Tong Hop Kien Thuc On Thi Dai Hoc Mon Toan

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I- GIAI TCH TO HP 1. Giai tha : n! = 1.2...n 0! = 1 n! /(n k)! = (n k + 1).(n k + 2) ... n Nguyen tac cong : Trng hp 1 co m cach chon, trng hp 2 co n cach chon; moi cach chon eu thuoc ung mot trng hp. Khi o, tong so cach chon la : m + n. Nguyen tac nhan : Hien tng 1 co m cach chon, moi cach chon nay lai co n cach chon hien tng 2. Khi o, tong so cach chon lien tiep hai hien tng la : m x n. Hoan v : Co n vat khac nhau, xep vao n cho khac nhau. So cach xep : P n = n !. To hp : Co n vat khac nhau, chon ra k vat. So cach chon :
k Cn
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
n! k!(n k)!
Chnh hp : Co n vat khac nhau. Chon ra k vat, xep vao k cho khac nhau so cach : Chnh hp = to hp roi hoan v Tam giac Pascal : 1 1 1 1 1 Tnh chat : 1 2 3 4 1 3 6 1 4 1
k An
n! k , An (n k)!
k Cn .Pk
7.
C0 0
0 C1 0 C2 0 C3
C1 2
C1 1
C0 4
C1 4
C1 3
C2 2 C2 4
2 C3
C3 4
C3 3
C4 4
C0 n
k Cn 1
Cn n
k Cn
k 1, Cn k Cn 1
Cn n
8.
Nh thc Newton : *
(a b)n
a = b = 1 : ...
C0an b0 C1 an 1b1 ... Cna0 bn n n n
C0 C1 ... Cn n n n
2n
Vi a, b
{ 1, 2, ...}, ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha :
(a
C0 , C1 ,...,Cn n n n n 0 n x) Cna C1 an 1x n
... Cn x n n C0 , C1 ,...,Cn n n n
bang cach : 1, 2, ...
Ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha
- ao ham 1 lan, 2 lan, cho x = 1, 2, ... a = 1, 2, ... - Nhan vi xk , ao ham 1 lan, 2 lan, cho x = 1, 2, ... , a =
1
- Cho a = Chu y :
1, 2, ...,
0
hay
... hay
* (a + b)n : a, b cha x. Tm so hang oc lap vi x : Giai pt : m = 0, ta c k. * (a + b)n : a, b cha can . Tm so hang hu ty.
Ck a n k b k n
r q
Kx m
Ca
Giai he pt :
k n k n
Kc d
m p
m/ p Z r/ q Z
, tm c k N* ..., k n. Can biet n gian cac giai tha, qui ong mau so,
* Giai pt , bpt cha at tha so chung.
k k A n , Cn ... : at ieu kien k, n
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* Can phan biet : qui tac cong va qui tac nhan; hoan v (xep, kho ng boc), to hp (boc, khong xep), chnh hp (boc roi xep). * Ap dung s o nhanh e chia trng hp , tranh trung lap hoac thieu trng hp. * Vi bai toan tm so cach chon thoa tnh chat p ma khi chia trng hp, ta thay so cach chon khong thoa tnh chat p t trng hp hn, ta lam nh sau : so cach chon thoa p. = so cach chon tuy y - so cach chon khong thoa p. Can viet menh e phu nh p that chnh xac. * Ve so, so bien lai, bang so xe ... : ch so 0 co the ng au (tnh t trai sang phai). * Dau hieu chia het : - Cho 2 : tan cung la 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. - Cho 4 : tan cung la 00 hay 2 ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het cho 4. - Cho 8 : tan cung la 000 hay 3 ch so cuoi hp thanh so chia het cho 8. - Cho 3 : tong cac ch so chia het cho 3. - Cho 9 : tong cac ch so chia het cho 9. - Cho 5 : tan cung la 0 hay 5. - Cho 6 : chia het cho 2 va 3. - Cho 25 : tan cung la 00, 25, 50, 75. II- AI SO
1.
Chuyen ve :
a+b=c
a = c b; ab = c
c 0 b 0 a c/ b
a/b = c
a bc ; b 0
a2 n
2n 1
a
a
2n
b
b
2n
b, a
2n
b
b
b
b a 2n a
a
b a , a log b a 0
c a c b ; ab c
a b
0, c 0 b 0 a c/ b b 0 a c/ b
2.
Giao nghiem :
x x
a b
max{a, b} ;
x a x b
min{a, b}
p x a x b a x b(neu a b) ; VN(neu a b) p q q
3. a.
Nhieu dau v : ve truc e giao nghiem. Cong thc can nh : : ch c bnh phng neu 2 ve khong am. Lam mat phai at ieu kien.
b 0 , a b a b2
b 0 0 a b2
2
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a
ab
b.
b 0 a 0
a.
b 0 a b2
b (neu a, b 0)
a
2
a . b (neu a, b 0)
: pha
bang cach bnh phng :
a2
hay bang nh ngha :
a (neu a a (neu a
0) 0)
a
a
a
b
b
b
b 0 ; a a b
b a b
b 0hay
b 0 a b a
a
c. Mu :
a2
m/n
b2
ax , x R, y
0, y neu a 1, y neu 0 a 1.
a0 1 ; a am / an an .bn
am
d.
1/ n am ; am .an an (m
am
am n ; (am )n (ab)n ; am
m m
am.n ; an / b n
,
(a/ b)n a=1

