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(a
1
;a
2
)
(d):
+ =
+ =
t a y y
t a x x
2 0
1 0
VD2. ng thng qua M(3;4) nhn a
+ =
+ =
t y
t x
3 4
2 3
VD3. Cho (d): x+y=4. Vit phng trnh tham s ca (d).
Gii:
Vect php tuyn : n
(1,1)
Vect ch phng : a
(1,-1)
im i qua M(2;2)
(d) :
=
+ =
t y
t x
2
2
ng dng
VD1. Gii phng trnh : 10 12 3 8
3 3
= + + x x
Gii:
t: 8
3
+ x =1+3t v
3
12 x =3-t k( -1/3 t1/3)
x
3
+8=(1+3t)
2
(*) v 12-x
3
= (3-t)
2
(**)
Ly (*)+(**) ta c 20=10t
2
+10 t
2
=1 t=1 hoc t=-1(loi)
x
3
=8 x=2
Tip:
C phi bn ang t hi: thut ton no gip ta nhn thy c cch t n t ???
Khng phi ngu nhin m ti li trnh by li vn ng thng, mt vn tng chng nh
chng lin quan g n i s. Nhng gi y ta mi nhn ra c ng thng chnh l tuyt chiu
gii phng trnh dng cn thc. Mu cht l:
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3
B1: 10 12 3 8
3 3
= + +
Y X
x x
T ta c phng trnh ng thng : X+3Y=10
B2: ta vit li phng trnh: X+3Y=10 theo tham s t
=
=
t - 3 Y
3t + 1 X
Lc ny phng trnh quy v 1 n t v vic gii phng trnh trn l khng kh. (V y l kin thc
lp nh)
hiu r hn v phng php ny cc bn hy cng ti n vi VD2.
VD2. Gii phng trnh :
X
x 3 + +
Y
x
3
2 + =1
Gii:
Gi (d): X=1+t v Y=0+t
(1) t
= +
= +
t x
t x
3
2
1 3
(t1)
= +
+ = +
3
2
2
2 1 3
t x
t t x
Ly phng trnh 2 tr pt1 ta c: -1=t
3
-t
2
+2t-1 t
3
-t
2
+2t=0
- T=0 x=-2
Lu :
Trong khi gii thi, cc bn nn trnh by t bc(1) tr i nhm m bo tnh ngn gn cho bi ton.
Bc gi phng trnh ng thng ch nn lm ngoi giy nhp.
- Trong bi trn ta c th t
= +
= +
v x
u x
3
2
3
v quy v gii h phng trnh. Cc bn c th xem
cch ny nh mt bi tp. cc bn hy lm v so snh s u vit gia 2 phng php.
- Trong bi trn ta hn ch phng php ly tha v nu mun kh 2 cn thc khc bc trn, ta phi
^6 phng trnh. Ta s gp kh khn v s i mt vi 1 phng trnh kinh khng v ta phi gii
xt khi mi c th ra nghim.
VD3. Gii h phng trnh :
( )
( )
= + + +
= +
2 4 1 1
1 3
y x
xy y x
( thi H nm 2005)
Gii:
t:
= +
+ = +
t y
t x
2 1
2 1
(-2t2)
+ = +
+ + = +
4 4 1
4 4 1
2
2
t t y
t t x
+ =
+ + =
3 4
3 4
2
2
t t y
t t x
Phng trnh(1) tr thnh: 2t
2
+6- ) 4 3 )( 4 3 (
2 2
t t t t + + + =3
9 10
2 4
+ t t =2t
2
+3
hoc
`
t=0 x=y=3
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4
VD4. nh m phng trnh sau c nghim:
Gii:
phng trnh c nghim:
m x f = ) (
Min f(x)m Max f(x)
t
=
+ = +
t x m
t m x
3 3
3 1 2
(-1/3t3)
+ =
+ + = +
2
2
6 9 3
9 6 1 2
t t x m
t t m x
cng v vi v => 5m=10+10t
2
2t
2
+2=m f(t)=m
Vi f(t)= 2t
2
+2 min xc nh: D=[-1/3;3]
F(t)=4t =>f(t)=0 t=0
t - -1/3 0 3 +
F(t) - 0 +
20/9 20
2
F(t)
M c nghim 2m20
Bi tp t luyn
1) Gii h phng trnh:
2) Gii h phng trnh:
3) Gii h phng trnh:
2 1 1 1
3 2 4
x y x
x y
+ + + =
+ =
=
>
2
0
B A
B
B A <
s s
>
2
0
0
B A
B
B A >
>
>
>
<
2
0
0
0
B A
B
A
B
VD1.
Gii:
= + +
>
>
>
10 ) 5 ( 2 5
0 10
0 5
0
x x x x
x
x
x
=
s s
x x x
x
5 5 2
5 0
2
+ =
s s
2 2
10 25 ) 5 ( 4
5 0
x x x x
x
= +
s s
0 5 6
5 0
2
x x
x
x=1 v x=5
VD2. 1 3 2 < + x x x
Gii:
2 x = 3 x + 1 x
+ + + + <
>
) 1 )( 3 ( 2 1 3 4
1
x x x x x
x
> +
>
1 3 2
1
2
x x x
x
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6
+ > +
>
1 2 3 2
1
2 2
x x x x
x
>
>
1
1
x
x
x=1
VD3.
Gii:
k: 2x+1>0 x>1/2
Bpt (4x
2
-4x+1)(x
2
-x+2)36
t t = (x
2
-x) bpt tr thnh:
(4t+1)(t+2)36
4t
2
+9t-340
t-17/4 hoc t2
x
2
-x-17/4 hoc x
2
-x2
x1 hoc x2
VD4. Gii bt phng trnh :
Gii:
>
>
= +
0 2
0
0
2
2
2
x x
x x
x x
1 0 = v = x x
Lu :
bt phng trnh trn cc bn khng nn ly tha tnh ton v qu trnh ly tha v nhn phn phi
rt mt thi gian. Hn na, khi quy v mt phng trnh h qu, chng ta gii rt d sai v khi giao cc
tp nghim s khng c gi tr no tha mn.
Trong bi trn ti s dng cch nh gi theo kiu nh sau:
A B 0
>
>
=
0
0
0
A
B
B
chnh l mu cht ca bi ton
VD5. Gii phng trnh :
Gii:
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7
|
.
|
\
|
=
>
> |
.
|
\
|
2
2
4
5 3
8
0 5 3
0
4
5 3
2
x
x
x
x
x=3
Lu :
Trong phng trnh trn cc bn phi v nhanh mt cht v nu nh ta nguyn phng trnh
cho ly tha th l mt iu khng cn g di bng ta s i mt vi chuyn ly tha 2 ln =>
mt phng trnh bc 4. Phng trnh ny ta khng th bm my tnh. Nhng nu gii tay th phi gii xt
khi mi ra trong khi thi gian khng ch i ai. ng thi chng ta khng cn gii iu kin vi v gim
kho ch quan tm n bi lm v kt qu. Chng ta hy ch vit ci sn ca iu kin. sau khi gii ra
nghim ch vic th vo iu kin l xong.
Phng php t n ph:
CCH GII:
( )
( )
( ) 0 ) ( ); (
0 ) ( ); (
0 ) ( ); (
=
s
>
n
n
n
x u x u f
x u x u f
x u x u f
t=
n
x u ) ( Phng trnh hu t hoc h phng trnh
BI TP P DNG:
VD1.
Gii:
t t=
=> t>0 ; t
2
+2= x
2
+ x
3t=2(t
2
-1)
t=-0.5 (loi) hoc t=2
x
2
+x=6 x=2 hoc x=3
VD2.
Gii:
T= 1 x
= +
>
x t
t
1
0
2
Phng trnh tr thnh:
t
2
+1-(t+1)=2 t
2
-t-2=0 t=2 hoc t=-1
x=5
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8
VD3.
Gii:
=>
pt tr thnh: t
2
+t+2=8 t=2 t=-3
TH1: t=2
TH2: t=-3
LOI II: ( )
n n
x v x u f ) ( ) ( + { 0; 0; =0 }
Phng php chung:
=
=
v x v
u x u
m
n
) (
) (
=> a v h phng trnh.
VD1. 0 8 5 6 3 2 3 2
3
= + x x ( tuyn sinh i hc 2009)
Gii:
> =
=
) 0 ( 5 6
2 3
3
v v x
u x
= +
= +
0 8 3 2
3
8
3
5
2 3
v u
v u
=
= +
3
2 8
3
8
3
5
2 3
u
v
v u
=
= |
.
|
\
|
+
3
2 8
3
8
3
2 8
3
5
2
3
u
v
u
u
=
= + +
3
2 8
0 ) 20 26 15 )( 2 (
2
u
v
u u u
=
=
4
2
v
u
x=-2
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LOI III: H PHNG TRNH A THC
Nhng h phng trnh ny ta rt thng hay gp trong thi i hc. lp 10, ta thng gp nhng
phng trnh c tn l h i xng, ng cp Nhng h ny c cch gii n lin. nhng trong thi
i hc, ta khng h tm thy nhng dng . Nhng tt c cc h trn u quy v mt mi l Phn
tch thnh nhn t.
VD1. Gii h phng trnh:
( )
( )
3
1 1
1
2 1 2
x y
x y
y x
= +
(H A 2003)
Gii:
K: xy0
Ta c
( ) ( )
1
1 1 0
1
x y
x y
xy xy
= | |
+ =
|
=
\ .
TH1:
( )( )
2 3 3
1
1 5
1 1 0 2 2 1 2 1
1 5
2
x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x x x y x x x
x y
= =
= = =
+
= =
+ = = + = +
= =
TH2:
3
3 4
1
1
1
2 2 1
1 2 0
y
xy y
x
x
y x
x x x
x
= =
= +
= + + + =
M
2 2
4 2
1 1 3
2 0,
2 2 2
x x x x x VN
| | | |
+ + = + + + >
| |
\ . \ .
Vy nghim ca h l ( ) ( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
; 1;1 , ; , ;
1 1 1 1
x y
| | | |
+ +
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
VD2. Gii h phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
x 1 y(y x) 4y 1
x, y R .
(x 1)(y x 2) y 2
+ + + =
+ + =
(D b A2006)
Gii:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 4 0 * x y x y + + + =
t:
2
1 0; 4 u x v x y = + > = +
H
( )
( ) ( )
0 3
2 4
u yv
u v y
=
+ =
= = =
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10
VD3. Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
3 3
2 2
x 8x y 2y
x, y R .
x 3 3(y 1) *
= +
= +
(D b 2A 2006)
Gii:
H
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
3 6 4 2 1 2 4
3 6 3 6 2
x y x y x y x y
x y x y
= + = +
= =
Ly (2) thay vo (1) ta c
( ) ( )( )
3 3 2 2 3 2 2
3 3 4 12 0 x y x y x y x y x x y = + + =
( )
2 2
12 0 x x xy y + =
D thy x=0 th y=0. Th vo (*) ta thy khng tha mn. Vy y khng phi l nghim ca phng
trnh:
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
3 4 0 12 0
3 6 3 6
x y x y x xy y
x y x y
+ = + =
= =
TH1:
2 2 2
3 0 3 1 3
1 3 3 6 6 6
x y x y y x
y x x y y
= = = =
= = = =
TH2:
2 2 2
78 4 78
4 4
13 13
3 6 13 6
78 4 78
13 13
y x
x y x y
x y y
y x
= =
= =
= =
= =
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:
( ) ( ) ( )
78 4 78 78 4 78
; 1;3 , 1; 3 , ; , ;
13 13 13 13
x y
| | | |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
VD4. Gii h phng trnh
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
13 1
25 2
x y x y
x y x y
+ =
+ =
(D b 2005)
Gii:
Nhn c 2 v ca (1) cho 25. Nhn c 2 v ca (2) cho 13. Sau ly (1)-(2).
(1)-(2) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
13( ) 25 0 13 25 0 x y x y x y x y x y x y x y
(
+ + = + + =
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2
12 26 12 0 2 12 26 12 0 x y x xy y x y x xy y + = + =
D thy x=y khng tha mn h.
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2
3 2
3
25
3 2 . 25 2
3 2 2 3 0
9 3
2 3
2 3
25
25
3
25 1
. 25
2 4 2
x y
y
y
x y y x
x y x y
x y
x y
x y x y
x y x y
x
y y
y
=
=
| |
= = =
|
=
\ .
=
= + =
+ =
= | |
=
|
=
\ .
Li bnh:
Lm sao ta c th phn tch nhanh
( )
2 2
12 26 12 x xy y + thnh nhn t ( )( ) 3 2 2 3 x y x y ??
Lc ny, cng c ca chng ta chnh l my tnh b ti! Cc bn hy lm nh sau:
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11
Coi nh ta khng thy n y. vy nn ta c phng trnh bc 2 theo x:
( )
2
12 26 12 0 x x + = Chc
hn cc bn u bit gii phng trnh bc 2 ny bng my CASIO. Ta bm c nghim:
3 2
2 3
x x = v = . Lc ny ta gi li n y bng cch thm y vo sau cc nghim tm c.
3 2
2 3
x y x y = v = . Quy ng b mu v mu l hng s. ta c nhn t cn phn tch. Lu l
( )
2 2
12 26 12 0 x xy y + = ( )( ) 3 2 2 3 0 x y x y = . Nu gii bt phng trnh, bn nn ch n
du khi phn tch (Trng hp ny l du - :
( ) ( )( )
2 2
12 26 12 2 3 2 2 3 0 x xy y x y x y + = = )
Khi gp dng phng trnh a thc c hng s pha v phi (hoc c th a c 2 phng trnh
v dng c hng s v phi), Ta nhn c 2 v ca phng trnh trn cho s v phi ca phng
trnh di v nhn c 2 v ca phng trnh di cho s phng trnh trn. Sau tr v theo
v. Mc ch ca phng php ny l quy h v phng trnh tch sau tin hnh phn tch. Hu
ht cc loi phng trnh a thc u gii c theo cch ny!
Bi tp t luyn
Bi 1.
4 3 2 2
3 2
1
1
x x y x y
x y x xy
+ =
+ =
Bi 2.
( ) ( )
2 2
4
1 1 2
x y x y
x x y y y
+ + + =
+ + + + =
Bi 3.
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
3
7
x xy y x y
x xy y x y
+ =
+ + =
Bi 4.
( )
( )
3 2
3 2
log 2 3 5 3
log 2 3 5 3
x
y
x x x y
y y y x
+ =
+ =
Bi 5.
( )
( )
2
2
1 3 0
5
1 0
x x y
x y
x
+ + =
+ + =
Bi 6.
9 9
25 25 16 16
1 x y
x y x y
+ =
+ = +
Bi 7.
4 3 2 2
2
2 2 9
2 6 6
x x y x y x
x xy x
+ + = +
+ = +
Bi 8.
2 2 2
1 7
1 13
xy x y
x y xy y
+ + =
+ + =
Bi 9.
( )
3
4
1 8
1
x y x
x y
+ =
Bi 10.
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
y
x
x
x
y
+
=
Bi 11.
3
1 1
2 1
x y
x y
y x
= +
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12
Bi III: Phng trnh lng gic.
Mt s cng thc lng gic cn nh:
1.
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1
sin x cos x 1;1 tan ;1 cot .
cos sin
x x
x x
+ = + = + =
2.
sin cos 1
tanx ;cot x ; tan
cos sin cot
x x
x
x x x
= = = .
3. Cng thc cng:
sin( ) sin cos cos
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
a b a b asinb
a b a b a b
=
=
4. Cng thc nhn i: sin2x = 2sinxcosx
5. cos2x = cos
2
x sin
2
x = 2 cos
2
x 1 = 1 - 2 sin
2
x
6. Cng thc h bc:
2 2
1 cos2 1 cos2
cos ;sin
2 2
x x
x x
+
= =
7. Cng thc nhn ba: Sin3x = 3sinx 4sin
3
x; cos3x = 4cos
3
x 3cosx.
