhm mng gan (2,5 5% Mn) c cc cht lng c hc tt nhit thp c s dng trong cc nh my ho lng kh thin nhin. 2.2.2 H thng ng ng 2.2.2.1 H thng ng n Mi loi xng du hp thnh mt t b - u im: Tit kim c ng ng. - Nhc im: Nu ng ng hng th c cm b khng hd c, nu cn phi sa cha th phi ngng c cm b.

Hnh II.2.1: H thng ng n 2.2.2.2 H thng ng i

Mi t b c 2 ng ng xut nhp ring. - u im: H tr ln nhau, tun hon ngay, sa cha c d dng. - Nhc im: Dng nhiu ng.

Hnh II.2.2: H thng ng i 2.2.2.3 H thng ng ng c lp (loi chuyn dng) - u im: Khng b ln u, thao tc thun tin n gin. - Nhc im: Tn nhiu ng, din tch khi phi ln.

Hnh II.2.3: H thng ng c lp Qua nghin cu cc h thng ng ng, ta thy s dng phng php b tr ng ng i l thch hp nht. V iu kin nc ta cc b c th h tr cho nhau c d dng thm ch c th xc ra thay i nhin liu cha. 2.2.2.4 S lu trnh cng ngh Lu trnh cng ngh c th hin trn bn khng cn theo t l gi l bn lu trnh cng ngh hay s cng ngh. 2.2.2.5 Mng li ng ng kho du Mi kho khi b tr ng ng cng ngh cn phi ch ti: - ng ng phi ngn nht nhng phi m bo giao thng v tin thao tc. ng ng c gng thng, t ch ngot vung gc (90o). - ng ng trn mt t c gng b tr song song trnh giao nhau. 2.2.3 Quy cch ng v thit b ng ng Trn mng li ng ng gm c cc thit b sau: + Cc loi ng c quy cch khc nhau.

+ Cc chi tit lp ni: Mt bch, ai ng, ct tam thng, + Cc loi van. + Thit b c bit. 2.2.3.1 Quy cch ng ng trong kho - n v o tnh ng ng l dng ng knh ng. V d: 100 l ng c ng knh l 100 cm. V c th dng ng knh ngoi biu th. V d: 159 x 5,5 - Cc loi ng: + ng thp c: Loi ny kh nng chu p ln. + ng thp hn. Loi bnh thng hn thng P < 10kg/cm2 Hn xoy 10 < P < 16kg/cm2 Hn xon c P 16kg/cm2 - Chiu dy ng: + ng hn 2,5 5,5 mm + ng xon 9 14 mm + ng thp c 3,5 12 mm Ch cc tuyn ng ln thng s dng cc loi ng ng knh ln t 159 tr ln v trong nhiu trng hp c loi cn c vng thp tng cng sc bn cho ng. - ng y vng thp bn ngoi. - ng ht y vng thp c trong ngoi. - ng ht vng thp bn trong. Cn ch bo qun ng phi thng. 2.2.3.2 Thit b bo qun ng phi thng - Thit b ng m - Thit b an ton - Thit b c bit a. Thit b ng m: Dng ng, m hoc iu chnh lu lng xng du (van chn). b. Thit b an ton: - Van an ton ng (van hi lu). Van ny b tr ng nhnh, ni gia ng ht v ng y ca bm da vo p lc chu cao nht ca ng ng chnh van ny. Tc dng ca van: + phng tm chn ca van chnh t nhin ng xung ng ng, p lc tng vt ln gy ph ng. + Khi p xut ng vt qu p xut cho php van an ton m a du t ng y quay v ng ht bo v my bm.

- Van mt chiu: Tc dng: phng ng b r r. - t trn ng ht ca bm li tm khi phi mi u mi khi bm lm vic. - B lc: lc sch tp cht du trnh tp cht ng li trn ng ng gy ln nhng hot ng khng bnh thng. c. Cc phng php v thit b ni ng: Theo cc nhu cu lp t v bo dng hay thao tc, cc chi tit ca ng ng c ni gia chng vi nhau hay vi cc my, thit b khc bng phng php hn (khng tho lp c), bng mt bch hoc cn c th l bng bt vt (tho lp c). Cc chi tit hn thng c tin hnh vi mt mp vt thc hin hn. Mi hn ny phi m bo khng nh hng n sc bn ca ng ng vi p sut bn trong. - Cc mt bch: Vic ni bng cc mt bch l phng tin c dng nhiu bo m kh nng tho lp ng ng mt cch d dng. Cc mt bch c lt mt giong m cao su, aming hay kim loi bo m tnh kn. Kch thc cc mt bch, cc bu lng v s bu lng cho php chu hp lc p sut dc v m bo xit cht cc giong m. Cc kch thc ny c tiu chun ho theo cc iu kin s dng: p sut v nhit , kch thc bng nhau cc iu kin s dng s thay i vi cht lng ca kim loi s dng. Cc loi mt bch chnh c s dng trong cng nghip du m l cc loi sau y: Mt bch Welding neck (WN) - Vi c vnh Mt bch Slip on (SO) - Phng Mt bch Lap Joint - quay hay t do. Mt bch Socket - Lng vo nhau. Mt bch Threae - Vn cht. Mt bch A orifice - Kt hp hai loi WN v SO

Hnh ------ Mt s loi mt bch khc nhau - Mt bch Welding neck hay mt bch vi vnh c l mt khi n c s dng trong trng hp nhit v p sut cao. Trong cc nh my lc du i khi chng cn s dng cho tt c cc lp t bi loi ny lp t d dng vi mi mt ng hn. - Mt bch Slip on hay mt bch phng l mt b phn rn khi n c dng cho cc chi tit va phi, Bch c khp vo trn ng tup, n rt r hn nhng i hi phi c hai ng hn. - Mt bch Lap Joint hay mt bch quay, bt buc kt thc cc u ng bng mt ci c m trn c giong m c t thch hp. N cho php s dng cc kim loi khc nhau i vi mt bch v ng. - Mt bch bt vt (vn cht) c s dng cho cc ng knh nh di 2 inch. Loi ny cho php tho lp thun tin v cng nh cho php s dng cc loi vt liu khc nhau. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta thc hin mt g hn bt kn. - Mt bch Socket (cht cm) Welding hay mt bch lng vo nhau cng c s dng cho cc ng knh nh hn 2 inch. N c lng vo trn ng, lp t d dng yu cu mt g hn. Theo p sut v nhit , cc loi giong m khc nhau s c s dng. Chng p ng cc loi b mt khc nhau ca cc mt bch. - Giong mt phng (bng cao su v aming) c s dng cho cc p sut v nhit lm vic thp. - Mt li ln cao hay c dng cho p sut v nhit trung bnh: Dng giong m cao su bi aming vi lp nn hay lp bao kim loi. - Mt lng vo nhau n gin. ph hp vi p sut v nhit cao. Giong m l kim loi cht do hay nguyn kim loi. - Mt m vng ph hp cho cc iu kin khc nghit (p sut, nhit hay chn khng). Giong m l loi c hnh xuyn tit din 8 cnh hay elp v nguyn kim loi. Di y trnh by u nhc im ca cc phng php ni ng: - Hn: + u im: Chc chn kn, r, tn t kim loi. + Nhc im: Khng tho ra c, khi cn tho th phi ph. - Bch: + u im: Thp lp d dng.

