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H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban


CHNG I: NG LC HC VT RN
1. To gc
L to xc nh v tr ca mt vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh bi gc (rad) hp gia mt phng ng
gn vi vt v mt phng c nh chn lm mc (hai mt phng ny u cha trc quay)
Lu : Ta ch xt vt quay theo mt chiu v chn chiu dng l chiu quay ca vt 0
2. Tc gc
L i lng c trng cho mc nhanh hay chm ca chuyn ng quay ca mt vt rn quanh mt trc
* Tc gc trung bnh: ( / )
tb
rad s
t

* Tc gc tc thi: '( )
d
t
dt


Lu : Lin h gia tc gc v tc di v = r
3. Gia tc gc
L i lng c trng cho s bin thin ca tc gc
* Gia tc gc trung bnh:
2
( / )
tb
rad s
t

* Gia tc gc tc thi:
2
2
'( ) ''( )
d d
t t
dt dt


Lu : + Vt rn quay u th
0 const
+ Vt rn quay nhanh dn u > 0
+ Vt rn quay chm dn u < 0
4. Phng trnh ng hc ca chuyn ng quay
* Vt rn quay u ( = 0)
=
0
+ t
* Vt rn quay bin i u ( 0)
=
0
+ t
2
0
1
2
t t + +
2 2
0 0
2 ( )
5. Gia tc ca chuyn ng quay
* Gia tc php tuyn (gia tc hng tm)
n
a
uur
c trng cho s thay i v hng ca vn tc di
v
r
(
n
a v
uur r
)
2
2
n
v
a r
r

* Gia tc tip tuyn
t
a
ur
c trng cho s thay i v ln ca
v
r
(
t
a
ur
v
v
r
cng phng)
'( ) '( )
t
dv
a v t r t r
dt

* Gia tc ton phn
n t
a a a +
r uur ur
2 2
n t
a a a +
Gc hp gia a
r
v
n
a
uur
:
2
tan
t
n
a
a


Lu : Vt rn quay u th a
t
= 0 a
r
=
n
a
uur
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2
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
6. Phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh

M
M I hay
I

Trong : + M = Fd (Nm)l mmen lc i vi trc quay (d l tay n ca lc)
+
2
i i
i
I mr

(kgm
2
)l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay
Mmen qun tnh I ca mt s vt rn ng cht khi lng m c trc quay l trc i xng
- Vt rn l thanh c chiu di l, tit din nh:
2
1
12
I ml
- Vt rn l vnh trn hoc tr rng bn knh R: I = mR
2
- Vt rn l a trn mng hoc hnh tr c bn knh R:
2
1
2
I mR
- Vt rn l khi cu c bn knh R:
2
2
5
I mR
7. Mmen ng lng
L i lng ng hc c trng cho chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc
L = I (kgm
2
/s)
Lu : Vi cht im th mmen ng lng L = mr
2
= mvr (r l k/c t v
r
n trc quay)
8. Dng khc ca phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh
dL
M
dt

9. nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng


Trng hp M = 0 th L = const
Nu I = const = 0 vt rn khng quay hoc quay u quanh trc
Nu I thay i th I
1

1
= I
2

2
10. ng nng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh
2

1
W ( )
2
I J
11. S tng t gia cc i lng gc v i lng di trong chuyn ng quay v chuyn ng thng
Chuyn ng quay
(trc quay c nh, chiu quay khng i)
Chuyn ng thng
(chiu chuyn ng khng i)
To gc
Tc gc
Gia tc gc
Mmen lc M
Mmen qun tnh I
Mmen ng lng L = I
ng nng quay
2

1
W
2
I
(rad)
To x
Tc v
Gia tc a
Lc F
Khi lng m
ng lng P = mv
ng nng
2

1
W
2
mv
(m)
(rad/s) (m/s)
(Rad/s
2
) (m/s
2
)
(Nm) (N)
(Kgm
2)
(kg)
(kgm
2
/s) (kgm/s)
(J) (J)
Chuyn ng quay u:
= const; = 0; =
0
+ t
Chuyn ng quay bin i u:
= const
=
0
+ t
2
0
1
2
t t + +
Chuyn ng thng u:
v = cnt; a = 0; x = x
0
+ at
Chuyn ng thng bin i u:
a = const
v = v
0
+ at
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
2
1
2
at

2 2
0 0
2 ( ) v v a x x
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3
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
2 2
0 0
2 ( )
Phng trnh ng lc hc

M
I

Dng khc
dL
M
dt

nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng



1 1 2 2

i
I I hay L const

nh l v ng

2 2
1 2
1 1
W
2 2
I I A (cng ca ngoi lc)
Phng trnh ng lc hc

F
a
m

Dng khc
dp
F
dt

nh lut bo ton ng lng



i i i
p mv const

nh l v ng nng

2 2
1 2
1 1
W
2 2
I I A (cng ca ngoi lc)
Cng thc lin h gia i lng gc v i lng di
s = r; v =r; a
t
= r; a
n
=
2
r
Lu : Cng nh v, a, F, P cc i lng ; ; M; L cng l cc i lng vct
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4
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
CHNG II: DAO NG C
I. DAO NG IU HO
1. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + )
2. Vn tc tc thi: v = -Asin(t + )

v
r
lun cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v>0, theo chiu m th v<0)
3. Gia tc tc thi: a = -
2
Acos(t + )

a
r
lun hng v v tr cn bng
4. Vt VTCB: x = 0; v
Max
= A; a
Min
= 0
Vt bin: x = A; v
Min
= 0; a
Max
=
2
A
5. H thc c lp:
2 2 2
( )
v
A x