8. Cng thc biu din theo tanx:
2
2 2 2
2tan 1 tan 2tan
sin2 ;cos2 ; tan2
1 tan 1 tan 1 tan
x x x
x x x
x x x
= = =
+ +
9. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng
( )
( )
( )
1
cos cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin cos sin( ) sin( )
2
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
= + +
= +
= + +
10. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch
sin sin 2sin cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos sin
2 2
cos cos 2cos cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin sin
2 2
x y x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y x y
x y
x y x y
x y
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=
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13
Cch gii cc phng trnh lng gic trong thi i hc:
Lu trc khi gii :
Cc phng trnh lng gic trong thi i hc nhn qua mt hc sinh thng rt kh khn phc tp
nhng chng u quy v nhng phng trnh n gin. thi i hc cc nm u xoay quanh bin
i v dng phng trnh tch, t n ph. Nm 2009, thi c bin i hn l phng trnh cui
bin i v dng cng thc cng. Nhn chung phng php gii dng ton ny l cc em hc thuc cc
cng thc trn y v rn luyn k nng phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
GII MT S THI TIU BIU:
1. Gii phng trnh: 2sin 2 4sin 1 0
6
x x
t | |
+ + =
|
\ .
(1)
Gii:
(1) 3sin2 cos 2 4sin 1 0 x x x + + =
( )
2
2sin 3cos 2 2 2sin 0 x x x + =
( )
2sin 3cos sin 2 0 x x x + =
sinx 0
1
3 cos sin 1 cos cos
2 6
x k
x x x x
t
t
= =
| |
= + =
|
\ .
5
2
6
7
2
6
x k
x k
x k
t
t
t
t
t
= +
= +
2. Tm nghim trn khong (0; t ) ca phng trnh :
Gii:
Tm nghim ( ) 0, e t
Ta c
2 2
x 3
4sin 3 cos2x 1 2cos x
2 4
t | |
= +
|
\ .
(1)
(1) ( )
3
2 1 cosx 3 cos2x 1 1 cos 2x
2
t | |
= + +
|
\ .
(1) 2 2cosx 3cos2x 2 sin2x =
(1) 2cosx 3cos2x sin2x = . Chia hai v cho 2:
(1) =
3 1
cosx cos2x sin2x
2 2
( ) cos 2x cos x
6
t | |
+ = t
|
\ .
( ) ( )
t t t
= + = + t
5 2 7
x k a hay x h2 b
18 3 6
2 2
3
4sin 3cos 2 1 2cos ( )
2 4
x
x x
t
= +
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14
Do ( ) x 0, e t nn h nghim (a) ch chn k=0, k=1, h nghim (b) ch chn h = 1. Do ta c ba
nghim x thuc ( ) 0, t l
1 2 3
5 17 5
x , x , x
18 18 6
t t t
= = =
3. . Gii phng trnh :
3
2 2 cos ( ) 3cos sin 0
4
x x x
t
= (2)
Gii:
(2)
3
2 cos x 3cosx sinx 0
4
t (
| |
=
| (
\ .
( ) + =
+ + + =
3
3 3 2 2
cosx sinx 3cosx sinx 0
cos x sin x 3cos xsinx 3cosxsin x 3cosx sinx 0
=
3
cosx 0
sin x sinx 0
=
+ + + =
2 3 2 3
cosx 0
hay
1 3tgx 3tg x tg x 3 3tg x tgx tg x 0
=
2
sin x 1 = haytgx 1 x k
2
t
= + t hay
t
= + t x k
4
4. . Gii phng trnh :
2
2
cos 2 1
( ) 3
2 cos
x
tg x tg x
x
t
+ = ( d b khi B 2005)
Gii:
(2)
2
2
2
2sin x
cot gx 3tg x
cos x
=
t
= = = = + t e
2 3
1
tg x 0 tg x 1 tgx 1 x k , k Z
tgx 4
PHNG PHP T N PH TRONG PHNG TRNH LNG GIC:
A. t t=sinx
Cos
2
x= 1 sin
2
x = 1-t
2
te[-1;1]
Tan
2
x =
2
2
sin
cos
x
x
=
2
2
1
t
t
Cos2x =
2
1 2sin x = 1-2t
2
Sin3x =
3 3
3sin 4sin 3 4 x x t t =
B. t t = cosx
2 2 2
sin 1 cos 1 x x t = =
2
cos 2 2 1 x t = +
2 2
2
2 2
sin 1
tan
cos
x t
x
x t
= =
3 3
cos3 4cos 3cos 4 3 x x x t t = =
C. t t= tanx
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15
1
cot x
t
=
2
2
1
cos
1
x
t
=
+
2
2
2
sin
1
t
x
t
=
+
2
2
1
cos 2
1
t
x
t
=
+
2
1
sin2x=2t
1 t
| |
|
+
\ .
2
2
t an2
1
t
x
t
=
+
sin cos tan
sin cos tan
a x b x a x b at b
c x d x c x d ct d
+ + +
= =
+ + +
D. t t=sinx cosx te 2; 2
(
sinxcosx
2
1
2
t
=
sin2x=
( )
2
1 t +
( )( )
2 3
3 3 2 2
1 3
sin cos sin cos sin cos sin cos 1
2 2
t t
x x x x x x x x t
| |
+ = + + = =
|
\ .
NGUYN TC CHUNG GII PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
Bin i: t t
Phn tch thnh tch
Nguyn tc :
Ly tha H bc
Tch Tng
Tng Tch
Bin i khng c th i bin.
GII MT S THI TIU BIU:
Bi 1.
2
cos 2 1
cot 1 sin sin 2
1 tan 2
x
x x x
x
= +
+
Gii:
t t=tanx, pt tr thnh:
( )
2
2 2
2 2
1
1 1 1 2
1 0; 1
1 1 2 1
t
t t t
t t
t t t t
| |
|
+
\ .
= + = =
+ + +
3 2
2 3 2 1 0 t t t + = 1 t = tan 1
4
x x k
t
t = = +
Bi 2. cos3 cos2 cos 1 0 x x x + =
Gii:
t t=cosx, pt tr thnh:
3 2
4 3 2 1 1 0 t t t t + =
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16
cos 1 1
2 1
cos cos
3 2
x t
x t
t
= =
= =
2
2
3
x k
x k
t
t
t
=
= +
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh: 1 sin 1 cos 1 x x + = ( thi d b2 A 2004) (1)
Gii:
(1) 1 sin cos 2 (1 sin )(1 cos ) 0 x x x x + =
t t=sinx +cosx
2
1
sin
2
t
xcosx
=
Pt tr thnh:
2
1
1 2 1 0
2
t
t t
+ + =
2 2 2
2 1 4 2 2 4 ( 1) 0 1 t t t t t t + = + = =
Sinx+cosx =1 2 sin 1
4
x
t | |
+ =
|
\ .
sin sin
4 4
x
t t | | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
x kt =
Bi 4. ( )
2
2
cos
sin 6tan 1 sin 2
1 sin
x
x x x
x
+ + =
+
Gii:
t t=sinx [ 1;1] t e
pt tr thnh:
( )
2 2
2
2
1
6 1 2 6 1 0
1 1
t t
t t t t
t t
+ + = =
+
2
1 6
1
sin
5 2
2 2
1 6
sin sin
3 1
arccos 2
3
x k
t
x
x k
x t
x k
t
t
t
t
o
t
= +
=
= +
= =
= +
Bi 5.
6 6
1
sin cos cos8
4
x x x + = (1)
Gii:
(1)
2
3 1 3 1 cos 4 1
1 sin 2 cos8 1 cos8
4 4 4 2 4
x
x x x
| |
= =
|
\ .
t t=cos4x [ 1;1] t e pt tr thnh:
( )
2
2
4
3 1 1
16 4 2 4
1 2 1
3 3 4 2 4
2
4
4 16 4
2
k
x t x k
t
t
k
x k x
t
t t t
t
t t t
t
= + = = +
| |
=
|
\ .
= + = +
=
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17
Bi tp t luyn
1 1
sin 2x sin x 2cot g2x
2sin x sin 2x
+ =
2
x 3
cos 2
4 2
x
cos
4 2
x 5
sin =
|
.
|
\
| t
|
.
|
\
| t
2
2cos x 2 3sinxcosx 1 3(sinx 3cosx) + + = +
gx cot tgx
x sin
x 2 cos
x cos
x 2 sin
= +
( )( )
1
2cos 1 sin sin2 cos 2
2
x x x x + =
( )( ) 2sin 1 2cos 1 1 x x + =
( )
3 3
sin cos 2 1 sin cos x x x x + =
2sin cos cos 1
2
x
x x =
4 4
3
sin cos cos .sin 3 0
4 4 2
x x x x
t t | | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
Cho phng trnh:
2sin cos 1
sin 2cos 3
x x
a
x x
+ +
=
+
(2) ( d b khi a 2002)
1. gii phng trnh khi a=
1
3
2. tm a phng trnh (2) c nghim.
2
tan cos cos sin 1 tan tan
2
x
x x x x x
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
( )
2
4
4
2 sin 2 sin3
tan 1
cos
x x
x
x
+ =
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18
Bi IV: Tch Phn
Lu trc khi gii thi:
Tch phn l bi ton rt thng xut hin trong thi i hc. K t nm 2002, khi bt u tin hnh thi
Ba chung cc dng ton tch phn v ng dng lun xut hin v l cu 1 im. Bi tp phn ny
khng qu kh nhng vn phi i hi k nng phn on, phn tch , v nm r c cc cch lm bi
ton tch phn c bn nh i bin s v tnh theo tch phn tng phn cc em cng theo di cc v d
di y.
NGUYN TC CHUNG GII BI TON TCH PHN:
Gm c 2 phng php chnh:
A. I BIN:
- i bin loi 1:
( ) ( ) ( ) . ' f u x u x dx t t=u(x)
Ch : Cc biu thc c quan h o hm
GII CC V D:
VD 1. Tnh tch phn:
2
2
0
sin 2
3 cos
x
I
x
t
=
+
}
Gii:
t
2
3 cos t x = + ( ) 2cos sin dt x x dx = 2sin2 dt xdx =
X
0
2
t
t 4 3
4
3
4
4
ln ln
3 3
dt
I t I
t
= = =
}
VD2. Tnh tch phn:
6
2
dx
I
2x 1 4x 1
=
+ + +
}
( DB 1A 2006)
Gii:
t t=
2
1
4 1 4 1
2
x t x tdt dx + = + =
X 2 6
t 3 5
( )
( ) ( )
5 5 5
2 2
3 3 3
5 1 1
1 3 1
ln 1 ln
3 1 1 2 12
1 1
t dt
dt dt
t
t t
t t
+
(
= = + + =
(
+ +
+ +
} } }
VD3. Tnh tch phn:
4
2
0
cos 1 tan
dx
I
x x
t
=
+
}
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19
Gii:
t t=
2
2
1 tan 1 tan 2
cos
dx
x t x tdt
x
+ = + =
X
0
4
t
t
1 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1
tdt
I dt t
t
= = = =
} }
VD 4. Tnh tch phn:
e
1
3 2ln x
I dx.
x 1 2ln x
=
+
}
Gii:
t t=
2
1 2ln 1 2ln
dx
x t x tdt
x
+ = + =
X
e 1
t
2 1
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
1 1
3 1
10 2 11
4
3
t
I tdt t dt
t
= = =
} }
1. i bin loi 2:
Bc t ln hn bc mu: chia a thc
Bc t nh hn bc mu:
Xt quan h o hm i bin
Mu c nghim Tch phn thc
Hm hu t (mu v nghim):
( ) ( )
2
2
du
u x a +
}
t u(x)=atant
Hm cn thc:
( ) ( )
2
2
a u x + t u(x)=atant
( ) ( )
2
2
u x a t u(x)=asint (hoc u(x)=asint)
VD 5. Tnh tch phn: I=
3
2
0
9
dx
x +
}
Gii:
t x=3tan(t)
( )
2
3 tan 1 dx t dt = +
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20
X 0 3
t
0
4
t
( )
( )
2
4
2
0
3 tan 1
1
4
3 12 9 tan 1
0
t dt
I t
t
t
t
t
+
= = =
+
}
VD 6. Tnh tch phn:
( )
5
2
2
1 9 1
dx
I
x
=
}
Gii:
t x-1= 3sint
3cos dx tdt =
X
1
5
2
t
0
6
t
6 6 6
2 2
0 0 0
3cos cos cos
6
cos 6
9 9sin 1 sin
0
tdt tdt tdt
I t
t
t t
t t t
t
t
= = = = =
} } }
VD 7. Tnh tch phn:
3
2 2
1
3
dx
I
x x
=
+
}
Gii:
t x= 3 tant
( )
2
3 tan 1 dx x dx = +
X 1 3
t
6
t
3
t
( )
2
3 3
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 6 6
1
3 tan 1
1 1 cos
cos
3 3 sin sin 1
3tan 3tan 3
cos cos
dt
t
tdt
t
I dx
t t
t
t t
t t
t t
+
= = =
+
} } }
( )
3
2
6
sin
1 1 6 2 3
3
3 sin 3sin 9
6
d t
I
t t
t
t
t
t
= = =
}
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21
PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN TNG PHN:
Cng thc:
b b
a a
b
udv uv vdu
a
=
} }
(1)
Cch ly phn cc tch phn:
K hiu P(x) l a thc. Khi gp hai dng nguyn hm sau y, ta thng dng phng php tch phn
tng phn:
Dng 1: ( ) ln P x xdx
}
ta t u=ln x (Do lnx khng c nguyn hm)
Dng 2: ( ). sin( )
cos( )
ax b
e
P x ax b dx
ax b
+
(
(
+
(
(
+
}
ta t u=P(x)
Vi cch y khi ly cng thc 1 ta s c bi ton dn ti nguyn hm ng dng vi bc ca P(x)
thp hn
GII CC V D:
VD 1. Tnh tch phn:
2
0
I (x 1)sin2xdx.
t
= +
}
( d b khi D 2005)
Gii:
t:
( )
2
0
1
1
1
cos 2 cos 2 1
2
1
2 2 4 sin2 cos 2
0
2
u x du dx
x
I x xdx
dv xdx v x
t
t
t
= + =
+
= + = +
= =
}
VD 2. Tnh tch phn:
2
1
I (x 2)lnx dx. =
}
( d b khi D 2006)
Gii:
t:
( )
2
1
ln
2
2
2
du dx
u x
x
dv x dx
x
v x
2 2
1
2
5
2 ln 2 ln 4
1 2 2 4
x x
I x x dx
| |
| |
= = +
| |
\ .
\ .
}
VD 3. Tnh tch phn:
2
4
0
sin xdx
t
}
Gii:
X
0
2
4
t
t
0
2
t
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22
t t=
2
2 x t x tdt dx = =
2
0
2 sin B t tdt
t
=
}
Tnh
2
0
sin I t tdt
t
=
}
t:
sin cos
u t du dt
dv tdt v t
= =
= =
2
0
cos cos cos 0cos 0 sin 1
2 2
2 2
0 0
I t t tdt t
t
t t
t t
= + = + + =
}
B=2I=2
VD 4. Tnh tch phn: A=
2
0
cos
x
e xdx
t
}
Gii:
t:
sin cos
x x
u e du e dx
dv xdx v x
= =
= =
2 2 2
0
2
0 0 0
cos cos cos cos0 cos 1 cos
2
2
0
x x x x
A e x e xdx e e e xdx e xdx
t t t
t
t
t
= + = + + = +
} } }
(1)
Tnh
2
0
cos
x
K e xdx
t
=
}
t:
cos sin
x x
u e du e dx
dv xdx v x
= =
= =
2
2
0
sin sin
2
0
x x
K e x e xdx e A
t
t
t
= =
}
Thay vo (1):
2
2 2
1
1 2 1
2
e
A e A A e A
t
t t
+
= + = + =
VD 5. Tnh tch phn: A=
2
0
sin cos x x xdx
t
}
Gii:
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23
t:
2 2
sin cos sin cos
du dx
u x
v x xdx dv x xdx
=
=
= =
}
Tnh:
2
sin cos v x xdx =
}
t : cos sin t x dt xdx = =
V=
3 3
2
cos
3 3
t x
t dt C C
= + = +
}
Chn C=0
3
cos
3
x
v =
Vy
3
3
0
cos 1 1
cos
0 3 3 3 3
x
A x xdx K
t
t
t
= + = +
}
(1)
Tnh
( )
3 2
0 0
cos 1 sin cos K xdx x xdx
t t
= =
} }
t t=sin(x) cos dt xdx =
X 0 t
t 0 0
( )
0
2
0
1 0 K t dt = =
}
Thay vo (1):
1
3 3 3
A K
t t
= + =
VD 6. Tnh tch phn:
2
3
sin
1 cos
x x
D dx
x
t
t
+
=
+
}
Gii:
2
2
3
sin
2cos
2
x x
D
x
t
t
+
=
}
t:
( )
2
sin
1 cos
1
tan
2cos
2
2
u x x
du x dx
dv dx
x
x v
= +
= +
=
=
Vy: ( ) ( )
2
3
3 3
2
sin tan 1 cos tan 1
2 2 2 3 2 3
3
x x
D x x x dx K
t
t
t
t t
t
| |
| |
= + + = + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
}
(3)
Vi: ( )
2 2 2
2
3 3 3
1 cos tan 2cos tan sin
2 2 2
x x x
K x dx dx xdx
t t t
t t t
= + = =
} } }
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24
1
2
cos
2
3
x
t
t
= =
Thay vo (3) ta c: D=
( )
9 2 3
18
t +
Li bnh: tch phn tng phn ta c cch nh t u nh sau: nht log nh a (a thc) tam
Lng (Lng gic) T m. Trong php tnh tch phn tng phn, gp php no ng trc trong 4
php trn, hy t u bng php !