+ Nhc im: Thng b r r, lng ph. d. Thit b c bit: Khi lp t ng ng nhit nht nh ban u nhng trong qu trnh s dng li nhng nhit khc nhau. Do thay i nhit nn chiu di ng ng b thay i v th ngi ta thng lp t mt thit b c bit c nhim v khc phc hin tng gin n ng ng, c 2 phng php: - Phng php t nhin: B gin n t nhin l li dng tnh n hi ca kim loi ca, on ng cong khi t ng b li gin n nhit ca ng ng. + u im: Chu c nhit v p lc nh nhau trong ng ng, n gin khng phi u t. + Nhc im: Phi c a hnh thch hp, tng tn tht thu lc. C 2 loi b gin n t nhin: + Gy gc: Bm B + Ch Z: Bm B - Phng php dng thit b b gin n + Lm bng ng:

- Nng lc b gin n ln - Chu c nhit v p sut ln - n gin c th lm ngay hin trng. Nhc im: - Kch thc ln - Sc cn ln - Chim din tch ln + Lm kiu hp dim. + Lm kiu ln sng. Hai loi ny ta t s dng v vn kinh t. 2.2.3.3 Lp t ng ng 1. Phng php lp t ng ng C 3 phng php lp t ng ng:

u im:

a. Phng php t ni trn mt t: ng ng c th t trc tip trn mt t hoc trn gi . u im: - Vn u t nh. - Kim tra sa cha thun tin nhanh chng. Nhc im: - Cn tr giao thng. - Do ng l trn t nn d b ph hoi. - B nh hng do nhit nn phi lp thm thit b b dn. b. ng ng t ngm di t: u im: - Cch nhit tt, t b nh hng do nhit . - Kn o an ton. - Khng nh hng n vic i li trong kho. Nhc im: - Lng o t ln. - Kh pht hin r r, kim tra, sa cha. - ng ng d b n mn do phi c lp bo v. c. ng ng t trong rnh: Nu t ng trong rnh phi xy bng gch hay b tng. Phng php ny tp trung u im ca 2 phng php trn song li i hi vn u t ln. Tuy nhin i vi cc ng ng nh dng ca hng xng du l hp l nht. 2. Mt s qui nh v g lp v t ng ng trn mt t. - ng ng phi cch vt kin trc t nht 3m. - Khong cch t mt t n ng ln hn 200mm. - ng ng khi ct ngang ng giao thng phi c t lng trong ng bng kim loi hay b tng v hai u phi nh ra ngi mp ng 2m. - ng ng phi m bo kn, cc m phi tt. - C dc nht nh theo hng nh bm. 3. Cng tc hn ng. Ngoi phng php lp h thng bng bch v ai ng ngi ta thng dng phng php hn. Yu cu v hn: - Sc bn ca mi bn phi tng ng vi kim loi ng c bit c tnh do dai khi va chm. - C th hn ng, hn ngang v hn nga. - Phi kim tra cht lng mi hn. Thng dng nht v n gin nht l th bng p sut. P th = 1,5P cng tc 2.2.3.4 S dng bo qun v sa cha d phng ng ng 1. S dng ng ng vn chuyn cc loi du khc nhau.

Do nhu cu s dng cc b cha kho c th thay i nhiu loi du v th qua cc ng ng vn chuyn cng phi thay i nhiu loi du. Nhng loi du ging nhau c bm chuyn trn cng mt ng ng. Khi dng ng ng bm chuyn nhiu loi du khc nhau phi tin hnh y sch ng ng. + Phng php y sch: - Bng t chy: ng ng cn c dc thch hp. - Dng nc y du: phng php ny ch nn dng i vi nhng loi du yu cu hm lng nc khng kht khe lm. - Dng my nn khng kh dng khng kh y du, phng php ny tn dng c cha ng nhng phi dng lng kh nn rt ln. 2. Bo dng ng ng. a. Sn ng: i vi cc loi ng t ni cn phi sn ng bo v khi b n mn tc dng ca mi trng xung quanh. (khng kh, nc, va p, ). b. Sn bc ng: Do tnh cht n mn ca t ( m pH, nc, nhit , c bit in tr) nn khi s dng nu chn ng ngm ngi ta phi bc ng. V k thut bc ng trc ht phi lm sch b mt (co g sn, du m bo qun) sau tin hnh sn ngay. Phn sn lt cn ch khng c lm khi tri ma phn, mt ng b t s b han g tr li hoc ni qu bi bn. Khng c b st hoc sn bm thnh cc. Tip theo l bc ng bng ma tt nha ng. Bc ng c th tin hnh ti bi thi cng v phi kim tra lp bc xem c ng u khng, c ng cc hay b st. Kim tra dy lp bc c th dng bng my hoc phng php th cng l dng mi nhn cm vo lp bc. Kim tra dnh bm qua lp bc bng my hoc bng kim tra trc tip bng tay, mc dnh bm ca cc lp ma tt nha ng, lp bc v lp sn lt bm chc vo nhau khng.
2.3 VN CHUYN BNG NG B (XE BN)

Vn chuyn bng ng b ch yu s dng cc xe bn. Cc bn ny thng c ch to bng thp, c th tch t vi khi n vi chc khi. Cc bn ny thng l hnh tr nm v c gn cht vo khung xe, vic tnh ton thit k bn cng hon ton tng t nh thit k bn cha t ti cc tng kho. Tuy nhin, cc bn ny thng c chia thnh hai ngn v mi ngn c lp mt van th nhm gim p sut tng trong bn khi vn chuyn. Phng thc vn chuyn ny thng c dng vn chuyn t cc tng kho tn cha xng du n ni tiu th (ngi tiu dng, i l bn l xng du). Ngy nay, trn th gii ngi ta t s dng phng php vn chuyn xng

du bng xe bn do nhng yu cu nghim ngt v phng chng chy n, c bit khi cc xe bn ny vn hnh ni ng dn c v trong thnh ph.
2.4 VN CHUYN BNG NG THU

Phng thc vn chuyn du bng ng thu ch yu vn l tu v x lan. u im khi vn chuyn bng ng thu l chi ph vn chuyn t so vi lp t ng ng (i khi khng phi khi no cng c th lp t c ng ng dn). Ngy nay, cng nghip c kh pht trin, ngi ta ng c nhng tu siu trng c th vn chuyn c vi trm n hng nghn m3 xng du. V y vn l phng thc vn chuyn a dng khi vn chuyn xng du t nh my lc du n cc tng kho khi khng thun li trong vic lp t c ng hoc chi ph lp t h thng ng ng qu ln. Tuy nhin, vn chuyn bng ng bin c nhc im l nh hng rt ln n mi trng sinh thi nu xy ra chm tu v chi ph khc phc s c ny thng l khng nh v khng d dng.
2.5 VN CHUYN BNG NG ST

y l phng thc vn chuyn t c s dng nht i vi nhin liu c nhit bt chy thp nh xng du. Hin nay phng thc vn chuyn ny thng s dng vn chuyn cc sn phm du m c nhit bt chy cao nh: du bi trn, bitum