+
a = -
2
x
6. C nng:
2 2

1
W W W
2
t
m A +
Vi
2 2 2 2 2

1 1
W sin ( ) Wsin ( )
2 2
mv m A t t + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
W ( ) W s ( )
2 2
t
m x m A cos t co t + +
7. Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l , tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin vi tn s gc
2, tn s 2f, chu k T/2
8. ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN
*
, T l chu k
dao ng) l:
2 2
W 1
2 4
m A
9. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c li x
1
n x
2
2 1
t



vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A

'

v (
1 2
0 ,
)
10. Chiu di qu o: 2A
11. Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A; trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A
Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt i t VTCB n v tr bin hoc ngc li
12. Qung ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
Xc nh:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Acos( ) Acos( )

sin( ) sin( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t


+ +
' '
+ +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
Phn tch: t
2
t
1
= nT + t (n N; 0 t < T)
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S
1
= 4nA, trong thi gian t l S
2
.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S
1
+ S
2
Lu : + Nu t = T/2 th S
2
= 2A
+ Tnh S
2
bng cch nh v tr x
1
, x
2
v chiu chuyn ng ca vt trn trc Ox
+ Trong mt s trng hp c th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v
chuyn ng trn u s n gin hn.
+ Tc trung bnh ca vt i t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
2 1
tb
S
v
t t

vi S l qung ng tnh nh trn.


13. Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0 < t < T/2.
Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian qung
ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin.
S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u.
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A
-A
x1 x2
M2
M1
M'1
M'2
O

l
l
5
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
Gc qut = t.
Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc sin (hnh 1)
ax
2Asin
2
M
S

Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M


1
n M
2
i xng qua trc cos (hnh 2)
2 (1 os )
2
Min
S A c


Lu : + Trong trng hp t > T/2
Tch '
2
T
t n t +
trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t < <
Trong thi gian
2
T
n qung ng
lun l 2nA
Trong thi gian t th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn.
+ Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian t:
ax
ax
M
tbM
S
v
t

v
Min
tbMin
S
v
t

vi S
Max
; S
Min
tnh nh trn.
13. Cc bc lp phng trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho:
* Tnh
* Tnh A
* Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t
0
(thng t
0
= 0)
0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
x t
v A t

'
+

Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0


+ Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic
(thng ly - < )
14. Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W

, F) ln th n
* Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi gi tr ca k )
* Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh)
* Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n
Lu :+ ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra nghim th n
+ C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u
15. Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W

, F) t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
* Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim
* T t
1
< t t
2
Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k Z)
* Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr .
Lu : + C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u.
+ Trong mi chu k (mi dao ng) vt qua mi v tr bin 1 ln cn cc v tr khc 2 ln.
16. Cc bc gii bi ton tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian t.
Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x
0
.
* T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos(t + ) cho x = x
0
Ly nghim t + = vi 0 ng vi x ang gim (vt chuyn ng theo chiu m v v < 0)
hoc t + = - ng vi x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng)
* Li v vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t giy l

x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t


t +
'
t +

hoc
x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t


t
'
t

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l
l
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A
P
2
1
P
P
2

2

6
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
17. Dao ng c phng trnh c bit:
* x = a t Acos(t + ) vi a = const
Bin l A, tn s gc l , pha ban u
x l to , x
0
= Acos(t + ) l li .
To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a t A
Vn tc v = x = x
0
, gia tc a = v = x = x
0

H thc c lp: a = -
2
x
0


2 2 2
0
( )
v
A x

+
* x = a t Acos
2
(t + ) (ta h bc)
Bin A/2; tn s gc 2, pha ban u 2.
II. CON LC L XO
1. Tn s gc:
k
m
; chu k:
2
2
m
T
k

; tn s:
1 1
2 2
k
f
T m



iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v vt dao ng trong gii hn n hi
2. C nng:
2 2 2
1 1
W
2 2
m A kA
3. * bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt VTCB:

mg
l
k
2
l
T
g

* bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB vi con lc l xo


nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing :

sin mg
l
k

2
sin
l
T
g

+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: l
CB
= l
0
+ l (l
0
l chiu di t nhin)
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht): l
Min
= l
0
+ l A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht): l
Max
= l
0
+ l + A
l
CB
= (l
Min
+ l
Max
)/2
+ Khi A >l (Vi Ox hng xung):
- Thi gian l xo nn 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -l n x
2
= -A.
- Thi gian l xo gin 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -l n x
2
= A,
Lu : Trong mt dao ng (mt chu k) l xo nn 2 ln
v gin 2 ln
4. Lc ko v hay lc hi phc F = -kx = -m
2
x
c im: * L lc gy dao ng cho vt.
* Lun hng v VTCB
* Bin thin iu ho cng tn s vi li
5. Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng.
C ln F
h
= kx
*
(x
*
l bin dng ca l xo)
* Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc ko v v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB l xo khng bin dng)
* Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing
+ ln lc n hi c biu thc:
* F
h
= kl + x vi chiu dng hng xung
* F
h
= kl - x vi chiu dng hng ln
+ Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): F
Max
= k(l + A) = F
Kmax
(lc vt v tr thp nht)
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
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l
gin
O
x
A
-A
nn
l
gin O
x
A
-A
Hnh a (A < l)
Hnh b (A > l)
x
A
-A