Bi tp t luyn
Tnh tch phn:
3
2
0
sin . I x tgxdx
t
=
}
Tnh tch phn:
7
3
0
2
1
x
I dx
x
+
=
+
}
Tnh tch phn:
2
0
ln
e
I x xdx =
}
Tnh tch phn:
4
sin
0
( cos )
x
I tgx e x dx
t
= +
}
Tnh tch phn:
0
cos sin I x xdx
t
=
}
Tnh tch phn:
3
2 2
6
tan cot 2 I x x dx
t
t
= +
}
Tnh tch phn:
( )
2
2
2 1 cos 2 I x dx
t
t
= +
}
Tnh tch phn:
3
6
sin 4 sin3
tan cot 2
x x
I dx
x x
t
t
=
+
}
Tnh tch phn:
10
5
dx
I
x 2 x 1
=
}
Tnh tch phn:
e
1
3 2ln x
I dx.
x 1 2ln x
=
+
}
Tnh tch phn:
2
0
sin
1 sin
x x
I
x
t
=
+
}
Tnh tch phn:
3 6
0
sin sin
cos 2
x x
I
x
t
+
=
}
Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi parabol ( )
2
P : y x x 3 = + v ng thng
d: y 2x 1. = +
Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
27
1 ; 2 ; 3
27
x
C y x C y C y
x
= = =
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27
Bi V:Cc bi ton lin quan n ng dng ca o hm v
th hm s.
Lu trc khi gii thi:
Cc bi ton dng ny l cu chim 1 im, thng nm cu th 2 sau phn kho st hm s trong
thi i hc. Mun gii c dng ton ny ta cn nm vng cc l thuyt v s tng, gim hm s, cc
vn v cc tr, s tng giao gia hai th (iu kin tip xc ca hai ng cong) Cc v d di
y s trnh by mt cch c h thng cc vn nu trn v cch gii n gin v d hiu nht. Cc
bn tham kho cc v d sau y:
I: S TNG GIM CA HM S:
Nhc li kin thc:
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm trn min I
( ) 0; f x x I > e Hm s tng
( ) 0; f x x I s e Hm s gim
VD 1. Cho hm s: ( ) ( )
3 2 2
1
2
3
y f x x mx m m x = = + +
Tm m hm s:
a. Tng trn R
b. Gim trn (0;2)
c. Tng trn ( ) 4; +
d. Gim trn on c di bng 2
e. Tng trn 2 khong ( ) ; 4 v( ) 2; +
Gii:
TX: D R =
2 2
' 2 2 ' 2 y x mx m m m = + + A = +
a. Ycbt ' 0 2 0 2 m m A s + s >
b. Ycbt
( )
( )
2
2
' 0 0
2 0
1
' 2 0 3 2 0
y
m m
m
y m m
s + s
s
s + s
V
c. Ycbt
TH1: ' 0 2 0 2 m m A s + s >
x - 0 2 +
F(x) + - +
F(x)
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28
TH2:
( )
2
2 ' 0
' 4 0 9 14 0
4
4
2
m
y m m
m
S
< A >
> + + >
<
<
Vy ycbt
( ) ; 7
2
m
m
e
>
d. Ycbt
1 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 x x m m m
a
A
= = + = + = =
Ch :
X
1
=
' b
a
+ A
; x
2
=
' b
a
A
1 2
x x =
2
a
A
e. Ycbt
( )
( )
2
2
' 0
2
' 0
2 0
2 ' 4 0
9 14 0
2 1
' 2 0
3 2 0
4 2
4 2
2
m
m
m y
m m
m
y
m m
S
m
A s
>
A >
+ >
> >
+ + >
s s
>
+ >
< <
< <
VD 2. Cho hm s
( )
2
2 2 2
1
3 3
m
y x mx m m x
= + + + tm m hm s:
a. Gim trn min xc nh.
b. Tng trn (0;2)
c. Gim trn ( ) 6; +
d. Tng trn on c di bng 2
e. Gim trn 2 khong( ) ; 0 v ( ) 6; +
Gii:
MX: D=R
2 2
' 2 y x mx m m = + +
' m A =
a. Gim trn min xc nh.
' 0 0 m A s s
b. Tng trn (0;2)
( )
( )
2
2
' 0 0
0
1
' 2 0 5 4 0
y
m m
m
y m m
> + >
=
> + + >
c. Gim trn ( ) 6; +
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29
TH1: ' 0 0 m A s s (R rng v gim trn D cng c ngha l gim trn ( ) 6; + )
TH2:
( )
2
0 ' 0
' 6 0 13 36 0
6
6
2
m
y m m
m
S
> A >
s + s
<
<
Vy YCBT
| |
0
4
0; 4
m
m
m
s
s
d. Tng trn on c di bng 2
1 2
2 '
2 2 2 2 1 x x m m
a
A
= = = =
e. Gim trn 2 khong( ) ; 0 v ( ) 6; +
TH1: (Gim trn D):
' 0 0 m A s s
TH2:
( )
( )
' 0
' 0 0
1 4
' 6 0
0 6
2
y
m
y
S
A >
s s
< <
Tm li: ycbt
0
1 4
m
m
s
s s
II: CC TR CA HM S
Nhc li kin thc:
X X
0
Y + 0 -
Y
Cc i
X X
0
Y - 0 +
Y
Cc Tiu
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30
Bi 1: Cho (Cm)
( )
3 2 2 3
1
2 1
3
y x mx m x m m = + + . Tm m :
a. Tm m C c im cc i nm trn Oy
b. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh <1
c. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh >-1
d. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh nm trong [-2;3]
e. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh dng
f. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh tri du nhau
g. Hm s t C v CT ti x
1
;x
2
sao cho
( )
3 3
1 2
x x + nh nht
Gii:
MX: D=R
2 2
' 2 2 1 y x mx m = +
2
' 1 m A = +
' 0 A > :
X X
1
X
2
+
Y + 0 - 0 +
Y
C
CT
a. Ycbt Hm s t cc i ti x=0
( )
2
' 0 0
2 1 0 2
2 0 0
2
y
m
m
S
m
=
=
=
> <
b. Ycbt :
( )
2
2
1
1 0 ' 0
0
' 1 0 2 2 0
1
1
1
1
2
m
m
m
y m m
m
m
S
m
<
+ > A >
<
> >
>
<
<
<
1 0 m < <
c. Ycbt Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh >-1
( )
2
2
1
1 ' 0
0
' 1 0 2 2 0
1
1
1
1
2
m
m
m
y m m
m
m
S
m
<
< A >
>
> + >
<
>
>
>
0 1 m < <
d. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh nm trong [-2;3]
Ycbt
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
' 0
1
' 2 0
2 4 3 0
1 1
' 3 0
2 6 8 0
2 3
2 3
2
m
y
m m m
m
y
m m m
S
m
A >
<
>
+ + >
< <
>
+ >
s s
s s
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31
e. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh dng
Ycbt
( )
2
1 1
2
1 1 ' 0
2
2
' 0 0 2 1 0 1
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
m
m
m
y m m
m
m S
m
< <
< < A >
s
> > s <
>
>
<
>
f. Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh tri du nhau
( )
2
' 0 0
2 2
2 1 0
2 2 ' 0 1
y
m m
m
<
< < <
A > <
g. Hm s t C v CT ti x1;x2 sao cho
( )
3 3
1 2
x x + nh nht
Ycbt
( ) ( )
3
1 2 1 2 1 2
' 0
3 min P x x x x x x
A >
= + +
(1)
Vi
2
1 2
1 2
2 1
2
x x m
x x m
=
+ =
Vy ta c (1)
( ) ( )
2
3
2
1 0
2 3 2 1 .2 min
m
P m m m
+ >
3
1 1
4 6 min
m
P m m
< <
= +
2
2
2
' 12 6 ' 0
2
2
m
P m P
m
= + =
Bng bin thin:
X -1
2
2
2
2
1 +
Y - 0 + 0 -
Y
-2 2 2
- 2 2 2
min
2 2 P = khi
2
2
m
=
Li bnh:
C l cc bn ang thc mc: Ti sao li c nhng li gii ngn gn v d dng nh vy? B quyt nm
biu thc y v du ca n. Lc ny, tt c yu cu bi ton (ycbt) lin quan n cc tr u nm n di
nhng du + - ca y. V trc quan hn na, ta thy c hng i ca mnh qua bng bin thin. Ti s
minh ha k cu d ca v d trn y:
Ycbt : Hm s t C v CT ti im c honh nm trong [-2;3]
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32
- c cc i v cc tiu y=0 c hai nghim ' 0 A >
- V bng bin thin:
X -2 X
1
2
S
X
2
3 +
Y + 0 - 0 +
Y
C
CT
T ta c
( )
( )
' 2 0
' 3 0
y
y
>
>
. R rng nu X
1
;X
2
nm
trong [-2;3] th
2
S
cng phi nm trong on ny. V
2
b
a
l gi tr c th rt ra d dng t
phng trnh gc nn ta chn gi tr trung bnh ny lm iu kin. Nt tht th 3 c g
b.
- Li khuyn l: khi gp nhng dng ton nh trn hc sinh hy v bng bin thin nh
trn ra giy nhp sau ty theo cu hi m in cc thng s thch hp vo bng. t
mi hng gii u c phi by!
Ti c tham kho qua mt vi ti liu ca cc thy c gio th thy phn ln cc sch u trnh by li
gii mt cch my mc, khng trc quan, nhiu lc c th coi l lun qun. . V d: tm m hm s
y=f(x) tng trn (1;+), cc thy c trnh by trong sch cng nh trn lp theo phng php Min-
Max, xt nhiu trng hp Nhng cch gii khng phi l sai tuy nhin iu i khi lm kh cc
em hc sinh trong qu trnh t duy tm trng hp, nht l cc em hc sinh trung bnh. Phng php
xt du trnh by trn y va ngn gn r rng li khng b st trng hp. bi ton c n gin
ha.
Cch gii trn cng p dng c cho hm s
2
2
' ' '
ax bx c
y
a x b x c
+ +
=
+ +
v dng o hm
( )
2
2
2
2
' ' ' ' ' '
'
' '
a b a c b c
x x
a b a c b c
y
a x b x c
+ +
=
+ +
. Trong trng hp ny, ty biu thc mu c nghim hay
khng ta t thm trng hp. V mu thc >0 nn khi xt du ta ch cn xt du t s tng t
nh cc v d trnh by trn.
Dng hm s ny khng cn thng dng ( ch gii thiu s lc trong sch gio khoa) nn xu
hng ra ch xoay quanh 3 hm l: bc 3, trng phng v
' '
ax b
y
a x b
+
=
+
.
Bi 2: Cho (Cm): ( )
3 2
3 3 1 4 y x mx m x = + +
nh m :
a. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho AB thng hng vi C(1;-1)
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33
b. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho AB =2 5
c. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho AB cch u : 2 y A =
Gii:
MX: D=R
Ta 2 im cc tr tha h:
' 0
( )
y
y f x
=
Vy:
2
' 2 1 0 y x x m = + =
( )
3 2
3 3 1 4 y x mx m x = + +
( )( )
2
0
2 1 y x x m cx d ax b ax b = + + + + = +
( )
2
2 1 ( 1) 2 5 y x x m x mx m = + +
( )
( )
2
2 1 0 1
2 5 2
x x m
y mx m
+ + =
= +
C(m) c hai cc tr (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit ' 0 A > 0 m >
a. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho AB thng hng vi C(1;-1)
(2) phng trnh ng thng qua hai im cc tr l 2 5 y mx m = +
V AB thng hng vi C(1;-1) C e AB nn: -1=-2m.1-m+5 2 m =
Vy vi m=2 AB thng hng vi C(1;-1)
b. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho AB = 2 5
( )
2 1
2 '
1 2 x x m
a
A
= =
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
2 2 4 y y m x x m m = = ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
2 5 AB x x y y = + =
2
1
16 4 20
5
4
m
m m
m
=
+ =
=
So snh k 1 m=
c. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho AB cch u : 2 y A =
Ycbt ( ) ( ) ; ; d A d B A = A vi : 2 y A =
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 4
y y
y y
y y
y y y y
= =
=
= + =
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 5 2 5 4 2 2 10 4 mx m mx m m x x m + + + = + + =
2 .2 2 10 4 1 m m m + = =
Bi 3: Cho (Cm): ( )
3 2
3 3 1 y x x m x = +
nh m :
a. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho OAB A vung ti O
b. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B nm khc pha vi trc Ox
c. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B cng pha vi trc Oy
d. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B nm cch u ng thng y=5
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34
CT
CD
x
y
1
x
1
x
5 y =
e. C ng thng i qua hai im cc tr cch gc ta mt khong bng 1
f. C ng thng i qua hai im cc tr tip xc vi ng trn ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 4 x y + =
g. C ng thng i qua hai im cc tr to vi hai trc ta mt tam gic cn
h. C ng thng i qua hai im cc tr to vi hai trc ta mt tam gic c din tch =8
Gii:
MX: D=R
Ta 2 im cc tr tha h:
' 0
( )
y
y f x
=
( ) ( )( )
2
3 2 2
'
2 1 0
3
3 3 1 2 1 1 2 1
y
x x m
y x x m x x x m x mx m
= + + =
= + = + + + +
( )
( )
2
2 1 0 1
2 1
x x m
y mx m
+ + =
= + A
C(m) c hai cc tr (1) phi c 2 nghim phn bit ' 0 A > 0 m > (*)
a. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B sao cho OAB A vung ti O
Ycbt OA OB
. OAOB vi
( )
( )
;
;
A A
B B
OA x y
OB x y
( )( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 2 1 2 1 0 x x y y x x mx m mx m + = + + + =
( )( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
4 2 2 1 0 x x m x x m m x x m + + + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 4 1 2 2 . 2 1 0 m m m m m m + + + + + + =
3 2
4 9 7 2 0 m m m + + =
( )( )
2
v 7
4 5 2 1 0
VN
m m m
A=
+ = 1 m = (tha iu kin(*))
b. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B nm khc pha vi trc Ox
Ycbt
1 2
. 0 y y < ( )( )
1 2
2 1 2 1 0 mx m mx m + + <
( )( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 2 1 2
4 2 2 1 0 m x x m m x x m + + + + <
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
4 1 2 2 2 1 0 m m m m m + + + <
( )( )
2
3 2
0
4 9 6 1 0 4 1 1 0 m m m m m
>
+ + < + <
1
4
1
m
m
>
c. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B cng pha vi trc Oy
Ycbt
1 2
0 x x > (
1
x cng du vi
2
x ) 1 0 1 m m + > <
d. C(m) c hai im cc tr A;B nm cch u ng thng y=5
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35
Ycbt : y=5 ct (Cm) ti trung im AB. M l trung im AB c ta
1 2
; 2 1
2
x x
mx m
+ | |
+
|
\ .