CHNG III H THNG VAN

3.1 TNG QUAN V H THNG VAN

Hin nay trong cng nghip s dng rt nhiu loi van khc nhau ca nhiu hng khc nhau trn th gii. Tuy nhin, tt c cc loi van ny u c mc ch chung l ng m dng nhin liu trong qu trnh vn chuyn v ch bin theo mun v c ch to theo nhng mc ch s dng khc nhau nhng u theo mt quy chun nht nh. Trong cc nh my lc du, kho tn cha, h thng vn chuyn s lng van c s dng l rt ln, s van c s dng nhiu khi ln n vi nghn chic v rt nhiu loi khc nhau. Mt khc cc van ny cng i hi nhng yu cu nghim ngt hn nhm m bo tnh an ton. Ngy nay, vic s dng cc van vn hnh th cng dn c thay th bi cc van ng m t ng. Tuy nhin, chi ph lp t v bo dng

h thng van ng m t ng l khng nh. Do vy, nhng h thng khng nht thit cn s dng van t ng ngi ta vn a dng h thng van ng m th cng nhiu hn. Di y ta s nghin cu cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca mt s loi van c th c s dng rng ri trong cng ngh Lc Ho du.
3.2 GII THIU MT S LOI VAN

3.2.1 Van chn Van chn l van dng ng m, chn dng nhin liu trn ng ng v iu chnh mc dng chy trong ng. Van chn l loi van c s dng nhiu nht do cu to n gin, d ch to v vn hnh, sa cha. Trong thc t thng s dng 2 loi van chn l: - Van chn hnh nm tay quay - Van chn hnh a phng

cu

Bch van a v van

V

Hnh II.3.1:Van chn hnh nm tay quay 3.2.1.1 Van chn hnh nm tay quay
a. Cu to Trn hnh II.3.1 l cu to mt loi van chn hnh nm tay quay. Cu to ca loi van ny gm cc b phn chnh l: - V van: V van thng c lm bng gang. - Bch van. - V lng van: thng c c bng thp. - cu van: thng c c bng ng. - Ti van: c c bng thp. - a van hnh nm: c rnh ch T ni vi ti van a van, a van c lm bng thp v trn b mt a thng c m ng. b. Nguyn l lm vic

Quay tay quay v lng van lm ti van quay n khp vi cu c nh trn v van lm tnh tin ln xung ti van ko theo a van ln xung ng, m van. c. c tnh k thut Van ny l loi van iu chnh c lu lng ph thuc vo chiu cao ng m van tuy nhin hay b d r, nng, t v gia cng kh. 3.2.1.2 Van chn hnh a phng (van kim) a. Cu to V van c 2 ngn, ngn cch ng kn bng a van hnh phng (dng nh sup pap). Trn hnh II.3.2 l cu to mt loi van chn hnh a phng. b. Nguyn l lm vic Quay vlng van nh cu c nh trn v van lm ti van ln xung ko theo s nh tin ca a van s ng m van. Hnh II.3.2 Van chn hnh a phng c. c tnh k thut L loi van khng iu chnh c (rt t iu chnh) lu lng van t ph thuc vo chiu cao ng m van. 3.2.2 Van 1 chiu Van 1 chiu l loi van ch cho nhin liu i theo 1 chiu nht nh v t ng ng li khi nhin liu i ngc li. Van 1 chiu c 2 loi: kiu nng v kiu thng ng.

3.2.2.1 Kiu nng - Cu to: + Bch van + V van + ng dn hng + Sup pp a van. - Nguyn l lm vic:

a Van Hnh II.3.3: Van mt chiu kiu nng Van 1 chiu u

Dng chy nhin liu i t tri qua phi y suppap trt dc ng dn hng ln cho nhin liu lng chy qua v s t ng ng li khi nhin liu chy ngc li. 3.2.2.2 Kiu thng ng (elape) - Cu to: + Bch van. + V van. + a van kiu thng ng c cht trc lm bn l. - Nguyn l lm vic: Khi nhin liu chy t tri qua phi s lm a van quay quanh trc bn l lm m van, nu nhin liu chy ngc li van Hnh II.3.4 Van mt chiu kiu thng ng s t ng ng. Ch : van 1 chiu thng lp ng y ca my bm v c tc dng n p dng chy trong ng ng, khng cho nhin liu chy ngc tr li gy xung lc cho my. 3.2.3 Van an ton a. Cu to: - V van. - Ca vo ca ra. - L xo sp pp. b. Nguyn l lm vic: iu chnh vt nn l xo sp p n p sut lm vic ca van khi l so b nn li, sp s t ng m ra v a nhin liu qua ca y khi p sut dng nhin liu tng qu p sut lm vic ca van. Ch : - Van an ton thng lp ng y ca my bm, trn tuyn tip vi van an ton thng lp thm ng hi lu a nhin liu v ng ht hoc vi b cha du khi c s c. - Van an ton thng dng p sut lm vic khong 16 kG/cm2. 3.2.4 Van h hp Van h hp thng lp trn mi b cha du nhm t ng ng m van khi xut nhp nhin liu vo b, trong qu trnh tn cha nhm m bo an ton cho b. a. Cu to Np y - B ngn tia la. - Sp pp ht, y. - i trng.
Li kim loi Supap dng Supap m Li Bnh ngn tia la

b. Nguyn l lm vic: -Th ra: Khi nhp nhin liu vo b, p sut trong b ln hn p sut ngoi tri v th s to mt p lc dn ln qua l ngn tia la y a sp pp ngoi m ra (th t ng), khi ngng nhp hoc b c p sut cn bng vi p sut ngoi th van t ng ng sp p li. - Ht vo: Khi xut nhin liu i, lc trong b vi du s to ra chn khng, p sut trong b nh hn p sut ngoi tri. Khng kh s t ngoi qua sp p ca van th ht vo trong b cho n khi p sut trong b cn bng vi bn ngoi th ng thi lc sp p van th ng li. - Bnh ngn tia la: Tc dng dng ngn ngn la t bn ngoi vo trong b. Cu to ca bnh ngn tia la gm v bng thp hnh tr v c cun li ngn tia la v mi che ma. Cc mt li c kch thc v chiu cao sao cho c th chia ngn la thnh nhiu tia nh v dp tt trong li. 3.2.5 Phng php hiu chnh van an ton v h hp 3.2.5.1 Hiu chnh van an ton Lp van an ton vo b gi gm c ng ch T, c lp p k v rc co lp ng mm nn kh hoc nhin liu vo. Cn c thng s p k hin th iu chnh vt iu chnh nn l xo ng m sp pp. 3.2.5.2 Van h hp a. Th p lc dng: nhm xc nh s lng i trng cho van an ton. Dng ng bch ring lm thnh b, trn b g t mt p k, bc ng mm vo rc co b g, dng bm nn kh vo van h hp, qua s ch ca p k theo di s t m ca sup pp dng v quyt nh thm bt i trng. b. Th p lc m tng t nh trn ta dng thit b rt kh ra khi van an ton, cn c vo s ch ca chn khng k v s lm vic ca sp pp m m quyt nh thm bt i trng. 3.2.6 Gii thiu mt s loi van thng dng v cch lp t van trn ng ng