alog a
n,0 a 1)
an
n (neu a 1) n (neu 0 a 1)
log : y = logax , x > 0 , 0 < a 1, y R y neu a > 1, y neu 0 < a < 1, = logaa loga(MN) = logaM + logaN ( ) loga(M/N) = logaM logaN ( )
log a M 2
3
2 log a M , 2 log a M
log a M 2 (
logaM = 3logaM, logac = logab.logbc logbc = logac/logab,
log
loga M
M=N
loga(1/M) = logaM, logaM = logaN
loga M loga N
0 M N(neu a 1) M N 0(neu 0 a 1)
4. a. b. c. d. 5. a. b.
Khi lam toan log, neu mien xac nh ni rong : dung ieu kien chan lai, tranh dung cong thc lam thu hep mien xac nh. Mat log phai co ieu kien. oi bien : n gian :
ax b R, t
x2
0, t
0, t
0, t
ax
0,t
log a x R
Neu trong e bai co ieu kien cua x, ta chuyen sang ieu kien cua t bang cach bien oi trc tiep bat ang thc. Ham so : t = f(x) dung BBT e tm ieu kien cua t. Neu x co them ieu kien, cho vao mien xac nh cua f. Lng giac : t = sinx, cosx, tgx, cotgx. Dung phep chieu lng giac e tm ieu kien cua t. Ham so hp : tng bc lam theo cac cach tren. Xet dau : a thc hay phan thc hu ty, dau A/B giong dau A.B; ben phai cung dau he so bac cao nhat; qua nghiem n (boi le) : oi dau; qua nghiem kep (boi chan) : khong oi dau. Bieu thc f(x) vo ty : giai f(x) < 0 hay f(x) > 0.
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c. 6. Bieu thc f(x) vo ty ma cach b khong lam c : xet tnh lien tuc va n ieu cua f, nham 1 nghiem cua pt f(x) = 0, phac hoa o th cua f , suy ra dau cua f. So sanh nghiem phng trnh bac 2 vi : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) * S = x1 + x2 = b/a ; P = x1x2 = c/a Dung S, P e tnh cac bieu thc oi xng nghiem. Vi ang thc g(x 1,x2) = 0 khong oi xng, giai he pt :
S x1 x 2 P x1.x 2 0
Biet S, P thoa S2 4P 0, tm x1, x2 t pt : X2 SX + P = 0 * Dung , S, P e so sanh nghiem vi 0 : x1 < 0 < x2 P < 0, 0 < x1 < x2
P S
0 0
0
x1 < x2 < 0
0
: x1 < < x2 af( ) < 0
S 0
* Dung , af( ), S/2 e so sanh nghiem vi
< x1 < x2
a.f ( ) S/ 2
; x1 < x2 <
a.f ( ) S/ 2
0
a.f ( ) 0
a.f( ) 0
< x1 < < x2
a.f( ) 0
; x1 <
< x2 <
a.f ( )
7. a.
b.
Phng trnh bac 3 : Viete : ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 x1 + x2 + x3 = b/a , x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3 = c/a , x1.x2.x3 = d/a Biet x1 + x2 + x3 = A , x1x2 + x1x3 + x2x3 = B , x1.x2.x3 = C th x1, x2, x3 la 3 nghiem phng trnh : x3 Ax2 + Bx C = 0 So nghiem phng trnh bac 3 : x= f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) : 3 nghiem phan biet
2 nghiem phan biet
0 f( ) 0 0 f( ) 0
0 f( ) 0
1 nghiem
< 0 hay
=0 f =0
Phng trnh bac 3 khong nham c 1 nghiem, m tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao gia (C) : y = f(x) va (d) : y = m. Phng trnh bac 3 khong nham c 1 nghiem, m khong tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao gia (C m) : y = f(x, m) va (Ox) : y = 0 3 nghiem
y'
y C .y CT
0
4
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2 nghiem
y'
0 0
y'
y C .y CT
0
1 nghiem
0 0
y'
y C .y CT
c.
Phng trnh bac 3 co 3 nghiem lap thanh CSC :

y'
y uon
d.
So sanh nghiem vi : x = xo f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) : so sanh nghiem phng trnh bac 2 f(x) vi . Khong nham c 1 nghiem, m tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao cua f(x) = y: (C) va y = m: (d) , a vao BBT. Khong nham c 1 nghiem, m khong tach c sang 1 ve : dung s tng giao cua (C m) : y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (co m) ,(a > 0) va (Ox)
y'
< x1 < x2 < x3
y C .y CT 0 y( ) 0 x C
y'
x1
0 0
x1 x2 x3
x1 <
< x2 < x3
y C .y CT y( ) 0 x CT
y'
0 0
x1 x2 x3
x1 < x2 <
< x3
y C .y CT y( ) 0 x C
y'
0
x1 x2 x3
x1 < x2 < x3 <
y C .y CT 0 y( ) 0 x CT
8.
Phng trnh bac 2 co ieu kien : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0), x
2 nghiem
f( ) 0 0
, 1 nghiem
0 f( ) 0 0 f( ) 0
Vo nghiem
<0
0 f( ) 0
9.
Neu a co tham so, xet them a = 0 vi cac trng hp 1 nghiem, VN. Phng trnh bac 4 :
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a. Trung phng : t = x2 4 nghiem ax + bx + c = 0 (a x=
4 2
0)
x2
f (t ) 0
0 P S 0 0
; 3 nghiem
P 0 S 0
P 0 S 0 0 S/ 2 0
P
2 nghiem
0 0 S/ 2
0
; 1 nghiem
VN
<0
<0
P S
0 0
S 0
4 nghiem CSC
0 t1 t 2 t 2 3 t1
9 t1 t1.t 2
t2
Giai he pt :
S t1 t 2 P
b. c. d. e.
ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0. at t = x + ax4 + bx3 + cx2
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = e vi a + b = c + d. at : t = x 2 + (a + b)x. Tm k cua t bang BBT. (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c. at :
1 . Tm k cua t bang BBT : t x 1 bx + a = 0. at t = x . Tm k cua t bang BBT : t x t x a b ,t 2

R.
2
R.
10. He phng trnh bac 1 :
D=
a b a' b'
, Dx =
ax by c . Tnh : a' x b' y c' c b a c , Dy = a' c' c' b'
D 0 : nghiem duy nhat x = Dx/D , y = Dy/D. D = 0, Dx 0 Dy 0 : VN D = Dx = Dy = 0 : VSN hay VN (giai he vi m a biet). 11. He phng trnh oi xng loai 1 : Tng phng trnh oi xng theo x, y. at S = x + y, P = xy. K : S2 4P 0. Tm S, P. Kiem tra k S2 4P 0; The S, P vao pt : X2 SX + P = 0, giai ra 2 nghiem la x va y. ( , ) la nghiem th ( , ) cung la nghiem; nghiem duy nhat = m=? Thay m vao he, giai xem co duy nhat nghiem khong. 12. He phng trnh oi xng loai 2 : Phng trnh nay oi xng vi phng trnh kia. Tr 2 phng trnh, dung cac hang ang thc a ve phng trnh tch A.B = 0.
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Nghiem duy nhat lam nh he oi xng loai 1. 13. He phng trnh ang cap :
ax2 a' x
2
bxy cy 2 b' xy c' y

