CHNG II

PHN NG THY PHN

TRONG CNG NGHIP THC PHM

I. KHI NIM CHUNG

Phn ng thy phn: Phn ng thy phn l phn ng phn gii cc cht c s tham gia ca nc Phng trnh tng qut: R1R2 + H2O R1OH + R2H

I. KHI NIM CHUNG

ngha ca phn ng thy phn -L kiu phn ng rt ph bin v quan trng trong bo qun v ch bin sn phm. - Phn ng thy phn l nguyn nhn lm h hng thc phm - Nhng cng chnh nh phn ng thy phn m cht lng dinh dng v cm quan ca thc phm cng tng ln.

u im
Gia tng tnh cht cm quan Gia tng gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm

ng dng
-

Sn xut gluco, mch nha Sn xut nc mm, tng chao, nc chm ln men

Nhc im
Gy h hng thc phm trong bo qun do cc phn ng tip din gy nn VD: - Dezamin ha, decarboxyl ha acid amin - Oxy ha monosaccharid to CO2 v H2O - Oxy ha lipid to mi v kh chu

Tc nhn thy phn

Acid Kim Enzyme

u im ca phn ng thy phn bng enzym hydrolase

Enzym hydrolase c tnh c hiu cao nn khng to thnh sn phm ph Phn ng xy ra nhit thp , nn gim c yu cu v thun khit ca nguyn liu m hiu sut vn cao. C th iu chnh cc yu t tc ng c nhiu hp cht khc nhau. Enzym hydrolase c th thy phn iu kin nng c cht nn gim chi ph sn xut.

Nhc im ca phn ng thy phn bng enzym hydrolase

Thi gian thy phn bng enzym di hn thi gian thy phn bng acid. chu k sn xut ko di. Dung dch thy phn bng enzym thng kh lc hn dung dch thy phn bng acid.

Khc phc nhc im ca phng php thy phn bng enzym

Thy phn bng phng php kt hp enzym-acid , acid enzym Rt ngn thi gian v n gin ha cng ngh

Enzyme thy phn: HYDROLAZE

Ngun gc: ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt Chia thnh 4 nhm theo bn cht c cht: esterase, glucosidase, peptidase, amidase

c im chung ca enzyme thy phn: HYDROLAZE

-

a s cc enzym thy phn khng c nhm ngoi

Trung tm hot ng ca chng c cc acid amin c hiu V d : Imidazol ca histidin

Hydroxyl ca serin.

Phng trnh phn ng

1) R1-COOR2 + H2O ester esterase R1-COOH + R2-OH

2) R-O-R1 + H2O glucid

glucosidase

R1-OH + R-OH

Phng trnh phn ng

peptidase 3) R-CO-NH-R1 + H2O R-COOH + R1-NH2 protid

amidase 4) R-CO-NH2 + H2O amid R-COOH + NH3

Enzyn thy phn c cht ng bt.

Gii thiu chung Enzym c dng chuyn ha tinh bt th thnh: -Sn phm cha tinh bt qua x l
-Sn phm c ngun gc t tinh bt. -Sn phm ng ho

Gii thiu chung v tinh bt

Tinh bt l hp cht th hai sau cellulose hin din nhiu trong thc vt. Cc ht tinh bt l ngun d tr nng lng. Kch c v hnh dng cc ht tinh bt thay i ty theo ging. Ngun tinh bt thng mi: la, la m, bp, khoai, sn.

H enzym dng ch bin ng bt

H thng enzym amilase thuc nhm hydrolase Bao gm cc enzym :

amilase amilase Glucose amilase isoamilase

H enzym dng ch bin ng bt

Nhm enzym ng phn ho: Enzym glucose isomerase. Nhm enzym oxyd ho: Enzym glucose oxydase.

Nhm enzym thu phn

Enzym invertase.

Enzym amilase

M enzym: (EC 3.2.1.1) Kiu enzym thu phn: endo-acting C cht: tinh bt, glycogen V tr ct: Lin kt glycosid 1-4 bn trong dy tinh bt khng ct lin kt glycosid 1-6 Sn phm sau thu phn: Dextrin

Enzym amilase (tt)

Ngun thu nhn: Vi khun: Bacillus spp Enzym chu nhit (T0 ti hn l 1160C) Nm mc:Asp orizae Enzym nhy vi nhit ng dng: H ha tinh bt, ung ha tinh bt nu bia . ch to syro maltose m c.