4.2.4. My bm 4.2.4.1. Cng ngh v phn loi. My bm l loi my thu lc dng vn chuyn v truyn nng lng cho cht lng. - Theo nguyn l lm vic bm c chia lm 3 loi: 1. Bm th tch: Loi ny ht v y cht lng ra khi bm do thay i th tch ca khng gian lm vic nh mt b phn tnh tin (pt tng) hoc quay (r to). Do th nng v p sut cht lng tng ln. Loi ny gm c cc loi bm nh: bm pittng, bm rng kha, bm cnh trt, bm trc vt, bm mng, bm qu bng, bm lc. 2. Bm ly tm: Nng lng v p sut ca cht lng tng ln nh lc ly tm to ra trong cht lng khi gung quay. Ngoi bm ly tm c bm hng trc, bm xoy lc cng da trn nguyn l ny. 3. Bm khng c b phn dn ng: Gm cc loi bm c bit nh bm tia, bm sc kh, thng nn, bm xi phng khng c b phn dn ng nh ng c in, my hi nc loi ny dng lun kh hay hi lm ngun ng lc y cht lng chuyn ng. - Cn c ng lng lm tng p sut cht lng ngi ta phn ra: 1. Cn c vo lu lng: c loi bm lu lng thp, trung bnh, cao. 2. Cn c vo p sut: Thp, trung bnh, cao. 3. Cn c vo tc quay ca bm. Cao tc = 3000 vng/pht. Trung bnh 1000 1500 vng/pht. Thp 1000 vng/pht Trong ngnh xng du phn ra cc loi bm du sng (bm li tm, pt tng, xoy lc,) v bm du ti (trc vt, bnh rng, pt tng, ) ngoi ra cn c bm phng n (c ng c in loi phng n) hay khng phng n. Ch : Bm bao gi cng lm vic trong mt h thng ng ng. 4.2.4.2. Nhng i lng c trng cho my bm 1. Lu lng: L lng cht lng do bm chuyn c trong mt n v thi gian, k hiu Q, n v tnh m3/h, m3/s. Lu lng c xc nh bng cc dng c o tc thi lp trn ng y ca bm. 2. Chiu cao ct p hay chiu cao p lc.

L nng lng m bm truyn cho 1 n v khi lng cht lng. K hiu H, n v tnh m ct cht lng. 3. Cng sut hu ch. L nng lng thc t l bm truyn cho cht lng trong mt n v thi gian. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo chiu cao ct p ca bm v khi lng cht lng vn chuyn trong mt n v thi gian n chnh l cng sut tiu hao t c lu lng v chiu cao ct p. K hiu Nh; n v tnh W Nh = Q.H (W) Tuy vy mun t c cng sut ny th trc bm phi cn c mt cng sut ln hn v trong khi lm vic phi b vo cc tn tht ma st ca cc chi tit bm. NTrc bm =
Nh n (%): hiu sut ton phn ca bm n

Hiu sut ton phn ca bm c trng cho cu trc ca bm v s kinh t ca vic vn hnh n. Gi tr trung bnh ca n trong trng hp bm li tm l 0,6 0,7, ca pt tng l 0,8 0,9. 4. Chiu cao ht chn khng. L cao hnh hc tnh thng gc t mt thong ca cht lng nh bm n tm trc bm vi kh nng thc t m bm c th ht c, k hiu HCK (m). 5. Chiu cao y ca bm. L cao tnh thng gc t tm trc bm n mt thong cht lng m vi kh nng thc t bm c th x ra c. 6. H s quay nhanh ca gung. L s vng quay ca bm mu mt cp ng dng vi bm v c kch thc sao cho khi lm vic bm to ra p sut l H = 1 m vi nng sut 0,075 m3/s. H s quay nhanh ca gung c xc nh theo cng thc:

nq =

3,65nv. Q .
4

H3

Trong : nv - S vng quay ca bm; vng/pht i vi bm c gung ht hai pha th ly nng sut ca bm gim i hai ln so vi nng sut cho trong cc ti liu ch dn. Da vo h s quay nhanh ta c th la chn bm ph hp vi yu cu. Gi tr h s quay nhanh ca mt s bm c cho trong bng di y: Loi bm Bm pittng v rto Bm ly tm Bm trc vt Nq, vng/pht 40 40 300 300 600

Bm hng trc

600 - 1200

Ch : Mt trong cc nh hng quan trng l s bc hi ca cht lng trong khi lm vic gy nn ting n, ku to, v dng chy ra khng u l hin tng xm thc ca my. 4.2.4.3. Cc loi my bm du sng Trong ngnh vn chuyn cc loi xng Diezel du ho, TC1 c nht thp thng dng cc loi bm li tm, pt tng, xoy li tm, cnh gt, hng trc xoy. c im ca cc loi bm ny l bm c nhin liu i xa vi lu lng t 100 n 2000 m3/h, d bm, khng phi gia nhit. Tuy nhin yu cu lm kn phi cao v m bo an ton chy n. Sau y gii thiu mt s loi my bm du sng thng dng: I. Bm th tch 1. Bm pittng Cn c vo c im cu to c th v nguyn tc hot ng ta c th chia nhm bm hot ng theo nguyn tc pittng thnh mt s loi bm c th nh sau: Bm pittng tc dng n, bm tc dng kp, bm vi sai, bm pittng quay hng knh, bm pittng quay hng trc Sau y ta s nghin cu cu to v nguyn tc mt s loi bm c th hay c s dng trong cng ngh Lc Ho du 1.1 Bm pittng tc dng n Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca bm tc dng n th hin hnh ---Pitng 2 chuyn ng qua li trong xi lanh 1 nh c cu chuyn ng gm trc O, bin 5 v thanh truyn 4, con trt. Dung tch xi lanh nm gia hai im cht ca pittng bng dung tch cht lng trong mi ln hot ng ca pittng iu kin l thuyt (khng c tn tht th tch). Khi pittng chuyn ng sang phi th van 8 ng, van 7 m, cht lng t b 11 c ht ln xilanh. Khi pittng n im cht bn phi th hon thnh qu trnh ht. Sau pittng chuyn ng ngc li th van 7 ng v van 8 m ra, cht lng s c y ln b cha 10. Khi pittng n im cht tri th qu trnh y hon thnh. Nh vy, c mi vng quay ca trc O th bm thc hin c mt chu trnh ht v y.

Hnh----: Nguyn l cu to ca bm pittng tc dng n 1. Xi lanh 2. pittng 3. Cn pittng 4. Thanh truyn Bin 6. ng ht cha 7. Van ht 8. van y 9. ng y 10.

5. B

11. b ht 12. Li lc 13. Culit (thay cho thanh truyn v con trt) 1.2 Bm pitng tc dng kp Bm pitng tc dng kp c pittng dng tm. Cu to v hot ng ca loi bm ny c cho hnh ---- . Khi pitng chuyn ng t tri qua phi th pha tri thc hin qu trnh ht cn pha phi thc hin qu trnh y v ngc li. Nh vy mi vng quay ca trc chnh th bm thc hin c hai ln ht v hai ln y. Do cn pittng chim ch nn mi ln ht y ca pha phi (pha c cn) km hn pha tri.