2
d d'
Xet y = 0. Xet y 0 : at x = ty, chia 2 phng trnh e kh t. Con 1 phng trnh theo y, giai ra y, suy ra t, suy ra x. Co the xet x = 0, xet x 0, at y = tx. 14. Bat phng trnh, bat ang thc : * Ngoai cac bat phng trnh bac 1, bac 2, dang c ban cua
, .
, log, mu co the giai trc tiep, cac dang khac can
lap bang xet dau. Vi bat phng trnh dang tch AB < 0, xet dau A, B roi AB. * Nhan bat phng trnh vi so dng : khong oi chieu so am : co oi chieu Chia bat phng trnh : tng t. * Ch c nhan 2 bat pt ve theo ve , neu 2 ve khong am. * Bat ang thc Cosi : a, b 0:
Dau = xay ra ch khi a = b. a, b, c 0:
a b 2
ab
3
a b c 3
abc
Dau = xay ra ch khi a = b = c. * Bat ang thc Bunhiacopxki : a, b, c, d (ac + bd)2 (a2 + b2).(c2 + d2); Dau = xay ra ch khi a/b = c/d 15. Bai toan tm m e phng trnh co k nghiem : Neu tach c m, dung s tng giao cua (C) : y = f(x) va (d) : y = m. So nghiem bang so iem chung. Neu co ieu kien cua x I, lap BBT cua f vi x I. 16. Bai toan tm m e bat pt vo nghiem, luon luon nghiem, co nghiem x I : Neu tach c m, dung o th, lap BBT vi x I. f(x) m : (C) di (d) (hay cat) f(x) m : (C) tren (d) (hay cat) + III- LNG GIAC 1.
2 2 ng tron lng giac : Tren ng tron lng giac, goc ong nhat vi cung AM, ong nhat vi iem M. Ngc lai, 1 iem tren ng tron lng giac ng vi vo so cac so thc x + k2 .
Tren ng tron lng giac, nam vng cac goc ac biet : boi cua (
1 2
1 6 3
(
cung phan t) va
4 M
A 0
cung phan t) +
x= 2.
2k n
la 1 goc ai dien, n : so iem cach eu tren ng tron lng giac.
sin M cos M
tg
x+k2 cotg
Ham so lng giac :
3.
Cung lien ket : chieu xuyen tam * oi dau, khong oi ham : oi, bu, hieu u tien khong oi dau : sin bu, cos oi, tg cotg hieu ). chie (u * oi ham, khong oi dau : phu * oi dau, oi ham : hieu
4.
Cong thc : a. C ban : oi ham, khong oi goc. b. Cong : oi goc a b, ra a, b.
(sin ln = cos nho : khong oi dau).
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c. Nhan oi : oi goc 2a ra a. d. Nhan ba : oi goc 3a ra a. e. Ha bac : oi bac 2 ra bac 1. Cong thc oi bac 3 ra bac 1 suy t cong thc nhan ba. f. a ve
tg
a 2
: a lng giac ve ai so.
g. Tong thanh tch : oi tong thanh tch va oi goc a, b thanh (a b) / 2. h. Tch thanh tong : oi tch thanh tong va oi goc a, b thanh a b. 5. Phng trnh c ban : sin = 0 = cos = 1 hay cos = 1 = = =k ,
sin = 1 cos = 0
+ k2 ; sin = 1
+ k2 ,
sin = 1 hay sin = 1
6.
cos = 1 = k2 , cos = 1 = + k2 sinu = sinv u = v + k2 u = v + k2 cosu = cosv u = v + k2 tgu = tgv u=v+k cotgu = cotgv u=v+k Phng trnh bac 1 theo sin va cos : asinu + bcosu = c * ieu kien co nghiem : a2 + b2 c2 * Chia 2 ve cho
+k ,
a2
b2
, dung cong thc cong a ve phng trnh c ban.
(cach khac : a ve phng trnh bac 2 theo 7. Phng trnh oi xng theo sin, cos : a cac nhom oi xng ve sin + cos va sin.cos. at : t = sinu + cosu = 8.
tg
u ) 2
t2 1 2
t2 1 2
2 sin u
2,sin u.cos u
Phng trnh cha sinu + cosu va sinu.cosu : at :
sinu cos u
2 sin u
,0 t
2 ,sinu.cos u
9.
Phng trnh cha sinu cosu va sinu.cosu : at :
sin u cos u
2 sin u
2,sin u.cos u
1 t2 2
1 t2 2
10. Phng trnh cha sinu cosu va sinu.cosu : at :
sinu cos u
2 sin u
,0 t
2 ,sinu.cos u
11. Phng trnh toan phng (bac 2 va bac 0 theo sinu va cosu) : Xet cosu = 0; xet cosu 0, chia 2 ve cho cos2u, dung cong thc 1/cos2u = 1 + tg2u, a ve phng trnh bac 2 theo t = tgu. 12. Phng trnh toan phng m rong : * Bac 3 va bac 1 theo sinu va cosu : chia 2 ve cho cos3u. * Bac 1 va bac 1 : chia 2 ve cho cosu. 13. Giai phng trnh bang cach oi bien : Neu khong a c phng trnh ve dang tch, th at : * t = cosx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi x. * t = sinx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi x. * t = tgx : neu phng trnh khong oi khi thay x bi + x. * t = cos2x : neu ca 3 cach tren eu ung * t = tg
x 2
: neu ca 3 cach tren eu khong ung.
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14. Phng trnh ac biet : *
u2
u
v2
v
0
u v
u 0 v 0
C C u A B
u C v C u A B
u v
A B
* sinu.cosv = 1
* sinu.cosv = 1
sin u 1 sin u 1 cos v 1 cos v 1 sin u 1 sin u 1 cos v 1 cos v 1
Tng t cho : sinu.sinv = 1, cosu.cosv = 1. 15. He phng trnh : Vi F(x) la sin, cos, tg, cotg a. Dang 1 :
F(x) F(y) m (1) x y n (2)
. Dung cong thc oi + thanh nhan,
the (2) vao (1) a ve he phng trnh :
x y x y
a b
b. Dang 2 :
c.
F(x).F(y) m . Tng t dang 1, dung cong thc oi nhan thanh +. x y n F ( x ) / F( y ) m Dang 3 : . x y n a c a c a c Dung t le thc : bien oi phng trnh (1) roi dung b d b d b d
cong thc oi + thanh x. d. Dang khac : tm cach phoi hp 2 phng trnh, a ve cac pt c ban. 16. Toan : * Luon co san 1 pt theo A, B, C : A + B + C = * A + B bu vi C, (A + B)/2 phu vi C/2. * A, B, C (0, ) ; A/2, B/2, C/2 (0, /2) A + B (0, ) ; (A + B)/2 (0, /2) ; A B ( , ) , (A B)/2 ( /2, /2) Dung cac tnh chat nay e chon k. * oi canh ra goc (oi khi oi goc ra canh) : dung nh ly ham sin : a = 2RsinA hay nh ly ham cos : a2 = b2 + c2 2bc.cosA *
1 1 abc aha ab sin C pr 2 2 4R p(p a)( p b)( p c) 1 2 b2 2c2 a2 Trung tuyen : m a 2 A 2 bc cos 2 Phan giac : a = b c S
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IV- TCH PHAN 1. nh ngha, cong thc, tnh chat : * F la 1 nguyen ham cua f f la ao ham cua F. Ho tat ca cac nguyen ham cua f :
f (x)dx = F(x) + C
*
(C
1
R) 1
du
u C ; u du
du u
C,
ln u
C; e u du e u C; a udu
cos u C ;
a u / ln a C
sin udu
cos udu
;
sin u C tgu C
du / sin 2 u
b
cot gu C
b a
du / cos 2 u
*
a
f(x)dx
a
F(x)
b a
b a
F(b) F(a)
a b
a
0;
a b
b a
c a
b a
b a
c b
b a
( f g)
g ;
kf
k f
2.
Tch phan tng phan :
udv
a. b. c.
uv
vdu
xn
Thng dung khi tnh tch phan cac ham hon h p.
x nex ,
x n sin x ; x n cos x : u
ln x
x n ln x : u
e x sin x , e x cos x : u
e x hay dv
e x dx
tng phan 2 lan, giai phng trnh an ham 3. a. Cac dang thng gap :
sin m x. cos 2 n 1 x
cos m x. sin 2 n 1 x sin 2 m x. cos 2 n x
: : : : : : : :
u = sinx. u = cosx. ha bac ve bac 1 u = tgx (n u = cotgx u = asint u = a/cost u = atgt 0) (n 0)
b.
tg 2 m x / cos 2 n x cot g2 m x / sin 2 n x
c.
cha a2 u2 cha u2 a2 cha a2 + u2
d.
R(sin x, cos x)
, R : ham hu ty : u = cosx : u = sinx
R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx)
10
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R(sinx,cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) R n gian :
/2 0
tg
x 2
: u = tgx
u = cotgx
: th at u
2 x
: th at u
0
e. f. g. h. i. 4.
x m (a bx n )p / q , (m 1) / n
Z : uq
a bx n
x m (a bx n )p / q ,
m 1 p n q
Z : uq x n
1 u
a bx n
dx /[( hx k) ax2
bx c : hx k
R(x, (ax b) /(cx d )
, R la ham hu ty :
(ax b) /(cx d)
cha (a + bxk)m/n : th at un = a + bxk. Tch phan ham so hu ty :
P ( x ) / Q( x )
* *
: bac P < bac Q
a Q ve dang tch cua x + a, (x + a) n, ax2 + bx + c ( < 0) a P/Q ve dang tong cac phan thc n gian, da vao cac tha so cua Q :
x a
ax2
5. a.
x a
0)
, (x a)n
A(2ax b) ax2 bx c
A1 x a
ax
2
A2 (x a)2
...
2
An (x a)n
bx c(
B bx c
dx ( ax bx c
0)
du /(u2 a2 ) : at u atgt
Tnh dien tch hnh phang : D gii han bi x = a, x = b, (Ox), (C) : y = f(x) :
SD
b a
f (x) dx
. ; f(x) : ham lng giac : xet dau f(x) tren cung [a, b] cua
b.
f(x) : phan thc hu t : lap BXD f(x) tren [a,b] e m ng tron lng giac. D gii han bi x = a, x = b , (C) : y = f(x) (C') : y = g(x) :
SD
b a
f (x) g(x) dx
c.
Xet dau f(x) g(x) nh trng hp a/. D gii han bi (C1) : f1(x, y) = 0 , (C2) : f2 (x, y) = 0
f(x)
SD
f(x) g(x) dx
g(x) x=a g(y) x=b y=b f(y) y=a