( ) 1;3 1 M m 5 3 1 2 Ycbt m m = =
So snh vi iu kin (*) ta thy m=2 l kt qu cn tm.
e. C ng thng i qua hai im cc tr cch gc ta mt khong bng 1
: 2 1 : 2 1 0 y mx m mx y m A = + A + + =
Ycbt ( ) ; 1 d O A =
( )
2
2
2 .0 0 1
1
2 1
m m
m
+ +
=
+
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 3 2 0 m m m m + = + + =
0
2
3
m
m
=
|
=
\ .
Gi N l giao im ca A v Oy: ( )
2 .0 1
0; 1
0
y m m
N m
x
= +
Ycbt
1 1
1 1 . 1 0
2 2
M N
m
x y m m
m m
| |
= = =
|
|
\ .
1
1
2
1
2
m
m
m
D thy vi m=1, Ai qua gc ta , vi m=
1
2
= =
( )
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
2
2 1
2
m
m
m m
m
m
m m VN
=
+ =
=
+ =
So snh (*) vy c hai gi tr m tha mn: m=2 v m=0.5
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37
III: S TNG GIAO GIA HAI TH
Nhc li kin thc:
Cho: ( ) ( )
1 2
: ; : C y f x C y g x = =
S giao im ca C
1
v C
2
l s nghim ca phng trnh honh giao im:
( ) ( )
f x g x =
c bit khi C
1
tip xc C
2
:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
' '
f x g x
f x g x
=
Lu : Khng c s dng iu kin nghim kp lm dng ton tip xc ca hai th.
hiu r hn, ta hy n vi cc v d sau:
Bi 1: Cho hm s ( ) ( )
2 3 2
: 2
1
m
mx m
C y m
x
= =
v ( ) : 1 d y x =
nh m (d) ct (C
m
) ti hai im phn bit:
a) C honh ln hn -1
b) C honh nh hn 2
c) C honh nng trong khong | | 2;3
d) C honh dng
e) C honh tri du.
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im gia (C
m
) v d:
( ) ( )
2
2 3 2
1 : 2 1 3 3 0
1
mx m
x g x x m x m
x
= + + + =
x
1
x
2
S
2
x +
( ) g x + 0 - 0 +
(d) ct (C
m
) ti hai im phn bit g(x)=0 c hai nghim phn bit
( )
2
' 0
1
1 0 2
m
m
g m
>
A >
<
= =
(*)
a) C honh ln hn -1
Ycbt:
( ) 1 0
1
2
g
S
>
<
( )
6
1 2 1 3 3 0
5
1 1
2
m m m
m
m
+ + + + > >
+ >
>
>
b) C honh nh hn 2
( )
( )
2 0
4 4 1 3 3 0 3 0 3
1 1
1 2 2
2
g
m m m m
S
m m
m
>
+ + + > + < <
< <
+ < <
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38
So snh vi (*) ta kt lun:
2
2 1
m
m
<
< <
c) C honh nng trong khong
| | 2;3
Ycbt:
( )
( )
( )
( )
11
2 0 4 4 1 3 3 0
7
3 0 9 6 1 3 3 0 2
3 2
2 1 3
2 3
2
m
g m m
g m m m
m
S m
>
> + + + + >
> + + + > s
s s
s + s
s s
So snh iu kin (*) ta suy ra:
11
1
7
m
s s
d) C honh dng
Ycbt:
( ) 0
3 3 0 1
1 0 1
0
2
g o
m m
S
m m
>
+ > >
+ > >
s
So snh vi (*) ta suy ra: m>2
e) C honh tri du.
Ycbt: ( ) 0 0 3 3 0 1 g m m < + < <
So snh iu kin (*) ( ) ( ) ; 2 2; 1 m e v
Bi 2: Cho hm s ( )
1
:
1
x
C y
x
+
=
v ( ) : 1 d y mx = +
Tm m d ct (C):
a) Ti 2 im phn bit nm trn 2 nhnh ca th.
b) Ti 2 im phn bit nm trn cng 1 nhnh ca th
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v d:
( )
1
1 1
1
x
mx x
x
+
= + =
( ) ( )
2
2 0 1 g x mx mx = =
a) Ti 2 im phn bit nm trn 2 nhnh ca th. (Hnh 1)
Ycbt: phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit tha
1 2
1 x x < <
x
1
x 1
tiem can dung
2
x +
( ) g x Cng du m 0 Tri du m 0 Cng du m
( ) ( ) . 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 mg m m m m m < < < >
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39
nh1 H
nh3 H
Lu : Trng hp ny khng cn phi xt bit thc A v khi d ct
C v 2 pha ca tim cn ng x=1 th mc nhin phng trnh
c 2 nghim, khng cn thit phi xt A
b) Ti 2 im phn bit nm trn cng 1 nhnh ca th
(Hnh 2)
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit tha:
1 2
1 2
1
1
x x
x x
< <
< <
( )
2
0
8 0
. 1 0 2 0
m m
m g m
A > + <
> >
0
0
8
m
m
m
<
>
<
8 m <
Bi 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng ct th :
( )
3
: 3 2 C y x x = + ti 3 im phn bit A,B,C sao cho x
A
=2 v
BC=2 2 .
Gii: (hnh 3)
2 4
A A
x y = =
Phng trnh ng thng qua A(2;4) l ( ) : ( ) : 2 4
A A
y k x x y y k x A = + A = +
Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v A:
( ) ( )
3 3
3 2 2 4 3 2 2 x x k x x x k x + = + =
( )
3
3 2 2 0 x k x k + + = ( )( )
2
2 2 1 0 x x x k + + =
( )
2
2
2 1
x
g x x x k
=
= + +
iu kin c BC:
Khi ta
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; B x y C x y tha
h:
( )
( )
2
2 1 0 1
2 4 2
x x k
y kx k
+ + =
= +
(1)
2 1
2 '
2 x x k
a
A
= =
(2) ( )
2 1 2 1
2 y y k x x k k = =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
2 2 BC x x y y = + =
3 3
4 4 2 2 4 4 8 0 1 k k k k k + = + = =
Vy ( ) : 1 2 4 y x A = +
x
y
x
y
nh2 H
2 2
x
y
( )
' 0
0 0
2 0 4 4 1 0 9
k k
g k k
A > > >
= + + = =
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40
Bi 3: Cho (C) ( )
3 2
3 2 y f x x x = = + . Tm trn ng thng (d):y=-2 nhng im m t c th v
c n (C) :
a. Ba tip tuyn phn bit
b. Ba tip tuyn phn bit trong c 2 tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau
Gii:
a. Ba tip tuyn phn bit
Xt ( ; 2) : 2 A a d y e = .
Phng trnh ng thng A qua ( ; 2) A a v c h s gc :
( ) ( ) 2 y k x a = A .
A tip xc vi (C) H phng trnh sau c nghim:
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
2
3 2 2 1
3 6 2
x x k x a
x x k
+ =
Thay k t (2) vo 1 ta c:
( )( ) ( )
3 2 2
3 2 3 6 2 3 x x x x x a + =
( )
3 2
2 3 1 6 4 0 x a x ax + + =
( ) ( )
3
2 2 3 1 2 0 x x a x ( + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 3 1 2 0 4
x
g x x a x
=
= + =
T A k c ba tip tuyn phn bit n (C)
phng trnh (3) c 3 nghim phn bit
phng trnh (4) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 2
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
5
0 3 1 16 0 1
* 3
2 0
2.2 3 1 .2 2 0
2
g a a a
g
a
a
b. Ba tip tuyn phn bit trong c 2 tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau
Khi phng trnh (3) c 3 nghim phn bit:
0 1 2
2; ; x x x = ( vi x
1
;x
2
l hai nghim ca phng trnh g(x)=0) v 3 tip tuyn ng vi h s gc l:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
' 2 0; ' 3 6 ; ' 3 6 k f k f x x x k f x x x = = = = = =
V
0
0 k = nn : Ycbt k
1
.k
2
=-1.
( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 6 3 6 1 9 2 4 1 ** x x x x x x x x x x x x ( = + + =
p dng nh l Viet cho phng trnh (4) ta c:
1 2
3 1 a
x x
x
+ = v
1 2
1 x x =
Do (**)
3 1
9 1 2 4 1
2
a ( | |
+ =
| (
\ .
55
27
a = (tha iu kin (*)).
Vy im cn tm l
55
; 2
27
A
| |
|
\ .
.
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41
DNG TON: H NG CONG TIP XC VI MT NG C
NH
Phng php:
Dng 1: Cho h ng cong ( )
m
C :y=f(x;m). chng minh ( )
m
C lun tip xc vi mt ng (C) c nh .
TH1:
( )
m
C :y=f(x;m). l hm a thc.
a : ( ) ; y f x m = v dng: ( ) ( ) ( ) : 2
n
y ax bm g x n nguy n = + + > .
Xt ng cong ( ) ( ) : C y g x = v chng minh h:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
' '
n
n
ax bm g x g x
na ax bm g x g x
+ + =
+ + =
C nghim m
TH2:
( )
m
C :y=f(x;m). l hm hu t: (Dng tng qut)
( A) tip xc vi (C) h sau c nghim
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
2
1
2
c
ax b k x x y
x d
c
a k x a
x d
+ + = +
= =
+
Gii h trn qua 3 bc:
B1: nhn 2 v ca phng trnh (2) cho: x+d
( ) ( ) 3
c
ax ad k x d
x d
+ = +
+
B2: (1)-(3):
( )
0 0
2c
b ad k x d y
x d
+ = +
+
( ) ( )
0 0
2
4
c
k x d y ad b
x d
= + + +
+
B3: Thay (4) vo (2) s c 1 phng trnh theo k. gii phng trnh ny v tm m sao cho phng trnh
ng m .
Lu : cch gii trn c th p dng i vi hm s
ax b
cx d
+
+
Dng 2: Tm iu kin h ng cong tip xc vi 1 ng c nh:
Dng iu kin tip xc.
II/ Mt s v d:
Bi 1: Cho ( ) ( )
3 2 2
: 2 2 1 2
m
C y x x m x m = + + + + + . Chng minh rng (Cm) lun tip xc vi mt ng
cong c nh.
Gii:
Ta c: ( ) ( )
3 2 2
: 2 2 1 2
m
C y x x m x m = + + + + + ( )
2
3 2
2 x m x x x + + + + +
Xt ng cong ( )
3 2
: 2 C y x x x = + + +
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42
( )
m
C lun tip xc vi (C): h sau c nghim:
( )
( )
( )
2
3 2 3 2
2 2
2 2
1
2 3 2 1 3 2 1
x m x x x x x x
x m x x x x
+ + + + + = + + +
+ + + + = + +
Ta c: ( )
( )
( )
2
0
1
2 0
x m
x m
+ =
+ =
. Chng minh (C
m
) lun tip xc vi hai ng thng c nh.
Gii:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 4
:
m
m x m m
C y
x m
+
=
( )
4
2 y m
x m
=
(C
m
) lun tip xc vi ng thng ( ) : y ax b A = +
H phng trnh sau c nghim m :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
4
2 1
4
2
m ax b
x m
I
a
x m
= +
Nhn 2 v ca phng trnh (2) cho: x-m
( ) ( )
4
3 a x m
x m
=
Ly (1)-(3):
( ) ( ) ( )
8 8
2 1 2 4 m b am a m b
x m x m
= + = + +
Thay (4) vo (2):
( ) ( )
2
1 2 16 a m b a + + = (
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2 2 16 0 * a m a b m b a + + + =
H (1) c nghim m ( ) * ng m :
( )
( )( )
( )
2
2
1 0
1
2 1 2 0
2 6
2 16 0
a
a
a b
b b
b a
=
+ =
= v =
+ =
Vy (C
m
) lun tip xc vi 2 ng thng c nh y=x+2 v y=x-6
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43
CC BI TON LIN QUAN N CHU VI V DIN TCH
Kin thc cn nh:
Khong cch gia hai im ( ) ( ) ; ; ;
a a b b
A x y B x y
( ) ( )
2 2
b a b a
AB x x y y = +
Cho M(x
0
;y
0
) v ():Ax+By+c=0
Ta c:
( ) ( )
0 0
2 2
,
Ax By C
d M
A B
+ +
A =
+
c bit: ( ) ( )
0 0
; ; ; d M Ox y d M Oy x = =
Cho AABC:
1 1
. . .sin
2 2
ABC
S BC AH AB AC A = =
Nu: ( )
1 2
; AB a a =
( )
1 2
; AC a a =
Th:
1 2
1 2 2 1
2 1
1 1
2 2
ABC
a a
S a b a b
b b
= =
Chu vi AABC= AB+AC+BC
II/ Mt s v d:
Bi 1: Tm kim tt c cc im trn (C):
2
1
x
y
x
cch u 2 im ( ) 0; 0 A v ( ) 2; 2 B
Gii:
(C):
2
1
x
y
x
( ) ( )
0
0 0 0
0
2
;
1
x
M x y C y
x
e =
M cch u A v B
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
0 0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 2
0 0
0 0
2 2
2 0
2
2 0
1
2 1 2 0
0; 2
2 0
2; 0
o o o
AM BM AM BM
x y x y
x y
x
x
x
x x x
x y
x x
x y
= =
+ = +
+ =
+ =
+ =
= =
=
= =
Vy hai im cn tm l ( ) ( )
1 2
0; 2 ; 2;0 M M =
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44
Bi 2: Cho hm s:
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
Tm m ng thng 2 y x m = + ct th hm s ti hai im phn bit A;B sao cho tam gic OAB
c din tch bng 3 (O l gc ta )
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im:
2 1
2
1
x
x m
x
+
= +
+
( )( ) 2 1 1 2 x x x m + = + + (do x=-1 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh)
( ) ( )
2
2 4 1 0 1 x m x m + + =
2
8 0 2 m m y x m A = + > = + lun ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A,B vi mi m
( ) ( )
1
3 3 2 2 2 3
2
OAB A B B A A B B A
S x y x y x x m x x m = = + + =
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
8
2 3 12 . 12
4
A B A B
m
m x x m x x m
+
= = =
4 2 2
8 48 0 4 2 m m m m + = = =
Cch 2: Phng trnh honh giao im:
2 1
2
1
x
x m
x
+
= +
+
( )( ) 2 1 1 2 x x x m + = + + (do x=-1 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh)
( ) ( )
2
2 4 1 0 1 x m x m + + =
2
8 0 2 m m y x m A = + > = + lun ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit A,B vi mi m
Ta c : ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; A x y B x y trong x
1
;x
2
l cc nghim ca (1)
1 1 2 2
2 ; 2 y x m y x m = + = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
5 8
, 5 20
2 5
m
m
d O AB v AB x x y y x x x x
+
= = + = + =
( )
2 2
8 8
1
. ; 3 2
2 4 4
OAB
m m m m
S ABd O AB m
+ +
= = = =
Li bnh: Trong cc thi trc, ta ch gp dng ton c tham s m th gc ( th cho kho st).
Nhng ch cn mt s thay i nh trong cch ra nh bi trn cng khin khng t hc sinh lng
tng. Cc bn ch rp khun phng php l quy v nh l Viet khi xt phng trnh honh giao
im ca 2 th, kt qu dn n li gii lun qun, rc ri khng li thot Qua bi trn ta suy ra
c rng, khi gp bi ton lin quan n din tch m tham s khng nm th gc, ta c th
ngh ngay n hng dng cng thc:
1 2
1 2 2 1
2 1
1 1
2 2
ABC
a a
S a b a b
b b
= =
Bi tp t luyn
1. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2 2
1 1
1 2
3 3
y x m x m m x = + + + . nh m hm s:
a) Tng trn R
b) Gim trn (0;1)
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45
c) Tng trn (-;2)
d) Gim trn on c di bng 3
e) Tng trn 2 khong (-;0) v (2; +)
2. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2 2 3
: 3 3 1 1
m
C y x mx m m x m = + + + + + + . Tm m :
a) (C
m
) c im cc i nm trn x=5
b) Hm s t cc i v cc tiu ti nhng im c honh >1
c) Hm s t cc i v cc tiu ti x
1
v x
2
sao cho:
1 2
2 1
14
5
x x
x x
+ =
3. Cho hm s ( )
3
: 3 2
m
C y x x = + .
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn c h s gc nh nht
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn i qua M(1;0)
c) Tm trn Ox nhng im m t k c trn C ng:
mt tip tuyn hai tip tuyn
Ba tip tuyn hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau
d) Tm trn ng thng x=1 nhng im m t k c trn C ng:
mt tip tuyn hai tip tuyn
Ba tip tuyn
e) Tm trn (C) nhng im m t k c trn C ng 1 tip tuyn.
