Tieu luan

CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG 1. GII THIU V VT LIU COMPOSITE: Vt liu Composite l vt liu c ch to tng hp t hai hay nhiu vt liu khc nhau nhm mc ch to ra mt vt liu mi c tnh nng u vit hn hn vt liu ban u. N c cu to t cc thnh phn ct nhm m bo cho Composite c c cc c tnh c hc cn thit v vt liu nn m bo cho cc thnh phn ca Composite lin kt, lm vic hi ho vi nhau. 1.1. Lch s hnh thnh: Vt liu Composite xut hin t rt lu trong cuc sng, khong 5.000 nm trc Cng nguyn ngi c i bit vn dng vt liu composite vo cuc sng (v d: s dng bt trn vi t st m bo s dn n trong qu trnh nung gm). Ngi Ai Cp bit vn dng vt liu Composite t khong 3.000 nm TCN, sn phm in hnh l v thuyn lm bng lau, sy tm pitum v sau ny cc thuyn an bng tre trt mn ca v nha thng hay cc vch tng an tre trt bn vi rm, r l nhng sn phm Composite c p dng rng ri trong i sng x hi. S pht trin ca vt liu composite c khng nh v mang tnh t bin vo nhng nm 1930. Nm 1950 bc t ph quan trng trong ngnh vt liu Composite l s xut hin nha Epoxy v cc si gia cng nh Polyeste, Nylon, T nm 1970 n nay vt liu composite nn cht do c a vo s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip v dn dng, y t, th thao, qun s .. 1.2. u im: Tnh u vit ca vt liu Composite l kh nng ch to t vt liu ny thnh cc kt cu sn phm theo nhng yu cu k thut khc nhau m ta mong mun, cc thnh phn ct ca Composite c cng, bn c hc cao, vt liu nn lun m bo cho cc thnh phn lin kt hi ho to nn cc kt cu c kh nng chu nhit v chu s n

mn ca vt liu trong iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng. Mt trong cc ng dng c hiu qu nht l Composite polyme, y l vt liu c nhiu tnh u vit v c kh nng p dng rng ri, tnh cht ni bt l nh, bn cao, chu mi trng, r lp t, c bn ring v cc c trng n hi cao, bn vng vi mi trng n mn ho hc, dn nhit, dn in thp. Khi ch to mt nhit v p sut nht nh d vn dng cc th php cng ngh, thun li cho qu trnh sn xut. 1.3. Phn loi Composite: Vt liu composite c phn loi theo hnh dng v theo bn cht ca vt liu thnh phn. a) Phn loi theo hnh dng - Vt liu composite n dng si. Khi vt liu tng cng c dng si, ta gi l composite n dng si, cht n dng si gia cng tng c l tnh cho polymer nn. - Vt liu composite n dng ht . Khi vt liu tng cng c dng ht, cc tiu phn ht n phn tn vo polymer nn. Ht khc si ch n khng c kch thc u tin. b) Phn loi theo bn cht, thnh phn Composite nn hu c (nha, ht) cng vi vt liu ct c dng: si hu c (polyamide, kevlar), Si khong (thy tinh, carbon), si kim loi (Bo, nhm) Composite nn kim loi: nn kim loi (hp kim Titan, hp kim Al,) cng vi n dng ht: si kim loi (Bo), si khong (Si, C) Composite nn khong (gm) vi vt liu ct dng: si kim loi (Bo), ht kim loi (cht gm), ht gm (cacbua, Nit) 1.4. Cu to ca vt liu composite: Polymer nn: L cht kt dnh, to mi trng phn tn, ng vai tr truyn ng sut sang n khi c ngoi lc tc dng ln vt liu. C th to thnh t mt cht hoc hn hp nhiu cht c trn ln mt cch ng

nht to th lin tc. Trong thc t, ngi ta c th s dng nha nhit rn hay nha nhit do lm polymer nn: Nha nhit do: PE, PS, ABS, PVCn c trn vi nha, gia cng trn my p phun trng thi nng chy. Nha nhit rn: PU, PP, UF, Epoxy, Polyester khng no, gia cng di p sut v nhit cao, ring vi epoxy v polyester khng no c th tin hnh iu kin thng, gia cng bng tay (hand lay- up method). Nhn chung, nha nhit rn cho vt liu c c tnh cao hn nha nhit do. 1.5. ng dng: Th gii: Vi lch s pht trin phong ph ca mnh, vt liu composite c nhiu nh nghin cu khoa hc trn th gii bit n. Vic nghin cu v p dng thnh cng vt liu ny c nhiu nc trn th gii p dng. i chin th gii th hai nhiu nc sn xut my bay, tu chin v v kh ph v cho cuc chin ny. Cho n nay th vt liu Composite polyme c s dng ch to nhiu chi tit, linh kin ch to t. Da trn nhng u th c bit nh gim trng lng, tit kim nhin liu, tng chu n mn, gim rung, ting n v tit kim nhin liu cho my mc. Ngnh hng khng v tr s dng vt liu ny vo vic cun cnh my bay, mi my bay v mt s linh kin, my mc khc ca cc hng nh Boing 757, 676 Airbus 310 Trong ngnh cng nghip in t c s dng sn xut cc chi tit, cc bng mch v cc linh kin. Ngnh cng nghip ng tu, xung, ca n; cc ngnh dn dng nh y t (h thng chn, tay gi, rng gi, ghp s, ngnh th thao, cc dng th thao nh gy gn, vt tennit v cc ngnh dn dng, quc k dn sinh khc. Vit Nam: Vt liu composite c p dng hu ht cc ngnh, cc lnh vc ca nn kinh t