/
a b
SD
f(y) g(y) dy
Vi trng hp ) : neu bien tren hay bien di b gay, ta cat D bang cac ng thang ng ngay cho gay. Vi trng hp ) : neu bien phai hay bien trai b gay, ta cat D bang cac ng ngang ngay cho gay.
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Thuviendientu.org
Chon tnh theo dx hay dy e de tnh toan hay D t b chia cat. Can giai cac he phng trnh toa o giao iem. Can biet ve o th cac hnh thng gap : cac ham c ban, cac ng tron, (E) , (H), (P), ham lng giac, ham mu, ham
. = 0 va biet chon hay
Can biet rut y theo x hay x theo y t cong thc f(x,y)
y ...
6. a.
: tren, y ...
: di, x ...
: phai, x ...
: trai
Tnh the tch vat the tron xoay : D nh 5.a/ xoay quanh (Ox) :
f(x) a b
b a
f (x) 2 dx
b.
b a
f (y) 2 dy
b a
f(y) f(x)
c.
b a
[f 2 (x) g2 (x)]dx
b
g(x) a b
d.
b a
[f 2 (y) g2 (y)]dy
a
b c
g(y)
f(y)
e.
c a
f(x)
f(x) b a c
-g(x)
f 2 (x)dx
g2 (x)dx
b f(y) -g(y)
f.
c a
g (y)dy
b c
g(x 0)
f 2 (y)dy
b c a
Chu y : xoay quanh (Ox) : ...dx ; xoay quanh (Oy) : ... dy.
1. a. b.
0 , dang 1 : 0 P( x ) (x a)P1 (x) P (dang 0 / 0) lim lim 1 Phan thc hu ty : lim x a Q(x) x a (x a)Q1 (x) x a Q1 f ( x) sin u Ham lg : lim (dang 0 / 0), dung cong thc lim 1 x a g(x) u 0 u
Tm lim dang
V- KHAO SAT HAM SO
12
Thuviendientu.org
c. Ham cha can :
x
lim
f (x) (dang 0 / 0) , dung lng lien hiep : a g(x)

, a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2) e pha 3
u
a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b) e pha d. 2. a.
Ham cha mu hay log (dang 1 ) : dung cong thc ao ham : Tm ao ham bang nh ngha :
lim (1 u)1/ u
0
f ' (x 0 )
Neu
lim
f (x ) f (x o ) xo x xo
th f co ao ham tai xo.
Tai iem xo ma f oi cong thc, phai tm ao ham tng pha :
f / (x o )
lim , f / (xo )
xo
lim .
xo
f / (x o ) f / (x o )
b.
Y ngha hnh hoc :
k = tg = f/(xM) f/ : f f// : f loi
c.
f/ + : f f// + : f lom f at C tai M
, ,
f(x)
d.
f / (x M ) 0
f // (x M ) 0 f / (x M ) 0 f // (x M ) 0
f//(xM) = 0 va f// oi dau khi qua xM.
1
f at CT tai M M la iem uon cua f e.
Tnh ao ham bang cong thc : C/ = 0, (x )/ = x
, (lnx)/ = 1/x ,
loga x
(ax)/ = ax.lna, (sinx)/ = cosx , (cosx)/ = sinx, (tgx)/ = 1/cos2x, (cotgx)/ = 1/sin2x, (ku)/ = ku/ , (u v)/ = u/ v/, (uv)/ = u/v + uv/ , (u/v)/ = (u/v uv/)/v2 * Ham hp : (gof)/ = g/[f(x)] . f/(x) * ao ham logarit : lay log (ln : c so e) 2 ve , roi ao ham 2 ve; ap dung vi ham [f(x)] g(x) hay f(x) dang tch, thng, cha n f. 3.
x a
1 , (ex)/ = ex x ln a
...
Vi phan : du = u/dx Tiem can : x = a : tc x y