Enzym amilase(tt)
Tnh cht cu enzym amilase D tan trong H20, nuc mui, ru long. amilase l protein c tnh acid yu. im ng in pHi=4,2-5,7. Bn vi nhit hn cc enzym amilase khc. B kim hm bi kim loi nng: Cu2+, Ag2+,Hg2+

Nguyn liu sn xut enzym amilase

Ngun thu nhn: Thu nhn t mi trng nui cy nm mc, nm men. Chng vi khun: Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus mensentericus,. Bacillus licheniformis Chng nm mc: Asp oryzae, Asp Niger,Asp flavus, Asp awamori, mucor spp Mi chng vi sinh vt c th tng hp nhiu loi enzym, nhng hm lng cc enzym ny khc nhau.

Enzym amilase

M enzym: (EC 3.2.1.2)

Kiu thu phn: Nhm exo-acting Enzym ct t u khng kh V tr ct: Lin kt glycosid 1-4 Khng ct lin kt glycosid 1- 6

Enzym amilase(tt)

Sn phm sau thy phn: maltose Tnh cht maltose syrup: Tnh ht m cao, t dnh hn glucose syrup ng dng maltose syrup: Dng ch bin mn trng ming, trang tr bnh

Enzym amilase (tt)

Tnh cht amilase amilase c trung tm hot ng cha nhm SH, COOH, vng imidazol cu histidin. Bn khi khng c Ca2+ , b km hm bi Cu2+, Hg2+, ur. pH ti thch: ph=4,6 - 5,6 T0 ti thch: 40 500 C T0 bt hot: 700 C

Glucose amilase

M enzym (EC 3.2.1.3) Kiu enzym : Exo acting Ct kin kt glucosid 1-4 t u khng kh. ng dng: Sn xut high glucose syrup t dextrin.

M enzym: (EC 3.2.1.68)

Iso amilase

Kiu enzym thu phn: Ct lin kt glycosid 1-6

C cht: Amilopectin, glycogen ng dng : sn xut maltose syrup. Kt hp vi amilase s gia tng hiu sut thy phn, tng nng sut.

Pullulanase

M enzym: (EC 3.2.1.4 ) Kiu thy phn: Ct lin kt glycosid 1-6 C cht: pullulane. Ngun thu nhn: nm mc Aureobasidium pullulane

Enzym Glucose oxydase

M enzym: (EC: 1.1.3.4 ) Kiu phn ng: Oxyd ho glucose thnh gluconic acid. ng dng: Ngn chn phn ng maillard .

Ci thin cht lng cm quan gip sn phm khng b nu khi ch bin.

Glucose isomerase

M enzym: ( EC: 5.3.1.5 ) Tc dng: Chuyn ho glucose thnh fructose L enzym thng mi quan trng nht. Ngun thu nhn: Bacillus spp, streptomyces spp

Glucose isomerase (tt)

Tnh cht enzym: Hot ng ph trung tnh Nhit ti u : 550 C - 600 C Nng c cht: 45% Cht hot ho: Mg

Enzym invertase

M enzym: (EC: 3.2.1.26 ) Kiu phn ng: Thy phn sacchcarose thnh glucose v fructose. Hn hp glucose & fructose l ng nghch o.

Ngun thu nhn enzym:chit tch t mi trng nui cy saccharomyces spp, saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Enzym invertase (tt)

ng dng ca enzym invertase: Sn xut ng nghch o. u khuyt im ca vic s dng enzym invertase. u im: khng c sn phm ph Khuyt im: gi t.

H thng enzym khc trong cng ngh ch bin carbohydrate

Enzym Lactase

Tn gi khc: galactosidase.

Kiu phn ng: thy phn lactose thnh glucose v galactose.

Ngun thu nhn enzym:mi trng nui cy nm mc Asp Niger, Asp orizae.

H thng enzym khc trong cng ngh ch bin carbohydrate

Enzym Lactase (tt) Tnh cht enzym: Hot ng pH trung tnh. pH ti u : < 4-5 C kh nng chu nhit hn enzym c ngun gc nm mc

Enzym lactase(tt)
ng dng enzym lactase X l dch sa trong qu trnh ch bin fromage.