quc dn. Tnh ring nha dng sn xt vt liu composite c tiu th Vit Nam khong 5.000 tn mi nm; ti H Ni c 8 ti nghin cu v composite cp thnh ph c tuyn trn, theo vt liu composite c s dng nhiu trong i sng x hi. Ti khoa rng ca bnh vin trung ng Qun i 108 s dng vt liu Composite vo trong vic ghp rng tha, cc ngnh thit b gio dc, bn gh, cc gii phn cch ng giao thng, h thng tu xung, h thng mng trt, mng hng v gh ngi, mi che ca cc nh thi u, cc sn vn ng v cc trung tm vn ho Vit Nam v ang ng dng vt liu Composite vo cc lnh vc in dn dng, hp cng t in, so cch in, c bit l s cch in. 1.6. Tm quan trng ca Composite: Composite c ng dng rng ri trong: 1.6.1. Trong giao thng vn ti: Thay th cc loi st, g, vn... VD: cng, thng trn ca cc loi xe oto, mt s chi tit ca xe mt. 1.6.2. Trong hng hi: Lm ghe, thuyn, thng, tu... 1.6.3. Trong ngnh hng khng: Thay th vt liu st, nhm... trong my bay dn dng, qun s 1.6.4. Trong qun i: Nhng phng tin chin u: tu, cano, my bay, phi thuyn... Dng c, phng tin phc v cho vic sn xut nghin cu trong qun i nh: bn cha nc hoc ha cht, khay trng rau, bia tp bn.... 1.6.5. Trong cng nghip ha cht: Bn cha dung dch acid (thay gelcoat bng epoxy hoc nha vinyleste)

Bn cha dung dch kim ( thay gelcoat bng epoxy) 1.6.6. Trong dn dng: Sn phm trong sn mi: bnh, t, chn, a... Sn phm trang tr ni tht: khung hnh, ph iu, np hnh, vch ngn... Bn gh, t gi , khay, thng, bn. 2. GII THIU V CAO LANH, T ST: Cao lanh v t st l sn phm phong ho tn d ca cc loi gc cha trng thch nh pegmatit, granit, gabro, bazan, rhyolit. Ngoi ra n cn c th c hnh thnh do qu trnh bin cht trao i cc gc nh qucphophia. S hnh thnh cc m cao lanh v t st l do chu s tc dng tng h ca cc qu trnh ho hc, c hc, sinh vt hc bao gm cc hin tng phong ho, ra tri v lng ng trong thi gian di. 2.1CAO LANH: Ngun gc: Cao lanh c ngun gc tn gi t Cao Lnh th (tc t Cao Lnh, mt khu vc ti Cnh c Trn, Giang T, Trung Quc. L mt loi t st mu trng, b, chu la, vi thnh phn ch yu l khong vt kaolinit cng mt s khong vt khc nh: illit, montmorillonit, thch anh. Tn gi kaolin c cc gio s dng ngi Php du nhp vo chu u trong th k 18 v khi c phin m ngc tr li ting Vit th n tr thnh cao lanh. Tnh cht:

Cao lanh l mt khong sn phi kim c hnh thnh do qu trnh phong ha ca phenpat ch yu l octodaz v anbit. Qu trnh phong ha trn c gi l qu trnh kaolin ha. phenpat xut hin ch yu trong nham thch ni la, l thnh phn cu to ca
hoa cng octodaz, phin ma, pocphia, pegmatit... Nhng loi nham thch ny ngoi phenpat cn cha mica, thch anh v mt s khong vt khc.

