Chng 4

Qu trnh sn xut v chi ph

Sn xut
iu g quyt nh s lng hng ha ca mt hng sn xut? Cc yu t u vo (K, L, lao ng, nguyn vt liu) c nng sut nh th no? Cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut l g? Chng tn bao nhiu? Chng ta mun ti thiu ha cc chi ph. Mc sn lng mang li li nhun ti a l bao nhiu? Hy bt u bng mt hm sn xut biu din mi quan h gia cc yu t u vo v u ra: Q = f (L, K, M, ) N cho chng ta bit mc sn lng ti a, Q, ng vi nhng yu t u vo cho trc (L, K, M, v.v..) bng cch s dng cng ngh f

Mi quan h gia sn xut v chi ph

Cng ngh sn xut Kha cnh kinh t ca sn xut

Qun l cng ngh v chi ph

u vo (cc yu t sn xut)

Chi ph u vo

Qu trnh sn xut (hm sn xut)

La chn kinh t trong sn xut

Xut phm

Chi ph (gi thnh) ca xut phm

Sn xut v chi ph
INPUTS (NHP LNG)

CHI PH

OUTPUT (XUT LNG) (Sn phm hu hnh )

Phn tch sn xut trong ngn hn

Ngn hn l khong thi gian trong vic thay i mt yu t sn xut rt tn km. (t, nh, v.v) Trong di hn, tt c cc yu t u vo u thay i. Trong sn xut d nhin c hng chc (hng trm?) yu t u vo. Gi s K c nh trong ngn hn v L l yu t u vo duy nht l hng c th thay i. (m hnh hai yu t u vo. Hm sn xut Q = F(K,L) Mc sn lng ti a c th c sn xut vi K v vn v L v lao ng.

Tng sn lng
V d Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas V d: Q = F(K,L) = K.5 L.5
K c c nh 16 v. Hm sn xut ngn hn:

Q = (16).5 L.5 = 4 L.5

Sn xut khi 100 v lao ng c s dng? Q = 4 (100).5 = 4(10) = 40 v

Nng sut bin ca lao ng

MPL = DQ/DL o lng sn lng to ra bi cng nhn cui cng. dc ca hm sn xut ngn hn (theo lao ng).

Nng sut lao ng trung bnh

APL = Q/L y l ch s o lng nng sut v mt k ton.

Sn xut vi mt yu t bin i
Vn 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Lao ng 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tng SL (Q) 0 5 18 30 40 45 48 49 49 45

APL= Q/L --5 9 10 10 9 8 7 6.1 5

MPL= (DQ/D L) --5 13 12 10 5 3 1 0 -4

Nng sut (li tc) bin gim dn

Nng sut bin gim dn l quan st thc nghim v
s phn ng ca yu t u ra i vi s gia tng cc yu t u vo. Ngha l khi lng ca mt yu t u vo no tng ln (theo mc gia tng bng nhau), s thay i cc yu t u vo s tr nn nh hn sau mt im no . Cc c im: 1. MPL bt u gim sau mt im no , khng phi tr nn m. D on ca nh kinh t hc c in Malthus: Vi lng t ai c nh v MPL gim dn, cc ngun cung thc phm s tr nn khng . ng y b st iu g? 2. Ceteris paribus. tc l nhng yu t u vo khc c gi khng i: K, nng lng, nguyn liu, & cng ngh. Nu bn tm ra mt cng ngh sn xut tt hn, ton b ng tng sn lng TP s dch chuyn!

Cc giai on sn xut
Cc c im: Nu MPL > 0, Q tng Nu MPL < 0, Q gim Nu MPL = 0, Q t cc i Nu MPL > APL, APL tng ln Nu MPL < APL, APL gim xung MPL = APL ti APLcc i

Nng sut bin tng dn

Nng sut bin gim dn

Nng sut bin m

Q=F(K,L)

