I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

TRN VN LONG
CNG THC KHAI TRIN
TAYLOR - GONTCHAROV
V P DNG
LUN VN THC S TON HC
H NI, NM 2009
I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
TRN VN LONG
CNG THC KHAI TRIN
TAYLOR - GONTCHAROV
V P DNG
Chuyn ngnh : GII TCH
M s : 60 46 01
LUN VN THC S TON HC
Ngi hng dn khoa hc:
GS.TSKH. NGUYN VN MU
H NI - NM 2009
MC LC
M u 3
1 Khai trin Taylor 6
1.1 Mt s kin thc chun b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.1 Mt s tnh cht ca a thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.2 Mt s nh l c bn ca gii tch c in . . . . . . 7
1.2 Khai trin Taylor i vi a thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Khai trin Taylor vi cc phn d khc nhau . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Cng thc khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov 18
2.1 Bi ton ni suy Newton v cng thc khai trin Taylor -
Gontcharov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.1 Bi ton ni suy Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.2 Cng thc khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov . . . . . . . 20
2.2 Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov vi cc phn d khc nhau . . 24
2.2.1 Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov vi phn d dng La-
grange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.2 Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov vi phn d dng Cauchy 29
2.3 S hi t trong khai trin Taylor v khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov 31
2.4 Bi ton ni suy Newton i vi hm a thc nhiu bin. . . 38
2.4.1 Bi ton ni suy Taylor i vi hm a thc nhiu bin 38
2.4.2 Bi ton ni suy Newton i vi hm a thc nhiu bin. 39
3 Mt s bi ton p dng 43
3.1 Khai trin Taylor ca mt s hm s cp v ng dng . . . . 43
3.1.1 c lng v nh gi sai s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.2 Tnh gii hn hm s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov vi bi ton c lng hm s 54
Kt lun 61
Ti liu tham kho 62
2
M U
Khai trin a thc ni ring v khai trin hm s ni chung cng nhng
vn lin quan n n l mt phn quan trng ca i s v gii tch ton
hc. Cng vi cc bi ton ni suy, cc bi ton v khai trin hm s c v tr
c bit trong ton hc khng ch nh l nhng i tng nghin cu m
cn ng vai tr nh l mt trong nhng cng c c lc ca cc m hnh
lin tc cng nh cc m hnh ri rc ca gii tch trong l thuyt phng
trnh vi phn, l thuyt xp x, l thuyt biu din,....
L thuyt khai trin hm s cng cc bi ton ni suy lin quan ra i
rt sm vi cc cng trnh ca Taylor, Lagrange, Newton... Tuy nhin, vic
xy dng bi ton khai trin hm s tha mn nhng yu cu khc nhau
cng nh vic xy dng l thuyt hon thin v khai trin hm s ni chung
n nay vn ang c nhiu nh ton hc tip tc nghin cu v pht trin
theo nhiu hng.
L thuyt cc bi ton v khai trin hm s cng nh cc bi ton ni
suy c in c lin quan cht ch n cc c trng c bn ca hm s nh
tnh n iu, tnh li lm, tnh tun hon,... l nhng mng kin thc quan
trng trong chng trnh gii tch.
Trong cc gio trnh gii tch i hc ta bit bi ton ni suy Taylor
Gi s hm f xc nh trn tp hp R, trong l hp ca cc
khong m trn trc thc. Gi s f kh vi cp n ti im a . Hy xc
nh cc a thc P
n
(x) c bc deg P
n
(x) n sao cho
P
(k)
n
(a) = f
(k)
(a), k = 0, 1, . . . , n.
3
T ta c khai trin Taylor ca hm f(x) ti im a
f(x) = f(a)+
1
1!
f

(a)(xa)+
1
2!
f

(a)(xa)
2
+...+
1
n!
f
(n)
(a)(xa)
n
+R
n
(f; x)
vi cc phn d dng Lagrange v Cauchy.
Trong khai trin Taylor, khi xt b im M(a, P
(k)
n
(a)), k = 0, 1, ..., n ta
thy chng cng nm trn ng thng x = a. Khi cho a thay i v nhn
gi tr ph thuc vo k th ta c mt b im mi dng
M
k
(x
k
, P
(k)
n
(x
k
)), k = 0, 1, ..., n
Khi , ta thu c bi ton ni suy Newton v dn n khai trin Taylor-
Gontcharov l mt m rng t nhin ca khai trin Taylor.
Lun vn tp trung i gii quyt vn xy dng cng thc nghim ca
bi ton ni suy Newton, a ra biu din hm s f(x) theo cng thc khai
trin Taylor- Gontcharov v c bit a ra cc nh gi phn d ca khai
trin Taylor - Gontcharov ca hm f(x) di hai dng Lagrange v Cauchy
cng nh m rng bi ton i vi hm a thc nhiu bin.
Lun vn gm phn m u v c chia thnh ba chng
Chng 1: Nhc li cc kin thc c bn v a thc v mt s nh l c
bn ca gii tch c in s dng trong lun vn. Tip theo tc gi trnh by
bi ton ni suy Taylor, khai trin Taylor v cc nh gi phn d ca khai
trin Taylor.
Chng 2: L phn chnh ca lun vn. Bt u bng vic kho st bi
ton ni suy Newton, a ra cng thc nghim ca bi ton ni suy New-
ton. T dn n khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov ca hm f(x) theo cc
mc ni suy x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
n
v c bit a ra cc nh gi c lng phn d
ca khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov di dng Lagrange v Cauchy. Phn tip
theo, tc gi nh gi s hi t trong khai trin Taylor v khai trin Taylor
- Gontcharov. Cui cng l m rng ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov cho
4
hm a thc nhiu bin.
Chng 3: cp n mt s ng dng ca khai trin Taylor v khai
trin Taylor - Gontcharov cng nh ca bi ton ni suy Newton trong c
lng v nh gi sai s, tm gii hn hm s.
Lun vn c hon thnh di s hng dn khoa hc ca NGND.GS.
TSKH Nguyn Vn Mu, trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc
gia H ni, ngi Thy tn tnh hng dn, gip tc gi trong sut
qu trnh hon thnh bn lun vn ny. Tc gi xin by t lng bit n chn
thnh v knh trng su sc i vi Gio s.
Tc gi xin by t lng cm n ti cc thy c gio, cc thnh vin, cc
anh ch ng nghip trong Seminare Gii tch trng i hc Khoa hc T
nhin, i hc Quc gia H ni v nhng kin ng gp qu bu, s gip
tn tnh v s c v ht sc to ln trong sut thi gian qua.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n Ban gim hiu, phng sau i hc, khoa
Ton - C - Tin hc trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia
H ni to iu kin thun li cho tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp
ti trng. Tc gi cng xin chn thnh cm n S Gio dc - o to Nam
nh, trng THPT M Tho v gia nh ng vin, to iu kin thun
li cho tc gi trong sut kha hc.
H ni, thng 12 nm 2009
Tc gi
Trn Vn Long
5
CHNG 1
KHAI TRIN TAYLOR
1.1 Mt s kin thc chun b
1.1.1 Mt s tnh cht ca a thc
Cc nh ngha, tnh cht trong mc ny c trch t [2].
nh ngha 1.1. Cho vnh A l mt vnh giao hon c n v. Ta gi a
thc bc n bin x l biu thc c dng
P
n
(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n1
x
n1
+ ... + a
1
x + a
0
.(a
n
= 0)
trong cc s a
i
A c gi l cc h s, a
n
gi l h s bc cao nht v
a
0
gi l h s t do ca a thc.
Tp hp tt c cc a thc vi h s ly trong vnh A c k hiu l
A[x]. Khi A l mt trng th vnh A[x] l mt vnh giao hon c n v.
Cc vnh a thc thng gp l Z[x], Q[x], R[x], C[x].
nh ngha 1.2. Cho hai a thc
P(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n1
x
n1
+ ... + a
1
x + a
0
Q(x) = b
n
x
n
+ b
n1
x
n1
+ ... + b
1
x + b
0
Ta nh ngha cc php ton sau
P(x) + Q(x) = (a
n
+ b
n
)x
n
+ (a
n1
+ b
n1
)x
n1
+ ... + (a
1
+ b
1
)x + a
0
+ b
0
P(x) Q(x) = (a
n
b
n
)x
n
+ (a
n1
b
n1
)x
n1
+ ... + (a
1
b
1
)x + a
0
b
0
P(x).Q(x) = c
2n
x
2n
+ c
2n1
x
2n1
+ ... + c
1
x + c
0
trong
c
k
= a
0
b
k
+ a
1
b
k1
+ ... + a
k
b
0
, k = 0, 1, ..., n.
6
nh l 1.1. Gi s A l mt trng, f(x), g(x) l hai a thc khc 0 ca
vnh A[x]. Khi , tn ti duy nht cp a thc q(x), r(x) thuc A[x] sao
cho
f(x) = g(x).q(x) + r(x)
vi deg(r(x)) < deg(g(x)). Khi r(x) = 0, ta ni f(x) chia ht cho g(x).
Nu f(a) = 0 th ta ni a l nghim ca f(x). Bi ton tm cc nghim ca
f(x) trong A c gi l gii phng trnh i s bc n
a
n
x
n
+ a
n1
x
n1
+ ... + a
1
x + a
0
= 0(a
n
= 0)
trong A.
nh l 1.2. Gi s A l mt trng, a A v f(x) A[x]. Khi , d
ca php chia f(x) cho x a chnh l f(a).
nh l 1.3. Mi a thc bc n u c khng qu n nghim thc.
nh l 1.4. a thc c v s nghim l a thc khng.
1.1.2 Mt s nh l c bn ca gii tch c in
Sau y, ta nhc li mt s nh l c bn s dng trong cc phn sau.
Cc nh l ny c trch t [3].
nh l 1.5 (Rolle). Gi s f : [a, b] R lin tc trn on [a; b] v c
o hm trn khong (a, b) . Nu f(a) = f(b) th tn ti t nht mt im
c (a; b) sao cho f