Sn xut sa c hm lng lactose thp. Gim s kt tinh lactose trong sa

Enzym Cellulase

Kieu phan ng Cellulose------------- (Glucose)n

Enzym cellulase thuy phan lien ket 1-4 glucosid

Nguon thu nhan : Moi trng nuoi cay Asp.Niger, Trichoderma viride Kieu nuoi cay : Be mat (Asp. Niger) Be sau (Trichoderma Viride)

Cellulase(tt)
ng dng enzym cellulase

Kt hp vi pectinase hay glucane ch bin bia, nc tri cy, ru vang. Lm tng v ngon cu rau c cht lng thp. Thay cu trc cu sn phm. Tng s chit xut cc sn phm t nhin

Enzyme protease thy phn cht m

Enzym protease l cc esterase thu phn protein. Protease thu phn lin kt peptid ca cc protein. Sn phm to thnh: peptid, amino acid M s enzym (EC:3.4.) endopeptidase: EC :3.4. 21->24 Exopeptidase : EC :3.4. 11->19

Phn loi protease

Da vo s phn b: Protease ni bo Protease ngoi bo Da vo ngun thu nhn: Protease ng vt. Protease thc vt Protease vi sinh vt

Phn loi protease

Da

vo pH hot ng protease acid. protease kim. protease trung tnh.

Phn loi protease

Da

vo nhm chc trong trung tm hot ng Serin protease. Thiol protease. Aspartic protease. Metalloprotease.

Phn loi protease

Da

vo tnh c hiu vi c cht: Endoprotease. Exoprotease.

Gii thiu chung v Endoprotease

EC :3.4. 21 24 Endopeptidase thng l protease thng dng trong ch bin thc phm. Kiu phn ng: phn ct ni mch, ct dy polypeptid thnh peptid.

Gii thiu chung v Endoprotease

Bn nhm endoprotease chnh : Serin protease (EC:3.4.21) Cystein protease (EC:3.4.22) Aspartic protease (EC:3.4.23) Metallo protease (EC:3.4.24)

Gii thiu chung v Exoprotease

M s enzym :EC: 3.4.11 19 a s l enzym ni bo. Enzym ct hai u mch polypeptid. Sn phm l cc amino acid. Cc enzym thuc nhm ny; * Aminopeptidase : ct t u N * Carboxypeptidase : ct t u C * Dipeptidase : ct dipeptid

Serine protease

1.Trypsin (EC: 3.4.21.4)

2.Chymotrypsine (EC:3.4.21.1)
3.Subtilisin (EC:3.4.21.)

Trypsine

Ngun thu nhn : Tu tng Tnh cht: Trng lng phn t 24.000 pH hot ng :8-9 Pi =10.1 Trypsinogen(zimogen) khng hot ng Enzym enterokinase (ca rut) hot ho trypsinogen thnh trypsin. Tm hot ng :gc serin (v tr 29 & 46)

Trypsine

Tnh c hiu ca enzym: Ct lin kt peptid c nhm carboxyl l Arg & Lys. ng dng : Thu phn Whey protein ph phm trong cng ngh ch bin fromage. Lm mm tht trong cng ngh git m gia sc.

Chymotrypsin

Ngun thu nhn: Dch chit tuyn tu Tnh cht Trng lng phn t: 25.000 Tnh cht tng t trypsin Tin enzym chymotrypsinogen c hot ho bi trypsin thnh chymotrypsin hot ng.

Chymotrypsin

ng dng : Ch bin men tiu ho. Thu phn protein pepton pancreatic Dng lm mm tht. Phn hu mu ng.

Subtilisine

Subtilisine

Ngun thu nhn: Vi khun Bacillus subtilis v

nhng loi tng t. Tnh cht : Trng lng phn t: 27.000

Pi= 9.4 Ct lin kt peptid, khng c tnh chuyn bit cao. L enzym chu nhit : >700C enzym vn cn hot ng. pH < 5 : Enzym mt tnh chu nhit. pH = 4 : Enzym b bt hot.

Subtilisine
ng dng :

Thu phn protein u nnh u nnh ho tan. Thu phn protein c nc mm. Thu phn nguyn liu giu protein; Gup thay i tnh cht to nh, to bt ca protein.