l
Nn
0
Gin
Hnh v th hin thi gian l xo nn v
gin trong 1 chu k (Ox hng xung)
7
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
* Nu A < l F
Min
= k(l - A) = F
KMin
* Nu A l F
Min
= 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng)
Lc y (lc nn) n hi cc i: F
Nmax
= k(A - l) (lc vt v tr cao nht)
6. Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k
1
, k
2
, v chiu di tng ng l l
1
,
l
2
, th c: kl = k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
=
7. Ghp l xo:
* Ni tip
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
+ +
cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T
2
= T
1
2
+ T
2
2
* Song song: k = k
1
+ k
2
+ cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
T T T
+ +
8. Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m
1
c chu k T
1
, vo vt khi lng m
2
c T
2
, vo vt khi lng m
1
+m
2
c chu k T
3
, vo vt khi lng m
1
m
2
(m
1
> m
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
9. o chu k bng phng php trng phng
xc nh chu k T ca mt con lc l xo (con lc n) ngi ta so snh vi chu k T
0
( bit) ca mt con
lc khc (T T
0
).
Hai con lc gi l trng phng khi chng ng thi i qua mt v tr xc nh theo cng mt chiu.
Thi gian gia hai ln trng phng
0
0
TT
T T

Nu T > T
0
= (n+1)T = nT
0
.
Nu T < T
0
= nT = (n+1)T
0
. vi n N*
III. CON LC N
1. Tn s gc:
g
l
; chu k:
2
2
l
T
g

; tn s:
1 1
2 2
g
f
T l



iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v
0
<< 1 rad hay S
0
<< l
2. Lc hi phc
2
sin
s
F mg mg mg m s
l

Lu : + Vi con lc n lc hi phc t l thun vi khi lng.
+ Vi con lc l xo lc hi phc khng ph thuc vo khi lng.
3. Phng trnh dao ng:
s = S
0
cos(t + ) hoc =
0
cos(t + ) vi s = l, S
0
=
0
l
v = s = -S
0
sin(t + ) = -l
0
sin(t + )
a = v = -
2
S
0
cos(t + ) = -
2
l
0
cos(t + ) = -
2
s = -
2
l
Lu : S
0
ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x
4. H thc c lp:
* a = -
2
s = -
2
l
*
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s

+
*
2
2 2
0
v
gl
+
5. C nng:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2

mg
m S S mgl m l
l
6. Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
, con lc n chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
, con lc n chiu
di l
1
+ l
2
c chu k T
2
,con lc n chiu di l
1
- l
2
(l
1
>l
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
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8
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
7. Khi con lc n dao ng vi
0
bt k. C nng, vn tc v lc cng ca si dy con lc n
W = mgl(1-cos
0
); v
2
= 2gl(cos cos
0
) v T
C
= mg(3cos 2cos
0
)
Lu : - Cc cng thc ny p dng ng cho c khi
0
c gi tr ln
- Khi con lc n dao ng iu ho (
0
<< 1rad) th:
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
W= ; ( )
2
mgl v gl ( c trn)
2 2
0
(1 1, 5 )
C
T mg +
8. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h
1
, nhit t
1
. Khi a ti cao h
2
, nhit t
2
th ta c:
2
T h t
T R

+
Vi R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t, cn l h s n di ca thanh con lc.
9. Con lc n c chu k ng T su d
1
, nhit t
1
. Khi a ti su d
2
, nhit t
2
th ta c:
2 2
T d t
T R

+
Lu : * Nu T > 0 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng con lc n)
* Nu T < 0 th ng h chy nhanh
* Nu T = 0 th ng h chy ng
* Thi gian chy sai mi ngy (24h = 86400s): 86400( )
T
s
T


10. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i:
Lc ph khng i thng l:
* Lc qun tnh:
F ma
ur r
, ln F = ma (
F a
ur r
)
Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u
a v
r r
(
v
r
c hng chuyn ng)
+ Chuyn ng chm dn u
a v
r r
* Lc in trng: F qE
ur ur
, ln F = q E (Nu q > 0
F E
ur ur
; cn nu q < 0
F E
ur ur
)
* Lc y csimt: F = DgV (
F
ur
lung thng ng hng ln)
Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh.
g l gia tc ri t do.
V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh .
Khi :
' P P F +
uur ur ur
gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc
P
ur
)
'
F
g g
m
+
ur
uur ur
gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin.
Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : ' 2
'
l
T
g

Cc trng hp c bit:
*
F
ur
c phng ngang: + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c: tan
F
P

+
2 2
' ( )
F
g g
m
+
*
F
ur
c phng thng ng th '
F
g g
m
t
+ Nu
F
ur
hng xung th '
F
g g
m
+
+ Nu
F
ur
hng ln th '
F
g g
m

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9
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
IV. CON LC VT L
1. Tn s gc:
mgd
I
; chu k: 2
I
T
mgd
; tn s
1
2
mgd
f
I

Trong : m (kg) l khi lng vt rn


d (m) l khong cch t trng tm n trc quay
I (kgm
2
) l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay
2. Phng trnh dao ng =
0
cos(t + )
iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v
0
<< 1rad
V. TNG HP DAO NG
1. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) v x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
) c
mt dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x = Acos(t + ).
Trong :
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 os( ) A A A A A c + +

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c

+
vi
1

2
(nu
1

2
)
* Nu = 2k (x
1
, x
2
cng pha) A
Max
= A
1
+ A
2
`
* Nu = (2k+1) (x
1
, x
2
ngc pha) A
Min
= A
1
- A
2