MP

AP L

Nng sut theo quy m

Trong di hn tn ti mi quan h no gia cc yu t u vo v yu t u ra? Tt c inputs: Tng gp i Tng gp i Tng gp i Output tng gp i < tng gp i > tng gp i qu trnh sn xut cho thy NS khng i theo quy m NS gim dn theo quy m NS tng dn theo quy m

ng ng lng
S kt hp cc inputs (K, L) em li cho nh sn xut cng mc sn lng. Hnh dng ca ng ng lng phn nh mc thay th d hay kh gia cc yu t trong khi vn duy tr cng mc sn lng. T l m nh sn xut c th thay th gia cc inputs v duy tr cng mc sn lng gi l t l thay th k thut bin MRTS. MRTS mang du m v thng gim dn MRTSKL = K/L l s lng lao ng tng ln thay th cho s lng vn gim xung nhm m bo mc sn lng khng i. Gi tr tuyt i ca t l thay th k thut bin chnh l dc ca ng ng lng. Trong mi quan h vi nng sut bin MP MRTSKL = MPL/MPK

 dc ca ng ng lng
dc o lng K m hng c th gim dng thm mt n v L, sao cho gi Q khng i Slng tng thm t Y n X = DL * MPL Slng mt i t Y n X = DK * MPK Trn cng mt ng ng lng DL * MPL + DK * MPK =0

K Y

X
Q = 500 L

DK/ DL = - MPL/ MPK

- MPL/ MPK c gi l T l thay th k thut bin MRTS,

ng ng lng tuyn tnh

Vn v lao ng l nhng yu t thay th cho nhau hon ho
K

Sn lng tng

Q1

Q2

Q3

ng ng lng Leontief

Vn v lao ng l K nhng yu t b sung hon ho Vn v lao ng c s dng theo t l c nh

Q3
Q2 Q1

Sn lng tng

ng ng lng Cobb-Douglas
Cc inputs khng thay th cho nhau hon ton T l thay th k thut bin gim dn Phn ln cc quy trnh sn xut c ng ng lng dng ny

K
Q2 Q1

Q3 Sn lng tng

ng ng ph
S kt hp cc inputs vi cng mc chi ph Vi gi cc inputs cho trc, ng ng ph cng xa gc ta gn lin vi nhng mc chi ph cao hn. S thay i gi cc input lm thay i dc ca ng ng ph
K

C0 K

C1

ng ng ph mi do gim tin lng (gi ca lao ng).

ng ng ph
ng ng ph cho thy tt c nhng kt hp (L,K) c th c mua vi mt mc tng chi ph cho TC3/r trc. TC2/r TC = wL + rK TC1/r K = (-w/r)L + (TC/r) Tung gc l TC/r Honh gc l TC/w dc cho bit cc mc gi tng i ca hai input ( dc = -2 ngha l mun mua thm 1 n v L, phi mua t i 2 v K)

Vn (K)

dc = -w/r

TC1/w TC2/w

TC3/w

Lng

Ti thiu ha chi ph
Nng sut bin trn mi ng b ra phi bng nhau cho tt c cc inputs:

Ni cch khc

MPL MPK w r
w MRTSKL r

Ti thiu ha chi ph

K
dc ng n ph = dc ng ng lng

im ti thiu ha chi ph

Thu cng nhn c nng sut cao nht?

Ti sao cu tr li i khi l Khng? Chng ta gi s hng mun thu thm mt cng nhn na. Hng c th chn mt cng nhn tay ngh cao v mt cng nhn tay ngh thp. MPtay ngh cao = 2 MPtay ngh thp Nhng nng sut khng phi l yu t duy nht phi xem xt Ptay ngh cao = 3Ptay ngh thp S ti u ha i hi rng MPcao / Pcao = MPthp/Pthp Tuy nhin, MPcao / Pcao < MPthp/Pthp V vy, hng nn thu cng nhn tay ngh thp v h c sn lng cao hn trn mt ng b ra.

