Tng tc hi qui trong gii m Turbo

Speed Up the Convergence in Turbo Decoding

Nguyn Tng Hng, Don nh Thanh, V Thanh Hi
Abstract: We present in this work a modified parallel scheme for iterative decoding of Turbo codes, which is suitable for the minimization of the sequence error probabi-lity. The simulation result shows that new decoding scheme has better convergence charateristics in comparison with reported decoding schemes for Turbo code.

I. T VN M Turbo c [1] gii thiu nm 1993 gm hai m xon qui h thng RSC kt ni song song, phn bit nh mt b xo trn (interleaver) gi ngu nhin v thut ton gii m lp vi cht lng tin ti cn Shannon khong vi phn mi dB. Hin nay, m Turbo c khuyn ngh s dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 3, 4, thng tin v tinh, thng tin v tr .... Cht lng ca mt cp M hoGii m Turbo thng c nh gi thng qua t l xc sut li bit (BER) hoc t l xc sut li khung (FER). C nm yu t ch yu nh hng n cht lng ca m Turbo l: s la chn b m, cu trc ca b xo trn, thut ton gii m thnh phn, kch thc ca b xo trn, s ln gii m lp (iteration). Hai yu t u dn n bi ton thit k ti u v ba yu t sau lin quan n phc tp, tr ca b gii m. Cht lng ca b gii m ph thuc vo s ln lp, nhng khi s ln lp ln, cht lng ca thut ton hi qui. V vy, vic thit k s gii m Turbo c cht lng hi qui nhanh ngay ti cc ln lp nh cng l vn ng quan tm. Trong [2], chng ti xut mt s gii m Turbo mi theo hng gii m lp song song gm hai b gii m Turbo thng thng v Turbo tng ng hot ng c lp vi cht lng gii m tt hn so vi s gii m Turbo thng thng. Trong bi bo

ny, chng ti xut phng n ci tin thut ton gii m song song bng cch tng tc hi qui cht lng ca b gii m. Tc hi qui cht lng ca m Turbo c th nh gi bng h s tng quan trung bnh ti u ra ca cc b gii m. Kt qu m phng cng cho thy cht lng ca s gii m Turbo song song ci tin tt hn ng k ti t l tn trn tp (Eb/N0) nh v ti cc ln lp nh. T cc kt qu nghin cu trn, chng ti a ra mt s kt lun v cht lng ca m Turbo. II. THUT TON GII M LP B m ho Turbo gm c t nht hai b m xon qui h thng v b xo trn nh hnh 1. Cc bit h thng, bit m ca b m ho th nht P1, v b m ho th hai P2 c ghp xen k thnh chui bit, sau iu ch v pht trn knh truyn. tng tc truyn, c th loi b xen k cc bit m P1 v P2 theo chu k. Ti u thu, cc v tr loi b, s c thay th bng xc sut tin nghim cho gi tr logic "1" v "0" l 0.5. Cc bit h S
thng S

Encoder RSC1 R=1/2 Encoder RSC2 R=1/2

P1
Khng s dng MUX and Puncture

P2

Hnh 1. B m ha Turbo

B gii m Turbo thc hin theo phng php gii m lp gm hai b gii m thnh phn u vo mm, u ra mm SISO (Soft In, Soft Out). C hai thut ton thng p dng cho SISO l SOVA (Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm) v MAP (Maximum a Posteriori). SOVA [3] l thut ton cc tiu FER vi u ra mm