Hnh ===: Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bm pittng tc dng kp 1,7: Cc van ht 2,4: Cc van y 3,8: Ca y ht ca bm 5. Cn Pittng 6. Hp chn

u im: nng sut cao, dng chy ca cht lng t bin ng hn loi tc dng n. Nhc im: Chiu di ln, la p ca pittng ln hai pha khc nhau, hp chn kn cho cn phc tp v hay hng, nhiu van. 1.3 Bm vi sai Bm vi sai c cu to gn ging nh bm pittng tc dng kp nhng khi n hot ng v lu lng m n ht y trong mi chu k li ging nh bm tc dng n. Nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca bm vi sai c th hin nh hnh-----

Hnh-----: Nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca bm vi sai 1. Ca cp nc cho bm 2. Van ht 3. Van y 4. Ca y 5. Bu kh 6. Pittng T hnh ----- ta thy: khi pittng chuyn ng sang phi th cht lng t khoang B c chy vo ng y vi th tch V1 cn khoang A s ht cht lng vi th tch V2. Khi pittng chuyn ng t phi qua tri th t khoang A cht lng s chy vo khoang B vi th tch V1 v y vo ng dn cht lng l hiu V2 V1. Nh vy c mi chu k bm ht v y c mt lng cht lng l V2 Bm vi sai c p dng trong cc trng hp lu lng va v nh, p sut khng ln. 1. Bm bnh rng. Cu to bm bnh rng
a) Cu to bm b) Th hin rnh thng kh ti: A Rnh thng B Cht lng b kt

Nh kt cu truyn ng cp bnh rng, du nhn qua cc rnh rng theo chiu quay bnh rng gung t ca ht ln ca y ca bm ri y i. - Nguyn l hot ng: Trong hot ng cc rnh rng thc hin chc nng xi lanh cn cc rng thc hin chc nng pt tng nh vy khi quay bm s lin tc ht v y cht lng vi lu lng kh ng u (s rng cng nhiu th lu lng cng u). Kt cu ca bm bnh rng rt n gin. Bnh rng ch ng 1 gn lin trn trc chnh ca bm, n khp vi bnh rng b ng 2. C 2 t trong v bm 3 khong trng A gia ming ht v hai bnh rng gi l bng ht. Khong trng B l bng y Khi hot ng 2 bnh rng quay theo chiu mi tn lc ny cht lng trong rnh cc rnh ngoi vng n khp c chuyn t bng ht n bng y vng theo v bm v th tch cha cht lng trong bng y gim khi rng ca 2 bnh rng n khp nn cht lng b chn p v dn vo ng y vi p sut cao. y l qu trnh y, ng thi bng ht cng xy ra qu trnh ht: Th tch cha cht lng tng khi cc rng ra khp, p sut gim hn p sut mt thong b ht lm cht lng chy vo ng ht (nu p sut b ht bng p sut kh quyn th trong bng ht c p sut chn khng). Theo nguyn l lm vic ta thy nu trong bm khng c khe h th p sut cht lng ch tng khi no cht lng c chuyn n bng y, nh p sut do bm to nn ch ph thuc vo ph ti trn ng y. Nhng thc t bao gi cng c khe h gia nh rng vi v bm, gia hai mt u bnh rng vi v bm v gia cc mt rng nn cht lng c tng p sut sm hn trc khi n bng y v chnh cc khe h ny gy ra, tn tht lu lng bm, hn ch kh nng tng p sut ca bm. V th hn ch p sut lm vic ti a ca bm th trong cc bm bnh rng ngi ta thng b tr 1 van an ton ngay trong bm khi p sut tng qu ln n s t m cho mt phn cht lng thot v bng ht. c im: - Truyn ng chc chn, to c p sut kh ln. - D gy ting n hn bm li tm (mc d dng bnh rng nghing, ch V). - Kt cu bm nng n. - Bm c cht lng c nht cao. - Phm vi iu chnh lu lng ct p nh. 2. Bm trc vt.

Hnh -------: Cu to nguyn l hot ng ca bm trc vt a) Bm trc vt 1. v 2. Gi 3. Ca ht 4. Xi lanh(Stato) 5. Trc vt (R to) 6. Trc Ccng 7,8. Khp ni9. Hp m kn 10. m kn 11. Hp chn 12. ng lt 13. ng 14, 16. bi 15. Trc chnh b) Bm hai trc vt 1. Bnh rng dn 2. Bnh rng b dn 3. Thn bm Nh kt cu truyn ng trc vt m cht lng bm chuyn ng theo rnh xon ca trc vt to nn p sut cao y cht lng qua bm. B phn ch yu ca bm trc vt gm 2 hay 3 trc vt n khp vi nhau t trong 1 v my c nh c li dn cht lng vo v ra. Khe h gia trc vt v v my rt nh (1/100mm) trc vt thng c 1 hoc 2 mi ren v bin dng ren thng l ren hnh ch nht, hnh thang. Thng dng loi bm 3 trc vt: 1 trc vt ch ng v 2 trc vt b ng lp hai bn trc ch ng. Hai trc b ng ny c tc dng lm kn cht lng trong rnh ren ca trc ch ng cng vi v bm. Lng cht lng ny do s quay ca cc trc vt c chuyn t bng ht ra n bng y v vo ng x. Cc ng ren ca cc trc vt ngn cch bng ht bng y mt cch chc chn. Cc kch thc ca cc trc ngi ta chn sao cho trc b ng quay c khng phi do trc ch ng m l do nng lng nn ca cht lng bm chuyn v th thng khng cn c thm bnh rng truyn ng gia cc trc. c im: - Kt cu phc tp, hn ch v kch thc trc vt, rnh vt nn lu lng thp, dng trong bm chuyn gn. - Bm c cht lng c nht ln. - C kh nng t ht. - Truyn ng m chc chn. 3. Bm Rto cnh trt

Bm Rto cnh trt thng c lu lng t 0,25 n 20 m3/h p sut t t (15 - 100)105N/m2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bm rto cnh trt c th hin nh hnh====

Hnh: Bm rto cnh trt c cp ngoi 1. Cnh trt 2. Rnh cha cnh 3. Rto 4. Stato Hot ng ca bm rto cnh trt c cp ngoi nh sau: khi rto quay vi vn tc ln cc cnh 1 di tc dng ca lc ly tm t st cnh ngoi vo mt tr ca stato 4 c lch tm vi rto 3 l e. Cc canh 1 va quay theo rto 3 va dch chuyn qua li trong rnh 2 ca rto 3. Khi cnh 1 bt u ri v tr I th qu trnh ht bt u. Cnh I n v tr II ri v tr III th qu trnh ht mi khoang a nm gia hai cnh hon thnh. Khi cnh ri v tr III th qu trnh y bt u v kt thc khi cnh n v tr IV. Nh vy mi vng quay ca rto 3 bm s cho mt nng sut th tch l q . . q= 2.R.2e b.2e Z.b. dm3/s Nng sut th tch l thuyt(khng c tn tht) ca bm rto cnh trt s l:

Qlt = q.n =

2e.b.n(2.R Ze ) 60

dm3/s

Nng sut th tch thc ca bm s l:

Qtt = Qlt .Q
Trong : R- bn knh ca v Stato; dm e - lch tm; dm b Chiu rng ca cnh; dm - Chiu dy cnh; dm Z S cnh n s vng quay ca rto; vg/ph

Q - h s hiu dng th tch; Q = 07 0,9

Trn hnh ----- l cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bm rto cnh trt c ng ht v y cht lng tm ca rto. Pha trn ng C C l pha ht, cn pha

di l pha y ca bm. Khi i chiu quay ca rto th hai ch y ht i ch cho nhau. Cc thng s c trng ca bm cng tnh ton nh trn. Cng c th lm rng 2
0 nghing v pha chiu tin ca cnh mt gc = 6 15 tu thuc vo ln ca bm

nhm mc ch gim lc ma st gia cnh v v bm.