Kinh t xy & v san bng cc ta nh

Xy dng Gara u xe s dng hai input B tng & t ai Trc ht cho MPC/ PC = MPLand/Pland vng ngoi ca M Nu xy bi u xe trong khu vc ni thnh, Pt cao hn, cc yu t khc khng i MPC/ PC > MPLand/Pland Cng ty xy dng chuyn sang s dng nhiu B tng v chng ta thy cc bi u xe cao tng trong cc thnh ph
San bng ta nh: dng cht n hay ru MPCht n/ PCht n ? MPL/PL Cch no p dng Hong Kong v M? Pl r hn nhiu Hong Kong cc hng chuyn san bng ta nh Hong Kong s dng nhiu L

Phn tch chi ph

Cc loi chi ph
Chi ph c nh (FC) Chi ph bin i (VC) Tng chi ph (TC) Chi ph chm

Tng chi ph v chi ph bin i

C(Q): Tng chi ph ti $ thiu sn xut cc mc sn lng : C(Q) = VC + FC VC(Q): Chi ph thay i theo sn lng

C(Q) = VC + FC VC(Q)

FC

FC: Chi ph khng thay i theo sn lng

Cc chi ph c nh v chi ph chm

FC: chi ph khng i khi sn lng thay i
Chi ph chm: chi ph b mt vnh vin sau khi n c tr
$
C(Q) = VC + FC VC(Q)

FC

Chi ph trung bnh

Tng chi ph trung bnh $ ATC = AVC + AFC ATC = C(Q)/Q Chi ph bin i trung bnh AVC = VC(Q)/Q Chi ph c nh trung bnh AFC = FC/Q Chi ph bin MC = DC/DQ
AFC MC ATC AVC

Quan h chi ph trung bnh-chi ph bin

Nu chi ph bin < chi ph trung bnh, chi ph trung bnh s gim Nu chi ph bin > Chi ph trung bnh, Chi ph trung bnh s tng ln MC = AC ti im cc tiu ca AC Chi ph trung bnh c ch trong vic phn tch cc chi ph m hng pht sinh cho n hin ti. Chi ph bin c ch trong vic phn tch cc chi ph m hng s pht sinh trong tng lai.
$ TC TVC 100

20
4 MC

TFC Q

$/unit

ATC

AVC

Chi ph c nh
Q0(ATC-AVC)

= Q0 AFC = Q0(FC/ Q0) = FC

MC
ATC

AVC

ATC AFC AVC Q

Chi ph C

Q0

Chi ph bin i
$
Q0AVC = Q0[VC(Q0)/ Q0] = VC(Q0)

MC

ATC
AVC

AVC Chi ph B Q0

Tng chi ph
Q0ATC

MC

= Q0[C(Q0)/ Q0] = C(Q0)

ATC
AVC

ATC Tng CP

Q0

Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m

Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t do quy m pht sinh t mi quan h phi tuyn tnh gia cc inputs v output. Sn xut giai on I Khi cc inputs tng, output tng theo t l ln hn. V d: Gp i inputs th output tng hn gp i. Nguyn nhn: Tng thm cc inputs to iu kin cho vic chuyn mn ha. Sn xut giai on II Khi inputs tng, output tng nhng theo t l nh hn. V d: Gp i inputs th output tng t hn gp i. Nguyn nhn: Tng thm inputs to ra s cht chi khng gian v/hoc nhng kh khn trong vic phn vic v qun l.

Tnh kinh t nh quy m

$

LRAC

Kinh t theo quy m

Phi kinh t theo quy m Sn lng

Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m

Cc giai on sn xut dn n tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m Kinh t theo quy m: chi ph trung bnh gim khi sn lng tng. Phi kinh t theo quy m: chi ph trung bnh tng khi sn lng gim.

v slng 10,000 15,000 20,000

Tng chi ph $1.0 triu $1.4 triu $1.9 triu

Tng chi ph trung bnh $1.0 triu/10,000 = $100 $1.4 triu/ 15,000 = $93 $1.9 triu/ 20,000 = $95
Kt theo quy m

Phi kt theo quy m

Tnh kinh t v phi kinh t theo quy m

$ ATC MC

AVC

Kt theo quy m

AFC v sn lng

chuyn mn Trong khong ny, hng tip tc c tnh kinh t theo ha quy m mc d s cht chi bt u xut hin S cht chi cha trm trng ln t tc ng dng tch ly ca chuyn mn ha

V d
Tng chi ph: C(Q) = 10 + Q + Q2 Hm chi ph bin i:
VC(Q) = Q + Q2

Chi ph bin i khi sn xut 2 v:

VC(2) = 2 + (2)2 = 6

Chi ph c nh:
FC = 10

Hm chi ph bin:
MC(Q) = 1 + 2Q

Chi ph bin sn xut 2 v:

MC(2) = 1 + 2(2) = 5

Hm chi ph ca nhiu sn phm

C(Q1, Q2): Chi ph sn xut hai sn phm chung Dng hm s tng qut: C(Q1, Q2)= f + aQ1Q2 + b(Q1 )2 + c(Q2 )2

Tnh kinh t theo phm vi

C(Q1, Q2) < C(Q1, 0) + C(0, Q2) Sn xut lin kt hai sn phm r hn sn xut ring bit. V d? S r hn cho Time-Warner cung cp nhng dch v kt ni Internet v dch v tin nhn Instant Messaging chung so vi cung cp dch v ring l.

B sung chi ph
Chi ph bin sn xut hng ha 1 gim khi sn xut nhiu hn hng ha 2:

DMC1/DQ2 < 0.
V d? Da b v tht b

Hm chi ph nhiu sn phm

C(Q1, Q2) = f + aQ1Q2 + (Q1 )2 + (Q2 )2 MC1(Q1, Q2) = aQ2 + 2Q1 MC2(Q1, Q2) = aQ1 + 2Q2 Tnh b sung chi ph: a<0 Tnh kt theo phm vi: f > aQ1Q2

C(Q1 ,0) + C(0, Q2 ) = f + (Q1 )2 + f + (Q2)2 C(Q1, Q2) = f + aQ1Q2 + (Q1 )2 + (Q2 )2 f > aQ1Q2: sn xut lin kt r hn

V d:

C(Q1, Q2) = 90 - 2Q1Q2 + (Q1 )2 + (Q2 )2 C tnh b sung chi ph? C, v a = -2 < 0 MC1(Q1, Q2) = -2Q2 + 2Q1 C tnh kt theo phm vi? C, v 90 > -2Q1Q2 Hm cho vic st nhp cng ty?

Kt lun ti a ha li nhun (gim thiu chi ph) cc nh sn xut phi s dng inputs sao cho nng sut bin ca mi input phn nh gi m hng phi tr s dng input s kt hp ti u cc inputs c c khi MRTSKL = (w/r). Cc hm sn xut l nn tng gip xc nh hnh vi ti a ha li nhun trong nhng chng tip theo.

p dng
Hng A-1 cung cp cc tm kim loi dng bn ngoi my bay. Sn xut cc tm ny ch i hi 5 my to tm kim loi vi chi ph $300 mi my, v cng nhn. Cng nhn c th c tuyn dng bt k lc no trn th trng vi mc lng $7000 mt ngi. Th trng tm kim loi mang tnh cnh tranh rt cao v gi th trng cho mi tm l $50. Da trn bng di y Hng A-1 nn thu bao nhiu cng nhn ti a ha li nhun?

My to tm kim loi 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Cng nhn 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

S tm c sn xut 0 600 1000 1290 1480 1600 1680

 Nu A-1 thu 4 cng nhn, li nhun ca n l 1480 x 50-7000x4-300x5=44500 Nu n thu thm mt cng nhn, doanh thu s tng thm 120x50=6000, v chi ph s tng thm 7000. Do nu thu thm mt cng nhn li nhun ca n s gim.

Chi ph bin hay chi ph trung bnh

Hng ca bn c th sn xut 10,000 n v sn phm vi tng chi ph $1 triu, hay 11,000 n v sn phm vi tng chi ph $1.2 triu. Hng c th bn ra th trng vi gi c nh $120 n v tt c nhng sn phm m n c th sn xut.

Hng nn sn xut 10,000 n v hay 11,000 n v?

 Phn tch chi ph trung bnh

Chi ph TB @ 10,000 v = $1 triu / 10,000 = $100/ v Chi ph TB @ 11,000 v = $1.2 triu / 11,000 = $109/ v

Ti mc gi $120/ v, gi ln hn chi ph cho mi v sn phm. Nn sn xut thm 1,000 v.

Phn tch chi ph bin

Chi ph bin ca vic sn xut thm 1,000 v = TC / v sn lng = ($1.2 tr $1 tr) / (11,000 10,000) = $200/ v
mc gi $120/ v, gi thp hn chi ph bin. Khng nn sn xut thm 1,000 v.