Thnh phn ha hc Cao lanh (Kaolin): Cng thc ha hc: Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O Thnh phn l thuyt: Al2O3: 39,48%; SiO2: 46,6%; H2O: 13,92% T trng: 2,57 - 2,61 cng: 1 - 2,5

Phn loi: C nhiu kiu phn loi cao lanh khc nhau, ph thuc vo ngun gc pht sinh, mc ch s dng, chu la, do, hm lng cc xt Theo ngun gc pht sinh, c th chia cao lanh thnh hai dng l :
Cao lanh nguyn khai

- Pht sinh t cc ngun s cp. Cao lanh s cp sinh ra t qu trnh phong ha ha hc hay thy nhit ca cc loi c cha fenspat nh rhyolit, granit, gnai. Hay ni cch khc: cao lanh nguyn sinh (tc cao lanh th) l cao lanh hnh thnh ngay ti m gc. - Nu sn phm phong ho tn d, nhng b nc, bng h, gi cun i ri lng ng ti cc ch trng hnh thnh nn cc m cao lanh hay t st trm tch - cn gi l cao lanh th sinh. Pht sinh t cc ngun th cp. Cao lanh th cp c to ra t s chuyn di ca cao lanh s cp t ni n sinh ra v xi mn v c vn chuyn cng cc vt liu khc ti v tr ti trm lng. Mt s kaolinit cng c sinh ra ti ni ti trm lng do bin i thy nhit hay phong ha ha hc i vi acco (arkose), mt dng trm tch mnh vn vi hm lng fenspat trn 25 %.

Theo nhit chu la, cao lanh c phn thnh loi chu la rt cao (trn 1.750C), cao (trn 1.730C), va (trn 1.650C) v thp (trn 1.580C). Theo thnh phn Al2O3+ SiO2 trng thi nung nng, cao lanh c phn thnh loi siu baz, baz cao, baz hoc axt. Phn ng: Qu trnh phn gii t trng thch thnh kaolin. Di gc ha hc, phenpat phn gii thnh kaolin theo phng trnh phn ng sau: K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 + CO2 + H2O -------> Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O + K2O3 + 4SiO2 CaO.Al2O3.6SiO2 + CO2 + H2O -------> Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O + CaCO3 + 4SiO3. Trong qu trnh phong ha, do tc ng ca CO2 v H2O lin kt gia Al2O3 v SiO2 khng b b gy v rt bn vng, do phn t kaolin chu thu phn cao, khng ha tan trong nc v trm tch thnh m c ln SiO2. i vi phenpat kim th, ngoi SiO2 cn ln CaCO3 (nu pH ca mi trng phong ha < 7 th CaCO3 t t phn gii cho CaO v CO2. Chnh CO2 ny li l tc nhn tip tc phong ha phenpat). ng dng: Trong cng nghip, cao lanh c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, chng hn nh sn xut gm s, vt liu chu la, vt liu mi, sn xut nhm, phn nhm, c, cht n sn, cao su, giy, xi mng trng, dc, m phm, gch ceramic, luyn kim, s cch in, tng hp Zeolit

 Vit Nam: Tr cao lanh (kaolin) Vit Nam d bo khong 15 triu tn, hm lng Al2O3 trong cao lanh (kaolin) khong t 29 38%. Qung cao lanh (kaolin) tp trung ch yu cc tnh nh Lo Cai, Yn Bi, Ph Th, Qung Ninh, Tuyn Quang, Lm ng , ng Nai Cao lanh (Kaolin) Lm ng: c hnh thnh do qu trnh phong ha ca natri canxi phenpat, trong phenpat kim chim u th (albite)... Thng phn b di khong 5 n 10km, vi b dy khong 5 n 10m. Cao lanh (Kaolin) Lt tp trung Prenn, Tri Mt v Bo Lc. 2.2 T ST: Ngun gc: t st hay st l mt thut ng c dng miu t mt nhm cc khong vt phyllosilicat nhm ngm nc, thng thng c ng knh ht nh < 2 m. Ni chung n c to ra do s phong ha ha hc ca cc loi cha silicat di tc ng ca H2CO3. t st c phn bit vi cc loi ht t nh khc c trong t, chng hn nh bn nh kch thc nh ca chng, hnh dng to bng hay to lp, kh nng ht nc cng nh ch s do cao. c tnh n l cht mm do khi m, iu ny c ngha l rt d to dng cho n