Hnh -------: Bm rto cnh trt c ca ht v y bn trong 1. Cnh 2. Rnh cha cnh 3. Rto 4. L cho cht lng i qua 5. Ca y 6. Vch ngn 7. Ca ht 8. Stato II. Bm ly tm a. nh ngha: L loi bm lm vic theo nguyn l truyn ng nh lc li tm (do kt cu bnh cng tc li tm trn xoay quanh to ra). Tc ng vo cht lng to nn lu lng v p sut ln qua bm. b. Cu to:

S bm ly tm
1. Bnh cng tc 2. Trc bm 3. B phn dn hng vo 4. B phn dn hng ra

Gm 2 phn phn chnh phn quay (r to) bao gm: - Bnh cng tc: Bnh bng ng hay bng thp c, trn xoay c ca ht (5), cc rnh dn phn b u trn chu vi bnh cng tc (1), tit kim rnh dn nh dn v vnh ngoi tng p sut. - C l gia lng vo trc - C rnh then trc l lp then truyn ng.- C vng bo v bnh cng tc lm kn bnh cng tc vi khoang v chng mn cho ui bnh cng tc chm vo khoang. - Trc (2) l chi tit chnh lp cc chi tit ca r to nh bnh cng tc, b lm kn, v truyn chuyn ng quay. Phn khng quay (v bm, thn bm, st xi) v bm c lin hoc 2 na ghp li. * c im: - C cc l lp cc trc. - C lung khoang cha bnh cng tc v cha nhin liu bm. - Rnh dn nhin liu. - C bch ca ht, ca y. - B phn lm kn: Dng cc loi dy vaxe tp qun nhiu vng hoc b lm kn mt u. c. Nguyn l lm vic Trc ng c quay qua khp ni lm trc bm quay dn n bnh cng tc quay nhin liu t ng ht (5) chuyn ng vo thn bm 3 v c cc rnh ca bnh cng tc (1) mang theo vo chuyn ng quay. Lc li tm lm cho nhin liu b dn chuyn ng trong rnh c thit din thay i gia phn bm v bnh cng tc. Khi vn tc ca nhin liu do tit din mt ct rnh dn thay i nn vn tc gim dn cho n khi t c vn tc nhin liu chuyn ng trong ng y (6). Lc ng nng ca nhin liu bin thnh th nng lm cho p sut ca cht lng tng ln, ng thi ming vo ca bnh cng tc to nn mt vng c p sut chn khng v di p sut ca nhin liu, v vy cht lng b y lin tc vo bm qua ng ht. d. Mt s im ch khi vn hnh bm li tm Trc khi cho bm lm vic phi mi bm. C th to chn khng trong bm, trong ng ht bng thit b to chn khng hoc nhin liu vo bm qua ng y hay 1 ng ph mi. - Trc khi khi ng phi kim tra du m trong bm nc lm mt, cc mi ghp bulng xit cng bu lng cc b phn lm kn, kim tra ng cht ca cc van cng ngh, tnh trng h thng in v phi nm chc yu cu v ch bm chuyn (Q, H, ) lng hng cn bm chuyn. - Trc khi khi ng bm phi khi ng h thng thng gi nh bm.

- M van ht hon ton. - n nt khi ng bm, ch cho ng c quay n nh th t t m van x - Trong khi khi ng v lm vic phi lun lun theo di ng h chn khng v p k ch nghe ting my pht hin kp thi nhng hin tng bt thng v x l kp thi. - Theo di lng nc lm mt, bi trn v r ca bm. - Khi tt my lm th t ng tc ngc li ng van ng y trc tt my sau. - Nghim cm xit, ni lng cc bu lng thn bm, bu lng lm kn, bu lng trn bch khi bm ang lm vic. e. Mt s s c v nguyn nhn trong khi vn hnh: - Cc chi tit chng mn - Lu lng khng u. - Truyn ng phc tp. - Kh lm kn. - Dng bm c cc loi du sng v du nhn 2. Bm xoy lc a. Kt cu v nguyn l lm vic: - Gia bnh cng tc v v bm c rnh hnh xuyn trn 1 on cung AB, cn on cung CD c khe h rt nh bnh cng tc khng c st vo v bm. Bm c bng ht A v bng y B. Khi bnh cng tc quay do lc li tm cc phn t cht lng chuyn ng t trong ra ngoi Cu to ca bm xoy lc theo cc cnh dn v ng thi quay 1. Rto cnh 2. V bm 3. Vng nc 4. Ca y theo cnh dn, khi ra n rnh hnh 5. Ca ht xuyn gp v bm, cht lng quay tr vo trong to thnh 1 chuyn ng xoy dc theo rnh hnh xuyn. C mi vng xoy cht lng li nhn thm c nng ca cnh dn truyn cho, do nng lng ca dng cht lng tng dn trong qu trnh chuyn ng t bng ht n bng y. Nh vy bm xoy ch khc bm li tm l trong mt vng quay ca bnh cng tc mi phn t cht lng nhiu ln nhn c c nng ca cnh dn truyn cho do ct p ca bm xoy cao hn ca bm li tm (cng 1 kch thc, vng quay ln hn t 2 3 ln ct p). b. c im: - Tn tht ct p ln, hiu sut thp. Nu nht ca nhin liu tng th hiu sut cng gim v vy bm ch dng bm du sng.

- Cng sut tiu hao v chiu cao p lc tng khi lu lng gim khi q = 0 th cng xut v chiu cao p lc l ln nht. trnh chiu cao p lc v cng sut qu ln, ng thi cho khng kh ln trong cht lng bm thot ra ngoi ngi ta t van an ton hi lu trn thn bm hay trn ng y v khi khi ng bm phi m hon ton van y. - Bm c kh nng t ht tt, c th lm vic nh mt bm chn khng. V ng ht v y t pha trn bm ch cn mi bm 1 ln. - Bm xoy c th lm vic vi cht lng c tnh bay hi nhin liu hn hp cht lng, kh nhng nhng ht cng trong cht lng bm c th lm mn, st m cnh bm dn n hiu sut gim. So snh v la chn bm Hin nay trong cng nghip ni chng v trong cng nghip Lc Ho du ni ring cc loi bm dc s dng rt rng ri. S dng loi bm no l do yu cu k thut (Nng sut, cng sut, hiu sut) v cc yu cu kinh t (r tin, lm vic an ton). Trn hnh ----- l biu s dng cc loi bm khc nhau tu thuc v yu cu v nng sut v p sut cn s dng bm.

Hnh -----: Vng p dng cc loi bm khc nhau Tuy nhin trong tt c cc loi bm k trn bm ly tm c dng nhiu hn c, chng cng c u im vi bm ly tm nh: - Cung cp u - Quay nhanh (c th ni trc tip vi ng c) - Thit b n gin - C th bm cc cht lng khng sch - Khng c supap nn t b tc v h hng Nhc im ca bm ly tm so vi bm pittng l: - Hiu sut thp hn bm pittng t 10 15% - Nng sut gim khi p sut tng