c gii thiu trong hnh 2. tin cy knh ca cc bit h thng S v bit m P1 c a vo b SISO1, v bit m P2 c a ti b SISO2. Theo thut ton lp, u ra (u;O) ca SISO1 c gii xo -1 trn v lm thng tin LLR1 tin nghim cho SISO2 Quyt nh (u;O cng cho b (u;I) (u;O (u;I) v ngc li. u vo gii m Turbo ca b quyt nh (c;I) SISO1 (c;O (c;I) SISO2 (c;O thng thng S,P1 P2 cng l tng cc LLR B gii m Turbo thng thng (u;O) theo ng th Quyt nh t nh hnh 2. Ti ln cng cho b gii m Turbo lp th nht (u;I) ca LLR2 song song b SISO1 c t l (u;I) (u;I) (u;O (u;O chui gi tr "0" -1 (c;I) SISO2 (c;O (c;I) SISO1 (c;O tng ng vi xc sut P1 S',P2 tin nghim ca bit B gii m Turbo song song "0" v bit "1" ca Hnh 2. B gii m Turbo v gii m Turbo song song chui h thng l 0,5. Thitimajshima ci tin t thut ton gii m cc tiu BER ca L.R. Bahl v mt s tc gi khc [4]. Mt s III. S GII M LP SONG SONG V GII thut ton cn ti u n gin hn l Log-MAP v M LP SONG SONG CI TIN Max-Log-MAP da trn c s c lng theo thut tng gii m song song u tin c [6] a ra ton Jacobian. Thut ton Log-MAP c cht lng nh l s kt ni song song hot ng nh mt mng xp x vi thut ton MAP, v thut ton Max-Log- Bayes gm cc b gii m SISO. Trong [2] v [7] MAP c th xem nh l thut ton SOVA theo hng chng ti cng a ra s gii m song song gm 4 i v hng v theo li ca b m xon. b SISO to thnh cc b gii m Turbo v Turbo Nm 1996, mt module SISO c hai u vo v hai u ra da trn thut ton MAP dng chung cho m Turbo (cn c gi l m lin kt song song) v m lin kt ni tip c gii thiu trong [5]. Gi u v c l cc chui u vo v u ra ca b m ho, (u;I), (c;I) l cc xc sut tin nghim u vo tng ng ca module SISO, (u;O), 1 (c;O) l cc xc sut hu nghim u ra c cp nht da trn cu trc li c s 2 ca m xon. Phng php tnh (u;O), (c;O) c th ln lp 1 xem chi tit [5]. S b gii m Turbo tng ng (hnh 2). Trong s gii m song song, b gii m Turbo thng thng s bt u gii m vi b m ha RSC1 vi bit h thng S v bit m P1. Ngc li, b gii m Turbo tng ng li c bt u t RSC2 vi bit h thng S' v bit m P2 (S' l
Quyt nh cng cho m Turbo

c Hagenauer ci tin t thut ton Viterbi kinh in. Trong khi MAP l thut ton cc i xc sut hu nghim c C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P.

1
Quyt nh cng cho m Turbo song song

2
ln lp 2

Hnh 3. Khai trin mng Bayes cho gii m Turbo song song

phin bn ca S khi qua b xo trn). t LLR1 v LLR2 (t l c lng theo hm log Log Likelihood Ratio) l u ra ca hai b gii m lp nh trn hnh 2. Do th t gii m khc nhau nn cc u ra mm LLR1 v LLR2 tng quan yu vi nhau ti cc ln lp nh v tng ca chng c tin cy cao hn do mu li ca b gii m ny s c khc phc bi b gii m kia. V vy, cht lng ca b gii m song song tt hn so vi thut ton gii m Turbo thng thng. Cht lng ca cc thut ton gii m SISO phc thuc vo hai yu t: 1) tin cy ca xc xut tin
-1

bng cch ci tin s gii m song song (xem hnh 4). Trong s gii m song song ci tin ny, ti mi ln lp (u;O) (SISO1) ca s gii m Turbo tng ng s c kt hp vi (u;O) (SISO1) ca s gii m Turbo thng thng lm thng tin tin nghim cho b (u;I) (SISO2) ca b gii m Turbo thng thng trong ln lp th hai v ngc li. Mi ln lp c tnh l khi c 4 b SISO u thc hin xong mt ln gii m v s minh ha qu trnh ni cho gia hai b gii m c m t theo m hnh mng Bayes nh hnh 5.

K hiu thng tin tin nghim v hu LLR1 nghim ca b gii m Turbo l () (u;I) (u;O (u;I) (u;O 1(u;I) v y=Kx (c;I) SISO1 (c;O) (c;I) SISO2 (c;O) 1(u;O)() v tng S,P1 P2 LLR ng i vi b gii m Turbo tng Quyt nh y=Kx cng cho b ng l 2(u;I)() LLR2 gii m Turbo v 2(u;O)() ti ln song song (u;I) (u;O (u;I) (u;O lp th . Ti ln -1 lp th nht, (c;I) SISO2 (c;O) (c;I) SISO1 (c;O) P1 S',P2 1(u;I)(1)(SISO1) v Hnh 4. S gii m Turbo song song ci tin 2(u;I)(1)(SISO2) c t l "ton 0" 1 2 1 2 ng vi xc sut tin nghim v bit h thng c gi tr 2 1 2 1 "0" hoc "1" bng 0.5. Khi xc sut ln lp 1 ln lp 2 tin nghim ca SISO2 ca b gii Hnh 5. Khai trin tng ng mng Bayes b gii m Turbo song song ci tin m Turbo l: nghim (c;I) v 2) tng quan gia (c;I) v thng tin u vo b gii m (u;I). Trong s gii m song song, hai b gii m Turbo hot ng mt cch c lp vi th t u vo khc nhau v u ra ca mi b SISO ca hai b gii m ti cng mt thi im quan trc t tng quan. V vy ta c th nng tin cy (c;I) ca tng b SISO trong hai b gii m