(c) = 0.
nh l 1.6 (Lagrange). Nu hm s f lin tc trn on [a; b] v c o hm
trn khong (a, b) th tn ti t nht mt im c (a; b) sao cho f(b)f(a) =
f

(c)(b a).
nh l 1.7 (nh l v gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn). Nu hm s f
kh tch trn on [a; b] v m f(x) M vi x [a; b] th tn ti mt s
[m; M] sao cho
b
_
a
f(x)dx = (b a).
7
H qu 1.1. Nu f l hm s lin tc trn on [a; b] th tn ti t nht
mt im c (a; b) sao cho
b
_
a
f(x)dx = f(c)(b a).
nh l 1.8 (nh l v gi tr trung bnh m rng ca tch phn). Gi s
hai hm s f v g kh tch trn on [a; b] v tha mn:
a) m f(x) M vi x [a; b]
b) g(x) khng i du trn [a; b].
Khi , tn ti t nht mt s thc [m; M] sao cho
b
_
a
f(x).g(x)dx =
b
_
a
g(x)dx.
H qu 1.2. Gi s f l hm s lin tc trn [a; b] v g l hm s kh tch
trn on [a; b]. Nu g(x) khng i du trn [a; b] th tn ti t nht mt s
thc c [a; b] sao cho
b
_
a
f(x).g(x)dx = f(c)
b
_
a
g(x)dx.
nh l 1.9 (Bolzano - Cauchy). Gi s f l mt hm s lin tc trn on
[a; b] v l mt s nm gia f(a) v f(b). Khi , tn ti t nht mt im
c [a, b] sao cho f(c) = . Ni mt cch khc, f ly mi gi tr trung gian
gia f(a) v f(b).
1.2 Khai trin Taylor i vi a thc
Cc nh l, nh ngha v bi ton trong mc ny ch yu c trch t
[1].
Ta thng thy trong cc sch gio khoa hin hnh, dng chnh tc ca mt
a thc i s P(x) bc n, n N

, (thng c k hiu deg(P(x)) = n)

c dng:
P(x) = p
0
x
n
+ p
1
x
n1
+ ... + p
n
, p
0
= 0.
8
a thc dng chnh tc l a thc c vit theo th t gim dn ca ly
tha.Tuy nhin, khi kho st cc a thc, ngi ta thng quan tm n c
mt lp cc a thc bc khng qu mt s nguyn dng n cho trc no .
V th, v sau, ngi ta thng s dng cch vit a thc P(x) di dng
tng dn ca bc ly tha
P(x) = b
0
+ b
1
x + b
2
x
2
+ + b
n
x
n
. (1.1)
Nhn xt rng a thc (1.1) c tnh cht
P
(k)
(0) = k!b
k
, k = 0, 1, . . . , n
v
P
(k)
(0) = 0, k = n + 1, n + 2, . . .
V th a thc (1.1) thng c vit di dng cng thc (ng nht thc)
Taylor
P(x) = a
0
+
a
1
1!
x +
a
2
2!
x
2
+ +
a
n
n!
x
n
. (1.2)
Vi cch vit (1.2) ta thu c cng thc tnh h s a
k
(k = 0, 1, . . . , n) ca
a thc P(x), chnh l gi tr ca o hm cp k ca a thc ti x = 0:
a
k
= P
(k)
(0), k = 0, 1, . . . , n.
T y ta thu c ng nht thc Taylor ti x = 0
P(x) = P(0)
+
P

(0)
1!
x +
P
(2)
(0)
2!
x
2
+ +
P
(n)
(0)
n!
x
n
. (1.3)
V d 1.1. Vit biu thc
Q(x) = (x
2
2x 2)
5
+ (2x
3
+ 3x
2
x 1)
2
.
di dng (chnh tc) cng thc Taylor ti
Q(x) = a
0
+
a
1
1!
x +
a
2
2!
x
2
+ +
a
10
10!
x
10
.
Tnh gi tr ca a
8
?
9
Theo cng thc (1.3) th ta c ngay h thc a
8
= Q
(8)
(0)
Dng (1.2) cho ta mi lin h trc tip gia cc h s ca mt a thc chnh
tc vi cc gi tr o hm ca a thc ti x = 0. Trong trng hp tng
qut, cng thc Taylor ti x = x
0
c dng:
P(x) = P(x
0
)
+
P

(x
0
)
1!
(xx
0
) +
P
(2)
(x
0
)
2!
(xx
0
)
2
+ +
P
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(xx
0
)
n
.
(1.4)
V d 1.2. Vit biu thc:
Q(x) = (x 1)(x 2)...(x 9)
di dng (chnh tc) cng thc Taylor ti im x = 10:
Q(x) = a
0
+
a
1
1!
(x 10)x +
a
2
2!
(x 10)
2
+ +
a
9
9!
(x 10)
9
.
Tnh gi tr ca a
7
?
Cng thc (1.4) cho ta h thc a
7
= Q
(7)
(10).
Trong trng hp a thc bc ty , ta c cc kt qu hon ton tng t.
V d 1.3. Chng minh rng nu a thc P(x) tha mn iu kin deg P(x)
n v P
(k)
() = q
k
, k {0, 1, . . . , n}, trong , q
k
l cc s cho trc;
P
(0)
(x) P(x) th P(x) c dng:
P(x) =
n

k=0
q
k
k!
(x )
k
.
ng thc trn c chng minh bng cch ly o hm lin tip hai v
v s dng gi thit v cc gi tr ban u P
(k)
() = q
k
, k {0, 1, . . . , n}..
Vic chng minh tnh duy nht c suy ra t tnh cht ca cc a thc
(khc 0) bc khng vt qu n l n c khng qu n nghim (k c bi).
By gi, ta chuyn sang bi ton ni suy Taylor.
Bi ton 1.1 (Bi ton ni suy Taylor). Cho x
0
, a
k
Rvi k = 0, 1, . . . , N
1. Hy xc nh a thc T(x) c bc khng qu N 1 v tha mn cc iu
10
kin:
T
(k)
(x
0
) = a
k
, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. (1.5)
Gii. Trc ht, d thy rng a thc
T(x) =
N1

k=0

k
(x x
0
)
k
.
c bc deg T(x) N 1. Tip theo, ta cn xc nh cc h s
k
R sao
cho T(x) tha mn iu kin
T
(k)
(x
0
) = a
k
, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Ln lt ly o hm T(x) n cp th k, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1 ti x = x
0
v
s dng gi thit
T
(k)
(x
0
) = a
k
, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Ta suy ra

k
=
a
k
k!
, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Thay gi tr ca
k
vo biu thc ca T(x), ta thu c
T(x) =
N1

k=0
a
k
k!
(x x
0
)
k
. (1.6)
Vi mi k = 0,1,. . . ,N-1, ta c
T
(k)
(x) = a
k
+
N1

j=k+1
a
j
(j k)!
(x x
0
)
jk
.
Do vy a thc T(x) tha mn iu kin
T
(k)
(x
0
) = a
k
, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Cui cng, ta chng minh rng a thc T(x) nhn c t (1.6) l a thc
duy nht tha mn iu kin ca bi ton ni suy Taylor .
Tht vy, nu c a thc T