Bm ly tm c s dng rng ri nht tuy nhien n c dng trong phm vi p sut trung bnh tr xung v nng sut trung bnh tr ln. Bm pittng c dng khi nng sut tng i nh nhng p sut tng di cao v khng i hi cung cp u n. Bm pittng chy bng hi nc nn c th dng bm cc cht lng d gy chy n, hay bm cht lng c nht cao. Khi cn bm lu lng ti trn 30 m3/s v p sut nh (di 10 15 m) ngi ta s dng bm hng trc. My nn 1. Phn loi Nhim v ca my nn l nng p sut cho mt cht kh no v cp nng lng cho qu trnh cng ngh khc, to ra s tun hon ca lu th trong chu trnh (my lnh) hoc duy tr p sut chn khng (c chn khng, sy thng hoa) cho thit b khc, trong trng hp ny my nn c gi l bm chn khng. My nn c th dc phn loi nh sau: a. My nn lm vic theo nguyn l th+ tch, gm c: my nn pittng, my nn rto cnh trt, my nn trc vt b. My nn ly tm c. My nn lm vic theo nguyn l cnh nng d. My nn tuye e. My nn mt hoc nhiu cp g. Theo i tng nn: My nn khng kh, my nn kh CO2, my nn hi NH3, my nn hi freon h. Theo c im cu to: My nn kn, na kn v na h (i vi ng c) 2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca mt s my nn 2.1 My nn pittng Kt cu c th ca my nn pittng rt a dng: My nn mt cp , a cp, my nn mt hay nhiu xi lanh, my nn thng ng, nm ngang, hnh ch V Tuy vy tng loi my u c cc b phn chnh yu sau y: Thn my, trc khuu Hnh-----hay lch tm, xilanh, pittng, bin, con Cu to nguyn l hot ng trt, c pittng, cc van ht v van y, my nn Pittng
1. Thn my 2. Bin Xilanh 4. Pittng thng 5. Van ht 3. 6. a

h thng bm du bi trn, h thng lm mt my, cc ng h p lc du, p lc mi cp nn, hp m kn cho cn pittng v u trc ra ca my nn pha nhn truyn ng t ng c, cc van chn t ca ht, y, van trn ng ni tt, van an ton, bng iu khin. Kch c cc b phn, s sp xp ca chng ph thuc vo nng sut hoc cc dng my nn khc nhau. Trn hnh ----- ch ra cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my nn pittng My nn pittng lm vic theo nguynl th tch. Trong mt my nn lo ny c th c mt hoc nhiu cm pittng v xilanh, pittng chuyn ng qua li hoc ln xung trong xilanh. nh xilanh c lp a van y hoc va y va ht. Khng gian trong xi lanh gii hn gia hai mt phng vung gc vi trc xilanh i qua hai im cht ca pittng gi l th tch qut ca pittng. Khi pittng chy xa dn a van l qu trnh ht, ngc li l qu trnh y. Mi mt vng quay ca truch my th cm pittng Xilanh thc hin c mt ln t, nn y cht kh no . Th tch ht l thuyt ca my nn bng th tch qut ca mt pittng nhn vi s vng quay ca trc trong mt pht. Th tch ca hi hay kh m my ht v nn trong mt pht bng th tch ht l thuyt nhn vi h s cp ca my nn. p sut ca kh hay hi: chy vo my nn gi l p sut ht v khi i ra l p sut y. Khi b nn th cht kh tng p sut, gim th tch v tng nhit . Dng nc hoc khng kh ly bt nhit lng ca kh b nn v lm ngui my. V vy qu trnh nn l qu trnh on nhit. Vt liu ch to cc b phn ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kh nn. dy ca tng b phn ph thuc vo ch lm vic nh p sut, nhit , vn tc chuyn ng, rung Cc thng s c trng ca my nn */. Cng nn ring ca my nn pittng:

A lt = C p.(T2 T1) = (i 2 i1)

KJ/Kg

Trong : - Alt: Cng nn ring l thuyt - CP: Nht dung ring - T2, T1: Nhit cui v u ca qu trnh nn on nhit. - i1,i2: Entanpi ca hi lc u v cui qu trnh nn. Alt = P1.V1.ln(P2/P1) */. Cng ca my nn pittng mt cp: Nlt= Glt.Alt = 1.Vq.Alt Trong : (KW)

Hnh ------: th ca my nn pittng

- Glt: khi lng ht nn c trong mt n v tri gian - 1: Khi lng hi lc u ca qu trnh nn - Vq : Th tch qut ca Pittng

D2 n Vq = .S.z. 4 60

(m3/s)

*/. Hiu sut ca my nn pittng mt cp: Hiu sut qu trnh ht, nn trong my nn pittng c nh gi bng h s nng lng i :

N lt A G i i i = lt = lt = 2 1 Nt A t Nt Gt Gt
Trong : - Nt: Cng sut thc t - Gt: Khi lng thc t m my nn ht c

2. My nn Ly tm My nn ly tm l my nn v y kh nh lc tc dng ca lc ly tm do bnh gung quay sinh ra. Dng my nn ly tm khi p sut y 2 10 atm. Trong my nn ly tm thng c nhiu cp nn. Mi cp gm c: Gung ng a, b khuch tn b v rnh dn kh c (xem hnh -- -). Cc cp c u ni tip nhau tren cng mt trc. S cp ph thuc vo p sut cn ca kh sau khi nn. Cu to ca my nn ly tm cng ging nh bm ly tm nhiu cp im khc c bn l cu to ca Hnh----: gung ng. Cc gung ng ca my nn Cu to my nn ly tm nhiu cp l nh nhau v ng knh v a. Gung ng b. B khuch chiu rng. Cc gung ng trong my nn tn c. Rnh dn kh nn vo gung tip ly tm c kch thc nh dn theo chiu theo tng ca p sut kh nn v khi b nn th d. Trc 1,2. Ca vo ra ca tch kh gim. V mt l thuyt th nn ly tm cng ging bm ly tm nhng qa trnh nn cn ch ti s gim th tch v tng nhit ca kh hay hi, cng vi qu trnh trao i nhit vi mi trng xung quanh. Cng sut nn l thuyt ca mt cp nn: Nlt = G.Alt = G(i2- i1) (KW)

Trong :

- i1;i2: Entanpi ca kh trc v sau mi ln nn, KJ/Kg - G = .V Khi lng kh nn i qua gung ng, Kg/s - : Khi lng ring ca kh nn, kg/m3. - V: Th tch ht v nn kh thc t ca gung, m3/s Cng sut thc t ca mt cp nn chnh l cng sut nn a bin:

N tt =

N lt d

Trong : d = 0,75 0,9: H s hiu dng on nhit Cng sut t ln trc my nn c tnh cho mt cp nn:

N=

N tt N lt = m d. m

(kW)

Trong : m = 0,95 0,98: H s hiu dng ma st, n nh gi mc tn tht nng lng do ma st gia gung ng vi kh nn v ma st cc trc . Cng sut ca my nn ly tm niu cp nn bng tng cng sut nn ca tng cp nn. Cc my nn kh ly tm loi nh thng truyn ng trc tip t ng c in. Vi my nn ln hn ngi ta dng tuabin hi ko. Dng tuabin hi cn tng c s vng quay, iu chnh s vng quay d dng. 3. My nn Rto cnh trt My nn Rto cnh trt lm vic theo nguyn l th tch. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng cu n cng tng t nh bm Rto cnh trt v c th hin nh hnh v ----

Hnh -----: Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn kh Rto cnh trt

1. Rto 2. Stato o nc lm mt 3. Khoang cha kh 4. Cnh 5.

T hnh ---- ta thy: Khi rto 1 t lch tm vi Stato 2 mt khong l e quay theo chiu quay ca kim ng h th cc cnh 4 s lun t cnh ngoi vo thnh trong ca Stato2. Dung tch khoang 3 cha y kh (hoc hi) va hon thnh qu trnh ht s bt u qu trnh nn cho ti khi cnh pha trc n ca y. Qu trnh y ht kh nn ra khi khoang 3 khi cnh 4 n ca y. Pha sau cnh 4 li c dung tch kh tip theo. My nn Rto trt thng ni trc tip vi ng c in. V vy s vng quay ca my thng l 1450 vg/ph; 960 vg/ph; 735 vg/ph. Mun iu chnh nng sut ca my nn Rto cnh trt ch cn thay i s vng quay ca Rto hoc xr bt hi nn t ca y v ca ht. Cu to ca my nn Rto cnh trt nh hnh v ---

1. Rto cnh trt 4. Lm ngui 4.2.4.4. Cc cng vic sa cha khi tin hnh sa cha d phng nh k my bm 1. My bm li tm a. Kim tra k thut: - Thay vaxetp. - Kim tra xem xt bn ngoi b lm kn mt u (nu thy d chy), kim tra nn ca l xo. - Kim tra xit cht ca cc bu lng chn v cc trc ca trc trung gian. - Kim tra tnh trng k thut ca cc thit b an ton k thut; an ton chy n.