bng tay. Khi kh n tr nn rn chc hn v khi b "nung" hay lm cng bng nhit cao, t st tr thnh rn vnh cu. Thuc tnh ny lm cho t st tr thnh mt cht l tng lm cc gm s c bn cao, c s dng c trong nhng mc ch thc t cng nh dng lm trang tr. Vi cc dng t st khc nhau v cc iu kin nung khc nhau, ngi ta thu c t nung, gm v s. Loi ngi pht hin ra cc thuc tnh hu ch ca t st t thi tin s v mt trong nhng to tc sm nht m ngi ta bit n l cc bnh ng nc lm t t st c lm kh di nh nng mt tri. Ph thuc vo cc hp cht c trong t, t st c th c nhiu mu khc nhau, t mu trng, xm xt ti mu -da cam sm. Tnh cht: t st bao gm cc loi khong cht phyllosilicat giu cc xt v hirxt ca silic v nhm cng nh gm mt lng ln nc tham gia vo vic to cu trc v thay i theo tng loi t st. t st l silicat nhm gm c Al2O3.SiO2 v ngm nc. Tnh cht ca n bin i ph thuc vo lng tp cht m ch yu l cc oxyt (Fe, Mg, Ba, Ca, Na, K) v mt t cht hu c. Cu trc tinh th ca t st tng i phc tp song c c trng quan trng l c cu trc tng nn khi c nc cc phn t nc in kn cc tng ny v to ra lp mng mng bao quanh cc ht t st lm cho cc ht ny d dch chuyn vi nhau, to ra do cao cho hn hp t st nc.

Thnh

Hm

phn oxyt % lng %

SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO K2O Na2O MKN

77,2 0,17 13,81 1,41 0,02 0,14 1,19 1,58 2,31 1,77

Phn loi: Trong cc ngun ti liu khc nhau, ngi ta chia t st ra thnh ba hay bn nhm chnh nh sau: kaolinit, montmorillonit-smectit, illit v chlorit (nhm cui cng khng phi lc no cng c coi l mt phn ca t st v i khi c phn loi nh l mt nhm ring, trong phm vi phyllosilicat). C khong 30 loi t st 'nguyn cht' khc nhau trong cc nhm ny, nhng phn ln t st 't nhin' l cc hn hp ca cc loi khc nhau ny, cng vi cc khong cht phong ha khc. ng dng: t st c nung kt trong la to ra nhng gm s u tin v hin nay n vn l mt trong nhng vt liu r tin nht sn xut v s dng rng ri. Gch, ngi, cc xoong ni t t, cc to tc ngh thut t t, bt a, thn bugi v thm ch c cc nhc c nh n ocarina u c lm t t st. t st cng c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip, chng hn trong sn xut giy, xi mng, gm s v cc b lc ha hc. Trn thc t, t st l vt liu rt hu dng khi c th lm ra nhng tc phm c o nh gm s, ha k thut, hoa ngh thut, thm ch l mt n m phm. Thi gian gn y, nhiu nh khoa hc Vit Nam li tm ra nhng cng dng mi thit thc hn cho cuc sng v ang tch cc hon thin n. t st l vt liu qu nhng tic rng ti nhiu vng qu li c khai thc, s dng vo nhng mc ch khng thc s cn thit nh xy l gch, p ng, k, cng. Khng th bit trong tng lai cc nh khoa hc cn pht hin ra nhng iu diu k g khc khi vt liu ny c th ngy cng tr nn him.

3. CAO LANH, T ST TRONG VT LIU COMPOSITE: 3.1. VAI TR CA CAO LANH, T ST TRONG VT LIU MI: 3.1.1. NN LIN KT:

Trong x hi loi ngi th cch y my nghn nm cha ng ta bit ch to vt liu composite. H xy nh bng rm trn vi t st ri p ln khung tre - na, Ct vt liu l rm r, tre na c tnh bn dai kh dt, nn l t st c tnh kt dnh cao, khi kh c cng v cch nhit tt. Vi vch composite n gin ny gip h che ma nng gi rt. p cc l, bp dng un nu thc n ung. L cht kt dnh, to mi trng phn tn, ng vai tr truyn ng sut sang n khi c ngoi lc tc dng ln vt liu. Cht nn khng nhng l cht lm cc si gia c dnh li vi nhau m cn c tc dng phn b lc ng u trn ton b composite. Cht nn v si phi c s tng hp ha hc ti u ha dnh gia cht nn v si. Compozite nn gm, vi VL gia cng dng: Si kim loi (Bo), ht kim loi (cht gm), ht gm (cacbua, nit) Trong composite nn gm, vt liu ct c th l ct dng khng lin tc kiu ht, si ngn hoc lt vn. Cng c th dng ct lin tc dng si. Trong trng hp ct gin on, vic tng bn v dai va p ch c th tng n mt gii hn no nhng vn s dng. Mt v d composite nn gm si vn dng trong lnh vc dng c ct l composite SiC/Si3N4, trong SiC l pha gia cng, cn Si3N4 ng vai tr vt liu nn. Vt liu composite nn gm (ceramic matrix composite, CMC) c nghin cu v s dng rng ri nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca vt liu gm nguyn khi, l tnh dn c hu v kh nng ng dng