x
lim y
lim y
y = b : tcn x y b b x y
lim [y (ax b)] 0
y = ax + b : tcx
Ve o th co tiem can : - t c : khi y cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c . - t c x :khi x va y cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c. - t c n :khi x cang tien ve th ng cong cang gan ng t c.
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Thuviendientu.org
* Xet
P( x ) Q(x)
, tm lim y bang cach lay so hang bac cao nhat cua P chia so hang bac cao nhat
Co tc x = a khi Q(a) = 0, P(a) 0 Co tcn khi bac P bac Q : vi x cua Q.
Co tcx khi P hn Q 1 bac, khi o chia a thc ta co : the chia Honer. Bien luan tiem can ham bac 2 / bac 1 :
f (x) ax b
P1(x) , tcx la y = ax + b. Neu Q = x Q(x)
, co
ax b
a 0, c 0 : co tc, tcx a = 0, c 0 : co tcn, tc. c = 0 : (H) suy bien thanh t, khong co tc. 4. o th cac ham thng gap : a/ y = ax + b : a>0 b/ y = ax2 + bx + c c/ y = ax3 + bx2 + c + d a> 0 :
c dx e
(d
0)
a<0 a<0 =0
a=0
a>0
a<0: d/ y = ax4 + bx2 + c a>0 a<0
>0
<0
ab < 0
0)
ab > 0
e/ y = (ax + b) / (cx + d) (c
ad - bc > 0
ad - bc < 0
f/ y =
ax2 bx c dx e
(ad
0)
ad > 0
y
>0
=0
<0
ad < 0
x=a
5. OI XNG O TH : g(x) = f(x) : x qua (Oy) g(x) = f(x) : x qua (Ox)
x<a
a x>a 14
y>b b y<b y=b
Thuviendientu.org
(C/) : y = (C/) : y =
f (x)
: gi nguyen phan (C) ben tren y = 0, lay phan (C) ben di y = 0 oi xng qua (Ox).
f ( x ) : gi nguyen phan (C) ben phai x = 0, lay phan (C) ben phai x = 0 oi xng qua (Oy).
yo = f(xo, m), m Am + B = 0, m (hay Am2 + Bm + C = 0, m)
6. IEM AC BIET CUA (Cm) : y = f(x, m) a/ iem co nh : M(xo, yo) (Cm), m
A 0 B 0
(hay
B 0 ). Giai he, c M. C 0
(Cm), m yo f(xo,m), m yo = f(xo, m) VN m Am + B = 0 VN
b/ iem (Cm) khong i qua, m : M(xo, yo) m (hay Am2 + Bm + C = 0 VN m)
A 0 (hay B 0 B 0 A BC VN
B 0 C 0
0 0
). Giai he , c M.
Chu y :
A B
VN
B=0
c/ iem co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua : Co n ng (Cm) qua M(x o, yo) yo = f(xo, m) co n nghiem m. Can nam vng ieu kien co n nghiem cua cac loai phng trnh : bac 2, bac 2 co ieu kien x , bac 3, trung phng. 7. TIEP XUC, PHNG TRNH TIEP TUYEN : a. (C) : y = f(x), tx (C/) : y = g(x) khi he phng trnh sau co nghiem :
yC y
/ C
C/ . Nghiem x cua he la hoanh o tiep y / C/
b.
iem. Tm tiep tuyen vi (C) : y = f(x) * Tai M(xo, yo) : y = f'(xo)(x xo) + yo. * Qua M (xo, yo): viet phng trnh ng thang qua M : (d) : y = k(x xo) + yo. Dung ieu kien tx tm k. So lng k = so lng tiep tuyen (neu f bac 3 hay bac 2 / bac 1 th so nghiem x trong he phng trnh k tx = so lng tiep tuyen). * // ( ) : y = ax + b : (d) // ( ) (d) : y = ax + m. Tm m nh k tx. * ( ) : y = ax + b (a 0) : (d) ( ) (d) : y =
c.
Bai toan so lng tiep tuyen : tm M M(xo,yo) (C/)
(C/) : g(x, y) = 0 sao cho t M ke c en (C) ung n tiep tuyen (n = 0, 1, 2, ...),
1 x + m. Tm m nh k tx. a
g(xo,yo) = 0; (d) qua M : y = k(x xo) + yo; (d) tx (C) :
yC yd y/ C k
(1). The k vao (1) c phng
trnh an x, tham so xo hay yo. at k e phng trnh nay co n nghiem x (so nghiem x = so tiep tuyen), tm c x o hay yo. 8. TNG GIAO : * Phng trnh h iem chung cua (C) : y = f(x) va (C /) : y = g(x) la : f(x) = g(x). So nghiem pt = so iem chung. * Tm m e (Cm) : y = f(x, m) va (C/m) : y = g(x, m) co n giao iem : Viet phng trnh hoanh o iem chung; at k e pt co n nghiem. Neu pt hoanh o iem chung tach c m sang 1 ve : F(x) = m : at ieu kien e (C) : y = F(x) va (d) : y = m co n iem chung. * Bien luan s tng giao cua (Cm) va (C/m) : Neu pt h iem chung dang : F(x) = m : lap BBT cua F; so iem chung cua (C m) va (C/m) = so iem chung cua (C) va (d). PTh iem chung, khong tach c m, dang f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (x ) hay dang bac 3 : x = f(x) = 0 : lap , xet dau , giai pt f(x) = 0 e biet m nao th la nghiem cua f, vi m o, so nghiem b bt i 1. 9. CC TR : * f co ung n cc tr f/ oi dau n lan. * f at cc ai tai xo
f / (x o ) 0
f // (xo ) 0
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Thuviendientu.org
f at cc tieu tai xo
f / (x o ) 0
f // (xo ) 0
f co C va CT
f
/
* f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr
>0
* f bac 3 (hay bac 2 / bac 1) co cc tr : Ben phai (d) : x = y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem < x1 < x2. Ben trai (d) : x = y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem x1 < x2 < . 1 ben (Ox)
f/
0 0
0 0
yCD .yCT
f/
2 ben (Ox)
yCD .yCT
* Vi ham bac 2 / bac 1, cac ieu kien yC.yCT < 0 (>0) co the thay bi y = 0 VN (co 2 nghiem.). * Tnh yC.yCT : Ham bac 3 : y = y/ (Ax + B) + (Cx + D) yC.yCT = (CxC + D).(CxCT + D), dung Viete vi pt y/ = 0. Ham bac 2/ bac 1 : yC.yCT =
u v / u (x C ).u / (x CT ) , dung Viete vi pt y/ = 0. / / v (x C ).v (x CT )
* ng thang qua C, CT : Ham bac 3 : y = Cx + D Ham bac 2 / bac 1 : y = u/ / v/ * y = ax4 + bx2 + c co 1 cc tr ab 0, 3 cc tr ab < 0 10. N IEU : a. Bien luan s bien thien cua ham bac 3 : i) a > 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so tang tren R (luon luon tang) ii) a < 0 va y = 0 vo nghiem ham so giam (nghch bien) tren R (luon luon giam) iii) a > 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 vi x1 < x2 ham so at cc ai tai x1 va at cc tieu tai x2. Ngoai ra ta con co : + x1 + x2 = 2x0 vi x0 la hoanh o iem uon. + ham so tang tren ( , x1) + ham so tang tren (x2, + ) + ham so giam tren (x1, x2) iv) a < 0 va y = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 vi x1 < x2 ham at cc tieu tai x1 va at cc ai tai x2 thoa ieu kien x1 + x2 = 2x0 (x0 la hoanh o iem uon). Ta cung co : + ham so giam tren ( , x1) + ham so giam tren (x2, + ) + ham so tang tren (x1, x2) b. Bien luan s bien thien cua y =
bac 2 bac1
i) Neu a.m > 0 va y/ = 0 vo nghiem th ham tang ( ong bien) tren tng khoang xac nh. ii) Neu a.m < 0 va y/ = 0 vo nghiem th ham giam ( nghch bien) tren tng khoang xac nh. iii) Neu a.m > 0 va y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 th ham at cc ai tai x1 va at cc tieu tai x2 thoa x1 < x2 va
iv) Neu a.m < 0 va y/ = 0 co 2 nghiem phan biet x1, x2 th ham at cc tieu tai x1 va at cc ai tai x2 thoa x1 < x2 va
x1 x2 2 x1 x2 2
p . m p . m
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Thuviendientu.org
c. Tm m e ham so bac 3, bac 2/bac 1 ong bien (nghch bien) tren mien x I : at k e I nam trong mien ong bien (nghch bien) cua cac BBT tren; so sanh nghiem pt bac 2 y / = 0 vi . 11. BIEN LUAN SO NGHIEM PT BANG O TH : a. Cho pt : F(x, m) = 0; tach m sang 1 ve : f(x) = m; lap BBT cua f (neu f a khao sat th dung o th cua f), so nghiem = so iem chung. b. Vi pt mu, log,
, .
, lng giac : oi bien; can biet moi bien mi t c may bien cu x; can biet k cua t e cat bt
o th f. 12. QUY TCH IEM DI ONG M(xo, yo) : Da vao tnh chat iem M, tm 2 ang thc cha x o, yo, m; kh m, c F(xo, yo) = 0; suy ra M (C) : F(x, y) = 0; gii han quy tch : M ton tai m? xo ? (hay yo ?) Neu xo = a th M (d) : x = a. Neu yo = b th M (d) : y = b. 13. TAM, TRUC, CAP IEM OI XNG : a. CM ham bac 3 co tam x (iem uon), ham bac 2/bac 1 co tam x (g 2 tc) tai I : oi toa o : x = X + xI, y = Y + yI; the vao ham so : Y = F(X), cm : F(x) = F(x), suy ra F la ham le, o th co tx la goc toa o I. b. CM ham bac 4 co truc x // (Oy) : giai pt y / = 0; neu x = a la nghiem duy nhat hay la nghiem chnh gia cua 3 nghiem : oi toa o x = X + a, y = Y; the vao ham so : Y = F(X); cm F(X) = F(X); suy ra F la ham chan, o th co truc oi xng la truc tung X = 0, tc x = a. c. Tm tren (C) : y = f(x) cap iem M, N oi xng qua I : giai he 4 pt 4 an :
x M x N 2x I y M y N 2y I y M f(x M ) y N f(x N )
d.
Tm tren (C) : y = f(x) cap iem /x qua t (d) : y = ax + b : dt
(d') : y =
m; A, B oi xng qua (d) I (d) m?; thay m vao pth iem chung, giai tm xA, xB, suy ra yA, yB. 14. Tm iem M (C) : y = ax + b +
1 x + m; lap pt h iem chung cua (C) va (d'); gia s pt co 2 nghiem x A, xB, tnh toa o trung iem I cua AB theo a c
(d) la
dx e
ax M c b e
co toa o nguyen (a, b, c, d, e
Z) : giai he
yM
axM Z yM xM
c dx M e c
yM xM ,
c dx M Z e
xM , yM
dx M
axM Z, dx M
dx M e e c so cua c
15. Tm min, max cua ham so y = f(x) Lap BBT, suy ra mien gia tr va min, max. 16. Giai bat phng trnh bang o th : f<g a < x < b, f > g
b,f
x a b x x a x b
b/)
f g a
VI- HNH HOC GIAI TCH
1.
Toa o , vect : * (a,b) (a/, b/) = (a
a/, b
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Thuviendientu.org
k(a, b) = (ka, kb) (a, b) = (a/, b/)
a b
b2
v.v / v . v/
a/ b/
(a, b).(a/,b/) = aa/ + bb/
(a, b)
cos( v ,v / )
a2
AB (x B x A , y B y A ), AB
M chia AB theo t so k
AB
k MB x A kx B y A ky B (k 1) xM , yM 1 k 1 k xA xB yA yB M : trung iem AB xM , yM 2 2 xA xB xC xM 3 M : trong tam ABC yA yB yC yM 3