(x), c bc deg T

(x) N 1 cng tha mn

iu kin ca bi ton (1.5) th khi , a thc
P(x) = T(x) T

(x)
11
cng c bc deg P(x) N 1 v ng thi tha mn iu kin
P
(k)
(x
0
) = 0, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1.
Tc l, a thc P(x) l a thc c bc khng qu N 1 m li nhn x
0
lm
nghim vi bi khng nh thua N, nn P(x) 0, v do T(x) = T

(x).
nh ngha 1.3. a thc
T(x) =
N1

k=0
a
k
k!
(x x
0
)
k
c gi l a thc ni suy Taylor.
Nhn xt 1.1. Ch rng a thc ni suy Taylor T(x) c xc nh t
(1.6) chnh l khai trin Taylor n cp th N 1 ca hm s T(x) ti im
x = x
0
.
1.3 Khai trin Taylor vi cc phn d khc nhau
Cc nh l, nh ngha v bi ton trong mc ny ch yu c trch t
[1].
Ta xt cng thc khai trin Taylor i vi a thc. Tip theo, trong mc
ny, ta s xc lp cng thc Taylor vi cc phn d khc nhau. Ta nhc li,
khi hm f kh vi ti im x = a th theo nh ngha, ta c
f(a + h) f(a) = f

(a)h + o(h).
Nu t a + h = x th h = x a v
f(x) f(a) = f

(a)(x a) + o(x a).

Ni mt cch khc, tn ti hm tuyn tnh
P
1
(x) = f(a) + f

(a)(x a)
sao cho
f(x) = P
1
(x) + o(x a)
trong
P
1
(a) = f(a), P

1
(a) = f

(a).
Ta pht biu mt s bi ton sau y.
12
Bi ton 1.2. Gi s hm f xc nh trn tp hp R, trong l
hp ca cc khong m trn trc thc. Gi s f kh vi cp n ti im a .
Hy xc nh cc a thc P
n
(x) c bc deg P
n
(x) n sao cho
P
(k)
n
(a) = f
(k)
(a), k = 0, 1, . . . , n.
Gi s P(x) l a thc (bc n) ty . Ta vit
P(x) =
n

k=0
a
k
k!
(x a)
k
.
Khi
P
()
(a) =
a

!
! = a

.
Nu by gi ta t
a

= f
()
(a), = 0, 1, . . . , n.
th
f
()
(a) = P
()
(a).
Nh vy bi ton c gii xong.
Tip theo, ta xt bi ton c lng hiu f(x) P
n
(x).
nh ngha 1.4. a thc
T
n
(f; x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(x a)
k
c gi l a thc Taylor bc n vi tm a ca hm f, kh vi cp n ti im
a.
Ta t
f(x) = T
n
(f; x)+R
n
(f; x) = f(a)+f

(a)(xa)+...+
1
n!
f
(n)
(a)(xa)
n
+R
n
(f; x).
(1.7)
Cng thc (1.7) c gi l cng thc Taylor (dng y ) ca hm f(x).
Nu a = 0 th (1.7) c gi l cng thc Maclaurin.
Biu thc R
n
(f; x) c gi l phn d ca cng thc Taylor. Vi nhng
iu kin khc nhau t ra i vi hm f, phn d s c biu din bi cc
cng thc khc nhau. Li gii ca bi ton c lng hiu f(x) P
n
(x) cng
chnh l c lng cc biu thc phn d ny.
13
B 1.1. Nu hm c o hm n cp n ti im a v
(a) =

(a) = ... =
(n)
(a) = 0,
th (x) = o((x a)
n
) khi x a, tc l
(x)
(x a)
n
0(x a).
Chng minh. Ta chng minh bng phng php qui np. Vi n = 1 ta c
(a) =

(a) v
(x)
x a
=
(x) (a)
x a

(a) = 0(x a)
tc l (x) = o((x a)). Gi s b ng vi n no , tc l vi iu
kin
(a) =

(a) = ... =
(n)
(a) = 0,
th
(x) = o((x a)
n
).
Ta cn chng minh rng vi
(n+1)
(a) = o th
(x) = o((x a)
(n+1)
), x a.
Ta xt hm (x) =

(x). Ta c
(a) =

(a) = ... =
(n)
(a) = 0.
v do (x) = o((x a)
n
), tc l
(x)
(x a)
n
=

(x)
(x a)
n
0(x a).
Theo nh l Lagrange, ta c
(x)
(x a)
n+1
=
(x) (a)
(x a)
n+1
=

()(x a)
(x a)
n+1
=

()
( a)
n
_
a
x a
_
n
.
trong , nm xen gia a v x. T ta thu c

()
( a)
n
0(x a), 0 <
a
x a
< 1.
Nh vy, (x) = o((x a))
(n+1)
khi x a v b c chng minh.
14
nh l 1.10 (Taylor). Gi s f : U(a, ) R l hm kh vi lin tc n
cp n 1 trong - ln cn U(a, ) ca im a v c o hm hu hn cp n
ti im a. Khi , hm f c th biu din di dng
f(x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(a)
k!
(x a)
k
+ o((x a)
n
) (1.8)
khi x a, trong 0! = 1, f
(0)
(a) = f(a).
Cng thc (1.8) c gi l cng thc Taylor dng a phng vi phn
d Peano.
Chng minh. t
(x) = f(x)
n

k=0
f
(k)
(a)
k!
(x a)
k
, (x) = (x a)
n
. (1.9)
T (1.9) ta d dng thy rng (a) =

(a) = ... =
(n)
(a) = 0. Do theo
b 1.1, ta thu c (x) = 0((x)), x a v h thc (1.9) c chng
minh.
Cng thc (1.8) ch cho ta dng iu ca f(x) T
n
(f; x) vi nhng gi tr x
gn a. c th s dng a thc T
n
(f; x) lm cng c xp x hm f(x)
cn phi a ra nhng dng khc i vi phn d R
n
(f; x).
Nu hm f c thm nhng hn ch cht hn so vi nh l (2.1) th ta thu
c nh l Taylor ton cc sau y.
nh l 1.11 (Taylor). Gi s f : (a, b) R kh vi lin tc cp n trn
khong (a, b) v c o hm cp n + 1 ti mi im ca khong (a, b) c th
tr ra im x
0
(a, b). Khi , gia im x
0
v im x (a, b) bt k, tn
ti im , sao cho
f(x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(x x
0
)
k
+ R
n+1
(f; x) (1.10)
trong
R
n+1
(f; x) =
1
n!p
_
x x
0
x
_
p
(x )
(n+1)
f
(n+1)
(), p R, p > 0. (1.11)
15
Cng thc (1.10) c gi l cng thc Taylor i vi hm f vi phn d
R
n+1
di dng Schlomilch-Roche.
Chng minh. Khng gim tnh tng qut, ta xt x > x
0
. Xt hm s
h(t) = f(x)
n

k=0
f
(k)
(t)
k!
(x t)
k

(x t)
p
n!p
, x
0
t x, (1.12)
trong p R, p > 0, l tham s.
Hm h(t) lin tc trn on [x
0
, x], h(x) = 0 v o hm h

(t) tn ti t
(x
0
; x). Ta chn s sao cho
h(x
0
) = f(x)
n

k=0
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(x x
0
)
k

(x x
0
)
p
n!p
= 0. (1.13)
Vi cch chn , hm h(t) tha mn mi iu kin ca nh l Rolle trn
on [x
0
, x]. Do , tn ti [x
0
, x], sao cho
h

() =
f
(n+1)
()
n!
(x )
n
+
(x )
p1
n!
= 0. (1.14)
Tht vy, t h thc (1.11), ta c
h

(t) = f

(t)+
f

(t)
1!