hn ch ca vt liu gm nguyn khi. Vt liu composite nn gm thng dng ch to cc chi tit lm vic trong mi trng rt khc nghit nh: ng c tn la v ng c phn lc, ng c kh trong nh my nng lng, v cch nhit ca tu khng gian, lp lt u tin ca bung phn ng nu chy, phanh my bay, l nhit luyn y l mi trng lm vic c nhit rt cao nhng rt kh lm ngui bng cht lng thng thng. Mt khc, khi thay th cc siu hp kim bng vt liu gm composite cn tit kim c kh nhiu khi lng, iu v cng quan trng i vi ngnh hng khng v tr. 3.1.2. VT LIU GIA CNG : ng vai tr l cht chu ng sut tp trung v n thng c tnh cht c l cao hn nha. Ngi ta nh gi n da trn cc c im sau: Tnh gia cng c hc. Tnh khng ho cht, mi trng, nhit . Phn tn vo nha tt. Truyn nhit, gii nhit tt. Thun li cho qu trnh gia cng. Gi thnh h, nh. Tu thuc vo tng yu cu cho tng loi sn phm m ngi ta c th chn loi vt liu n cho thch hp. C hai dng n: n dng si: si c tnh nng c l ho cao hn n dng ht, tuy nhin, si c gi thnh cao hn, thng dng ch to cc loi vt liu cao cp nh: si thy tinh, si carbon, si Bo, si cacbua silic, si amide

 n dng ht: thng c s dng l: silicat, CaCO3, vy mica, vy kim loi, n khong, cao lanh, t st, bt talc, hay graphite, carbon kh nng gia cng c tnh ca cht n dng ht dc s dng vi mc ch sau: - Gim gi thnh - Tng th tch cn thit i vi n tr, tng bn c l, ho, nhit, in, kh nng chm chy i vi n tng cng. - D c khun, gim s to bt kh trong nha c nht cao. - Ci thin tnh cht b mt vt liu, chng co rt khi ng rn, che khut si trong cu to tng cng si, gim to nhit khi ng rn. C th s dng CO2 lng thay th cho cc dung mi hu c cho qu trnh tng hp cc hn hp polyeste/t st tng hp nanocomposite. Cc loi nha nh epoxy,

phenolformaldehyt, polyeste u c tnh thm t tt i vi vt liu gia cng dng hu c, bi vy cng on trn nha vi ct rt thun li v n gin. Ring i vi ct l vt liu v c, v d nh cc loi si gm, c tnh thm t rt km nn trc khi trn phi c cng on bc hoc thm ln trn ct. Composite vi vt liu gia cng l khong (gm), vi vt liu nn lin kt dng: nn hu c (nha, ht), nn kim loi (hp kim Titan, hp kim Al,), nn khong (gm). t st cha cc ht nano l loi vt liu xy dng lu i. Hin nay, polymer gia cng bng t st (nanoclay) c ng dng kh nhiu nh dng trong b phn hm xe hi. Ngoi ra c th s dng ht carbon en c kch thc 10 n 100 nm gia cng cho v xe hi.

4.MT S DY CHUYN SN XUT. 4.1ng dng ca t st siu mn trong sn xut cc nanocomposit (H2N2)-t st siu mn l loi st c c ht c nano v c th c bin tnh bng cc phng php ha hc to thnh nhng vt liu tng hp vi cc monome v polyme hu c. Trong cc ngun ti liu khc nhau, ngi ta chia t st ra thnh ba hay bn nhm chnh nh sau: kaolinit, montmorillonit-smectit, illit v chlorit (nhm cui cng khng phi lc no cng c coi l mt phn ca t st v i khi c phn loi nh l mt nhm ring, trong phm vi phyllosilicat). C khong 30 loi t st nguyn cht khc nhau trong cc nhm ny, nhng phn ln t st t nhin l cc hn hp ca cc loi khc nhau ny, cng vi cc khong cht phong ha khc. Ngy nay, nguyn liu chnh sn xut t st siu mn l cc loi t st smectit, c bit l montmorillonit. Montmorillonit l nguyn liu d khai thc v c tr lng ln khp ni trn th gii. Montmorillonit, vi cng thc ha hc (Na,Ca)0,33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2nH2O, thng thng l sn phm c to ra t phong ha ca cc loi ngho silica. Montmorillonit l thnh vin ca nhm smectit v l thnh phn chnh trong bentonit. So vi t st tng hp, t st t nhin khng ng u v cht lng, kch c v tnh cht vt l trong khi , kh nng to ra cc composit gia t st v polyme ph thuc nhiu vo s n nh tnh cht ca t st. Tri li, thnh phn v tnh cht ca t st tng hp n nh hn v c th c khng ch tt hn. Nhng t st tng hp thng t hn t st t nhin, v vy b hn ch trong s dng. Mi y, trn th trng xut hin mt loi vt liu nano mi, gi l cc cht nanocomposit phn t ln, chng c kh nng to ra cc cu trc nano vi nhng tnh nng cao hn.