(tng t cho vect 3 chieu). * Vect 3 chieu co them tch co hng va tch hon hp :
MA
v (a, b, c), v
(a' , b' , c' )
v, v/
[ v ,v / ]
b c c a a b , , b / c/ c/ a / a / b /
v . v / .sin( v ,v / )
[v, v/ ] v, v/ v v/ v.v/ = 0 ; v // v / [v, v/ ].v// 0 1 S ABC AB, AC 2 1 VS.ABC AB, AC .AS 6

VABCD .A'B'C'D'
A, B, C thang hang
[ v ,v / ] = 0 ; v, v / , v // ong phang
[AB, AD].AA
AB // AC
trong mp : H la trc tam
AH.BC BH.AC AH.BC BH // BC 0
0 0
H la chan ng cao ha
M la chan phan giac trong
MB
AB MC AC
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Thuviendientu.org
M la chan phan giac ngoai
MB
AB MC AC
B
cua ABM vi M la chan phan giac trong
I la tam ng tron ngoai tiep I la tam ng tron noi tiep ABC. ng thang trong mp :
IA = IB = IC. I la chan phan giac trong
cua
2.
* Xac nh bi 1 iem M(xo,yo) va 1vtcp (d) :
= (a,b) hay 1 phap vect (A,B) :
x y
xo yo
at bt
, (d ) :
x xo a
y yo b
(d) : A(x xo) + B(y yo) = 0 * (d) qua A(a, 0); B(0,b) : * (AB) :
x xA xB xA
x y 1 a b y yA yB yA
v ( B, A) ; n (A, B)
* (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 co
* (d) // ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 (d) : Ax + By + * (d) ( ) (d) : Bx + Ay + C/ = 0 * (d), (d/) tao goc nhon th : cos =
=0
nd .nd / nd . nd /
cos( nd ,nd / )
* d(M,(d)) =
AxM
By M C B2
* Phan giac cua (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 va (d/) : A/x + B/y + C/ = 0 la :
A2
Ax By C A2
n d .n n d .n
d/ d/
A / x B/ y C/ A/ 2 B/ 2
B2
> 0 : phan giac goc tu + , nhon < 0 : phan giac goc tu , nhon +
* Tng giao : Xet hpt toa o giao iem. 3. Mat phang trong khong gian : * Xac nh bi 1 iem M(xo, yo, zo) va 1 phap vect : (P) : A(x xo) + B(y yo) + C(z zo) = 0
= (A, B, C) hay 2 vtcp
v , v' .
=[
v , v' ]
(P) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 co
= (A, B, C).
(P) qua A(a,0,0); B(0,b,0); C(0,0,c) (P) : x/a + y/b + z/c = 1 * Cho M(xo, yo, zo), (P) : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 d(M,(P)) =
Axo
By o Cz o
th : cos
A2
B2 C2
=
* (P) , (P/) tao goc nhon * (P) (P/)
cos( n( P ) , n( P ') )
n( P )
n(P') , (P) // (P/)
n(P ) // n(P')
4. ng thang trong khong gian :
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Thuviendientu.org
* Xac nh bi 1 iem M (xo, yo, zo) va 1 vtcp
= (a, b, c) hay 2 phap vect :
n , n'
x
(d) :
xo yo zo
at bt , (d ) : ct
v
y z
x xo a
y yo b
z zo c
[ n , n' ]
* (AB) :
x xA xB xA
(P/) :
* (d) = (P)
y yA z zA yB y A z B z A Ax By Cz D 0
A' x B' y C' z D'
* (d) qua A, vtcp
th :
d(M,(d)) = *
[AM, v ] v
la goc nhon gia (d), (d/) th : cos =
cos( vd , v / )
d
la goc nhon gia (d), (P) th : sin =
cos( vd , n p )
: 0 = 0 va M = 0 va M (P) (P)
* (d) qua M, vtcp (d) cat (P) (d) // (P) (d) (P)
v , (P) co pvt n
v.n v.n v.n v