A
1
- A
2
A A
1
+ A
2
2. Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) v dao ng tng hp x = Acos(t + ) th dao ng
thnh phn cn li l x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
).
Trong :
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
2 os( ) A A A AAc +

1 1
2
1 1
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac Ac

vi
1

2
( nu
1

2
)
3. Nu mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
;
x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
) th dao ng tng hp cng l dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s
x = Acos(t + ).
Chiu ln trc Ox v trc Oy Ox .
Ta c:
1 1 2 2
os os os ...
x
A Ac Ac A c + +

1 1 2 2
sin sin sin ...
y
A A A A + +
2 2
x y
A A A + v
tan
y
x
A
A

vi [
Min
;
Max
]
VI. DAO NG TT DN DAO NG CNG BC - CNG HNG
1. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st .
* Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l:
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g



* gim bin sau mi chu k l:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k


* S dao ng thc hin c:
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g

* Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li:


.
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g



(Nu coi dao ng tt dn c tnh tun hon vi chu k
2
T

)
3. Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f
0
hay =
0
hay T = T
0
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T

x
t
O
10
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
Vi f, , T v f
0
,
0
, T
0
l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca h dao ng.
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11
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
CHNG III: SNG C
I. SNG C HC
1. Bc sng: = vT = v/f
Trong : : Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng
v: Tc truyn sng (c n v tng ng vi n v ca )
2. Phng trnh sng
Ti im O: u
O
= Acos(t + )
Ti im M cch O mt on x trn phng truyn sng.
* Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th u
M
= A
M
cos(t + -
x
v

) = A
M
cos(t + -
2
x

)
* Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th u
M
= A
M
cos(t + +
x
v

) = A
M
cos(t + +
2
x

)
3. lch pha gia hai im cch ngun mt khong x
1
, x
2

1 2 1 2
2
x x x x
v



Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong x th:
2
x x
v


Lu : n v ca x, x
1
, x
2
, v v phi tng ng vi nhau
4. Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi nam chm in vi tn s dng
in l f th tn s dao ng ca dy l 2f.
II. SNG DNG
1. Mt s ch
* u c nh hoc u dao ng nh l nt sng.
* u t do l bng sng
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua nt sng lun dao ng ngc pha.
* Hai im i xng vi nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha.
* Cc im trn dy u dao ng vi bin khng i nng lng khng truyn i
* Khong thi gian gia hai ln si dy cng ngang (cc phn t i qua VTCB) l na chu k.
2. iu kin c sng dng trn si dy di l:
* Hai u l nt sng:
*
( )
2
l k k N


S bng sng = s b sng = k
S nt sng = k + 1
* Mt u l nt sng cn mt u l bng sng: (2 1) ( )
4
l k k N

+
S b sng nguyn = k
S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1
3. Phng trnh sng dng trn si dy CB (vi u C c nh hoc dao ng nh l nt sng)
* u B c nh (nt sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B:
os2
B
u Ac ft
v
' os2 os(2 )
B
u Ac ft Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft


Phng trnh sng dng ti M:
'
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 ) 2 sin(2 ) os(2 )
2 2 2
M
d d
u Ac c ft A c ft



+ +
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O
x
M
x
12
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M:
2 os(2 ) 2 sin(2 )
2
M
d d
A A c A



+
* u B t do (bng sng):
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti B:
' os2
B B
u u Ac ft
Phng trnh sng ti v sng phn x ti M cch B mt khong d l:
os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft

+ v ' os(2 2 )
M
d
u Ac ft


Phng trnh sng dng ti M:
'
M M M
u u u +
2 os(2 ) os(2 )
M
d
u Ac c ft

Bin dao ng ca phn t ti M:


2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A

Lu : * Vi x l khong cch t M n u nt sng th bin :


2 sin(2 )
M
x
A A

* Vi x l khong cch t M n u bng sng th bin :


2 cos(2 )
M
d
A A

III. GIAO THOA SNG


Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp S
1
, S
2
cch nhau mt khong l:
Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d
1
, d
2
Phng trnh sng ti 2 ngun
1 1
Acos(2 ) u ft +
v
2 2
Acos(2 ) u ft +
Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+ v
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
M
d
u ft

+
Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
M
d d d d
u Ac c ft



+ + 1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Bin dao ng ti M:
1 2
2 os
2
M
d d
A A c

_
+

,
vi
1 2

Ch : * S cc i: (k Z)
2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
* S cc tiu:
1 1
(k Z)
2 2 2 2
l l
k



+ < < + +
1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha (
1 2
0
)
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:(
1 2

)
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2

(kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< <
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13
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= k (kZ)
S ng hoc s im (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< <
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln
lt l d
1M
, d
2M
, d
1N
, d
2N
.
t d
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; d
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s d
M
< d
N
.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
Cc i: d
M
< k < d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
Cc i:d
M
< (k+0,5) < d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
< k < d
N
S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
IV. SNG M
1. Cng m:
W P
I= =
tS S
Vi W (J), P (W) l nng lng, cng sut pht m ca ngun
S (m
2
) l din tch mt vung gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu S=4R
2
)
2. Mc cng m
0
( ) lg
I
L B
I