X l t st Cc cng ngh x l t st c t hn 40 nm nay, sn phm c dng trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip, v d lm cht n, tc nhn bin tnh cho cc sn phm cng nghip nh sn, cht kt dnh. C 2 cng ngh c bn x l t st, c p dng sn xut nanoconlposit l cc cng ngh do cng ty CRDL (Nht Bn) v cng ty Nanocon pht trin. Cng ngh ca cng ty CRDL s dng t st montmorillonit v x l bng phn ng th ion amoni vi cc ion natri c sn trong t st. Bng cng ngh ny, cng ty CRDL sn xut cc nanocomposit lm t polyme v t st. Cng ty Nanocon pht trin v ng k sng ch phng php bin tnh t st bng cch li cc ion natri trn b mt tinh th t st ri sp xp li bng cc tng tc lng cc. Sn xut cc nanocomposit Tim nng sn xut nanocomposit khng b gii hn bi chng loi nha. t st v cc ph gia c ht nano ng vai tr quan trng trong sn xut cc cht do dn dng, cht do k thut, cht do tnh nng cao, cc cht do nhit rn v cc vt liu n hi. Hiu qu ca phng php sn xut ph thuc vo s tng thch ha hc gia t st vi polyme v tc ng ca s tng thch ny i vi cc tnh nng ca ton b h composit. Hai quy trnh c bn sn xut cc nanocomposit l polyme ha ni ti v ha hp nng chy. C hai quy trnh c pht trin n mc kh cao v c p dng sn xut nhiu composit vi thnh phn t st nano. Tim nng th trng Nm l999, tng gi tr th trng ton cu i vi cc nanocomposit ch t 2 triu cn Anh. Trong , phn ln l nylon gia cng bng t st c ht nano, c s dng trong sn xu t cc ph tng t v bao b ng gi. Th trng ch mi nm giai on u ca s pht trin sn phm v cng ngh, nhiu cng ty ang pht trin v thng mi ha cc sn phm nhm mc ch lm cho loi vt liu mi ny c chp nhn. Tim nng th trng i vi cc nanocomposit hin cn rt ln. Theo d on, trong nm ti sn lng ca cc sn phm ny s t gn 10 t cn Anh, nhng con s ny cng mi ch tng ng mt phn ba ca tim nng th trng. c tnh, trong thi gian 2004 2009, nhu cu th trng i vi nanocomposit s tng trung bnh 35%/nm. Cng ngh sn xut nanocomposit c th c p dng rng ri cho nhiu loi polyme. D kin, trong 10 nm ti cc loi composit c sn xut t gn 20 loi polyme s c thng mi ho, mc d hin nay cc sn phm thng mi u tin, duy ch l cc composit i t nylon (cc ph tng t). Hin nay nanocomposit c s dng trong 2 lnh vc chnh l sn xut ph tng t v vt liu bao b thc phm. Th trng ny s tip tc l u ra cho cc nanocomposit

trong 10 nm ti. T nm 2004, vt liu nanocomposit s c p dng cho cc lnh vc phi thc phm v cho cc vt dng lu bn khc.

4.2. QUI TRNH CNG NGH LM GCH BNG PLIME V C T T ST GCH KHNG NUNG Trong giai on pht trin ca nn kinh t hin nay ca VN, thi k s dng vt liu xy dng truyn thng trong ngnh cng nghip XD l gch nung t t bt u bc vo hi kt. Mc d ch tiu nh hng ca chnh ph n 2010 t l gch khng nung trong thnh phn gach xy dng c th khng t mc tiu 30% nh ra trong chin lc pht trin VLXD c chnh ph ph duyt ngy 01/08/2001, nhng vt liu XD khng nung l la chn khng th khccho ngnh cng nghip XD nc ta trong mt tng lai gn. Trn th gii, VLXD khng nung c s dng rng ri ti cc nc pht trin, ni gch khng nung chim n t l 70-80% trong khi lng gch xy dng. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi nh hng pht trin ca ton cu, l nh hng thn thin v bo v mi trng sng. Nu nh cng ngh sn xut VLXD nung t t truyn thng va hy hoi mi trng bng cch gm ha ti nguyn t, va thi thm cc loi cht c hi lm thay i mi trng, th khi s dng VLXD khng nung, tt c nhng tc hi nu trn u c loi b hoc hn ch.