4. Cho hm s ( )
4 2
: 2 2 1
m
C y x mx m = + . Tm m (C
m
) ct Ox ti bn dim phn bit c hon lp
thnh cp s cng.
5. Xc nh m phng trnh c nghim duy nht:
3 2
1 0 x mx + =
6. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2 2 3
: 3 3 1
m
C y x mx m x m = + . Tm m (C
m
) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit trong
c ng 2 im c honh m.
7. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3
: 1 1
m
C y x k x = + + + . Tm k (C
k
) tip xc vi ng thng ( ) : 1 y x A = +
8. Cho hm s ( )
3 2 3
: 3 4
m
C y x mx m = + . Tm m (C
m
) ct ng thng ( ) : d y x = ti A,B,C sao cho
AB=BC.
9. Cho hm s ( )
2 1
:
2
m
x
C y
x
+
=
+
. Chng t rng ng thng y=-x+m lun lun ct th ti hai im
phn bit AB. Tm m on AB ngn nht.
10. Cho hm s ( )
( )
( )
2
3 1
: 1
m
m x m m
C y
x m
+ +
=
+
. Trong m l tham s khc 0:
a) Tm nhng im m th khng i qua m .
b) Chng minh rng th ca (1) lun tip xc vi 2 ng thng c nh.
11. Cho hm s ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
: 3 3 1 6 1 1 1
m
C y m x m x m x m = + + + + + . Chng minh rng h th (C
m
)
lun lun i qua 3 im c nh thng hng.
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46
Bi VI: Mt s dng ton khc cn lu .
I/ Gii hn:
Dng ton ny tng xut hin trong thi i hc t rt lu (nm 2002 2003) Tuy nhin rt lu
khng thy xut hin trong thi i hc. Tuy nhin ta cng nn ch n dng ton ny.
u ti xin trnh by phng php tng qut lm bi dng ny l Gi s hng vng bng h s bt
nh.
Bi 1. Tm
3 3 2
2
1
5 7
lim
1
x
x x
x
Gii:
Ta c: ( )
3 3 3 2 3 2
2 2 2
1 1
5 7 5 2 7 2
lim lim 1
1 1 1
x x
x x x x
x x x
| |
+ +
= |
|
\ .
( )
( )
3 3
2
1 1 2 3
5 2 1
lim lim
1
1 5 2
x x
x x
x
x x
=
+
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 3
1
3
lim 2
8
1 5 2
x
x x
x x
+ +
=
+ +
( ) ( )
3 2 2
2
1 1 2
3 2 2 2
3
7 2 1
lim lim
1
1 7 2 7 4
x x
x x
x
x x x
+
=
| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
2 1
3 2 2
3
1 1
lim 3
12
7 2 7 4
x
x x
=
+ + + +
Thay (2),(3) vo (1) c:
3 1 11
8 12 24
A
= =
Lu :
Trong li gii ta thm s 2 vo t thc f(x). C l bn ang t hi:
Ti sao phi thm s 2 ?
Lm cch no nhn ra s 2 ?
S 2 l hng t b xa! Mun lm dng bi ny, ta phi khi phc n. Mun khi phc s 2 ny ta
lm nh sau:
B1: c R e lun c: ( )
3 3 2
2 2
5 7
1 1
x c x c
f x
x x
| |
+
= |
|
\ .
B2: Trong cc s c . Ta tm s c sao cho x
2
-1 c cng nhn t chung vi ( )
3
1
5 f x x c = v
( )
3 2
2
7 f x x c = + . iu xy ra khi v ch khi c l nghim ca tuyn:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1 0
2
1 0
2
6
1 0
2
1 0
f
c
f
c
c
f
c
f
=
=
=
=
=
=
chnh l l do ti sao 2 xut hin trong bi gii.
y l vic nn lm trong giy nhp. Khng nht thit trnh by trong bi lm.
Qua v d trn ta nu ln thut ton sau:
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47
Gi s
( )
( )
( )
f x
F x
g x
= c gii hn
0
0
B1: Phn tch
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
f x c f x c
f x
g x g x
+
= + .
B2: (Tm c): Gi ( ) 1; 2;...
i
i o = l nghim ca h g(x)=0
Khi c l nghim ca h:
( )
( )
( )
1
1
0
1; 2;...
0
i
i
f c
i
f c
o
o
+ =
Vi c tm c th
( )
( )
1
lim
i
x
f x c
g x
o
+
v
( )
( )
2
lim
i
x
f x c
g x
o
+ +
( d b 2002)
B=
3
2
0
1 2 1 3
lim
x
x x
x
+ +
II/Phng trnh v bt phng trnh m v logarit:
y l dng ton cng rt thng xuyn xut hin trong thi. Nhn chung, dng ton ny khng
kh. Tt c cc php bin i ch xoay quanh cc cng thc nu trong sch gio khoa. phn
ny, ti khng nu li cc cng thc trn. Xin trnh by cch gii ca 1 s thi gn y.
Bi lm qua 2 bc:
B1: t iu kin. (Nu iu kin qu phc tp th c th n bc 2 ri th nghim vo iu kin)
B2: Bin i phng trnh hay bt phng trnh v dng n gin cng c s c 2 v:
- M: Chia
- Logarit:
log
log
log
b
a
b
x
x
a
=
log log
n
m
a
a
m
x x
n
=
- t n ph: ( ) log
a
t f x = phng trnh hu t hoc phng trnh m
( ) f x
t a = phng trnh hu t.
- Phng php hm s
Bi 1. ( )
2
2 2 2 3 1
2 3 1 2 3 1
81.4 78.6 16.9 0 1
x x
x x x x
+
+ +
+ s
Gii:
( )
2 2
2 3 1 2 3 1
6 9
1 81 78 16 0
4 4
x x x x + +
| | | |
+ s
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2 2
2 3 1 2. 2 3 1
3 3
81 78 16 0
2 2
x x x x + +
| | | |
+ s
| |
\ . \ .
t
2
2 3 1
3
2
x x
t
+
| |
=
|
\ .
k: t>0
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48
Phng trnh tr thnh:
2
16 78 81 0 t t + s
3 27
;
2 8
t
(
e
(
2
2 3 1
2
3 3 27
1 2 3 1 3
2 2 8
x x
x x
+
| |
s s s + s
|
\ .
2 2
2 2
3
2
0 2 3 1 1 2 3 0
1 2 3 1 3 2 3 2 0
2
2
x
x x x x x
x x x x
x
x
>
s + > >
+ s s
s
>
2
1
2
x
x
>
Bi 2. Gii bt phng trnh:
1 1 1
1
x x x
e e x
+ +
s
Gii:
t:
1
1
1 1
u x x
u v x
v x
= +
= +
Phng trnh tr thnh:
u v
e e u v =
( ) ( ) f u f v s
Vi ( ) ; 1
x
f x e x x = >
( ) ' 1 0
x
f x e = + > ( ) f x tng.
Do u v s 1 1 1 1 x x x x + s + s
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
( ) 2 3
log 1 log x x + =
Gii:
t
3
log 3
t
x t x = =
Do :
( ) ( ) 2
log 1 1 2 1 3 2
t
t t
x t x + = + = + =
2
2
1 3 1 3 1 3
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
t t
t t
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
+ = + = +
| | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
\ . \ . \ .
( ) ( ) 2 f t f = 2 t = (V ( )
1 3
2 2
t
t
f x
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
l hm gim)
2 9 t x = =
Bi 4. Gii bt phng trnh:
( ) ( )
1
2
log log 4 8 1 1
x
x
+
(
>
Gii:
K:
( )
( )
2 1 1 3
5
4 8 0 2 2 2 1 3
2
x x
x x
> > > >
( ) ( )
1
2
1 log log 4 8 log
x
x x
x
+
(
>
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2
log 4 8 log 4 8 log 2
x x x
x
> >
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49
( )
1
2 0
4
4 8 2 2 8 0 3
4
2 8
x
x
x x x
x
loai
x
s
> > >
>
Bi 5. Gii h phng trnh:
( )
( ) ( )
2 3
9 3
1 2 1 1
3log 9 log 3 2
x y
x y
+ =
(H A 2005)
Gii:
k:
1
0 2
x
y
>
< s
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
2 3 1 log 3log 3 log log x y x y x y + = = =
Thay x=y vo (1) ta c:
( )( ) 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 x x x x x x + = + + =
( )( ) 1 2 0 1, 2 x x x x = = =
Vy h c hai nghim l (x;y)=(1;1) v (x;y)=(2;2)
Bi 6. Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( )
4 2
2 1
1 1
log 1 log 2 1
log 4 2
x
x x
+
+ = + + (D b 1A 2007)
Gii:
K: x>1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
1
1 log 1 log 2 1 log 2
2
x x x + + + =
( )( )
4
1 2 1
1
log 1
2 2
x x
v x
x
+ (
= >
(
+
2
2 1
2 1
2
x x
v x
x
= >
+
2
5
2 3 5 0 1
2
x x v x x = > =
BI TP P DNG:
1)
( )
2
2
2
4
log 6 7
2
1
1 log
4
x x
x x
+
>
| |
+ +
|
\ .
2)
2 3 2 3
log log log log x x x x + >
3)
2 2
log 3 log 5 2
x x x + =
4)
( ) ( )
2 2
3 5
log 15 log 45 2 x x x x + =
5) ( ) ( )
0.2 3 5
log 2 log log 2 x x x + > +
6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3
3 log 2 4 2 log 2 16 x x x x + + + + + =
7) ( ) ( )
2 2
3
1
log 3 1 2 log 1
log 2
x
x x
+
+ = + +
8) CMR: vi mi a>0, h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
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48
( ) ( ) ln 1 ln 1
x y
e e x y
x y a
= + +
9) Gii h phng trnh:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
log 1 log
,
3 81
x xy y
x y xy
x y R
+
+ = +
(H A 2009)
10) Tm m phng trnh sau c ng 1
nghim:
( ) ( )
5 1 2 5 1 2
x x
m x + + =
11)
3 2 2 3
7 9.5 5 9.7
x x x x
+ = +
12) ( ) ( )
7 5
5 7
x x
=
13)
( ) ( )
10
5 10
3 3 84 0
x x
+ =
14) ( )
3 3
16 6 4 8 2 0
x x
x x
+ + =
15) Tm m phng trnh sau c ng 1
nghim:
2 2
sin cos
9 9
x x
m + =
16) ( ) 2
3
log 3 1
x x
x
>
17) ( )
3 3
16 6 4 8 2 0
x x
x x
+ + =
18) Cho bt phng trnh:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
log 1 log 1 x ax a + < +
a) Gii bt phng trnh khi a=2
b) Tm tt c gi tr ca a bt phng
trnh c nghim
19)
2
2
3 9 6
x x
x x x
= +
20) ( )
2 2
3.25 3 10 .5 3 0
x x
x x
+ + =
21) Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim tri
du:
( ) ( ) 3 16 2 1 4 1 0
x x
m m m + + + + =
22) Tm m phng trnh c nghim:
9 .3 2 1 0
x x
m m + + =
23)
( )
2 5 4 5 3 5 3
x x x
+ s +
24) Tm m h c nghim:
( ) ( )
2
2 2
log log 1
m
x y x y
x y m
+ + =
25) Gii bt phng trnh:
2 0.5
15
log log 2 2
16
x
( | |
s
| (
\ .
26) Gii bt phng trnh
3 4 1 1
3 4
3 1 1
log log log log
1 3 1
x x
x x
| |
| | + | |
s
| | |
+
\ . \ .
\ .
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49
Bi VII: S PHC
Nm 2008-009 s phc chnh thc c a vo ging dy bc thpt v xut hin trong
thi i hc 2009. thi phn s phc thng khng kh v xoay quanh cc dng nh sau:
Gii phng trnh trn tp s phc.
Tm tp hp s phc (Biu din trn mt phng phc)
Dng tnh ton lin quan n ly tha ( Ch yu dng cng thc Moavr, nh thc
newton)
Tm thnh phn ca s phc, chng monh s thc, o, tha biu thc yu cu
Ton hn hp: kt hp yu t phc v cc yu t i s thng thng nh tm m
phng trnh c nghim
Phn I: KIN THC CN NH:
- S phc bng nhau:
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
a a ; a bi b i a b b + = + = =
- S thc c dng: a+0i
S thun o c dng: 0+bi
- Mdun ca s phc
2 2
z a bi z a b = + = +
- S phc hin hp:
z=a+bi Lin hp ca z; k hiu z vi z a bi =
; z z z z = =
I. Dng lng gic ca s phc:
1. Argument ca s phc (Arg):
Gi r v ln lt l modun v argument ca s phc: z=a+bi
2 2 2 2
tan sin ; cos
z a b z a b
b b a
a r r
u u u
= + = +
= = =
2. Dng lng gic:
; 0 z a bi z = + = lun c dng:
2 2
2 2 2 2
a b
z a b i
a b a b
| |
= + +
|
+ +
\ .
hay ( ) cos sin z r i u u = + (1)
(1) c gi l dng lng gic ca s phc!
Lu : trc khi thc hin bt k php ton no lin quan n s phc dng lng
gic, ta phi quy v dng chun ( ) cos sin z r i u u = +
3. Tnh ton vi s phc:
1 1
u a bi = +
2 2
v a b i = +
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50
2 2
1 1
u a b = +
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
cos sin
cos sin
u r i
v r i
= +
= +
1 1
u a bi =
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 2
1 1
cos sin
u a bi
i
u u a b r
= = = +
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
u v a a b b i
u v a a b b i
+ = + + +
= +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
. a cos sin u v a a bb a b b i rr i = + + = + + + (
( ) ( )
1 1 2
cos sin
n n
u r n i n = + (
(Cng thc Moavro)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
a
. cos sin
a a bb a b b r u v
u i i
v v a b a b r
+
= = = + (
+ +
4. Cn bc 2 ca s phc:
Cch 1: Dng cng thc Moavr
cch 2: Gii h sau:
2 2
2
x y a
z x yi
xy b
=
= +
=
Phn II: GII THI:
1. Cch gii phng trnh bc 2 bng my fx-570es:
VD1. Gii phng trnh:
2
5 9 3 0 x x + + =
Gii:
2
9 4.5.3 21 A = =
1
1
9 21
2 10
9 21
2 10
b
x
a
b
x
a
+ A +
= =
A
= =
Li bnh: C l bn ang cm thy hi k l v t cu hi: Ti sao li a 1 bi ton lp nh gii
th ny?? ng vi chn nn! y chnh l k nng quan trng gii ton bng my tnh! My fx570es
c chc nng ng gi l Natural display hin th s trc quan! Chc nng ny khng th tm thy
bt k dng my MS no! gii bi ton lp nh kia ta lm nh sau:
Lu h s: A=5 B=9 C=3 bng cch nhn:
5 _SHIFT_STO_A
9_SHIFT_STO_B
3_SHIFT_STO_C
Tnh
2
4 b ac A = . Ta son vo mn hnh:
2
4 B AC _ SHIFT_STO_D
Sau ta cho ra l kt qu nh sau:
Son vo mn hnh:
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51
2
B D
A
+
ri nhn = ta c x1
2
B D
A
ri nhn = ta c x2
y chnh l tin ta gii cc phng trnh phc sau ny! nu luyn tp thnh thc, ta s gii
mi phng trnh bc 2 v phng trnh phc m khng cn giy nhp! Ta cng n vi VD2:
VD2. Gii phng trnh sau trn tp s phc:
2
4 2 9 0 z z + + =
Gii:
2
4 2 35 b ac i A = =
1
1
1 35
2 4 4
1 35
2 4 4
b
x i
a
b
x i
a
+ A
= = +
A
= =
Li bnh: S dng cch bm my thng thng, phng trnh cho ra nghim xu. Bm tip
Mode_2:CMPLX vo me nu tnh ton vi s phc!
Lu A=4 B=2 C=9
Phng trnh c 2 nghim phc v th lun tn ti A xc nh. Son vo mn hnh biu thc
sau:
2
4 B AC _ SHIFT_STO_D Ta c D=2 35i
Sau th vo cng thc nghim nh phng trnh lp nh va gii, ta c kt qu.