Hoc
0
( ) 10.lg
I
L dB
I


Vi I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
f = 1000Hz: cng m chun.
3. * Tn s do n pht ra (hai u dy c nh hai u l nt sng)
( k N*)
2
v
f k
l

ng vi k = 1 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
2
v
f
l

k = 2,3,4 c cc ho m bc 2 (tn s 2f
1
), bc 3 (tn s 3f
1
)
* Tn s do ng so pht ra (mt u bt kn, mt u h mt u l nt sng, mt u l bng sng)
(2 1) ( k N)
4
v
f k
l
+
ng vi k = 0 m pht ra m c bn c tn s
1
4
v
f
l

k = 1,2,3 c cc ho m bc 3 (tn s 3f
1
), bc 5 (tn s 5f
1
)
V. HIU NG P-PLE
1. Ngun m ng yn, my thu chuyn ng vi vn tc v
M
.
* My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m th thu c m c tn s: '
M
v v
f f
v
+

* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s: "


M
v v
f f
v

2. Ngun m chuyn ng vi vn tc v
S
, my thu ng yn.
* My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m vi vn tc v
M
th thu c m c tn s:
'
S
v
f f
v v

* My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s:


"
S
v
f f
v v

+
Vi v l vn tc truyn m, f l tn s ca m.
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14
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
Ch : C th dng cng thc tng qut:
'
M
S
v v
f f
v v
t

m
My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du + trc v
M
, ra xa th ly du -.
Ngun pht chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du - trc v
S
, ra xa th ly du +.
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15
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
CHNG IV: DAO NG V SNG IN T
1. Dao ng in t
* in tch tc thi q = q
0
cos(t + )
* Hiu in th (in p) tc thi
0
0
os( ) os( )
q q
u c t U c t
C C
+ +
* Dng in tc thi i = q = -q
0
sin(t + ) = I
0
cos(t + +
2

)
* Cm ng t:
0
os( )
2
B B c t

+ +
Trong :
1
LC

l tn s gc ring
2 T LC l chu k ring

1
2
f
LC

l tn s ring

0
0 0
q
I q
LC


0 0
0 0 0
q I L
U LI I
C C C


* Nng lng in trng:
2
2

1 1
W
2 2 2
q
Cu qu
C


2
2 0

W os ( )
2
q
c t
C
+
* Nng lng t trng:
2
2 2 0
1
W sin ( )
2 2
t
q
Li t
C
+
* Nng lng in t:

W=W W
t
+

2
2 2 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2
q
CU q U LI
C

Ch : + Mch dao ng c tn s gc , tn s f v chu k T th W

v W
t
bin thin vi tn s gc
2, tn s 2f v chu k T/2
+ Mch dao ng c in tr thun R 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung
cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
C U U RC
I R R
L

P
+ Khi t phng in th q v u gim v ngc li
+ Quy c: q > 0 ng vi bn t ta xt tch in dng th i > 0 ng vi dng in chy n bn
t m ta xt.
2. S tng t gia dao ng in v dao ng c
i lng c i lng in Dao ng c Dao ng in
x q x +
2
x = 0 q +
2
q = 0
v i
k
m

1
LC

m L x = Acos(t + ) q = q
0
cos(t + )
k
1
C
v = x = -Asin(t + ) i = q = -q
0
sin(t + )
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16
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
F u
2 2 2
( )
v
A x

+
2 2 2
0
( )
i
q q

+
R W=W

+ W
t
W=W

+ W
t
W

W
t
(W
C
) W

=
1
2
mv
2
W
t
=
1
2
Li
2
W
t
W

(W
L
) W
t
=
1
2
kx
2
W

=
2
2
q
C
3. Sng in t
Vn tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10
8
m/s
My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc thu
c bng tn s ring ca mch.
Bc sng ca sng in t
2
v
v LC
f

Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t L
Min
L
Max
v C bin i t C
Min
C
Max
th bc sng ca
sng in t pht (hoc thu)

Min
tng ng vi L
Min
v C
Min

Max
tng ng vi L
Max
v C
Max

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17
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
CHNG V: IN XOAY CHIU
1. Biu thc in p tc thi v dng in tc thi:
u = U
0
cos(t +
u
) v i = I
0
cos(t +
i
)
Vi =
u

i
l lch pha ca u so vi i, c
2 2


2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I
0
cos(2ft +
i
)
* Mi giy i chiu 2f ln
* Nu pha ban u
i
=
2

hoc
i
=
2

th ch giy u tin
i chiu 2f-1 ln.
3. Cng thc tnh thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t in p u = U
0
cos(t +
u
) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln khi u U
1
.

4
t

Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U

, (0 < < /2)
4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R,L,C
* on mch ch c in tr thun R: u
R
cng pha vi i, ( =
u

i
= 0)

U
I
R
v
0
0
U
I
R

Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c


U
I
R

* on mch ch c cun thun cm L: u
L
nhanh pha hn i l /2, ( =
u

i
= /2)

L
U
I
Z

v
0
0
L
U
I
Z

vi Z
L
= L l cm khng
Lu : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton (khng cn tr).
* on mch ch c t in C: u
C
chm pha hn i l /2, ( =
u

i
= -/2)

C
U
I
Z

v
0
0
C
U
I
Z

vi
1
C
Z
C
l dung khng
Lu : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon ton).
* on mch RLC khng phn nhnh
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
L C R L C R L C
Z R Z Z U U U U U U U U + + +
tan ;sin ; os
L C L C
Z Z Z Z R
c
R Z Z


vi
2 2


+ Khi Z
L
> Z
C
hay
1
LC
>
> 0 th u nhanh pha hn i
+ Khi Z
L
< Z
C
hay
1
LC
<
< 0 th u chm pha hn i
+ Khi Z
L
= Z
C
hay
1
LC