f

(t)
1!
(xt)+
f

(t)
2!
2(xt)... +
f
(n)
(t)
n!
(xt)
n1

f
(n+1)
(t)
n!
(x t)
n
+
(x t)
p1
n!
. (1.15)
D dng thy rng mi s hng v phi ca (1.15) tr hai s hng cui
cng u kh nhau ht. T bng cch thay t = ta thu c (1.14). T
(1.14) ta c
= f
(n+1)
()(x )
np+1
. (1.16)
Thay t (1.16) vo (1.11) ta thu c iu phi chng minh.
Bng cch chn cc gi tr p > 0 hon ton xc nh, ta thu c nhng
trng hp ring i vi phn d R
n+1
(f; x). Ta xt nhng trng hp quan
trng nht khi p = n + 1 v p = 1.
Khi p = n + 1 th t (1.11) ta thu c phn d ca cng thc Taylor di
dng Lagrange
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
, = x
0
+ (x x
0
), 0 < < 1. (1.17)
16
Khi p = 1 th t (1.11) ta thu c phn d ca cng thc Taylor di dng
Cauchy
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
(x
0
+ (x x
0
))
n!
(x x
0
)
n+1
(1 )
n
, 0 < < 1 (1.18)
trong = x
0
+ (x x
0
).
Nhn xt 1.2. Cng thc Maclaurin vi cc phn d (1.17) v (1.18) c
dng tng ng
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
(x)
(n+1)!
x
n+1
, 0 < < 1 (dng Lagrange).
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
(x)
(n+1)!
(1 )
n
x
n+1
, 0 < < 1 (dng Cauchy).
17
CHNG 2
CNG THC KHAI TRIN TAYLOR -
GONTCHAROV
2.1 Bi ton ni suy Newton v cng thc khai trin
Taylor - Gontcharov
2.1.1 Bi ton ni suy Newton
Trc ht ta nhc li bi ton ni suy Taylor mc trc
Bi ton 2.1 (Ni suy Taylor). Cho x
0
, a
k
R vi k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. Hy
xc nh a thc T(x) c bc khng qu N 1 v tha mn cc iu kin:
T
(k)
(x
0
) = a
k
, k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1. (2.1)
Nhn xt rng khi xt b im M(x
0
, T
(k)
(x
0
))(k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1), ta
thy chng cng nm trn mt ng thng x = x
0
. Khi ta cho x
0
thay i
v nhn gi tr ty ph thuc vo k th ta c mt b im mi dng
M
k
(x
k
, T
(k)
(x
k
)), k = 0, 1, . . . , N 1,
s trng vi b im ban u khi cc x
k
trng nhau. Khi ta thu c bi
ton ni suy Newton. Ta pht biu bi ton di dng sau y.
Bi ton 2.2 (Bi ton ni suy Newton). (Xem [1]). Cho x
i
, a
i
R, vi i =
0, 1, . . . , n. Hy xc nh a thc N(x) c bc khng qu n(deg N(x) n)
v tha mn cc iu kin:
N
(i)
(x
i
) = a
i
, i = 0, 1, . . . , n. (2.2)
18
gii bi ton ny, trc ht ta xt mt s trng hp ring ca n.
Vi mi i = 2, 3, . . . , n, ta k hiu
R
i
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
i1
, x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
i1
_
x
i1
dt
i
dt
i1
...dt
1
.
i) Nu n = 0 (ng vi i = 0) th ta c deg N(x) = 0 v N(x
0
) = a
0
, v do
N(x) = a
0
.
ii) Nu n = 1 (ng vi i = 0, 1), th ta c
_
N(x) =
0
+
1
x
N
(i)
(x
i
) = a
i
, (i = 0, 1)
.
T suy ra N(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) hay
N(x) = a
0
+ a
1
R(x
0
, x).
iii) Nu n = 2 (ng vi i = 0, 1, 2), th ta c
_
N(x) =
0
+
1
x +
2
x
2
N
(i)
(x
i
) = a
i
, (i = 0, 1, 2).
.
T suy ra
_

2
=
a
2
2

1
= a
1
a
2
x
1

0
= a
0
(a
1
a
2
x
1
)x
0

a
2
2
x
2
0
.
.
Do
N(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + a
2
_
(x x
1
)
2
2

(x
0
x
1
)
2
2
_
.
T :
N(x) = a
0
+ a
1
R(x
0
, x) + a
2
R
2
(x
0
, x
1
, x).
iv) Mt cch tng t, trong trng hp tng qut, vi i = 0, 1, . . . , n, ta
chng minh c
N(x) = a
0
+ a
1
R(x
0
, x) + + a
n
R
n
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n1
, x) (2.3)
l a thc duy nht tha mn iu kin ca bi ton ni suy Newton (2.2)
v ta gi a thc ny l a thc ni suy Newton.
19
Tht vy, d thy rng deg N(x) n. Ngoi ra, ng vi mi i(i =
0, 1, 2, .., n) ta c:
N
(i)
(x) = a
i
+ a
i+1
R(x
i
, x) + + a
n
R
ni
(x
i
, x
i+1
, . . . , x
n1
, x).
T suy ra
N
(i)
(x
i
) = a
i
, i = 0, 1, 2, .., n.
Cui cng, ta chng minh tnh duy nht nghim ca bi ton ni suy
Newton.
Gi s tn ti a thc N

(x) c bc deg N

(x) n cng tha mn iu

kin ca bi ton 2.2 th khi , a thc P(x) = N(x) N

(x) cng c bc
deg(P(x)) n v tha mn iu kin
P
(i)
(x
i
) = 0, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
Khi , theo cch xy dng a thc N(x) trn, ng vi trng hp a
i
=
0, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n, ta suy ra P(x) 0, v do N(x) = N

(x).
Nhn xt 2.1. Nh lu trn rng a thc ni suy Taylor (1.6)
l trng hp ring ca a thc ni suy Newton (2.3) ng vi trng hp
x
i
= x
0
, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. Cng thc khai trin hm s f(x) thnh chui
tha mn iu kin
f
(i)
(x
i
) = a
i
, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n
c gi l khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov.
Cng thc khai trin Taylor-Gontcharov c rt nhiu ng dng trong vic
gii cc bi ton bin hn hp th nht ca phng trnh vi phn. Bn c
quan tm n vn l thuyt v ng dng ca cc dng ni suy tru tng
v ni suy c in xin tm c trong [5].
2.1.2 Cng thc khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov
Tng t nh vi khai trin Taylor, sau khi gii c bi ton Ni suy
Newton, vn t ra l xp x mt hm s bi mt a thc khi bit o
hm ti mt s im. chnh l ni dung ca cng thc khai trin Taylor-
Gontcharov.
20
Trc ht, tng t nh lm vi khai trin Taylor, ta xt mt s bi
ton sau y:
Bi ton 2.3. (Xem [1], trang 91) Gi s hm f xc nh trn tp R
trong l hp ca cc khong m trn trc thc. Gi s f kh vi cp i
ti im x
i
, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. Hy xc nh cc a thc P
n
(x) c bc
khng qu n sao cho P
(i)
n
(x
i
) = f
(i)
(x
i
), i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
Gii.
t f
(i)
(x
i
) = a
i
, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. Khi , t li gii ca bi ton ni
suy Newton, ta thy ngay a thc:
P
n
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
R(x
0
, x) + + a
n
R
n
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n1
, x)
l a thc duy nht tha mn yu cu ca bi ton trn.
Bi ton 2.4. Cho x
i
R, i = 0, 1, ..., n. Khi , a thc Q(x) c bc
n + 1 (deg Q(x) = n + 1), h s cao nht bng 1 v tha mn iu kin
Q
(k)
n+1
(x
k
) = 0, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n tn ti duy nht v xc nh bi
Q
n+1
(x) = (n + 1)!R
n+1
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x)
trong :
R
n+1
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
n
_
x
n
dt
n+1
dt
n
...dt
1
.
Gii.
t
Q
n+1
(x) = (n+1)!R
n+1
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x) = (n+1)!
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
n
_
x
n
dt
n+1
dt
n
...dt
1
.
Khi , ta d dng suy ra deg Q(x) = n + 1 v h s ca x
n+1
bng 1. Mt
khc, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n ta c:
Q
(k)
n+1
(x) = (n+1)!R
nk+1
(x
k
, x
k+1
, . . . , x
n
, x) = (n+1)!
x
_
x
k
t
k+1
_
x
k+1
...
t
n
_
x
n
dt
n+1
dt
n
...dt
k+1
.
21
Do , ta c:
Q
(k)
n+1
(x
k
) = 0.
Suy ra:
Q
(k)
n+1
(x
k
) = 0, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
Nn Q(x) l a thc tha mn yu cu ca bi ton.
By gi ta chng minh tnh duy nht. Gi s tn ti a thc Q

n+1
(x) c
bc deg Q

n+1
(x) n + 1 cng tha mn iu kin ca bi ton 2.4 th khi
, a thc P(x) = Q
n+1
(x) Q

n+1
(x) cng c bc deg(P(x)) n v tha
mn iu kin
P
(i)
(x
i
) = 0, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n.
Khi , ta suy ra P(x) 0, v do Q
n+1
(x) = Q

n+1
(x).
T cc bi ton trn ta c nh ngha sau:
nh ngha 2.1. Cho hm f kh vi cp i ti mi im x
i
, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n
Khi , a thc
P
n
(f; x) = f
(n)
(x
n
).R
n
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n1
, x)
+f
(n1)
(x
n1
).R
n1
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n2
, x) + + f