Hnh -----Cu to ca my nn Rto cnh trt 2. Stato 3. Np 4. Trc

- Pht hin chi tit my cn thay th trong k sa cha tip theo, ghi vo s theo di. - Th my bm lm vic c ti. b. Sa cha nh: Lm theo cng vic ca kim tra k thut v phi tin hnh thm cc vic sau: - Tho thn mt v kim tra tnh trnh k thut ca cc bnh xe cng tc, cc vng bo v v kp cht ca chng ca cc vng m kn, ca cc chi tit chu ti, ca cc ng lt trc. Nu cn phi thay cc chi tit h hng (c trt, ln). - Lp li b lm kn mt u v bnh bng cc cp trt, thay nhng chi tit ring nu khng m bo yu cu k thut. - Tho bnh lc du, kim tra v thay th cc b phn h hng ca bnh lc. - Tho v kim tra cht lng du bi trn trong cc khp ni trc. - Kim tra bn cht ca cc vng bt du. - Khc phc cc h hng pht hin c trn b phn truyn ng v cc b phn khc ca bm thay cc chi tit cn thit. - Lp li my bm v inh tm t hp bm. c. Sa cha va: Ngoi cng vic kim tra k thut v sa cha nh, cn lm thm cc vic sau: - Tho d ton b my bm. - Kim tra n mn, mi mn cc chi tit my. - Lau chi sch cc vt xc, lm trn cc chi tit my. - Lau chi c hm trn trc bm v cc bnh xe cng tc, iu chnh chng. - Ra ng dn du v thit b lm mt bng axt long, sau ra li bng nc. - Thay tt c tm m. - Cn bng tnh rto. - Lp rp li v nh tm t hp bm. d. Sa cha ln: - Tho d ton b my bm ra tng chi tit nh thay nhng chi tit my b mi hoc phc hi chng theo cc kch thc quy nh (theo l lch my) dung sai lp phi m bo yu cu thit k. - Lau ra v chnh li cc khuyt tt ca tt c cc chi tit my do cc b mt b mn. - Tin v r li c trc bm. - Tra thm du m vo cc trt hoc thay cc ln. - Thay cc bnh xe cng tc. - Thay cc bi lm kn u trc. - Cn bng tnh v ng r to.

- Sa cha hoc thay cc khp ni bnh rng. - Thay hoc phc hi cc chi tit khc, trong c tt c cc vng m. - Lp rp li my bm. - Xc ca h thng bi trn v lm mt bng a xt long, sau bng nc. - Sa cha mng my bm, thay cc bu lng chn , (khi cn thit). - Sa cha hoc thay cc thit b an ton k thut an ton chy n. - nh tm t hp bm. - Th my bm chy c ti. 2. Bm pt tng. a. Kim tra k thut 1: - Kim tra cht ch ca inh c thanh truyn. Kim tra gia c ca cc cht u cp. Kim tra v b xung thm vng m chn u cho cc pt tng v b sung thm pt tng nu cn. - Kim tra xem xt cc bnh lc du. - Kim tra cht lng cc thit b an ton k thut v an ton chy n. - Th my bm chy c ti. b. Kim tra k thut 2: Ngoi nhng cng vic trn cn tin hnh thm: - Kim tra xit cht ca cc cu gia trc khuu v chnh. - Kim tra gia cng c ca cc pit tng v cn pt tng. - Kim tra van v gia c ca cc tm ht, x. - Bo dng van hi lu. - Thay du v theo ng lch v tin hnh lau chi v xc bu du, trc. - Kim tra kn ca vng chn du trc trung gian. - Pht hin cc chi tit my cn thay trong k sa cha tip theo, ghi vo s theo di hu hng my. c. Sa cha nh: Ngoi nhng cng vic kim tra k thut trn cn tin hnh thm. - Tho mt s b phn my bm, kim tra tnh trng k thut cc b mt lm vic ca pt tng v cn pt tng. - Kim tra xem xt cc ng lt xi lanh. - Thay giong m kn ca pit tng v cn pt tng. - Bo dng hoc thay th ton b cc sp pp v cc tm van. - Thay cc vng m kn ca cc tm van. - Kim tra xem c cnh bn trong cc rnh du ca c trc khuu v trong cc thanh truyn hay khng: lau chi sch cn bn.

- Kim tra cc inh c thanh truyn p kht ca cc b mt t v gin di d. - Bo dng cc trc khuu v u trc. - Kim tra xit cht ca cc bu lng cu bch ni v cc bu lng chn . d. Sa cha va: Ngoi cc cng vic trn cn tin hnh cc cng vic: - Tho ton b my bm chnh li cc khuyt tt trn cc chi tit my. - Xc ra ng dn du nhn v bo dng cc van chn. - Bo dng trc, thay hng. - t trc khuu mi. - Tho u cp v thay cc chi tit mi mn qu gii hn cho php. - Gt li cc b mt dn hng ca u cp, iu chnh li h trong cc cp trt theo cc kch thc quy nh. - Tra thm du vo cc ng lt xi lanh. - Lp rp li my bm. - Xc ra, thng li h thng du bi trn. - Thay ton b giong m kn. - Sa cha cc van v nh tm my bm v ng c truyn ng. e. Sa cha ln: - Tho ton b my bm ra tng chi tit nh thay cc chi tit b mi mn hoc phc hi li theo cc kch thc qui nh. - Lau ra v chnh li ton b cc chi tit my, o cc b mt b mi mn. - Tin v da li trc khuu v trc trung gian. - Tra thm du vo chnh, trc khuu v gia. - Thay cc u trc v cc chi tit khc ca u trc. - Tra thm du vo ng lt xi lanh my bm. - Lp rp li trc khuu. - Thay th hoc phc hi cc chi tit khc ca my bm. - Sa cha mng v b my bm. - Lp rp li my bm. - Xc ra v thng li h thng bi trn. - nh tm my bm v b phn chuyn ng. - Chy v th my bm chy c ti. 3. My bm xoy. a. Sa cha nh: - Tho my bm, lau chi, xc ra cc chi tit my. - Kim tra h v o mi mn cc chi tit my. - Phc hi h gia bnh xe cng tc v v my bm.

- m li vng, chn du my bm. - Thay giong v cc vng m bng n. - Kim tra v sa cha cc thit b an ton k thut khc. - Chy th my. b. Sa cha va: Gm tt c cc cng vic trn cn tin hnh: - Tho ton b my bm, o mi mn v thay hoc phc hi cc chi tit my. - Lau chi cc c hm v tu sa li nm. - Sa cha hoc thay khp ni. - Thay hoc sa cha cc ng lt bo v. - Thay hoc sa cha vng ht du. - Lp rp li my bm v nh tm t hp bm. - Th chy my.