= 0 th u cng pha vi i.
Lc
Max
U
I =
R
gi l hin tng cng hng dng in
5. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC:
* Cng sut tc thi: P = UIcos + UIcos(2t +
u
+
i
)
* Cng sut trung bnh: P = UIcos = I
2
R.
6. in p u = U
1
+ U
0
cos(t + ) c coi gm mt in p khng i U
1
v mt in p xoay chiu
u=U
0
cos(t + ) ng thi t vo on mch.
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U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sng Sng
Tt
Tt
18
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
7. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c P cp cc, rto quay vi vn tc n vng/giy pht
ra: f = pn Hz
T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in = NBScos(t +) =
0
cos(t + )
Vi
0
= NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca vng dy,
= 2f
Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = NSBcos(t + -
2

) = E
0
cos(t + -
2

)
Vi E
0
= NSB l sut in ng cc i.
8. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy bi ba sut in ng xoay chiu cng
tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha tng i mt l
2
3

1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
e E c t
e E c t
e E c t


'

trong trng hp ti i xng th


1 0
2 0
3 0
os( )
2
os( )
3
2
os( )
3
i I c t
i I c t
i I c t


'

My pht mc hnh sao: U


d
= 3 U
p
My pht mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p
Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: I
d
= I
p
Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic: I
d
= 3 I
p
Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi nhau.
9. Cng thc my bin p:
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
U E I N
U E I N

10. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
2
2 2
os
R
U c

P
P
Trong : P l cng sut truyn i ni cung cp
U l in p ni cung cp
cos l h s cng sut ca dy ti in

l
R
S
l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng 2 dy)
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: U = IR
Hiu sut ti in: .100% H

P P
P
11. on mch RLC c R thay i:
* Khi R= Z
L
-Z
C
th
2 2
ax
2 2
M
L C
U U
Z Z R

P
* Khi R=R
1
hoc R=R
2
th P c cng gi tr. Ta c
2
2
1 2 1 2
; ( )
L C
U
R R R R Z Z +
P
V khi
1 2
R R R th
2
ax
1 2
2
M
U
R R
P
* Trng hp cun dy c in tr R
0
(hnh v)
Khi
2 2
0 ax
0
2 2( )
L C M
L C
U U
R Z Z R
Z Z R R

+
P
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A
B
C
R L,R
0
19
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
Khi
2 2
2 2
0 ax
2 2
0
0 0
( )
2( )
2 ( ) 2
L C RM
L C
U U
R R Z Z
R R
R Z Z R
+
+
+ +
P

12. on mch RLC c L thay i:
* Khi
2
1
L
C
th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+

th
2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+

v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U U U U + +
* Vi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
th U
L
c cng gi tr th U
Lmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
L L
L
Z Z Z L L
+
+
* Khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +

th ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z

+
Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau
13. on mch RLC c C thay i:
* Khi
2
1
C
L
th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+

th
2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+

v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U + +
* Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr th U
Cmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
+
+
* Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +

th ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z

+
Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau
14. Mch RLC c thay i:
* Khi
1
LC

th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C

th ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C

* Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
th ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C

* Vi =
1
hoc =
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng mt gi tr th I
Max
hoc P
Max
hoc U
RMax
khi

1 2
tn s
1 2
f f f
15. Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip v on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc ni tip vi nhau c U
AB
= U
AM
+ U
MB
u
AB
; u
AM
v u
MB
cng pha tanu
AB
= tanu
AM
= tanu
MB
16. Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
v R
2
L
2
C
2
cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau
Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R

v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R

(gi s
1
>
2
)
C
1

2
=
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan


+

Trng hp c bit = /2 (vung pha nhau) th tan
1
tan
2
= -1.
VD: * Mch in hnh 1 c u
AB
v u
AM
lch pha nhau
y 2 on mch AB v AM c cng i v u
AB
chm pha hn u
AM

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R L C M A B
Hnh 1
20
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban

AM

AB
=
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan


+
AM AB
AM AB
Nu u
AB
vung pha vi u
AM
th tan tan =-1 1
L C L
AM AB
Z Z Z
R R



* Mch in hnh 2: Khi C = C
1
v C = C
2
(gi s C
1
> C
2
) th i
1
v i
2
lch pha nhau
y hai on mch RLC
1
v RLC
2
c cng u
AB
Gi
1
v
2
l lch pha ca u
AB
so vi i
1
v i
2

th c
1
>
2

1
-
2
=
Nu I
1
= I
2
th
1
= -
2
= /2
Nu I
1
I
2
th tnh
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan


+
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R L C M A B
Hnh 2
21
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
CHNG VI: SNG NH SNG
1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng.
* /n: L hin tng nh sng b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng
trong sut.
* nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc
nh sng n sc c tn s xc nh, ch c mt mu.
Bc sng ca nh sng n sc
v
f
l =
, truyn trong chn khng
0
c
f
l =

0 0
c
v n
l l
l
l
= =
* Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo mu sc nh sng. i vi nh sng mu l nh nht,
mu tm l ln nht.
* nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm.
Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,4 m 0,76 m.
2. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim Ing).
* /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian trong xut hin nhng vch
sng v nhng vch ti xen k nhau.
Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn ti) gi l vn giao thoa.
* Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh)