[ [
* (d) qua A, vtcp (d) cat (d/) (d) // (d/) (d) cheo (d/) (d) (d/) [
; (d /) qua B, vtcp
v'
: =0
v , v' ]
[
0 , [ v , v' ] AB
,A (d/)
v , v' ] = 0 v , v' ] v , v' ] = 0
0 , [ v , v' ] AB
,A (d/)
* (d) cheo (d/) : d(d, d/) =
[ v , v' ] AB [ v , v' ]
chung ( ) : tm
* (d) cheo (d/) , tm ng

/
[ v , v' ] ; tm (P) cha (d), // n
; tm (P/) cha (d/), //
;( )=
(P) (P ). * (d) (P), cat (d/) (d) nam trong mp (P), cha (d/). * (d) qua A, // (P) (d) nam trong mp cha A, // (P). * (d) qua A, cat (d/) (d) nam trong mp cha A, cha (d/). * (d) cat (d/), // (d//) (d) nam trong mp cha (d/), // (d//). * (d) qua A, (d/) (d) nam trong mp cha A, (d/). * Tm hc H cua M xuong (d) : viet pt mp (P) qua M, (d), H = (d) (P). * Tm hc H cua M xuong (P) : viet pt t (d) qua M, (P) : H = (d) (P). * Tm hc vuong goc cua (d) xuong (P) : viet pt mp (Q) cha (d), (P); (d/) = (P) (Q) * Tm hc song song cua (d) theo phng ( ) xuong (P) : viet pt mp (Q) cha (d)
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Thuviendientu.org
// ( ); (d/) = (P) (Q). 5. ng tron : * ng tron (C) xac nh bi tam I(a,b) va bk R : (C) : (x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2 * (C) : x2 + y2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 0 co tam I(A,B), bk R = A B C * (d) tx (C) d(I, (d)) = R, cat < R, khong cat > R. * Tiep tuyen vi (C) tai M(xo,yo) : phan oi t/o trong (C) : (xoa)(xa) + (yob)(yb) = R hay xox + yoy + A(xo + x) + B(yo + y) + C = 0 * Cho (C) : F(x,y) = x2 + y2 + 2Ax + 2By + C = 0 th PM/(C) = F(xM, yM) = MA.MB = MT2 = MI2 R2 vi MAB : cat tuyen, MT : tiep tuyen ; M (C) PM/(C) = 0 , M trong (C) PM/(C) < 0, ngoai > 0. * Truc ang phng cua (C) va (C/) :2(A A/)x + 2(B B/)y + (C C/) = 0 * (C), (C/) ngoai nhau II/ > R + R/ : (co 4 tiep tuyen chung); tx ngoai = R + R/ (3 tiep tuyen chung); cat
2 2
R R/
< II/ < R + R/ (2 tt chung); tx trong
R R/
(1 tt chung la truc ang phng) cha nhau
<
R R/
(khong co tt chung). 6. Mat cau : * Mc (S) x bi tam I (a, b, c) va bk R : (S) : (x a)2 + (y b2) + (z c)2 = R2. * (S) : x2 + y2 + z2 + 2Ax + 2By + 2Cz + D = 0 co tam I(A,B,C), bk R =
A2
B2 C2 D
* (P) tx (S) d(I,(P)) = R, cat < R, khong cat > R. * Pt tiep dien vi (S) tai M : phan oi to (S). * Cho (S) : F(x, y, z) = 0. PM/(S) = F (xM, yM, zM); PM/(S) = 0 M (S), < 0 M trong (S), > 0 M ngoai (S). * Mat ang phng cua (S) va (S/) : 2(A A/)x + 2(B B/)y + 2(C C/)z + (D D/) = 0 * Tng giao gia (S), (S/) : nh (C), (C/). * Khi (S), (S/) tx trong th tiet dien chung la mat ang phng. * Khi (S), (S/) cat nhau th mp qua giao tuyen la mat ang phng. 7. Elip : * cho F1, F2, F2F2 = 2c, cho a > c > 0 M (E) MF1 + MF2 = 2a. * (E) :
= 2c, truc ln A1A2 = 2a; truc nho B1B2 = 2b; tam sai e = c/a; ng chuan x = a/e; bk qua tieu : MF1 = a + exM, MF2 = a exM; tt vi (E) tai M : phan oi toa o (E), (E) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 a2A2 + b2B2 = C2 ; a2 = b2 + c2. * (E) :
x2 a2
y2 b2
= 1 (a > b > 0) : tieu iem : F1(c,0), F2(c,0); nh A1(a,0); A2(a,0); B1(0,b); B2(0,b); tieu c : F1F2
B2(b,0), tieu c : F1F2 = 2c; truc ln A1A2 = 2a; truc nho B1B2 = 2b; tam sai e = c/a; ng chuan y = a/e; ban knh qua tieu MF1 = a + eyM, MF2 = a eyM; tiep tuyen vi (E) tai M : phan oi toa o (E); (E) tiep xuc (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 a2B2 + b2 A2 = C2; a2 = b2 + c2 (Chu y : tat ca cac ket qua cua trng hp nay suy t trng hp chnh tac tren bang cach thay x bi y, y bi x). 8. Hypebol : * Cho F1, F2, F2F2 = 2c, cho 0 < a < c. M (H)
x2 b2
y2 a2
1 (a > b > 0) : khong chnh tac; tieu iem : F1(0,c), F2(0,c); nh A1(0,a), A2(0,a), B1(b,0),
MF1 MF2
(H) :
= 2a
tieu iem F1(c,0), F2(c,0); nh tr.thc A1(a,0), A2(a,0); nh truc ao B1(0,b), B2(0,b); tieu c F1F2 = 2c; o dai truc thc A1A2 = 2a; o dai truc ao B1B2 = 2b; tam sai : e = c/a; ng chuan : x = a/e; ban knh qua tieu : M nhanh phai MF1 = exM + a , MF2 = exM a , M nhanh trai MF1 = exM a, MF2 = exM + a; tiep tuyen vi (H) tai M : phan oi toa o (H);
x2 a2
y2 b2
= 1 (pt chnh tac)
21
Thuviendientu.org
(H) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 hnh ch nhat c s : x = a2A2 b2B2 = C2 > 0; tiem can y = b; c2 = a2 + b2.
b x a
a, y = (H) :
tieu iem F1(0,c), F2(0,c); nh truc thc A1(0,a), A2(0,a); nh truc ao B1(b,0), B2(b,0); tieu c F1F2 = 2c; o dai truc thc A1A2 = 2a; o dai truc ao B1B1 = 2b; tam sai : e = c/a; ng chuan : y = a/e; ban knh qua tieu : M nhanh tren MF1 = eyM + a, MF2 = eyM a; M nhanh di MF1 = eyM a, MF2 = eyM + a; tiep tuyen vi (H) tai M : phan oi toa o (H); (H) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 a2B2 b2A2 = C2 > 0; tiem can x =
y2 a2
x2 b2
1 (pt khong chnh tac)
hnh ch nhat c s : y= a, x = b; c2 = a2 + b2 (chu y : tat ca cac ket qua cua trng hp nay suy t trng hp chnh tac bang cach thay x bi y, y bi x). 9. Parabol : * Cho F, F ( ) M (P) MF = d(M,( )) (P) : y2 = 2px (p > 0) (phng trnh chnh tac). tieu iem (p/2, 0), ng chuan x = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 + xM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pB2 = 2AC (p : he so cua x trong (P) i vi B : he so cua y trong (d)); tham so tieu : p. (P) : y2 = 2px (p > 0) (phng trnh khong chnh tac). tieu iem (p/2, 0), ng chuan x = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 xM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pB2 = 2AC. (P) : x2 = 2py (p > 0) (phng trnh khong chnh tac). tieu iem (0, p/2), ng chuan y = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 + yM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pA2 = 2BC (p : he so cua y trong (P) i vi A : he so cua x trong (d)). 2 (P) : x = 2py (p > 0) (phng trnh khong chnh tac). tieu iem (0, p/2), ng chuan y = p/2; ban knh qua tieu MF = p/2 yM; tam sai e = 1, tiep tuyen vi (P) tai M : phan oi toa o; (P) tx (d) : Ax + By + C = 0 pA2 = 2BC . CHU Y : * Can co quan iem giai tch khi lam toan hnh giai tch : at cau hoi can tm g? (iem trong mp M(xo,yo) : 2 an ; iem trong khong gian (3 an); ng thang trong mp Ax + By + C = 0 : 3 an A, B, C - thc ra la 2 an; ng tron : 3 an a, b, R hay A, B, C; (E) : 2 an a, b va can biet dang ; (H) : nh (E); (P) : 1 an p va can biet dang; mp (P) : 4 an A, B, C, D; mat cau (S) : 4 an a, b, c, R hay A, B, C, D; ng thang trong khong gian (d) = (P) (Q); ng tron trong khong gian (C) = (P) (S). * Vi cac bai toan hnh khong gian : can lap he truc toa o.
b y a
22