Qua bi trn ta thy them phn no cng dng ca my 570es. Nghim xu lun l ni m nh
ca ngi lm ton v cc th sinh khi lm bi. Qu trnh khai, trc cn, lm gn mt kh nhiu
thi gian. Trong khi bn bn cnh ang h hc tnh A ta qua v d 3:
VD3. Gii phng trnh phc:
4 2
2 2 2 2 1 0 z iz i + + = (1)
Gii:
t t=x
2
; (1) tr thnh:
2
2 2 2 2 1 0 t it i + + = (2) : a-b+c=0 t=-1 1 2 2 t i v =
Vi t=-1
2 2
x i x i = =
Vi:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 2 2 2 2 t i i x i x i = = = =
Vy phng trnh c 4 nghim: x i = ;
( )
2 x i =
VD4. Gii phng trnh phc:( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 8 3 5 2 0 i x i x i + + + + =
Gii:
Ta c: ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
8 12 1 5 2 21 20 2 5 i i i i i A = + + = + =
( ) 2 5i A =
T ta c:
( )
( )
1
1
8 2 5
3
2 2 1
8 2 5 5 2
5(1 )
2 2 1 1
b i i
x
a i
b i i i
x i
a i i
+ A + +
= = =
+
A + +
= = = =
+ +
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52
Trong bi trn ta n chng cng on gii h phng trnh tm A bng mnh :
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
8 12 1 5 2 21 20 2 5 i i i i i A = + + = + =
VD5. Gii phng trnh sau trn tp s phc, bit phng trnh c 1 nghim thun
o: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3 5 5 8 5 0 1 z i z i z i + + + + + =
Gii:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3 4 1 5 0 z i z i z i ( + + =
( ) ( )
2
0
3 4 1 5 0 2
z i z i
z i z i
= =
+ + =
Gii (2)
( )
2
1
2
3 4 1 2 1 2
2 3
2
1
2
i i i
b
z i
a
b
z i
a
A = + = + A = +
+ A
= = +
A
= = +
Li bnh: Trong phng trnh trn ta may mn m c 1 nghim l z=I sau ta chia theo s
Horner (Xem ph lc) ri cui cng bt gii di dng, ta n chng bng cch phn tch thnh tch:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 3 4 1 5 0 z i z i z i ( + + =
.
tin tnh nhanh s Horner v khng s sai ta s dng cch lin hon bm nh sau:
1
( ) 3 5i + ( ) 5 8i +
5 i +
i 1
;; l cc s cn in. u tin ta nhn 1_=. lu vo bin nh Ans.
Sau ta son tip vo mn hnh:
Ans_x_i_+_A (gi i bng cch vo Mode_CMPLX nhn SHIFT_ENG)
Nhn tip CALC. My hi A? ta nhp vo: ( ) 3 5i + ri nhn =. c -3-4i, ta ghi kt qu vo v tr .
Bm CALC my hi tip A?: ta nhp vo: ( ) 5 8i + nhn = ta c -1+5i ta ghi kt qu vo v tr .
Tip tc lm nh vy cho n ht. ta c s Horner hon thin.
Cc bn tng qut cch lm trn cho cc dng p dng s Horner khc khi cn phn tch 1 a thc
no !
VD6. Tnh:
2010
1 3
1
i
A
i
| |
+
=
|
|
\ .
Gii:
( )
1 3 1 3 1 3
1
1 2 2
i
i
i
+ +
= +
7 7
2 cos sin
12 12
i
t t | |
= +
|
\ .
p dng cng thc Moavr:
( )
( )
2010
1005 1005
2010.7 2010.7
2 cos sin 2 0 2
12 12
A i i i
t t | |
= + = + =
|
\ .
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53
Li bnh: Gp dng bi tnh ton phc tp nh bi trn ta dng my tnh bc t trong ra ngoi v gi
kt qu ra nh bc (1). u tin ta bc:
1 3 1 3 1 3
1 2 2
i
i
i
+ +
= +
+
l s o:
Gii:
Ta tnh s phc lin hip:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 3 3
z z z z z z
z z z z z z
= =
+ + +
Vy:
( )
3
3
z z
z z
+
l s o
Li bnh: z l s thc z=z
z l s o z=- z
Ta c th tnh theo kiu khai trin z=a+bi, tuy nhin ta c th suy ra t s phc lin hip
VD8. Tm s phc z tha mn:
( ) 2 10
. 25
z i
z z
+ =
Gii:
Gi s phc cn tm l z x yi = +
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54
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 1 z i x y i + = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 10 2 1 10 z i x y x y + = + = + =
Li c:
2 2
. 25 z z x y = + =
Do : phn thc v phn o ca s phc cn tm l nghim ca h:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
4 2 20 10 2
2 1 10
5 10 100 25
25 25
25
x y y x
x y
x x
x y x y
x y
+ = = + =
+ =
+ = + =
+ =
5 0
3 4
x y
x y
= =
= =
Vy c 2 gi tr z tha mn l:
5
3 4
z
z i
=
= +
VD9. Tm phn o ca s phc z bit:
( ) ( )
2
2 1 2 z i i = +
Gii:
Ta c:
( )
( )
2
2 1 2 2 1 i i + = +
( )( )
( ) 1 2 2 1 2 5 2 2 z i i i = + = +
5 2 z i =
Vy phn o ca s phc z l 2
Lu : Cc bc (1) (2) lm hon ton bng my tnh. Ta ch ghi ra chi tit coi nh chiu l. Vy l ta
mt 5 pht ly trn 1 im trong thi i hc 2010.
VD10. Trong mt phng Oxy tm tp hp biu din s phc z tha mn:
( ) 1 z i i z = +
Gii:
Gi: ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 z x yi z i x y i i z i x yi x yi xi y = + = + + = + + = + +
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
: 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
x y x y i
TheoGT x y x y x y x y y x y x y
= + +
+ = + + + + = + + =
Vy tp
hp s phc l ng trn tm I(0;-1) v c bn knh 2 R =
Lu :
i vi dng ton tm tp hp im, cch t z=x+yi sau khai trin theo biu thc gi thit lun dn
n s thnh cng ca li gii!
VD11. Tm cc s thc x; y sao cho:
( ) ( )
3
1 x yi i + =
Gii:
( ) ( )
3 2
3 2 2 3
2 3
3 0
1 3 3
3 1
x xy
x xy i x y y i
x y y
=
+ =
=
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55
2 3
0;
3
I
| |
|
|
\ .
Xt:
( )
3 2 2 2
0
3 0 3 0
3
1: 0 1
1
2
2: 3
3
2
x
x xy x x y
x y
TH x y
y
TH x y
x
=
= =
=
= =
VD12. Cho s phc:
( )
2 2 2
; 7 13 ; 1 a xy x x y xy i b y y i c i = + + + = + = +
Tm tp hp s phc z=x+yi tha mn a+c=b bit b l s phc.
Gii:
Ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 a c xy x x y xy i + = + + + + +
( )
2 2 2
1 7
1 13
xy x y
a c b I
x y xy y
+ + =
+ =
+ + =
Do b l s phc nn 0 y =
Ta c: ( )
2
2
2
2
1
1 1 1
7
7 20 0
1
1 1
13
13 7
x
x
x
x x x
y y
y y y y
I
x
x x
x
x x
y y
y y y y
| |
| | | |
+ + =
+ + = + + + = |
| |
\ .
\ . \ .
| | | |
+ + =
+ = = +
| |
\ . \ .
1
5
12
1
1 1
4
3
3 3
1
x
y VN
x y
x
x y
y
x x y
y
+ =
+ = =
= =
=
Vy s phc cn tm l:
1
1
3
z i = + hoc 3 z i = +
VD13. Tm tp hp s phc z tha mn
2
2
z
a
z
=
+
c mt Arg=
3
t
Gii:
( )
( )
2
. 4 2
2 2
.
2 2
2
z z z z
z z
a
z z
z
+
+
= =
+ +
+
Theo gt: c 1 Arg =
( ) ( )
( ) . 4 2 1 3 ; 0
3
z z z z l i l R l
t
+ = + e >
Gi: z x yi = + th
( )
2 2
. 4 2 4 4 3 z z z z x y yi l l i + = + + = +
O
y
x
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56
( )
2
2 2 2
2 3 16
4 4 3 0
3 3
y x y x y
| |
= + > + =
|
|
\ .
Vy trong mt phng phc, tp hp s z l ng trn tm
2 3
0;
3
I
| |
|
|
\ .
c
4 3
3
R = nm trn trc thc.
Bi tp t luyn
1) Tm tp hp cc im biu din z trn mt phng phc:
a.
( )
2
2
. 4 z z z = Gi :
1
y
x
= v
1
y
x
=
b. 4 z i z i + + =
Gi :
1 2
4 MF MF + =
Vy tp hp z l elip c 2 tiu im ( )
1 2
( ;0) ;0 F i F i v di trc ln 2a=4
2) Tm module v Argument ca s phc:
21
5 3 3
1 2 3
i
z
i
| |
+
=
|
|
+
\ .
Gi : Bc t trong ra ngoi bng my tnh sau dng cng thc Moavr
3) Cho s phc z tha mn
( )
3
1 3
1
i
z
i
Tm module ca s phc a z iz = +
Gi : Bc t trong ra ngoi, t t s n mu s. Dng hm CONJG trong menu CMPLX.
p s: 8 8 8 2 a i r = =
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57
PH LC: MT S THI CN THAM KHO (Theo cu trc
thi ca B GD& T 2010)
1:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s (C)
( )( )
2 2
1
1
4
y x m x = + , m l tham s.
1. Kho st v v th (C) khi m =3
2. nh m bit th hm s (C) ct Ox ti A v B sao cho 2 tip tuyn ti A v B vung gc.
Cu 2:
1. Gii phng trnh:
3 2
7
cos 2 sin 2sin
2
x x x + =
2. Gii phng trnh: ( ) ( ) 4 4 4 2 x x x x x + =
Cu 3: Tnh gii hn:
( )
2
2
sin 2 0
log cos
lim
2 1
x x x
x x
x
+
+
Cu 4: Cho hnh nn nh S c thit din qua trc SO=a l mt tam gic vung. Mt phng qua S v ct
ng trn y ti A v B sao cho ASAB u. Tnh th tch hnh cu ngoi tip hnh chp SOAB.
Cu 5: Cho x,y,z | | 0;1 e . Tm gi tr ln nht: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
A x y y z z x = + +
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Trong Oxy cho AABC c A(0;2), B(2;6), v : 3 1 0 C d x y e + = sao cho phn gic k t A song song
vi d. Tm ta C.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh ng thng Aqua A(0;1;2) ct
1
1 1
:
1 1 1
x y z
d
= =
v hp vi
2
1 2 4
2 1 1
x y z
d
+
= = =
mt gc 60
0
c. Cho ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 0
1 1 ... 1 ,
n n
n
n n
a x a x a x a x x R
+ + + + = e . Tm n bit
2 3 1
231 a a a + + =
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
a. Trong Oxy tm ( )
2 2
: 1
6 3
x y
M E e + = bit khong cch t M n d: x+y=0 l ln nht
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh mt phng qua M(1;2;2) v ct Ox, Oy, Oz ti A,B,C sao cho:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
OA OB OC OM
+ + =
c. Bng cch khai trin: ( )
2
1
n
i + hy chng minh: ( )
0 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
... 1 2 cos
2
n
n n
n n n n
n
C C C C
t
+ + = ,
( ) , 0 n N n e > .
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58
2:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s (C)
4 2
2
9
y x x = +
1. Kho st v v th (C)
2. Tm trn th (C) cc im A bit tip tuyn ti A ct (C) ti B v C sao cho AB=AC ( B,C khc A)
Cu 2:
1. Gii phng trnh:
( ) ( )
1 3cos sin 3 cos cos 1 x x x x + =
2. Gii h phng trnh:
2 2 3
2 2 2
3 4 5
x y x y
x x y
+ =
+ + =
Cu 3: Tnh tch phn:
2
1
1 ln
e
dx
x x x +
}
Cu 4: Cho lng tr ng ABC.ABC c AB=a; BC=b v AABC vung cn ti A. Tnh th tch lng
tr.
( )
2 a b a < <
Cu 5: Cho | | , 1; 2 . x ye Tnh gi tr ln nht v nh nht:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
4 A x y x y
x y x y
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Trong Oxy tm ( )
2 2
: 1
6 3
x y
M E e + = bit gc F
1
MF
2
bng 60
0
.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh tham s ng thng A song song vi (P): 2x+2y-z-3=0 v ct hai
ng thng
1
2 1
:
2 1 1
x y z
d
= =
v
2
1 1
:
1 2 1
x y z
d
+
= =
+ =
+ =
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7)
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Vit phng trnh ng trn i qua gc ta v ct Ox, Oy ti A,B sao cho AB=4 2 . Bit rng
tm ng trn thuc d:x+y-4=0
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua M(1;1;0), song song vi
3
:
4 5 3
x y z
d
= =
v cch
gc ta mt khong bng 1.
c. Tm , a b R e bit phng trnh 3
1 5
a b
z z
+ =
+
c 1 nghim
1
5
1 2
i
z
i
=
+
. Tm nghim cn li.
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
a. Tm ta 3 nh AABC vung cn ti A c trc i xng l x-2y+1=0; ; A Ox B Oy e e v
: 1 0 C d x y e + = .
b. Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d qua M(1;2;0), song song vi (P):2x-y+z-1=0 v hp vi
(Q): x+y+2z-1=0 mt gc 60
0
c. Trong hp ng 15 vin bi gm 4 bi , 5 bi xanh v 6 bi vng. Tnh xc sut chn c 4 vin bi
c 3 mu.
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60
4:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s
3
2
3
x
y x = + c th (C)
1. Kho st v v th (C)
2. Vit Phng trnh ng thng d qua gc ta O v ct (C) ti A v B (khc O) saocho 2 tip
tuyn ca (C) ti A v B vung gc.
Cu 2:
5. Gii phng trnh:
tan tan sin2 1 2sin2
4 2 2
x x x x + +
+ =
6. Gii bt phng trnh:
2 2 3
2 2 5
x x
x
x x
+
>
Cu 3: Tnh tch phn:
4 4
4 4
0
sin
sin cos
x
dx
x x
t
+
}
Cu 4: Tnh th tch hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung chiu cao SA. Bit SC=2a hp vi (SAB)
mt gc 30
0
.
Cu 5: Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1. Tm gi tr nh nht:
2 2 2
3 3 3
3
a b c
A a b c
+ +
= + +
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7)
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
I/ Trong Oxyz cho A(2;3;-1), B(5;-3;2) v (P): x+y+z-3=0:
a. Vit phng trnh tham s ng thng d vung gc vi (P) v ct ng thng AB ti I sao cho
2 0 AI BI + =
b. Tm ( ) M P e sao cho AM
2
+2BM
2
nh nht
II/ Hy phn phi 2010 im ln 2 ng thng song song sao cho tng s tam gic thu c l ln
nht.
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
I/
a Vit phng trnh ng trn trong Oxy i qua A(2;1), Tm thuc Oy v ct Ox ti B v C sao cho gc
BAC bng 60
0
b. Trong Oxyz cho A(0;1;2), B(1;-1;1), C(-1;3;0). Vit phng trnh tham s ng thng d vung gc
vi (ABC) v ct (ABC) ti trc tm H ca AABC.
II/ nh m bit th hm s
( )
2
1 2 1 x m x m
y
x m
+ +
=
tip xc vi Ox.
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61
5:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s
3
1
x
y
x
=
+
c th (C)
1. Kho st v v th (C)
2. Cho A(0;2). Tm trn (C) im M sao cho AM ngn nht.
Cu 2:
1. Gii phng trnh:
2 2
3
cos cos cos3 cos 3
4
x x x x + =
2. Gii h phng trnh:
2 2
2 2
1 1
3
1 1
1
x y
x y
x y xy
+ + + =
+ =
Cu 3: Tnh tch phn:
4
3
2
3
4
ln
1
x x
dx
x +
}
Cu 4: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c (SAB) (ABC), AABC u v AABC vung cn ti A. Tnh th tch
mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp Bit SC= 2 a
Cu 5: Cho a,b,>0 v
1 1
1
a b
+ = . Tm gi tr nh nht:
( )
2 2
25
1 1 4
a b ab
A
a b a b
= + +
+
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7)
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
I/ Trong Oxyz cho A(2;-1;2), B(3;-3;3); C(1;-2;4) v (P): 2x-3y+z+1=0:
a. Vit phng trnh tham s ng thng d i qua tm ng trn ngoi tip AABC v vung gc
vi (P)
b. Tm ( ) M P e sao cho AM
2
+2BM
2
+CM
2
nh nht
II/ Tm , a b R e bit
2 3 4 2009
... Z i i i i i = + + + l nghim ca phng trnh 1
1 1
a b
z z
+ =
+
. Tm
nghim cn li.