(x
1
).R(x
0
, x) + f(x
0
)
c gi l a thc ni suy Newton theo b ni suy x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
ca hm
f.
nh ngha 2.2. Vi cc gi thit nh nh ngha 2.1, ta t:
f(x) := P
n
(f; x) + R
n
(f; x) = f
(n)
(x
n
).R
n
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n1
, x)
+f
(n1)
(x
n1
)R
n1
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n2
, x)+ +f

(x
1
).R(x
0
, x)+f(x
0
)+R
n+1
(f; x).
(2.4)
Cng thc (2.4) c gi l cng thc khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov ca
hm f. Biu thc R
n+1
(f; x) gi l phn d ca cng thc khai trin Taylor-
Gontcharov.
Ta nhn thy rng, vi nhng iu kin khc nhau t ra i vi hm
f, phn d R
n+1
(f; x) ca cng thc khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov s c
biu din bi cc cng thc khc nhau.
22
Li gii ca bi ton c lng hiu f(x) P
n
(x) cng chnh l c lng
cc biu thc phn d ny. Trc ht, ta c kt qu sau:
nh l 2.1. Gi s f : (a, b) R kh vi v lin tc n cp n+ 1 trn
khong (a, b), x
i
(a, b), i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. Khi
f(x) = P
n
(f; x) + R
n+1
(f; x)
trong , R
n+1
(f; x) c xc nh bi:
R
n+1
(f; x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
n
_
x
n
f
(n+1)
(t
n+1
).dt
n+1
.dt
n
...dt
2
.dt
1
. (2.5)
Chng minh.
Ta c:
f(x) = f(x
0
) +
x
_
x
0
f

(t
1
)dt
1
= f(x
0
) +
x
_
x
0
_
_
f

(x
1
) +
t
1
_
x
1
f

(t
2
).dt
2
_
_
dt
1
= f(x
0
) +
x
_
x
0
f

(x
1
)dt
1
+
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
f

(t
2
)dt
2
dt
1
= f(x
0
) + f

(x
1
)R
1
(x
0
; x) +
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
f

(t
2
)dt
2
dt
1
= f(x
0
) + f

(x
1
)R
1
(x
0
; x) +
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
_
_
f

(x
2
) +
t
2
_
x
2
f
(3)
(t
3
)dt
3
_
_
dt
2
dt
1
= f(x
0
) + f

(x
1
)R
1
(x
0
; x) + f

(x
2
)R
2
(x
0
; x
1
; x) +
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
t
2
_
x
2
f
(3)
(t
3
)dt
3
dt
2
dt
1
...
= f(x
0
)+f

(x
1
)R
1
(x
0
; x)+f

(x
2
)R
2
(x
0
; x
1
; x)+ +f
(n)
(x
n
)R
n
(x
0
; x
1
; ...; x
n1
; x)
+
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
t
2
_
x
2
...
t
n
_
x
n
f
(n+1)
(t
n+1
)dt
n+1
dt
n
...dt
2
dt
1
= P
n
(f; x) + R
n+1
(f; x).
23
T ta c
f(x) := P
n
(f; x) + R
n+1
(f; x)
vi
R
n+1
(f; x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
n
_
x
n
f
(n+1)
(t
n+1
).dt
n+1
.dt
n
...dt
2
.dt
1
.
nh l c chng minh.
Nhn xt 2.2. Biu thc (2.5) cho ta cng thc xc nh phn d R
n+1
(f; x)
trong khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov ca hm f(x). Cu hi t ra l phn
d ca khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov c th nh gi c ging nh khai
trin Taylor khng? V nu c th nh gi c dng tng t nh dng
Lagrange v dng Cauchy khng? Trong phn tip theo, ta s i nghin cu
vn .
2.2 Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov vi cc phn d
khc nhau
Trc ht, thun tin ta nhc li mt s k hiu mc trc:
R
i
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
i1
, x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
i1
_
x
i1
dt
0
dt
1
...dt
i1
, i = 2, 3, . . . , N.
R
n+1
(f; x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
n
_
x
n
f
(n+1)
(t
n+1
).dt
n+1
.dt
n
...dt
2
.dt
1
.
n gin, ta nh ngha php ton:
(R
i
f)(x) =
x
_
x
i
f(s)ds, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.
D thy:
(R
i
1)(x) =
x
_
x
i
ds.
24
V
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
n
_
x
n
f(t
n+1
).dt
n+1
.dt
n
...dt
2
.dt
1
.
c bit:
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
)(x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
n
_
x
n
dt
n+1
.dt
n
...dt
2
.dt
1
= R
n+1
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n1
).
Ta c mt s kt qu quan trng sau:
Mnh 2.1. Vi cc k hiu nh trn, ta c:
(i) (R
k
f)(x) = (R
0
f)(x) (R
0
f)(x
k
). (2.6)
(ii) (R
i
R
k
f)(x) = (R
i
R
0
f)(x) (R
i
)(x)(R
0
f)(x
k
). (2.7)
(iii) (R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) = (R
n+1
0
f)(x)
n

k=1
(R
0
R
1
...R
k1
)(x)(R
nk+1
0
f)(x
k
).
(2.8)
Chng minh.
i) Ta c:
(R
k
f)(x) =
x
_
x
k
f(s)ds =
x
0
_
x
k
f(s)ds +
x
_
x
0
f(s)ds
=
x
_
x
0
f(s)ds
x
k
_
x
0
f(s)ds = (R
0
f)(x) (R
0
f)(x
k
) (i).
ii) S dng (i) ta c:
(R
i
R
k
f)(x) =
x
_
x
i
(R
k
f)(t)dt =
x
_
x
i
_
_
t
_
x
0
f(s)ds
x
k
_
x
0
f(s)ds
_
_
dt
=
x
_
x
i
t
_
x
0
f(s)dsdt
x
_
x
i
dt
x
k
_
x
0
f(s)ds
= (R
i
R
0
f)(x) (R
i
)(x)(R
0
f)(x
k
) (ii).
25
iii) Ta chng minh (2.8) bng phng php qui np. Ta c:
Vi n = 1 th t (2.7) ta c:
(R
0
R
1
f)(x) = (R
2
0
f)(x) (R
0
)(x)(R
0
f)(x
1
)
nn (2.8) ng.
Gi s (2.8) ng vi n, tc l:
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) = (R
n+1
0
f)(x)
n

k=1
(R
0
R
1
...R
k1
)(x)(R
nk+1
0
f)(x
k
).
Ta chng minh (2.8) ng vi n + 1, tht vy, p dng (ii) v gi thit qui
np ta c:
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n+1
f)(x) = (R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n1
) [(R
n
R
0
f)(x) (R
n
)(x)(R
0
f)(x
n+1
)]
= R
n+1
0
(R
0
f)(x)
n

k=1
(R
0
R
1
...R
k1
)(x)(R
nk+1
0
R
0
f)(x
k
)
(R
0
R
1
...R
n1
R
n
(R
0
f)(x
n+1
) = (R
n+2
0
f)(x)
n+1

k=1
(R
0
R
1
...R
k1
)(x)(R
nk+1
0
f)(x
k
).
Vy:
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) = (R
n+1
0
f)(x)
n

k=1
(R
0
R
1
...R
k1
)(x)(R
nk+1
0
f)(x
k
).
T (iii). Mnh c chng minh.
Mnh 2.2. Vi cc gi thit nh trn ta c
(R
k
0
f)(x) =
x
_
x
0
(x s)
k1
(k 1)!
f(s)ds, k = 1, 2, . . . . (2.9)
Chng minh.
Ta chng minh qui np theo k. D thy vi k = 1 th (2.9) lun ng.
Gi s (2.9) ng vi k = n, tc l ta c:
(R
n
0
f)(x) =
x
_
x
0
(x s)
n1
(n 1)!
f(s)ds.
26
Ta chng minh (2.9) ng vi k = n + 1,tht vy, p dng cng thc tnh
tch phn tng phn, ta c
x
_
x
0
(x s)
n
n!
f(s)ds =
(x s)
n
n!
s
_
x
0
f(t)dt

x
x
0
+
x
_
x
0
(x s)
n1
(n 1)!
_
_
s
_
x
0
f(t)dt
_
_
(s)ds
= 0 +
x
_
x
0
(x s)
n1
(n 1)!
_
_
s
_
x
0
f(t)dt
_
_
(s)ds = (R
n
0
_
_
s
_
x
0
f(t)dt
_
_
)(x)
= (R
n
0
R
0
f)(x) = (R
n+1
0
f)(x).
Do , (2.9) ng vi k = n + 1 . T , mnh c chng minh.
H qu 2.1. T (2.8)v (2.9) ta c kt qu sau:
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) =
x
_
x
0
(x s)
n
n!
f(s)ds