1 (u; I) (1) (SISO 2 ) = K (1 (u; O) (1) (SISO1 ) + 2 (u; O) (1) (SISO1 )

(1)

trong , h s K c gi l h s cng bc m mc sau chng ta s c lng theo kinh nghim. K t ln lp th hai, ta c:

1 (u; I)(SISO 2 ) ( ) = K 1 (1 (u; O ) ( 1) (SISO 1 ) + 2 (u; O ) ( ) (SISO 1 ) 1 (u; I)(SISO 2 ) ( ) = K ( 1 (u; O )(SISO 1 ) ( ) + 2 (u; O )(SISO 1 ) ( ) 2 (u; I)(SISO 2 ) ( ) = K 1 ( 1 (u; O )(SISO 2 ) ( 1) + 2 (u; O )(SISO 2 ) 2 (u; I)(SISO 2 )
( ) ( )

(2)

(3)

0 v kt thc trng thi bt k. Gi thit tn hiu pht c iu ch BPSK qua knh nhiu trng cng tnh AWGN trung bnh zero, mt ph cng sut song bin 2= N0/2. 1. c lng h s cng bc hi qui Thut ton gii m thnh phn ca cc b SISO c th l MAP, Log-MAP v Max-Log-MAP. Thut ton gii m MAP c chng minh l thut ton gii m ti u BER da trn c s bit trc c tnh thng k ca knh AWGN (bit trc hoc nh gi ng 2). Cht lng thut ton gii m MAP v Log-MAP l gn nh nhau nhng thut ton Log-MAP n gin hn rt nhiu. Thut ton gii m Max-Log-MAP, cng ging nh thut ton gii m Viterbi vi u ra mm hoc cng, l thut ton gii m hp l cc i (ML-Maximum Likelihood) ti u FER. Do ch tiu ti u ca ca thut ton ti u BER v ti u FER khc nhau nn c tnh li ca chng cng khc nhau. Thut ton MAP cho ra mu li c s bit li nh nht m khng cn phi kt ni thnh mt ng ni lin cc trng thi trn li c s. Trong khi , thut ton gii m Max-Log-MAP li cho ra mu li cm v phi kt thnh mt tuyn. Trong mc ny, chng ta s s dng hai thut ton c bn l Log-MAP v Max-LogMAP nghin cu trong cc s gii m. Trn thc t chng ta bit trc rng ti u ra ca knh ngun nhiu AWGN c phn b chun, nhng phn b ca u ra xc sut hu nghim 1(u;O)(SISO2)() l rt kh xc nh theo cc ln lp. V vy, h s K s c tnh theo kinh nghim bng cch th nghim mt s gi tr v kim tra bng m phng. Trc ht, ta m hnh ha h s K=1/x vi x = 1 5 . Kt qu m phng vi mt s gi tr ca x i vi cc thut ton gii m thnh phn l Log-MAP v Max-Log-MAP c m t trong hnh 6. Ta nhn thy rng, i vi Max-Log-MAP, ti Eb/N0 nh (0,5 dB v 1 dB), x = 3 c BER nh nht. Trong lc , ti Eb/N0=1,5 dB, x=3,5 c BER nh nht. Nh vy, ta c th chn x=3 hay K=1/3 c BER nh ti vng Eb/N0 nh. Tng t i vi Log-MAP, ta c th chn x=2,5 hay K=0,4.