2 1
ax
d d d
D
D = - =
Trong : a = S
1
S
2
l khong cch gia hai khe sng
D = OI l khong cch t hai khe sng S
1
, S
2
n mn quan st
S
1
M = d
1
; S
2
M = d
2

x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im M ta xt
* V tr (to ) vn sng: d = k
;
D
x k k Z
a
l
=
k = 0: Vn sng trung tm
k = t 1: Vn sng bc (th) 1
k = t 2: Vn sng bc (th) 2
* V tr (to ) vn ti: d = (k + 0,5)
( 0, 5) ;
D
x k k Z
a
l
= +
k = 0, k = -1: Vn ti th (bc) nht
k = 1, k = -2: Vn ti th (bc) hai
k = 2, k = -3: Vn ti th (bc) ba
* Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip:
D
i
a
l
=
* Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th bc sng v khong vn:
n
n n
D i
i
n a n
l l
l = = =
* Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu v khong vn i
vn khng i.
di ca h vn l: 0
1
D
x d
D
=
Trong : D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn
D
1
l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe
d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng
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S
1
D
S
2
d
1
d
2
I
O
x
M
a
22
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
* Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S
1
(hoc S
2
) c t mt bn mng dy e, chit sut n th h vn s
dch chuyn v pha S
1
(hoc S
2
) mt on:
0
( 1) n eD
x
a
-
=
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn trung
tm)
+ S vn sng (l s l):
2 1
2
S
L
N
i

= +



+ S vn ti (l s chn):
2 0, 5
2
t
L
N
i

= +


Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x
1
, x
2
(gi s x
1
< x
2
)
+ Vn sng: x
1
< ki < x
2

+ Vn ti: x
1
< (k+0,5)i < x
2
S gi tr k Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
cng du.
M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
khc du.
* Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng.
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th:
1
L
i
n
=
-
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th:
L
i
n
=
+ Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th:
0, 5
L
i
n
=
-

* S trng nhau ca cc bc x
1
,
2
... (khong vn tng ng l i
1
, i
2
...)
+ Trng nhau ca vn sng: x
s
= k
1
i
1
= k
2
i
2
= ... k
1

1
= k
2

2
= ...
+ Trng nhau ca vn ti: x
t
= (k
1
+ 0,5)i
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)i
2
= ... (k
1
+ 0,5)
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)
2
= ...
Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x.
* Trong hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng (0,4 m 0,76 m)
- B rng quang ph bc k:

( )
t
D
x k
a
l l D = - vi

v
t
l bc sng nh sng v tm
- Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x)
+ Vn sng:
ax
, k Z
D
x k
a kD
l
l = =
Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
+ Vn ti:
ax
( 0, 5) , k Z
( 0, 5)
D
x k
a k D
l
l = + =
+
Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
- Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k:

[k ( 0, 5) ]
Min t
D
x k
a

ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
+ Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm.
ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm.
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23
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
CHNG VII: LNG T NH SNG
1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn)
2
hc
hf mc e
l
= = =
Trong h = 6,625.10
-34
Js l hng s Plng.
c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x).
m l khi lng ca phtn
2. Tia Rnghen (tia X)
Bc sng nh nht ca tia Rnghen

Min
hc
E
l =
Trong
2 2
0

2 2
mv mv
E e U = = + l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc)
U l hiu in th gia ant v catt
v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt
v
0
l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v
0
= 0)
m = 9,1.10
-31
kg l khi lng electron
3. Hin tng quang in
*Cng thc Anhxtanh
2
0 ax
2
M
mv hc
hf A e
l
= = = +
Trong
0
hc
A
l
=
l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt

0
l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt
v
0Max
l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt
f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
* dng quang in trit tiu th U
AK
U
h
(U
h
< 0), U
h
gi l hiu in th hm
2
0 ax
2
M
h
mv
eU =
Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly U
h
> 0 th l ln.
* Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i V
Max
v khong cch cc i d
Max
m electron chuyn ng trong
in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc:
2
ax 0 ax ax
1
2
M M M
e V mv e Ed = =
* Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, v
A
l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, v
K
= v
0Max
l vn
tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th:
2 2
1 1
2 2
A K
e U mv mv = -
* Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in)
0
n
H
n
=
Vi n v n
0
l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian
t.
Cng sut ca ngun bc x:
0 0 0
n n hf n hc
p
t t t
e
l
= = =
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24
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
Cng dng quang in bo ho:
bh
n e q
I
t t
= =
bh bh bh
I I hf I hc
H
p e p e p e
e
l
= = =
* Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B

, = ( ,B)
sin
mv
R v
e B
a
a
=
r ur
Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v
0Max

Khi
sin 1
mv
v B R
e B
a ^ = =
r ur
Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc
ban u cc i v
0Max
, hiu in th hm U
h
, in th cc i V
Max
, u c tnh ng vi bc x c
Min
(hoc
f
Max
)
4. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t Hir
* Tin Bo
mn m n
mn
hc
hf E E e
l
= = = -
* Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir:
r
n
= n
2
r
0
Vi r
0
=5,3.10
-11
m l bn knh Bo ( qu o K)
* Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir:
2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
=- Vi n N
*
.
* S mc nng lng
- Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K
Lu : Vch di nht
LK
khi e chuyn t L K
Vch ngn nht
K
khi e chuyn t K.
- Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt
phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L
Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H

ng vi e: M L
Vch lam H

ng vi e: N L
Vch chm H

ng vi e: O L
Vch tm H

ng vi e: P L
Lu : Vch di nht
ML
(Vch H

)
Vch ngn nht
L
khi e chuyn t L.
- Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M
Lu : Vch di nht
NM
khi e chuyn t N M.
Vch ngn nht
M
khi e chuyn t M.
Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