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
I/ Trong Oxyz cho
1
: 1 2
2
x t
d y t
t
=
= +
;
2
1
:
1 1 1
x y z
d
= =
a Tm
1
A d e bit khong cch t A n d
2
bng 6
b. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d
2
v hp vi d
1
mt gc 30
0
II/ Gii h phng trnh:
3 3
3
log log 2
2 6
log log 1
x
x y
x
y
y x
+ =
+ =
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62
6:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s (C)
4
2
1
4
x
y mx m = + + , m l tham s.
1. Kho st v v th (C) khi m =1
2. nh m bit th hm s (C) c 3 im cc tr to thnh tam gic c trc tm l gc ta
Cu 2:
1. Gii phng trnh: sin 2 cos 2 tan
6 3 4
x x x
t t t | | | | | |
+ + + = +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
2. Gii h phng trnh:
( ) ( )
3 3
3 3
2 3
1 1 1 1
8
log log 1
2 3
x y x y
x y x y
x y
| | | |
+ + + + + =
| |
\ . \ .
Cu 3: Tnh tch phn:
2
3
1
0
x
xdx
I
e
+
=
}
Cu 4: Tnh th tch hnh lng tr u ABCD.ABCD bit AC=a v gc gia BD v CD bng 60
0
.
Cu 5: Cho a,b,c>0 v
1 1 1
1
a b c
+ + = . Tm gi tr ln nht:
3 3 3 3 3 3
b c c a a b
A
b c c a a b
+ + +
= + +
+ + +
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Trong Oxy cho AABC vung cn ti A c din tch bng 2, bit
1
2 1 0 A d x y e = + = v
2
, : 2 0 B C d x y e + = . Tm ta A,B,C vi x
A
, x
B
>0.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng mt phng (P) qua A(0;1;2), B(1;3;3) v hp vi ( ) : 2 0 Q x y z = mt gc
nh nht.
c. Tm s t nhin n tha:
3 2 3
1 1
1
7
n n n
C C A
+ +
=
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
a. Trong Oxy cho hai ng trn ( )
2 2
: 2 2 0
m
C x y mx my m + + = v ( )
2 2
: 3 1 0 C x y x + + = . nh m
bit s tip tuyn chung ca hai ng trn l mt s l.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh ng thng d song song vi ( ) : 2 1 0 P x y z + + = v ct 2 ng thng
Ox v
2 1
:
2 1 1
x y z +
A = =
+ =
Cu 3: Tnh gii hn:
( )
0
1
lim
ln 1 sin
x
x
e x
x
+
+
Cu 4: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD chiu cao SA=2a, y l hnh thang vung ti A v B c AB=BC=a,
AD=2a. Mt phng qua trung im M ca SA cha CD, ct SB ti N. Tnh din tch t gic CDMN.
Cu 5: nh m bt phng trnh c nghim:
( )
2
1
ln 2 1
2
x x m x m
mx x
+ + + s
. Tm nghim tng ng
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Trong Oxy cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 7;1 , 3; 4 , 1; 4 A B C . Vit phng trnh ng trn ni tip AABC.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua gc ta , song song vi
1 1 2
:
1 2 1
x y z
d
+
= =
v
hp vi
1 2
:
2 1 1
x y z +
A = = mt gc 60
0
c. Tm h s ca
3
x trong khai trin thnh a thc ca biu thc:
( )
6
2
1 x x + .
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
a. Trong Oxy cho ng trn ( )
2 2
: 6 5 0 C x y x + + = . Tm M thuc trc tung sao cho qua M k c hai
tip tuyn ca (C) m gc gia hai tip tuyn bng 60
0
b. Trong Oxyz Cho ( ) 2;1; 0 M v ng thng d c phng trnh
1 1
2 1 1
x y z +
= =
. Vit phng trnh
chnh tc ca ng thng i qua im M, ct v vung gc vi ng thng d.
c. Tm h s ca
3
x trong khai trin thnh a thc ca biu thc:
( )
5
2
1 x x + .
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64
8:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s (C)
1
1
mx
y
x
+
=
+
1. Kho st v v th (C) khi m =-1
2. nh m bit tip tuyn ti im c nh ca h th (C) cch I(1;0) mt khong ln nht
Cu 2:
1. Gii phng trnh:
2 2
sin sin2 .sin4 cos 2 x x x x + =
2. Gii bt phng trnh :
( )
2 3 2 3
2 2 7 2 2 15
x x x x +
+ + s
Cu 3: Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi hnh phng to bi ( )
1 1
: 1 1 , C y
x x
= + + trc Ox
v 2 ng thng x=1; x=2 quay quanh Ox.
Cu 4: Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a v hai ng thng
1 2
; d d ln lt qua A v C v vung gc vi
mt phng (ABCD). Ly
1 2
, N M d d e e sao cho , AM CN cng chiu v c tng di bng 6a. Tnh
th tch t din MNBD
Cu 5: Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
1 1
1 ln
1 1
1 ln
xy x
x y y
xy y
y x x
+ = +
+ = +
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7)
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Trong Oxy cho A,B l hai im trn ( )
2
: P y x = sao cho AOAB vung ti A. Tm ta A,B
( ) 0
A
y < bit OB ngn nht.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua gc ta v song song vi
1 1 2
:
2 2 1
x y z
d
= =
v cch d mt khong bng 1.
c. Cho a gic li n nh, bit rng s tam gic c nh v cnh chung vi a gic l 70. Tm s tam
gic c nh chung v khng c cnh chung vi a gic.
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
a. Trong Oxy vit phng trnh chnh tc elip (E) qua M(2;1) sao cho
1 2
. MF MF nh nht.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua gc ta v ln lt hp vi 2 mt phng
( ) ( ) : 1 0 v : 2 1 0 Q x z R x y z + = + + = cc gc 30
0
v 60
0
c. Tnh gi tr:
( )( )
2 2008 2 3 2008
1 2 3 ... 2009 1 2 3 4 ... 2009 Z i i i i i i i = + + + + + + + .
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65
9:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s (C) ( )( )
2
1 y x m x x = +
1. Kho st v v th (C) khi m =3
2. nh m bit (C
m
) ct Ox ti A, ct Oy ti B sao cho hai tip tuyn ca (C
m
) ti A v B vung gc.
Cu 2:
1. Gii phng trnh:
1 sin cos
tan
1 sin cos
x x
x
x x
+
=
+ +
2. Gii bt phng trnh :
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
log log log 0.25
7 5 2 3 2 2
x
x
x
+
+ =
Cu 3: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi: ( )
2
: 2 3 C y x x = v : 1 d y x = +
Cu 4: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD chiu cao SA=a, y l hnh vung cnh a. chng minh AI (SBD) av2
tnh th tch t din SIBD, bit I l trung im SC.
Cu 5: Tm gi tr nh nht tham s m h:
2
2
1 1
3
2
x y
x y m
+ =
+ =
= +
= + + c th (C) . m l tham s.
1. Kho st v v th (C) khi m=0
2. Chng minh rng th hm s (1) lun i qua 2 im A v B c nh. nh m bit 2 tip tuyn ti
A v B hp nhau gc 60
0
Cu 2:
3. Gii phng trnh: 4sin 2 sin 1 3sin 2 cos 2
3
x x x x
t | |
+ = +
|
\ .
4. Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
4 8
3 12
x xy y
xy y x
+ =
+ + =
Cu 3: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi:
ln x x
x
y
e
+
= , trc Ox v hai ng thng x=1;x=4.
Cu 4: Tnh th tch hnh chp S.ABC bit SA, SB, SC i mt hp vi nhau gc 60
0
v c di ln
lt l a, 2a, 3a.
Cu 5: nh m phng trnh
( ) ( )( )
2 3
log 2 4 1 log 1 3 x m m x x + = + (
c nghim duy nht. Tm
nghim duy nht .
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7)
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
I/ Trong Oxyz cho
2 1
:
2 1 1
x y z
d
+
= = v (P): x-y-1=0:
a. Vit phng trnh tham s ng thng d l hnh chiu vung gc ca d ln (P). Tnh gc gia
d v d.
b. Gi A l giao im ca (P) v d. Vit phng trnh cc mt cu tip xc (P) ti A v ct d ti B
sao cho AB= 6
II/ Gii phng trnh:
3
3 2 3 2
3 1
log log log log
2 3
x
x x
x
| |
| |
= +
| |
\ .
\ .
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
I/ Trong Oxyz cho A l giao im ca
1
: 1 2
2
x t
d y t
t
=
= +
v mt phng (P):x-2y+z=0
a Vit phng trnh chnh tc ng thng A qua A vung gc vi d v hp vi (P) mt gc 30
0
b. Vit phng trnh mt cu c tm I thuc d, i qua A v ct P mt ng trn di 2 2 t
II/ Tm ( ) 0; 2t e bit th hm s
( )
2
2 cos 3sin
1
x x
y
x
+ + +
=
c hai im cc tr l A v B
sao cho AB di nht, ngn nht.
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67
11:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s ( )
2
, 1
1
x
y
x
=
c th (C) .
1. Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s (1)
2. Tm M trn (C) bit tip tuyn ti M to vi 2 tim cn ca (C) mt tam gic c chu vi b nht.
Cu 2:
5. Gii phng trnh:
2
16sin 4cos 4 3cos sin x x x x + = +
6. Gii phng trnh:
( )
3
5 5 2 x x x =
Cu 3: Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi hnh trn ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
: 3 1 1 C x y + = quay quanh trc
Oy.
Cu 4: Cho t din ABCD c AB=a, AC= 2 a , AD=2a. ng thng AC hp vi AB,AD cc gc 45
0
,
AB hp vi AD gc 60
0
. Tnh t s th tch ca t din v hnh cu ngoi tip t din.
Cu 5: Cho
2 2 2
1. a b c + + = Chng minh rng:
3 3 3
3 1 a b c abc + + s .
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7)
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua H(1;2;3) v ct Ox, Oy, Oz ln lt ti A, B, C
sao cho H l trc tm ABC
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh mt cu tm I Oz, i qua A(1;1;1) v ct (Oxy) mt ng trn di 2
c. Gii phng trnh :
0 1 2 2
2 3 4
.... 120 , x
x
x
C C C C N
+ + + + = e
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
I/ Trong Oxyz cho A(3;0;0) B(1;-2;8) v mt phng (P):x-2y+2z+6=0
a Tm M(P) sao cho AM BM + nh nht.
b. Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) qua A, B v ct (P) theo giao tuyn d hp vi AB gc 90
0
II/ Gii h phng trnh :
2 2
3 5 5 3
4 2 5.4
log log log .log
x x y x y
y xy xy
x y x y
+ =
+ =
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68
12:
A. PHN CHUNG:
Cu 1: Cho hm s (C) ( ) ( )
3
2
16
2 2 1
3 3
x
y mx m x
= + +
1. Kho st v v th (C) khi m =0
2. Chng minh rng (C
m
) lun tip xc vi 1 ng thng c nh ti 1 im c nh.
Cu 2:
3. Gii phng trnh: ( ) sin3 sin 3 cos 1 x x x + =
4. Gii bt phng trnh :
2
0.5 2 2 2
4
log log 0, 25 log
x
x
x
+ >
Cu 3: Tnh tch phn:
1
4
0
1 2
x
I dx
x
=
}
Cu 4: Cho hnh tr c chiu cao bng bn knh y v bng a. Ly trn cc gn trn y (O) v
(O) cc im A, B sao cho AB=2a. tnh gc gia hai ng thng OA, OB v th tch t din OOAB
Cu 5: Cho a,b>0 v
1 1
1
a b ab
+ =
+
. Tm gi tr nh nht:
2 2
a b ab
P
ab a b
+
= +
+
B. PHN T CHN: (Th sinh ch c chn Cu 6 hoc Cu 7)
Cu 6: (Chng trnh chun)
a. Trong Oxy cho AABC c tm ng trn ngoi tip l I(2;1), AOy v ng thng
BC: 3x y 10 0 = . Tm ta A,B,C bit gc BAC bng 45
0
v 0
A B
y y > >
b. Trong Oxyz cho A(0;1;0), B(1;-2;2). Hy vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua O, B v cch A mt
khong bng
2
2
c. Gii phng trnh :
4
4 1 0 z + =
Cu 7: (Chng trnh nng cao)
a. Trong Oxy cho ( )
2
: 2 P y x = c hai tiu im l F . ng thng d quay quanh F ct (P) ti M,N.
Chng minh rng
1 1
MF NF
+ khng i.
b. Trong Oxyz vit phng trnh tham s ng thng qua M(1;-2;2). dOM v d hp vi Oy mt gc
45
0
c. Tm h s ca
6
x trong khai trin thnh a thc ca biu thc: ( ) ( )
1
2
1 1
n
n
P x x x
+
= + + + . Bit h s ca
10
x bng 10.
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PH LC II: Cch gii nhanh bi ton bng my tnh b ti.
Trong cc k thi quan trng c mn ton, my tnh b ti c php s dng v tr thnh cng c khng
th thiu i vi th sinh. Tuy nhin t ai c th tn dng c ti a cc chc nng ca my tnh trong
gii ton. Nay ti xin gii thiu mt s phng php tm nghim bng chc nng SOLVE ca my tnh. Bi
vit c vit vi my fx-570ES v ti cng khuyn cc em tp lm quen s dng my ny trong qu
trnh gii ton.
VD1. Tm nghim c nh: ( ) ( )
3 2
2 3 1 6 4 0 1 x a x ax + + =
Gii:
Son phng trnh (1) vo my tnh. ( )
3 2
2 3 1 6 4 0 x A x Ax + + = . Du = son bng cch nhn: ALPHA
+ CALC
Nhn tip: Shift + SOLVE
Sau , my hi: A=? ta cho ngu nhin A=2 ri nhn phm =
Tip n, da vo linh cm mch bo, ta on x=-3, nhn tip phm =
My hin nghim x=0.5. Ta ghi nghim ny ra giy. c th y s l nghim c nh cn tm??!!
Nhn tip Shift + SOLVE vi A=2
Ln ny ta th vi x=10
My hin x=2 .
Thay A=-3;4;5.. v lm tng t ta ch thy my bo x=2
Vy ta kt lun x=2 l nghim c nh.
y chnh l cch tm nghim c nh trong bi tp trang 35
VD2. Tm m sao cho: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
3 1 2 4 1 4 1 y x m x m m x m m = + + + + + ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit
c honh >1
Gii:
Son phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
3 1 2 4 1 4 1 0 x A x A A x A A + + + + + = vo my v nhn Shift + SOLVE.
My hi gi tr ca A. Ta cho a=3
Tai li tip tc on nghim x=-5
My hin x=1.732281591 . Ta khng quan tm n nghim ny v y l nghim xu. Mc ch ca
ta l tm nghim hu t phn tch thnh nhn t. Nhn tip Shift + SOLVE.
Ln ny ta cho A=9 v x=10
My hin x=10. Ta ghi nhn nghim ny
Vi A=9 cho x=-5 ta nhn c kt qu x=2
Th tng t vi A bng 1 vi gi tr v th x=2, x=10 vo ta u nhn c thng bo x=2. Vy x=2
l nghim c nh ca phng trnh.
VD3. Gii phng trnh: ( ) sin2 cos 2 cos 3sin 2 1 x x x x + + =
Gii:
Lc ny l tr mch bo ta rng. Cn phn tch phng trnh v phng trnh tch. Hn na, phi c
nghim p mi c th phn tch c. Ta dng Shift + SOLVE tm nghim ny.
Nhp phng trnh trn vo my
Nhn Shift + SOLVE.
Ta ln lt th x bng cc gc c bit nh: ; ; ...