(4)

= K (1 (u; O )(SISO 1 ) ( 1) + 2 (u; O )(SISO 1 ) ( 1)

(5)

trong v -1 l cc b xo trn v gii xo trn. tin cy ca xc sut tin nghim s c nng ln ph thuc vo c tnh tng quan gia cc (u;O) ca hai b gii m. Tuy nhin gii php ny ch mi tha mn yu t th nht m cha tha mn yu t th hai, v vy cht lng ca n cn phi c kim tra bng m phng. IV. KT QU M PHNG V THO LUN Vic nh gi cht lng ca cc b m mt cch chnh xc bng gii tch l rt kh. Trn thc t ngi ta thng s dng cc k thut ng bin di theo l thuyt m ngu nhin v ng bin trn theo l thuyt ca ng bin tng rt st vi kim nghim thc t v m phng. i vi m Turbo, do c b xo trn tham gia vo b m ha lm thay i ln c tnh ph trng s (hoc ph khong cch) nn rt kh tnh c ng bin tng. Mt khc ti my thu, b gii m hot ng theo kiu gii m lp rt phc tp nn cht lng ca m Turbo thng c nh gi bng m phng. Trong mc ny chng ti s a ra kt qu m phng v tho lun ba vn : 1) c lng h s cng bc hi qui K, 2) nh gi tc hi qui ca chng, 3) so snh cht lng ca cc s gii m Turbo. Gi thit b m Turbo tc 1/3 c cc b m thnh phn RSC1=RSC2 =[1,17/15]octal , l b m c khuyn ngh s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3. B xo trn c c nh trong mi trng hp l b xo trn ngu nhin kch thc N=320. C hai b m c bt u t trng thi ton

Hnh 6. nh hng ca h s cng bc hi qui i vi cht lng ca s gii m song song ci tin

tng Eb/N0, h s tng quan gia LLR1 v LLR2 hi qui v 1, dn n ph thuc tng quan v cht lng s hi qui. Cht lng ca s gii m Turbo song song ci tin tng ti ln lp th nht (khong 0.5 dB so vi gii m Turbo), ti cc ln lp ln cht lng tim cn vi gii m Turbo song song ti Eb/N0 ln. V bn cht, do cc thut ton gii m thnh phn l ti u nn vic cng bc hi qui s khng em li kt qu khi xt v xc sut li bit. Ngc li so vi thut ton Log-MAP, s gii m song song ci tin dng Max-Log-MAP c th ci thin cht lng kh ln ln lp ln trong vng Eb/N0 nh (hnh 8).

Hnh 7. So snh cht lng cc s gii m vi thut ton Log- MAP

Hnh 8. So snh cht lng cc s gii m vi thut ton Max-Log-MAP

2. So snh cht lng ca cc s gii m Turbo

Kt qu m phng cht lng ca b m ny c gii thiu trong hnh 7, 8 vi s khung li t nht l 50, s bit pht nhiu nht l 2108, h s cng bc hi qui c chn nh mc trn. T hnh 7 ta nhn thy rng, i vi Log-MAP, s gii m song song c cht lng lun tt hn so vi gii m Turbo thng thng ti mi ln lp, ti mi min Eb/N0. c bit l ti ln lp th nht, cht lng c th ci thin ti khong 0,4 dB. Cc kt qu thng k c cp n ti [2] cng ch ra rng, ti ln lp th nht, h s tng quan gia LLR1 v LLR2 lun nh hn 1 v c xu hng gim khi tng Eb/N0 dn n gi tr c lng tng s c tin cy ln hn LLR1 hoc LLR2. Ti cc ln lp ln, nu

Ti ln lp th nht, cht lng ci thin c khong 0.5 dB so vi gii m Turbo v 0.2 dB so vi gii m song song. Ti vng Eb/N0 ln (khi c hiu ng sn - floor effect), cht lng ca s gii m song song ci tin hi qui vi gii m song song. So snh cht lng ca cc s gii m dng Max-LogMAP v gii m dng Log-MAP c minh ha trong hnh 8. Ta cng thy rng s gii m song song s dng Max-Log-MAP c cht lng ch km 0,1 dB so vi gii m Turbo thng thng s dng Log-MAP vi c lng knh ti u. Trong trng hp khng c c lng knh hoc sai lch c lng knh, cht lng ca thut ton Log-MAP s km hn so vi gii m song song ci tin dng Max-Log-MAP ti vng Eb/N0 nh. Hnh 9 cng ch ra xc sut li bit ca gii m Turbo dng Log-MAP vi gi thit c lng knh sai 30%. Khi u vo ca b gii m s dng

mt khuch i c h s a = 0.7 2 / 2 (trong trng

hp ti u a = 2 / 2 ) [4].