Mc ch yu cu Lm gch bng plime v c, t cht lng yu cu ca gch nung. Cch sn xut Gch c lm bng nguyn liu t t st, cht n v ph gia

X l t

Phi trn Ph gia

Tohnh: n-p khun

Sy: 40-150o C Sn Phm

- X l t: t phi c x l ng theo tiu chun k thut tc khi a vo sn xut, t phi t mn, sch, m - Phi trn ph gia : tt c cc ph gia phi c nho trn o u sao cho ng u trong mi im trong khi nguyn liu - To hnh qua my n-nn, my p thy lc, my rung p, khun: ty theo n t hang m la chn cc thong s k thut cn thit - Tp trung sn phm vo bun sy hoc sn phi. Nu sy, sn phm cn thi gian t 4 8 ting nhit 40 - 150 C. Thit b cn sm - Thit b gm c my trn, my xay v my nn thy lc hoc my n - p. Gi thnh Tu loi gch, gi thnh (k c cng) i t 400 - 600 ng/ 1kg thnh phm, trong s chn la vt liu nh hng n gi thnh khng t u vo. Gch xy truyn thng lm theo cch ny gi thay i khang 300 - 400 ng/vin. S dng Gch plime ca th gii cng c lm theo cch ny, c cng dng rt tt v a dng: - xy tng, - lt nn, sn vn, li di, - gch dng cho mi trng mn (cc vng ven bin) - gch trang tr v mt s cc ng dng khc tu vo tng sng to ca nh sn xut. u im: - khng kn chn t - khng gy nhim mi trng - sn phm ng b v kch thc v mu sc - gi thnh cnh tranh - cht lng ngang vi gch tuy nen - nhng c s ang lm gch nung truyn thng c th chuyn qua sn xut gch khng nung m khng cn sm thm thit b. VI/ XU HNG PHT TRIN TRONG TNG LAI: Montmorillonite nguyn liu cho nanocomposite Loi nanoclay u tin c tm thy trn th gii l montmorillonite ( Montmorillon, Php, nm 1874). Tuy nhin, n nm 1993, vt liu polyme clay nanocomposite mi ln u tin c ch to thnh cng. Cng thc phn t: My+(Al2-yMgy)(Si4)O10*nH2O.

t st c x l nhm thu c nhng ht MMT tinh khit bng quy trnh x l c l nh siu m, sa lng v/hay ly tm nhm loi b tp cht nh khong quartz, feldspar. Ngoi ra, MMT c x l tip bng cc phng php ha hc nhm loi b cc oxit st, calcite v axit hu c. Sau cc quy trnh x l tinh khit, MMT c bin tnh tip theo bng polyethylene oxide (theo phng php dung dch v siu m) nhm to s tng hp tt gia pha gia cng v nha nn. Montmorillonite clays l mt dng t st trng, c th hp th hn 20 30 ln th tch ca n trong nc v l s quan tm c bit ca cng nghip cht do. MMT c kh nng hp thu v gi cc cation dng nh: Na+, Ca+ l do trong cu trc ca MMT lun xy ra s thay th ca Mg+ cho Al3+ trong lp bt din, v Fe2+, Fe3+ thay th cho Al3+, Si4+ trong mng li 6 cnh. Cc cation dng Na+, Ca2+ ny c th c thay th mt cch c mc ch bng cc cation khc c kh nng hydrat ho nhng c tnh a hu c. iu ny lm cho MMT c kh nng trn hp vi polymer c d dng hn. Bin tnh Clay l chuyn cc clay t cc dng a nc do gia cc lp ca n c cha cc ion kim loi sang dng clay a hu c (organoclay). lm c iu ny, ngi ta thng cho cc cation hu c trao i vi cc ion kim loi trong cu trc lp ca Clay. Trong nhng nm qua, montmorillonite c bin tnh b mt chuyn ha b mt t dng a nc sang dng a cht hu c. Nhng sn phm ny c s dng nhiu nht tng hp vt liu nanocomposite, ngoi ra cn c ng dng nh l tc nhn c c trong sn nn du v nhiu ng dng khc ca cht lng hu c. Bin tnh b mt clay c th t c thng qua hai c ch chnh: trao i ion (ion exchange) v tng tc ion lng cc (ion dipole interaction). Nhn chung, vt liu nanocomposite c tnh cht tt hn so vi composite thng thng nn c nhiu ng dng c bit v hiu qu hn. y s l lai vt liu m ra nhiu hng nghin cu mi v ha hn nhiu tim nng ng dng cao.