Thiol protease

Thiol protein(cystein protease) Papain Bromelin

Papain

Papain(EC: 3.4.22.2 )

Ngun thu nhn : M qu u xanh Tnh cht ; Trng lng phn t; 21.000 pH hot ng : 5 9 Pi = 8,8 Tnh chu nhit cao,>700C enzym vn n nh.

Papain (tt)
B bt hot do tc nhn oxyd ho. ng dng : Thu phn protein (nguyn liu giu m; c, u nnh ch bin nc mm, tng chao) ng dng trong cng ngh lm mm tht.

Bromelin
Ngun thu nhn : Qu da xanh Tnh cht ; Trng lng phn t: 33.000 pH ti u: 6 Nhit ti u:400C -500C. Tc nhn hot ho bromelin:ion kim loi

Bromelin(tt)

ng dng: Lm mm tht. Thu phn protein gim thi gian ch bin nc mm. Thuc thu phn protein.

Aspartic protease

Pepsin (EC: 3.4.4.1 ) Chymosine-Renin (EC: 3.4.4.3 ) Microbial renin Aspergillus protease

Pepsin (EC: 3.4.4.1 )

Ngun thu nhn: Nim mc d dy, dch v Tnh cht: Enzym n cu t ( mt mch polysaccharid gm 329 gc aa). Trng lng phn t: 34.000-35.000 pH ti u: 1,5 2 ; Pi =2

Pepsin(tt)

C ch hot ng : pepsinogen

T hot ho

pepsin

Kiu phn ng : Thu phn c hiu lin kt peptidc c tnh nh sau: Sau NH l Phe,hay tyr, leu Sau CO l Glu, lys,Cys.

Pepsin(tt)

Sn phm sau phn ng: pepton ng dng: lm thuc tr tiu ho tc nhn lm ng t sa Lm mm tht

Chymosin Renin (EC: 3.4.4.1 )

Ngun thu nhn: trong ngn th t ca d dy b v nm trong mng nhy ca d dy. Tn gi khc ca renin: men ng t sa, labenzyme, chymoza, chymosine

Chymosin Renin (tt)

Tnh cht:

Hot tnh thu phn gii hn. Sn phm sau thu phn : peptid pH hot ng: 3-3,5 Tnh c hiu : Tng t pepsin C kh nng ng t sa.

Chymosin Renin(tt)

ng dng iu ch men tiu ho Tc nhn lm ng t sa ch bin fromage. Thu phn protein to sn phm giu m

MicrobialRenin
Ngun thu nhn: nm mc Mucor Miehei, Mucor Pusillus. Chc nng : ng t sa Tnh cht : Trng lng phn t: 38.000. pH ti u: 4 Hot tnh microbial renin n nh hn renin ng vt. Gi bn r hn renin ng vt. ng dng Dng ch bin fromage quy m cng nghip.

Aspergillus protease

Ngun thu nhn: Asp Oryzae, Asp spp. Enzym thng mi cha 3 loi protease: Serin protease Aspartic protease Metallo protease

Aspergillus protease

Tnh cht: pH hot ng ca enzym hn hp kh rng pH ti u ca: Serin protease:7,5-9 Metallo protease:6-8 Asp protease: 4-5
ng dng : Ch bin tng, chao, nc tng, Dng trong cng ngh ch bin bnh m.

Metallo protease
1.

Thermolysine Ngun thu nhn: Bacillus stearothermophilus. Tnh cht: Enzym chu nhit. Hot tnh n nh nhit cao ( 80 0 C) khi c ion Ca+2. pH ti u : 7-9 B bt hot bi EDTA, citrate phosphate.

Metallo protease
2.Neutral protease Ngun thu nhn: Bacillus amiloliquefacien Tn thng mi : neutrase. Tnh cht: Enzym km bn vi nhit (,<500C) pH ti u : 6-8

Neutral protease

ng dng Nu bia: thu phn protein i mch. tng nng nit ho tan Thu phn tht v gelatin Ci thin tnh cht bt nho ca bnh m v bnh quy Nng cao hm lng protein trong qu trnh ch bin sa u nnh.

ng dng
-

Sn xut nc chm theo pp ha gii Sn xut nc chm theo pp ln men Sn xut nc mm

Sn xut tng
Sn xut chao

Sn xut ng
ng dng thy phn cellulose