[Y-E(Y)] }, Var() l phng sai ton hc, v E() l k vng ton hc. Nh vy, cht lng s hi qui khi R () (i) tin ti 1 do nu tng s ln lp ln na th cc tnh ca LLR () (i ) s khng thay i (c s ph thuc tng quan vi LLR (1) (i ) ), c ngha l cht lng s khng ci thin khi tng . n gin hn, ta s s dng gi tr trung bnh ca

R () (i) ; i=1, 2 ...N l

R () v c lng bng phng php thng k mu. Do m Turbo cng c th xem l mt b m tuyn tnh, nn ta c th c nh chui ton 0 v pht
Hnh 9. So snh cc s gii m song song dng MaxLog-MAP v s gii m Turbo dng Log-MAP

nhiu ln cho ti khi R () hi qui (khong 10000 khung d liu) ti cc ln lp. H s tng quan trung bnh R () ti cc ln lp vi Eb/N0 =0,5 dB v 2 dB v cu hnh ca b m ha nh mc trn s dng thut ton Max-Log-MAP c ch ra trong hnh 10.

3. nh gi tc hi qui ca cc s gii m
Cht lng gii m Turbo ph thuc rt ln vo s ln lp. Nu tng s ln lp ti mt gi tr no , xc sut li bit BER (hoc xc sut li khung FER) khng gim m hi qui. Ta nh ngha tc hi qui l s ln lp no m hu nh khi tng s ln lp, cht lng ci thin khng ng k. y l mt khi nim nh tnh m cho ti nay, nu ch dng phng php m phng th kh c th ch ra bng s. Mt hin tng thng thy trong cc kt qu m phng l ti Eb/N0 ln tc hi qui nhanh, ti Eb/N0 nh tc hi qui chm. iu c ngha l ti Eb/N0 ln, s ln lp cn thit c th t trc khng cn qu ln. Ngc li, ti Eb/N0 nh ta c th s dng s ln lp ln hn ci thin cht lng. Trong mc ny, chng ti s a ra phng php nh gi tc hi qui ca cc thut ton gii m mt cch gin tip thng qua h s tng quan:

Hnh 10. H s tng quan trung bnh ca cc s gii m song song dng Max-Log-MAP

R () (i) =

Cov LLR (1) (i ), LLR () (i )

Var LLR (1) (i ) Var LLR () (i )

) (

(6)

trong LLR () (i ) l gi tr c lng theo hm log th i ca ln lp th ti u vo b quyt nh cng, 1 i N, vi N l kch thc ca khung d liu pht. Cov() l mmen tng quan, Cov(X,Y)=E{[X-E(X)]

Quan st hnh 10 chng ta c nhn xt rng s gii m song song ci tin c h s tng quan trung bnh nhanh tin ti 1 hn so vi cc s gii m cn li. dc ca cc ng hi qui ny cng c th dng nh gi tc hi qui ca cc s gii m. Trong trng hp b xo trn ngu nhin c kch thc N=320 th ti Eb/N0 nh cn s ln lp ln h s tng quan tin ti 1. iu ny cng gii thch ti sao khi gii thiu m Turbo, Berrou s dng b xo trn c kch thc ln (N=65536) i hi s ln lp l 18 tin ti cch gii hn Shannon trong

khong 0,7 dB. Ti Eb/N0 ln, ch cn 6 n 8 ln lp l cht lng hi qui. Hnh 11 so snh cht lng ca cc s gii m vi cc ln lp 8 v 18. Ta cng nhn thy rng, ti vng Eb/N0 >1,8 dB, ln lp th 18 v 8 ca cc s gii m song song c cht lng gn nh nhau v nh vy cc s gii m ny hi qui nhanh hn so vi s gii m Turbo thng thng. Ti vng Eb/N0 nh, cht lng ca s gii m song song ci tin tt nht v hi qui nhanh nht.