+
v f
13
= f
12
+f
23
(nh cng vct)
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hf
mn
hf
mn
nhn phtn
pht phtn
E
m
E
n
E
m
> E
n
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H

n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
25
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
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26
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
CHNG IX. VT L HT NHN
1. Hin tng phng x
* S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
N N N e
l
-
-
= =
* S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht ( hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c to
thnh:
0 0
(1 )
t
N N N N e
l -
D = - = -
* Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
m m m e
l
-
-
= =
Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u
T l chu k bn r

2 0, 693 ln
T T
l = = l hng s phng x
v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht
phng x.
* Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t
0 0
(1 )
t
m m m m e
l -
D = - = -
* Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1
t
m
e
m
l -
D
= -
Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
t
t
T
m
e
m
l
-
-
= =
* Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t
1 0 1
1 1 0
(1 ) (1 )
t t
A A
A N A N
m A e m e
N N A
l l - -
D
= = - = -
Trong : A, A
1
l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh
N
A
= 6,022.10
-23
mol
-1
l s Avgar.
Lu : Trng hp phng x
+
,
-
th A = A
1
m
1
= m
* phng x H
L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn r trong
1 giy.
0 0
.2 .
t
t
T
H H H e N
l
l
-
-
= = =
H
0
= N
0
l phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy
Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt
* H thc Anhxtanh gia khi lng v nng lng
Vt c khi lng m th c nng lng ngh E = m.c
2
Vi c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
* ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X
m = m
0
m
Trong m
0
= Zm
p
+ Nm
n
= Zm
p
+ (A-Z)m
n
l khi lng cc nucln.
m l khi lng ht nhn X.
* Nng lng lin kt E = m.c
2
= (m
0
-m)c
2

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27
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
* Nng lng lin kt ring (l nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln):
E
A
D
Lu : Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.
3. Phn ng ht nhn
* Phng trnh phn ng:
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ...
Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X
1
X
2
+ X
3
X
1
l ht nhn m, X
2
l ht nhn con, X
3
l ht hoc
* Cc nh lut bo ton
+ Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4
+ Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4
+ Bo ton ng lng:
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 4
m m m m p p p p hay v v v v + = + + = +
uur uur uur uur ur ur ur ur
+ Bo ton nng lng:
1 2 3 4
X X X X
K K E K K + +D = +

Trong : E l nng lng phn ng ht nhn

2
1
2
X x x
K m v = l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X
Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
- Mi quan h gia ng lng p
X
v ng nng K
X
ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K =
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh
V d:
1 2
p p p = +
ur uur uur
bit

1 2
, p p j =
uur uur
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 p p p p p cosj = + +
hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 mv mv m v mm v v cosj = + +
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 mK m K m K mm K K cosj = + +
Tng t khi bit

1 1
, p p =
uur ur
hoc

2 2
, p p =
uur ur

Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p ^
uur uur

2 2 2
1 2
p p p = +
Tng t khi
1
p p ^
uur ur
hoc
2
p p ^
uur ur
v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= =
Tng t v
1
= 0 hoc v
2
= 0.
* Nng lng phn ng ht nhn
E = (M
0
- M)c
2

Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

3 4
X X
M m m = +
l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu : - Nu M
0
> M th phn ng to nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
3
, X
4
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
- Nu M
0
< M th phn ng thu nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
1
, X
2
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
* Trong phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
X X X X + +
Cc ht nhn X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
c:
Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l E
1
, E
2
, E
3
, E
4

ht khi tng ng l m
1
, m
2
, m
3
, m
4

Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn
GV: Trn nh Hng T: 0983932550- mail: Hungtc3@gmail.com Trng THPT Thanh Chng 3
p
ur
1
p
uur
2
p
uur

28
H thng cng thc Vt L lp 12 chng trnh Phn Ban
E = A
3

3
+A
4

4
- A
1

1
- A
2

2

E = E
3
+ E
4
E
1
E
2

E = (m
3
+ m
4
- m
1
- m
2
)c
2
* Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x
+ Phng x (
4
2
He
):
4 4
2 2
A A
Z Z
X He Y
-
-
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v.
+ Phng x
-
(
1
0
e
-
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
- +
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x
-
l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt ht electrn v mt ht ntrin:
n p e v
-
+ +
Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
-
l ht electrn (e
-
)
- Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khng khi lng (hoc rt nh) chuyn ng vi vn tc ca nh
sng v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht.
+ Phng x
+
(
1
0
e
+
):
0
1 1
A A
Z Z
X e Y
+ -
+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x
+
l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt ht pzitrn v mt ht ntrin:
p n e v
+
+ +
Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x
+
l ht pzitrn (e
+
)
+ Phng x (ht phtn)
Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
1
chuyn xung mc nng lng E
2
ng
thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng
1 2
hc
hf E E e
l
= = = -
Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo phng x v .
4. Cc hng s v n v thng s dng
* S Avgar: N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
* n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J
* n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931 MeV/c
2
* in tch nguyn t: e = 1,6.10
-19
C
* Khi lng prtn: m
p
= 1,0073u
* Khi lng ntrn: m
n
= 1,0087u
* Khi lng electrn: m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,0005u
GV: Trn nh Hng T: 0983932550- mail: Hungtc3@gmail.com Trng THPT Thanh Chng 3

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