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)
x
k
_
x
0
(x
k
s)
nk
(n k)!
f(s)ds. (2.10)
nh l 2.2. Cho hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b]. Khi , vi mi x
0
, x
[a; b] lun tn ti = x
0
+ (x x
0
) vi 0 < < 1 sao cho:
(R
k+1
0
f)(x) = f()
(x x
0
)
k+1
(k + 1)!
, k = 0, 1, 2....
Chng minh. T ng thc (2.9) ta c
(R
k+1
0
f)(x) =
x
_
x
0
(x s)
k
k!
f(s)ds.
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn, tn ti = x
0
+(x x
0
) vi
0 < < 1 sao cho
(R
k+1
0
f)(x) = f()
x
_
x
0
(x s)
k
k!
ds = f()
(x x
0
)
k+1
(k + 1)!
.
Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
27
H qu 2.2. Gi s hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b], x
i
[a; b], i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n
v x l im bt k thuc [a; b]. Khi ta c
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) = f()
(x x
0
)
n+1
(n + 1)!

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)
f(
k
)
(n k + 1)!
(x
k
x
0
)
nk+1
(2.11)
nm gia x
0
, x cn
k
nm gia x
0
, x
k
.
Chng minh.
T ng thc (2.10) ta c
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) =
x
_
x
0
(x s)
n
n!
f(s)ds
n

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)
x
k
_
x
0
(x
k
s)
nk
(n k)!
f(s)ds.
Sau , lp li cc bc chng minh tng t nh nh l trn, ta c ngay
iu phi chng minh.
T cc kt qu trn, ta c nh gi phn d trong khai trin Taylor -
Gontcharov di dng Lagrange v Cauchy nh sau.
2.2.1 Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov vi phn d dng Lagrange
nh l 2.3. Gi s hm s f(x) c o hm lin tc cp n + 1 trn [a; b]
v x
i
[a; b], i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n, x l im bt k thuc [a; b]. Khi , lun tn
ti ,
i
: = x
0
+ (x x
0
) v
i
= x
0
+
i
(x
i
x
0
)vi 0 < ,
i
< 1 sao
cho phn d ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov c dng
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1

k=1
f
(n+1)
(
k
)
(n k + 1)!
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)(x
k
x
0
)
nk+1
. (2.12)
(Phn d dng Lagrange)
Chng minh. Trong (2.11), ta ch vic thay hm f(x) bi hm f
(n+1)
(x)
ta s c ngay (2.12).
28
Nhn xt 2.3. Trong trng hp c bit, khi x
i
= x
0
, i = 1, 2, . . . , n th
cng thc phn d ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov di dng Lagrange
c dng
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
s trng vi cng thc phn d di dng Lagrange ca khai trin Taylor ti
im x
0
(1.17)
2.2.2 Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov vi phn d dng Cauchy
nh l 2.4. Gi s hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] v x, x
0
[a; b].Khi
, tn ti : 0 < < 1 sao cho
(R
k+1
0
f)(x) = f (x
0
+ (x x
0
))
(1 )
k
(x x
0
)
k+1
k!
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
Chng minh.
T ng thc (2.9) ta c
(R
k+1
0
f)(x) =
x
_
x
0
(x s)
k
k!
f(s)ds.
Khng mt tng qut, ta gi s rng x
0
x. Khi , t
m(x) = inf
x
0
sx
(x s)
k
k!
f(s).
M(x) = sup
x
0
sx
(x s)
k
k!
f(s).
Suy ra
m(x)(x x
0
) (R
k+1
0
f)(x) M(x)(x x
0
).
Hay
m(x)
(R
k+1
0
f)(x)
x x
0
M(x).
Theo nh l Bonzano - Cauchy tn ti : 0 < < 1 sao cho = x
0
+(x
x
0
) tha mn
(R
k+1
0
f)(x)
x x
0
=
(x )
k
k!
f().
29
Tc l
(R
k+1
0
f)(x) =
((x x
0
(x x
0
))
k
k!
f ((x + (x x
0
)) (x x
0
)
= f ((x + (x x
0
))
(1 )
k
(x x
0
)
k+1
k!
.
Vy
(R
k+1
0
f)(x) = f ((x + (x x
0
))
(1 )
k
(x x
0
)
k+1
k!
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
(pcm).
T (2.8) v vi cch nh gi tng t nh nh l 2.4, ta c ngay h qu
sau
H qu 2.3. Gi s hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b], x
i
[a; b], i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n
v x l im bt k thuc [a; b]. Khi
(R
0
R
1
R
2
...R
n
f)(x) = f (x
0
+ (x x
0
))
(1 )
n
(x x
0
)
n+1
n!

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)f (x
0
+
k
(x
k
x
0
))
(1
k
)
nk
(n k)!
(x
k
x
0
)
nk+1
(2.13)
trong , ,
k
(0; 1), k = 0, 1, . . . , n.
By gi, nu thay f(x) bi f
(n+1)
(x) trong (2.13), ta thu c cng thc
phn d dng Cauchy trong khai trin Taylor-Gontcharov ca hm f(x) nh
sau
nh l 2.5. Gi s hm s f(x) c o hm lin tc n cp n + 1 trn
on [a; b] v x
i
[a; b], i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n, x l im bt k thuc [a; b]. Khi
, phn d dng Cauchy trong khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov ca hm f(x)
c dng
R
n+1
(f; x) = f
(n+1)
(x
0
+ (x x
0
))
(1 )
n
(x x
0
)
n+1
n!

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)f
(n+1)
(x
0
+
k
(x
k
x
0
))
(1
k
)
nk
(n k)!
(x
k
x
0
)
nk+1
(2.14)
trong 0 < ,
k
< 1, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. (Phn d dng Cauchy)
30
Nhn xt 2.4. Trong trng hp c bit, khi x
i
= x
0
, i = 1, . . . , n th
cng thc phn d ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov di dng Cauchy
R
n+1
(f; x) = f
(n+1)
(x
0
+ (x x
0
))
(1 )
n
(x x
0
)
n+1
n!
; 0 < < 1
s trng vi cng thc phn d di dng Cauchy ca khai trin Taylor ti
im x
0
m ta bit (1.18).
2.3 S hi t trong khai trin Taylor v khai trin
Taylor- Gontcharov
Nh trn ta bit, khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) ti im x = x
0
c dng
f(x) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(x x
0
)
k
+ R
n+1
(f; x)
vi phn d dng Lagrange
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
, = x
0
+ (x x
0
), 0 < < 1.
Cu hi t ra l: Khi x x
0
th c dn ti mt gi tr xc nh no
hay khng? gii quyt vn ny, trc ht ta i xt mt s trng hp
ring.
i) Khai trin Taylor bc 1 ca hm f(x) ti im x = x
0
c dng
f(x) = f(x
0
) + f

_
x
0
+
1
(x x
0
)
_
(x x
0
)
T
f

_
x
0
+
1
(x x
0
)
_
=
f(x) f(x
0
)
x x
0
. (2.15)
Mt khc ta li c
f

_
x
0
+
1
(x x
0
)
_
= f

(x
0
) + f

().
1
(x x
0
) (2.16)
trong nm gia x
0
v x
0
+
1
(xx
0
) v khi x x
0
th x
0
. Rt

1
t (2.16) ta c

1
=
f

_
x
0
+
1
(x x
0
)
_
f

(x
0
)
f

().(x x
0
)
. (2.17)
31
Kt hp vi (2.15) ta c

1
=
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
f

().(x x
0
)
2
. (2.18)
Chuyn qua gii hn khi x x
0
ta c
lim
xx
0

1
= lim
xx
0
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
f

().(x x
0
)
2
.
Gii hn ny c dng
0
0
nn p dng qui tc LHospital lin tip 2 ln ta c
lim
xx
0

1
= lim
xx
0
f

(x) f

(x
0
)
2f

().(x x
0
) + (x x
0
)
2
f
(3)
().