Polymer/t st c th lm vt liu chng chy, v d nh mt s loi nanocomposite ca Nylon 6/silicate, PS/layered silicate hay vt liu dn in nh nanocomposite PEO/Li-MMT (MMT = Montmorillonite) dng trong pin, vt liu phn hy sinh hc nh PCL/MMT hay PLA/MMT. Polymer phn hy sinh hc c xem l mt loi polymer xanh thn thin vi con ngi v mi trng. Trong , poly(-caprolactone) (PCL) c ng dng nhiu trong lnh vc thng mi cng nh y hc: bao b thc phm, cy m xng, gi mang thuc, Tuy nhin, tnh cht c l km ca PCL cn tr kh nng ng dng ca n. Nanocomposite trn nn PCL vi pha gia cng l khong st Montmorillonite (MMT) l mt hng nghin cu nhm khc phc nhc im ny. Nanocomposite PCL/MMT c iu ch bng phng php nng chy v bng phn ng m vng in-situ (caprolactone) khi mo bng n-propanol v xc tc l Bu2SnCl2/toluen. 3 loi khong st c s dng l: MMT(OH)2 (MMT c bin tnh bng cation alkylammonium c 2 nhm OH), N15 (MMT c bin tnh bng cation alkylammonium), N757-PEO (MMT c bin tnh bng oligomer polyethyleneoxide). Ngoi ra, khi cc polymer nh ABS, PS, PVAc gia cng ht t st khc nhau s ci thin ng k tnh cht c l ca polymer v c nhng ng dng khc nhau nh ABS/MMT lm khung xe hi hay khung my bay, PMMA/MMT lm knh chn gi, PVA/MMT lm bao b Cc ht nano c s dng trong sn c th ci thin ng k tnh cht nh lm cho lp sn mng hn, nh hn, s dng trong my bay nhm gim trng lng my bay. Cao su v cotton l nhng nng sn t xa xa. Tuy nhin, khng ging cotton, cao su thin nhin gp phi s cnh tranh mnh m t cao su tng hp, loi vt liu rt pht

trin trong th chin th hai. Nm 1964, 75% lng cao su trn th gii thuc v cao su tng hp. Nhng sau , s xut hin ca lp khng sm cu vt vai tr ca cao su thin nhin vi lng tiu th 42% trong tng s 19,61 triu tn, theo thng k nm 2004. Khong 50% lp xe t trn th gii c lm t cao su thin nhin. Tuy nhin, lp sn xut t loi vt liu ny c nhng im yu nh khng bn, d mi mn, khng chu c nhit cao v mt dn tnh n hi trong qu trnh s dng. khc phc nhng kh khn , cc nh nghin cu p dng cng ngh nano vo qu trnh sn xut xut lp. Nhng cng ty nh Inmat v Nanonor ang sn xut cc ht t st kch thc nano, trn chng vi nha hay cao su tng hp to ra mt b mt kn kht. Cc ht t st nano ca Inmat c s dng di dng cht kt dnh. Bn cnh , cng ty ny cng lin kt vi Michelin, hng sn xut lp hng u th gii ng dng cng ngh ny trn lp khng sm. N s dn thay th cao su truyn thng v lm lp nh, r v mt hn.

Cao lanh, t st nhng vt liu tng chng nh n gin nhng n c mt gi tr kinh t to ln, c nhiu ng dng cho ngnh vt liu mi. Ngun nguyn liu d tm ny ngy cng ng mt vai tr kh quan trng trong th gii vt liu. T nhng kt cu gin n s dng trong cuc sng hng ngy, cho n nhng cu trc phc tp vi nhng tnh cht ni bt c sc gp phn nng cao vai tr ca cao lanh, t st.

Vt liu chu la t t st, cao lanh l mt trong cc ng dng c hiu qu v ang dn ci thin theo nhu cu con ngi. Do , hin nay hng lot cc vt liu chu la ra i nhm p ng cc mong mun . ng thi cng y mnh vic tm kim cc gi tr mi t t st, cao lanh. Ni bt nht l ng dng k diu ca cng ngh nano. Trong nhng nm qua, montmorillonite c bin tnh b mt chuyn ha b mt t dng a nc sang dng a cht hu c. Nhng sn phm ny c s dng nhiu nht tng hp vt liu nanocomposite. Cc ht nano c s dng trong sn c th ci thin ng k tnh cht nh lm cho lp sn mng hn, nh hn, s dng trong my bay nhm gim trng lng my bay v nhiu ng dng ni bt khc. Tm li, cao lanh t st vi nhng tnh cht c bit ca mnh, n ngy cng m rng ng dng trong cc ngnh, cc lnh vc khc nhau, khng ch gi gn trong xy dng m cn l vt liu cho k thut, v tr, hng khng v in t. Gi y, khi ni v cao lanh t st, ngi ta khng ch ngh ngay n cc gch, gm s thng thng, m cn l cc con chip in t, v phi thuyn v nhiu nhng sn phm khc mang tnh t ph s ra i trong tng lai.

1) Nguyn ng Cng, Composite si thy tinh v ng dng, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2005. 2) Th.S. Nguyn Hi ng, Gio n Vt liu composite, Trng i hc Cng Nghip TpHCM, 2009. 3) PGS.TS. Nguyn ng Hng, Cng ngh sn xut Vt liu chu la, NXB Bch khoa H Ni, 2006. 4) Nghim Hng, Vt liu hc c s, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2002. 5) Cc ti liu tham kho t Internet