3 6 2
t t t
Khi th n cc nghim l
2 6
v
t t
th my hin rt nhanh. kim tra ta nnn: sin( _ ALPHA _X_)
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70
My hin =1 v =
1
2
. V nu coi sin(x) l bin th c th phn tch phng trnh qua 2 nhn t l
( ) sin 1 x hay ( ) 2sin 1 x . Ta chn phn tch theo hng ( ) sin 1 x .
( ) 1 3sin 3 1 cos sin2 cos 2 0 x x x x + + + =
( )
2
3(sin 1) 1 1 2sin sin2 cos 0 x x x x + + + =
( )
2
3 sin 1 2(1 sin ) sin2 cos 0 x x x x + + =
( )( ) sin 1 1 2sin 2sin cos cos 0 x x x x x + =
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) sin 1 1 2sin cos 2sin 1 0 sin 1 1 2sin cos 0 x x x x x x x + = + =
n y, ta hon thnh c a phng trnh u tin v phng trnh tch. Vic gii phng
trnh u gi y tr nn d dng.
GII CC BI TON HNH HC GII TCH BNG MY TNH B TI
FX 570ES
Cu 1: Trong Oxyz cho:
1
2 2
: 1
1
x t
d y t
z
= +
= +
;
2
1
: 1
3
x
d y t
z t
=
= +
a) Tnh khong cch gia d
1
v d
2
.
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d
1
v song song vi d
2
.
Gii:
s dng chc nng vect ca my ta nhn: MODE + 8 (vector)
Chn vect A my hi ta chn h vect no (Vct A(m) m?)
Chn 1:3
Nhp ta vecto ch phng ca d
1
. (2;1;0) Nhn tip Shift + STO + B copy cc thng s ca vext
A vo vect B.
Sa ta ca vect B thnh (0;1;-1)
Ta c ( )
1 2
(2; 1;0) ; 1;1;3 M d N d e e ( ) 1; 2;3 MN (Bc ny ghi ra giy)
Nhn Shift+5(vector) Nhn 1 (Dim) 3(Vct C) sau nhp thng s ca vector ( ) 1; 2;3 MN
a) Theo cng thc:
( )
1 2
1 2
;
1 2
; .
;
d d
d d MN
d
d d
(
=
(
tng ng vi:
; .
;
A B C
A B
(
(
l cc vec t c lu trong my
tnh.
tnh tch c hng ca hai vect & A B ta nhn: ONShift+53(vct A)x Shift+54=
tnh di vector ta dng chc nng ABS(. bng cch nhn phm Shift+hyp
tnh tch v hng & A B ca ta nhn ONShift+53(vct A)Shift+5 7:(dot) Shift+54(vct
B)=
Vy nn tnh di cn tm ta son vo mn hnh my tnh nh sau:
(Abs((VctAxVctB)VctC))(Abs(VctAxVctB))
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71
Kt qu my hin:
11
3
.
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d
1
v song song vi d
2
:
Vic u tin cn lm l ta phi tm 1 vect php tuyn ca mt phng ( ) o . gi vector php tuyn
cn tm l a ta thy:
( )
1
1 2
2
;
a d
d A d B
a d
= =
Nn a cn tm l
1 2
; d d
(
. tm a bng my tnh ta lm nh sau:
ONShift+53(vct A)x Shift+54=
Mn hnh son tho hin nh sau:
VctAxVctB nhn phm = xem kt qu
My hin: Vct Ans (-1;2;2)
Vy ( ) 1; 2; 2 a = . Mp( ) o i qua M(2;-1;0)
Nn ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : 2 2 1 2 0 2 2 3 0 x y z x y z o + + + = + + + =
Th sinh ch cn gi cc bc lm vo bi lm, cng vic cn li hy cho my tnh. Ta thy hon thnh 1
bi hnh hc gii tch trong thi tht nh nhng.
Cc bn c th th lm cc bi ton c li gii trong sch gio khoa hnh hc 12 hay trong cc sch tham
kho bng chic my tnh ca mnh. S c nhiu bt ng ang ch cc bn khm ph!
S HORNER V NG DNG:
Chia a thc ( )
1
0 1
....
n n
n
P x a x a x a
= + + + cho( ) x c ta c:
( ) ( )( )
1 2
0 1 1
....
n n
n n
P x x c b x b x b x b
= + + + +
Trong ( ) 0;1; 2;3;...;
i
b i n = nh bi s Horner:
a
0
a
1
a
2
a
3
c b
0
b
1
=cb
0
+ a
1
b
2
=cb
1
+ a
2
b
3
=cb
2
+ a
3
b
i
=cb
i-1
+ a
i
p dng:
VD1. Tnh thng v s d trong php chia:
( )
4 3 2
2 8 6 P x x x x x = + + cho x+2
Gii:
Ta c s Horner:
2
1 -8 -1 6
-2 2 -3 -2 3 0
Vy ( ) ( )( )
3 2
2 2 3 2 3 0 P x x x x x = + + +
n y, chng ta hiu phn no cng dng ca s horner. Trong bi ton lin quan n tham
s, vic tm c nghim c nh v phn tch thnh tch s lm cng vic gii ton nh nhng rt
nhiu. Nghim c nh c my tnh, cn vic chia a thc: Hy s Horner lm cho bn.
Ta quay li vi v d u phn ph lc:
VD2. Phn tch thnh tch: ( ) ( )
3 2
2 3 1 6 4 0 1 x a x ax + + =
Gii:
( )
3 2
2 3 1 6 4 0 x a x ax + + = Ta c c nghim c nh x=2. vy nn
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72
2
-3(a+1) 6a -4
2 2 -(3a-1) 2 0
Vy (1) ( ) ( )
3
2 2 3 1 2 0 x x a x ( + =
y chnh l mt phn trong bi lm Bi3 trang 35.
VD3. nh m phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3 4 3 7 3 0 mx m x m x m A + + =
c 3 nghim dng phn bit.
Gii:
Ta d dng nhn ra: a+b+c+d=0 phng trnh (A) c 1 nghim x=1
S Horner:
m
-3m-4 3m+7 -m+3
1 m -2(m-2) m-3 0
Nn ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 3 0 A x mx m x m ( + =
(A) C 3 nghim dng phn bit ( ) ( )
2
2 2 3 0 g x mx m x m = + = c hai nghim dng phn
bit u khc 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0
' 2 3 0
2
0
3
0
1 2 2 3 0
m
m m m
m
S
m
m
P
m
g m m m
A = >
= >
= >
= + =
( ) ( ) ;0 3; 4 m e
VD4. nh m phng trnh c 3 nghim phn bit:
( ) ( )
3
1 1 0 1 x m x =
Gii:
( )
3
1 1 x mx m +
Dng my tnh ta m c nghim: x=1
S Horner:
1
0 -m m-1
1 1 1 1-m 0
Vy (1) ( )( )
2
1 1 0 x x x m + + =
(1) C 3 nghim phn bit:
2
( ) 1 0 g x x x m = + + = c hai nghim phn bit khc 1
( )
3
4 3 0
3
3
4
1 1 1 1 0 4
3
m
m
m
g m
m
A = > >
< =
= + + =
S Horner ng dng rt nhiu trong gii ton, nht l dng ton lin quan n kho st hm s.
Cc bn nn tp s dng s ny mt cch thun thc. Bi tp p dng ti s nu ln 2 bi dng
chia a thc nhm gip cc bn hon thin k nng.
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73
A
B
C'
B'
A'
C
TNH S HORNER BNG MY TNH B TI:
tin tnh nhanh s Horner v d 3, ta s dng cch lin hon bm gii thiu s lc trong
chng S Phc! Cch lm nh sau:
Coi tham s m l s i trong h s phc, Ta v h tnh s phc bng Mode_2:CMPLX
i
3 4 i +
( ) 3 7 i
3 i +
1 i
;; l cc s cn in. u tin ta nhn i_=. lu vo bin nh Ans. (gi i bng cch vo
Mode_CMPLX nhn SHIFT_ENG)
Sau ta son tip vo mn hnh:
Ans_x_1_+_A
Nhn tip CALC. My hi A? ta nhp vo: 3 4 i + ri nhn =. c 4-2i, ta ghi kt qu vo v tr .
Bm CALC my hi tip A?: ta nhp vo: ( ) 3 7 i nhn = ta c -3+I ta ghi kt qu vo v tr .
Bm CALC my hi tip A?: ta nhp vo: 3 i + nhn = ta c 0 ta ghi kt qu vo v tr .
Tip tc lm nh vy cho n ht. ta c s Horner hon thin.
Khi c s Horner vi i, ta ch vic thay I bng m.
Cch lm trn rt hu ch vi dng bi kho st hm s. Cc bn hy th thc hin vi cc bi tp
khc
BI TP:
Bi 1. Nu x=-m l mt nghim ca phng trnh
3 2 2 3
4 6 0 x mx m x m + + = . Hy tm ghim cn
li.
Bi 2. Cho biu thc: ( )
5 4 3 2
2 3 7 11 9 Q x x x x x = + + +
a. Tnh gi tr biu thc ti x=3
b. Tm thng ca php chia (Q) cho x-3
Gi : D s ca php chia (Q) cho x-3 l gi tr ca Q(3).
GIA BI TON HNH HC KHNG GIAN THUN TY BNG MY
TNH CASIO FX-570ES:
Bi ton: Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC.ABC vi ; 2 ; 3 ; ' 5 AB a BC a CA a BB a = = = = . Tnh th
tch ABC.ABC.
Gii:
V ABC.ABC l lng tr ng nn BB (ABC)
. '
ABC
V S h S B B = =
Theo cng thc Heron: ( )( )( ) S p p a p b p c =
; 2 ; 3 ; ' 5 AB a BC a CA a BB a = = = =
Vy nn:
2
2
2
ABC
a
S =
2 3
2 10
. ' . 5
2 2
a a
V S BB a = = = (vtt)
Li bnh:
v d trn, cc bn tnh din tch tam gic ABC bng cch no? l
mt tam gic thng, vi 3 cnh cho sn, ch c th tnh S bng cng
thc heron. Nhng nu bn tnh theo Heron vi bin a, bn s i mt
vi vic khai trin v thu gn mt biu thc khng phi l d chu cht
no. Lm sao c th c kt qu ngn gn nh bi trn Thi gian khng
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74
H
N
M
D
B
C
A
P
H
N
M
C
A
B
D
S
i ta. Chng l chu b tay?
V kh ca chng ta chnh l chic my tnh casio fx-570es
Ta tin hnh gii bi ton trn bng my tnh nh sau:
Bc 1: coi nh khng thy ch a. Ta lu cc h s ng trc a vo cc bin A,B,C trn my tnh..
1_Shift_STO_A
2 _ Shift_STO_B
3 _ Shift_STO_C
Lc ny, cc bin A,B,C trn my c gi tr tng ng l: 1; 2 ; 3 . chnh l 3 cnh ca tam gic.
Ta tnh tip gi tr ca na chu vi. Son vo mn hnh my tnh:
2
A B C + +
_Shift_STO_D
Lc ny gi tr ca D chnh l na chu vi. Nu c ra gi tr l, bn hy bnh tnh v tip tc cng vic
Ta rp cc bin ny theo cng thc heron:Son vo mn hnh my ( )( )( ) D D A D B D C ri nhn =
Ta c nhn c kt qu:
2
2
. Vit kt qu ny ra giy v thm
2
a pha sau kt qu ny v c
2
2
2
a
y chnh l din tch cn tm. T tnh th tch khng kh!
Trn y mi l v d n gin nht ca thut ton quy i v tnh ton bng my tnh fx570es. Ta
cng n vi VD2:
VD2. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. gi M v N ln lt l trung im
ca cc cnh AB v AD; H l giao im ca CN i vi DM. bit SH vung gc vi mt phng
(ABCD) v 3 SH a = . Tnh th tch khi chp S.CDMN v tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng
DM v SC theo a.
Gii:
Th tch khi chp SCDMN.
2
2 2 2
2
3
.
1 1
. .
2 2
5
8 4 8
1 5 3
.
3 24
CDMN ABCD AMN BCM
S CDNM CDNM
S S S S
AB AM AN BC BM
a a a
a
a
V S SH
=
=
= =
= =
d(DM;SC)
ADM DCN ADM DCN DM CN A = A = v DM vung gc vi SH
Suy ra ( ) DM SHC
H HP vung gc SC ( H SC e ) suy ra HK l on vung gc chung ca DM v SC, do :
( ) , d DM SC HK =
2 2
1 5
4 2
DM CM a a a = = + =
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75
2 2 2 2
5 5
5 5
2 5 95
;
5 5
DH DN
DH a
DA DM
a a
HC DC DH SC SH HC
= = =
= = = + =
2 5
3.
. 2 57
5
. .
19 95
5
a
a
SH HC
SH HC SC HP HP a
SC
a
= = = = .
Li bnh: Ta mt gn 10 va tnh ton va trnh by ra giy mt thi i hc khi A nm 2010!
bi trn cng nh cc bi hnh hc sau ny, Cc bn xem nh khng thy a v dng h s pha
trc a ri tnh bng my tnh. Tnh xong , nu l tnh khong cch, di th thm a ra sau kt qu;
nu tnh din tch ta thm
2
a sau kt qu. Nu tnh th tch th thm a
3
ra sau s va tnh c. Tnh
n u ghi kt qu ra giy n . Khi nhn ra c cch tnh ri, vic tnh ton d phc tp n u
cng c my tnh lm cho bn!
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76
Mc Lc
Bi I: ng dng phng trnh ng thng gii phng trnh cn thc. ............................................ 2
Nhc li kin thc v ng thng. ................................................................................................ 2
ng dng ................................................................................................................................... 2
Bi tp t luyn .......................................................................................................................... 4
Bi II: Cc cch gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t. ............................................................... 5
Ly Tha .................................................................................................................................... 5
Phng php t n ph: ............................................................................................................. 7
LOI III: H PHNG TRNH A THC .......................................................................................... 9
Bi tp t luyn ........................................................................................................................ 11
Bi III: Phng trnh lng gic. .................................................................................................... 12
Mt s cng thc lng gic cn nh: .......................................................................................... 12
Cch gii cc phng trnh lng gic trong thi i hc: ............................................................ 13
Bi tp t luyn ........................................................................................................................ 17
Bi IV: Tch Phn ......................................................................................................................... 17
NGUYN TC CHUNG GII BI TON TCH PHN: .................................................................... 18
PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN TNG PHN: .............................................................................. 21
Bi V:Cc bi ton lin quan n ng dng ca o hm v th hm s. ......................................... 27
I: S TNG GIM CA HM S: ................................................................................................. 27
II: CC TR CA HM S ........................................................................................................... 29
III: S TNG GIAO GIA HAI TH ........................................................................................ 37
DNG TON: H NG CONG TIP XC VI MT NG C NH ............................................. 41
CC BI TON LIN QUAN N CHU VI V DIN TCH ................................................................... 43
Bi tp t luyn ........................................................................................................................ 44
Bi VI: Mt s dng ton khc cn lu . ........................................................................................ 46
I/ Gii hn:............................................................................................................................... 46
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77
II/Phng trnh v bt phng trnh m v logarit:........................................................................ 47
Bi VII: S PHC ......................................................................................................................... 49
Phn I: KIN THC CN NH: .................................................................................................... 49
Phn II: GII THI: ................................................................................................................ 50
PH LC: MT S THI CN THAM KHO (Theo cu trc thi ca B GD& T 2010) ...................... 57
1: ....................................................................................................................................... 57
2: ....................................................................................................................................... 58
3: ....................................................................................................................................... 59
4: ....................................................................................................................................... 60
5: ....................................................................................................................................... 61
6: ....................................................................................................................................... 62
7: ....................................................................................................................................... 63
8: ....................................................................................................................................... 64
9: ....................................................................................................................................... 65
10: ..................................................................................................................................... 66
11: ..................................................................................................................................... 67
12: ..................................................................................................................................... 68
PH LC II: Cch gii nhanh bi ton bng my tnh b ti. .............................................................. 69
GII CC BI TON HNH HC GII TCH BNG MY TNH B TI FX 570ES ................................ 70
S HORNER V NG DNG: .................................................................................................. 71
TNH S HORNER BNG MY TNH B TI: ............................................................................ 73
GIA BI TON HNH HC KHNG GIAN THUN TY BNG MY TNH CASIO FX-570ES: ................... 73
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