= lim
xx
0
f

(x)
2f

() + (x x
0
)
_
4f
(3)
().

+ (x x
0
)
_
f
(4)
()(

)
2
+ f
(3)
()(

)
_
=
1
2
.
Vy
lim
xx
0

1
=
1
2
.
ii)Khai trin Taylor bc 2 ca hm f(x) ti im x = x
0
c dng:
f(x) = f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(x x
0
) +
f

_
x
0
+
2
(x x
0
)
_
2!
(x x
0
)
2
.
T
f

_
x
0
+
2
(x x
0
)
_
=
2!
_
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
_
(x x
0
)
2
. (2.19)
Mt khc
f

_
x
0
+
2
(x x
0
)
_
= f

(x
0
) + f
(3)
()
2
(x x
0
) (2.20)
trong nm gia x
0
v x
0
+
2
(xx
0
) v khi x x
0
th x
0
. Rt

2
t (2.20) ta c

1
=
f

_
x
0
+
2
(x x
0
)
_
f

(x
0
)
f
(3)
().(x x
0
)
. (2.21)
Kt hp vi (2.19) ta c

2
=
2!
_
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
_
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2
f
(3)
().(x x
0
)
3
. (2.22)
32
Chuyn qua gii hn khi x x
0
ta c
lim
xx
0

2
= lim
xx
0
2!
_
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
_
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2
f
(3)
().(x x
0
)
3
.
S dng qui tc LHospital lin tip 3 ln ta c
lim
xx
0

2
= lim
xx
0
2!f
(3)
(x)
3!f
(3)
() + o(x x
0
)
.
V khi x x
0
th x
0
nn suy ra
lim
xx
0

2
=
1
3
.
L lun tng t , ta c bi ton sau y
Bi ton 2.5. Trong khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) ti im x = x
0
f(x) =
n1

k=0
f
(k)
(x
0
)
k!
(x x
0
)
k
+ R
n
(f; x)
vi phn d
R
n
(f; x) =
f
(n)
()
n!
(x x
0
)
n
, = x
0
+
n
(x x
0
), 0 < < 1.
Ta lun c
lim
xx
0

n
=
1
n + 1
.
Nhn xt 2.5. Ta bit rng ni suy Taylor l trng hp ring ca ni
suy Newton v khai trin Taylor l trng hp ring ca khai trin Taylor-
Gontcharov. Cu hi t nhin t ra sau bi ton (2.5) l trong cng thc
phn d ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov c nhng tnh cht ging nh
nhng tnh cht m ta nghin cu trn khng?
gii quyt vn ny, trc ht ta i xt mt s trng hp ring.
i) Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov bc 1 ca hm f(x) theo hai mc ni
suy x
0
, x
1
c dng
f(x) = f(x
0
) + f

(x
1
)(x x
0
) + R
2
(f; x)
33
trong
R
2
(f; x) =
f

_
x
0
+
1
(x x
0
)
_
2!
(x x
0
)
2
R(x
0
, x)
x
1
_
x
0
f

(s)ds.
T ta c
f

_
x
0
+
1
(xx
0
)
_
=
_
f(x)f(x
0
)f

(x
1
)(xx
0
)+(xx
0
)
x
1
_
x
0
f

(s)ds
_
2!
(x x
0
)
2
.
Mt khc, ta li c
f

_
x
0
+
1
(x x
0
)
_
= f

(x
0
) + f
(3)
()
1
(x x
0
)
trong nm gia x
0
v x
0
+
1
(x x
0
) v khi x x
0
th x
0
. Khi

1
=
f

_
x
0
+
1
(x x
0
)
_
f

(x
0
)
f
(3)
()(x x
0
)
=
2!
_
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
1
)(x x
0
) + (x x
0
)
x
1
_
x
0
f

(s)ds
_
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2
f
(3)
()(x x
0
)
3
.
Suy ra
lim
xx
0

1
=
lim
xx
0
2!
_
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
1
)(x x
0
) + (x x
0
)
x
1
_
x
0
f

(s)ds
_
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2
f
(3)
()(x x
0
)
3
= lim
xx
0
_
2!
_
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
1
)(x x
0
) + (x x
0
)
_
f

(x
1
) f

(x
0
)
__
f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
2
_
_
_
f
(3)
()(x x
0
)
3
_
= lim
xx
0
2
_
f

(x) f

(x
1
) + f

(x
1
) f

(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
_
3f
(3)
()(x x
0
)
2
+ (x x
0
)
3
f
(4)
().

= lim
xx
0
2
_
f

(x) f

(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
_
3f
(3)
()(x x
0
)
2
+ (x x
0
)
3
f
(4)
().

34
= lim
xx
0
2
_
f

(x) f

(x
0
)
_
3.2f
(3)
()(x x
0
) + o(x x
0
)
2
= lim
xx
0
2f
(3)
(x)
3.2f
(3)
() + o(x x
0
)
.
V khi x x
0
th x
0
nn t ta c
lim
xx
0

1
=
1
3
.
ii) Trong trng hp tng qut, ta c
Bi ton 2.6. Trong khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov ca hm s f(x) theo
cc mc ni suy x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
f(x) = P
n
(f; x) + R
n+1
(f; x)
vi
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
(x
0
+
n
(x x
0
))
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1

k=1
f
(n+1)
(
k
)
(n k + 1)!
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)(x
k
x
0
)
nk+1

k
nm gia x
0
v x
k
, k = 1, 2, . . . , n,
ta lun c
lim
xx
0

n
=
1
n + 2
.
Gii.
Khai trin Taylor-Gontcharov ca hm f(x) theo cc mc ni suy x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
c dng
f(x) = P
n
(f; x) + R
n+1
(f; x)
=
n

k=0
a
k
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x) + (R
n+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x)

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
).
Li c
f
(i)
(x) =
n

k=i
a
k
R
ki
(x
i
, ..., x
k1
, x) + (R
ni+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x)
35

k=i
R
ki
(x
i
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
).
Do
f
(i)
(x
0
) =
n

k=i
a
k
R
ki
(x
i
, ..., x
k1
, x
0
) + (R
ni+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
0
)

k=i
R
ki
(x
i
, ..., x
k1
, x
0
)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
).
Do (R
ni+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
0
) = 0 nn ta c
f
(i)
(x
0
)
n

k=i
a
k
R
ki
(x
i
...x
k1
, x
0
)+
+
n

k=i
R
ki
(x
i
, ..., x
k1
, x
0
)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
) = 0, i = 0, 1, . . . , n. (2.23)
Mt khc, xt khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov ca hm f(x)) theo cc mc
ni suy x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
f(x) = P
n
(f; x) + R
n+1
(f; x) =
n

k=0
a
k
R
k
(x
0
x
1
...x
k1
, x) + R
n+1
(f; x)
vi phn d
R
n+1
(f; x) = (R
n+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x)
n

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
)
=
f
(n+1)
_
x
0
+
n
(x x
0
)
_
(n + 1)!
(xx
0
)
n+1