Tong Hop Kien Thuc On Thi Dai Hoc Mon Toan

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C0an b0 C1 an 1b1 ... Cna0 bn n n n

{ 1, 2, ...}, ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha :

Ta chng minh c nhieu ang thc cha

* Giai pt , bpt cha at tha so chung.

k k A n , Cn ... : at ieu kien k, n

bang cach bnh phng :

hay bang nh ngha :

(a/ b)n a=1

logaM = 3logaM, logac = logab.logbc logbc = logac/logab,

loga(1/M) = logaM, logaM = logaN

2 nghiem phan biet

Phng trnh bac 3 co 3 nghiem lap thanh CSC :

< x1 < x2 < x3

x1 < x2 < x3 <

Phng trnh bac 2 co ieu kien : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0), x

ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0. at t = x + ax4 + bx3 + cx2

(x + a)(x + b)(x + c)(x + d) = e vi a + b = c + d. at : t = x 2 + (a + b)x. Tm k cua t bang BBT. (x + a)4 + (x + b)4 = c. at :

1 . Tm k cua t bang BBT : t x 1 bx + a = 0. at t = x . Tm k cua t bang BBT : t x t x a b ,t 2

10. He phng trnh bac 1 :

ax by c . Tnh : a' x b' y c' c b a c , Dy = a' c' c' b'

bxy cy 2 b' xy c' y

, log, mu co the giai trc tiep, cac dang khac can

Dau = xay ra ch khi a = b. a, b, c 0:

la 1 goc ai dien, n : so iem cach eu tren ng tron lng giac.

Ham so lng giac :

Cong thc : a. C ban : oi ham, khong oi goc. b. Cong : oi goc a b, ra a, b.

(sin ln = cos nho : khong oi dau).

: a lng giac ve ai so.

sin = 1 hay sin = 1

, dung cong thc cong a ve phng trnh c ban.

Phng trnh cha sinu + cosu va sinu.cosu : at :

Phng trnh cha sinu cosu va sinu.cosu : at :

10. Phng trnh cha sinu cosu va sinu.cosu : at :

: neu ca 3 cach tren eu khong ung.

sin u 1 sin u 1 cos v 1 cos v 1 sin u 1 sin u 1 cos v 1 cos v 1

F(x) F(y) m (1) x y n (2)

. Dung cong thc oi + thanh nhan,

the (2) vao (1) a ve he phng trnh :

Tch phan tng phan :

Thng dung khi tnh tch phan cac ham hon h p.

u = sinx. u = cosx. ha bac ve bac 1 u = tgx (n u = cotgx u = asint u = a/cost u = atgt 0) (n 0)

tg 2 m x / cos 2 n x cot g2 m x / sin 2 n x

cha a2 u2 cha u2 a2 cha a2 + u2

, R : ham hu ty : u = cosx : u = sinx

R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx) R(sinx, cosx) = R(sinx, cosx)

R(x, (ax b) /(cx d )

cha (a + bxk)m/n : th at un = a + bxk. Tch phan ham so hu ty :

: bac P < bac Q

g(x) x=a g(y) x=b y=b f(y) y=a

. = 0 va biet chon hay

Can biet rut y theo x hay x theo y t cong thc f(x,y)

V- KHAO SAT HAM SO

f (x) (dang 0 / 0) , dung lng lien hiep : a g(x)

Tai iem xo ma f oi cong thc, phai tm ao ham tng pha :

Y ngha hnh hoc :

k = tg = f/(xM) f/ : f f// : f loi

f/ + : f f// + : f lom f at C tai M

f at CT tai M M la iem uon cua f e.

Tnh ao ham bang cong thc : C/ = 0, (x )/ = x

Vi phan : du = u/dx Tiem can : x = a : tc x y

lim [y (ax b)] 0

Co tc x = a khi Q(a) = 0, P(a) 0 Co tcn khi bac P bac Q : vi x cua Q.