n gin v khng cn phi c lng knh. Kt qu thng k h s tng quan cng cho thy rng h s tng quan trung bnh ca xc sut hu nghim theo tng ln lp hi qui nhanh n 1 khi Eb/N0 ln. Do ti vng ny ch cn mt s ln lp nh khi m h s tng quan trung bnh gn vi 1. Ti Eb/N0 nh, cht lng c th ci thin c nhiu hn nu tng s ln lp, v vy c th thit k h thng vi s ln lp ph thuc vo Eb/N0. Bi bo cng trnh by phng php v kt qu c lng h s cng bc hi qui. H s ny c n gin ha dng chung cho tt c cc ln lp trong cc biu thc (1) (5). Gi tr tt nht ca n ph thuc vo Eb/N0 v trong trng hp c th, ta chn h s K=1/3 t cht lng tt ti vng Eb/N0 nh trn knh AWGN.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] C. BERROU, A. GLAVIEUX, P. THITIMAJSHIMA, Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes, Proc. 1993 IEEE Int. Conf. on Comm., Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1064-1070, 1993. [2] NGUYEN TUNG HUNG, DINH THE CUONG, HUYNH HUU TUE, An improvement for decoding Turbo codes by using the parallel iterative decoding Algorithm, Journal of Sience and Technique -Le Qui Don Technical University , pp 49-57, No. 101/IV-2002. [3] J.HAGENAUER AND E.OFFER, AND L.PAPKE, Iterative decoding of binary block and convolutional codes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 42, pp 409 - 428, , March 1996. [4] L. R. BAHL, J. COCKE, F. JELINEK, AND J. RAVIV, Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 20, pp. 284-287, March 1974. [5] S. BENEDETTO, D. DIVSALAR, G. MONTORSI, AND F. POLLARA, A soft-input soft-output APP module for iterative decoding of concatenated codes, IEEE Comm. Letters, Vol. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 22-24. [6] D.DIVSALAR AND F.POLLARA, Turbo codes for PCS applications: in Proc. ICC95. Seattle, WA, June 1995, pp 54-59. [7] NGUYEN TUNG HUNG, VU THANH HIEP, INH THE CUONG, On sensitive bits of Turbo codes.

Hnh 11. Cht lng ca cc s gii m Turbo dng Max-Log MAP vi cc ln lp 8 v 18

V. KT LUN

Chng ti gii thiu mt s gii m lp mi ph hp vi thut ton gii m cc tiu FER (nh MaxLog-MAP), gi l "s gii m song song ci tin". Cc kt qu m phng cho thy rng cht lng ca s gii m mi ny c cht lng tt hn s gii m song song c nghin cu ti [2] cng nh s gii m Turbo thng thng. S gii m mi khng ph hp vi cc thut ton ti u BER (MAP hoc Log-MAP), nhng ngc li, n khng i hi phi c c lng c tnh thng k knh cht ch nh yu cu tt yu i vi MAP v Log-MAP. Trong trng hp sai s c lng knh khong 30%, ti vng Eb/N0 nh, cht lng ca s gii m mi s tt hn cht lng ca MAP v Log-MAP. Cht lng ca s gii m mi ch km so vi gii m ti u BER khong 0,1 dB trong khi s gii m Turbo ti u FER thng thng km khong 0,3 n 0,4 dB. Cc s gii m ti u FER c u im l

Journal of Sience and Technique -Le Qui Don Technical University No. 99/II-2002, pp 16-27.

Ngy nhn bi: 30/7/2003

S LC TC GI NGUYN TNG HNG

V THANH HI

Sinh ngy 16-12-1954. Tt nghip Hc vin K thut Qun s 1979. Bo v Tin s ti Hc vin WAT Ba Lan nm 1989 . Hin l ch nhim khoa V tuyn in t, Hc vin K thut Qun s. Hng nghin cu: Thng tin v tuyn, k thut truyn s liu. Email: vunhatminh93@hn.vnn.vn

Sinh ngy 27-5-1969. Tt nghip trng s quan CHKT thng tin Ulianp (Lin X c) nm 1992. Tt nghip cao hc ti Hc vin KTQS nm 1999. Hin ang lm nghin cu sinh v l ging vin ti Hc vin KTQS. Hng nghin cu: M knh, x l tn hiu, k thut tri ph.
DON NH THANH

Sinh ngy 26-6-1954. Tt nghip i hc Bch khoa H Ni 1989. Tt nghip cao hc ti Hc vin K thut qun s nm 1997. Hin l ging vin trng s quan CHKT Thng tin. Hng nghin cu: Thng tin v tuyn, x l tn hiu.