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
).
Suy ra
f
(n+1)
_
x
0
+
n
(x x
0
)
_
=
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
_
f(x)
n

k=0
a
k
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)
+
n

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
)
_
.
Mt khc
f
(n+1)
_
x
0
+
n
(x x
0
)
_
= f
(n+1)
(x
0
) + f
(n+2)
().
n
(x x
0
)
36
trong nm gia x
0
v x
0
+
n
(xx
0
) v khi x x
0
th x
0
. Khi

n
=
f
(n+1)
_
x
0
+
n
(x x
0
)
_
f
(n+1)
(x
0
)
f
(n+2)
()(x x
0
)
=
_
(n + 1)!
_
f(x)
n

k=0
a
k
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)+
+
n

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
)
_
f
(n+1)
(x
0
)(x x
0
)
n+1
___
f
(n+2)
()(x x
0
)
(n+2)
_
.
Suy ra
lim
xx
0

n
= lim
xx
0
_
(n + 1)!
_
f(x)
n

k=0
a
k
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)+
+
n

k=1
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
)
_
f
(n+1)
(x
0
)(x x
0
)
(n+1)
___
f
(n+2)
()(x x
0
)
(n+2)
_
.
Gii hn ny c dng v nh
0
0
nn p dng qui tc LHospital ta c
lim
xx
0

n
= lim
xx
0
_
(n + 1)!
_
f

(x)
n

k=1
a
k
R
k1
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)+
+
n

k=1
R
k1
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
k1
, x)(R
nk+1
0
f
(n+1)
)(x
k
)
_
(n+1)f
(n+1)
(x
0
)(xx
0
)
n
___
(n+2)f
(n+2)
()(xx
0
)
(n+1)
+o(xx
0
)
n+2
_
.
Nhng theo (2.23) th gii hn trn vn c dng v nh
0
0
, tip tc p dng
qui tc LHospital lin tip n + 1 ln ta c
lim
xx
0

n
= lim
xx
0
(n + 1)!
_
f
(n+1)
(x) f
(n+1)
(x
0
)
_
(n + 2)!f
(n+2)
()(x x
0
) + o(x x
0
)
2
= lim
xx
0
(n + 1)!f
(n+2)
(x)
(n + 2)!f
(n+2)
() + o(x x
0
)
37
=
1
n + 2
.
Vy
lim
xx
0

n
=
1
n + 2
.

2.4 Bi ton ni suy Newton i vi hm a thc

nhiu bin.
Nh ta bit, khai trin Taylor c th m rng cho hm nhiu bin vi
cc kt qu tng t. Cu hi t nhin c t ra l: i vi hm a thc
nhiu bin s, bi ton ni suy Taylor v bi ton ni suy Newton c tn ti
khng? V nu tn ti th n c dng nh th no? Trong mc ny, ta s i
tm hiu vn trn. C th, cho tnh ton n gin, ta s xt vi hm
a thc hai bin s.
Trc ht, ta s m rng bi ton ni suy Taylor.
2.4.1 Bi ton ni suy Taylor i vi hm a thc nhiu bin
Bi ton 2.7 (Bi ton ni suy Taylor). Cho (x
0
, y
0
) R
2
v cc s
thc a
ij
, i, j N, 0 i + j n . Tm a thc hai bin P(x, y) c bc
deg P(x, y) n v tha mn

k
P
x
i
y
j
(x
0
, y
0
) = a
ij
, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Gii. Trc ht, d thy rng a thc
P(x, y) =
n

i+j=0

ij
(x x
0
)
i
(y y
0
)
j
, i + j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n, i, j N.
c bc deg P(x, y) n. Tip theo, ta cn xc nh cc h s
ij
R sao cho
P(x, y) tha mn iu kin

i+j
P
x
i
y
j
(x
0
, y
0
) = a
ij
, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
38
Ln lt ly o hm P(x, y) n cp th k, k = i + j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n ti
(x, y) = (x
0
, y
0
), ta c

i+j
P
x
i
y
j
(x
0
, y
0
) =
ij
i!j!, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
S dng gi thit

i+j
P
x
i
y
j
(x
0
, y
0
) = a
ij
, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Ta suy ra

ij
=
a
ij
i!j!
, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Thay gi tr ca
ij
vo biu thc ca P(x, y), ta thu c
P(x, y) =
n

i+j=0
a
ij
i!j!
(x x
0
)
i
(y y
0
)
j
, i + j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n, i, j N. (2.24)
Tng t nh trng hp mt bin, ta d dng chng minh c a thc
P(x, y) nhn c (2.24) l a thc duy nht tha mn iu kin ca bi
ton 2.7.
nh ngha 2.3. a thc
P(x, y) =
n

i+j=0
a
ij
i!j!
(x x
0
)
i
(y y
0
)
j
, i + j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n, i, j N.
c gi l a thc ni suy Taylor.
2.4.2 Bi ton ni suy Newton i vi hm a thc nhiu bin.
Bi ton 2.8. (Bi ton ni suy Newton)
Cho (x
i
, y
j
) R
2
v cc s thc a
ij
, i, j {0, 1, 2, ..., n}, 0 i + j n.
Tm a thc hai bin N(x, y) c bc deg N n v tha mn

i+j
N
x
i
y
j
(x
i
, y
j
) = a
ij
, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Gii. Trc ht, ta nhc li k hiu dng trong phn trc.
Vi mi i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, ta k hiu
R
i
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
i1
, x) =
x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
i1
_
x
i1
dt
0
dt
1
...dt
i1
.
39
Sau y, ta xt mt s trng hp ring.
i) Nu n = 0 (ng vi i = j = 0) th ta c deg(N(x, y)) = 0 v N(x
0
, y
0
) =
a
00
, v do N(x; y) = a
00
.
ii) Nu n = 1 (ng vi i , j = 0,1), th ta c
_

_
N(x, y) = ax + by + c
N(x
0
, y
0
) = ax
0
+ by
0
+ c = a
00
N
x
(x
1
; y
0
) = a = a
10
N
y
(x
0
; y
1
) = b = a
01
.
T suy ra N(x) = a
00
+ a
10
(x x
0
) + a
01
(y y
0
) hay
N(x) = a
00
+ a
10
R(x
0
, x) + a
01
R(y
0
, y)
iii) Nu n = 2 (ng vi i + j = 0, 1, 2), th ta c
N(x, y) = ax
2
+ bxy + cy
2
+ ex + fy + g
T gi thit ta c
_

_
N(x
0
, y
0
) = ax
2
0
+ bx
0
y
0
+ cy
2
0
+ ex
0
+ fy
0
+ g = a
00
N
x
(x
1
; y
0
) = 2ax
1
+ by
0
+ e = a
10
N
y
(x
0
; y
1
) = 2cy
1
+ bx
0
+ f = a
01

2
N
x
2
(x
2
; y
0
) = 2a = a
20

2
N
y
2
(x
0
; y
2
) = 2c = a
02

2
N
xy
(x
1
; y
1
) = b = a
11
.
.
T ta c
N(x; y) = a
00
+ a
10
(x x
0
) + a
01
(y y
0
) + a
20
_
(x x
1
)
2
2

(x
0
x
1
)
2
2
_
+
40
+a
02
_
(y y
1
)
2
2

(y
0
y
1
)
2
2
_
+ a
11
(x x
0
)(y y
0
)
= a
00
+
_
a
10
R(x
0
, x) +a
01
R(y
0
, y)
_
+
_
a
20
R
2
(x
0
, x
1
, x) +a
11
R(x
0
, x)R(y
0
, y)
+a
02
R
2
(y
0
, y
1
, y)
_
.
iv) Nu n = 3 (ng vi i + j = 0, 1, 2, 3), lm tng t ta c
N(x; y) = a
00
+
_
a
10
R(x
0
, x) + a
01
R(y
0
, y)
_
+
_
a
20
R
2
(x
0
, x
1
, x) + a
11
R(x
0
, x)R(y
0
, y) + a
02
R
2
(y
0
, y
1
, y)
_
+
_
a
30
R
3
(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
, x) +a
21
R
2
(x
0
, x
1
, x)R(y
0
, y) +a
12
R(x
0
, x)R
2
(y
0
, y
1
, y)+
+a
30
R
3
(y
0
, y
1
, y
2
, y)
_
.
v) Mt cch tng t, trong trng hp tng qut, vi i, j N, i + j
{0, 1, . . . , n}, ta chng minh c
N(x, y) =

0i+jn
a
ij
R
i
(x
0
, x
1
, ..., x
i1
, x).R
j
(y
0
, y
1
, ..., y
j1
, y). (2.25)
L a thc duy nht tha mn iu kin ca bi ton ni suy Newton (2.7)
v ta gi a thc ny l a thc ni suy Newton cho hm hai bin s.
Tht vy, d thy rng deg(N(x)) n. Ngoi ra, ng vi mi cp (i, j) :
i + j = 0, 1, 2, .., n, theo tnh cht ca R
i
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
i1
, x) phn trc,
ta c

i+j
N
x
i
y
j
(x, y) = a
ij
, i, j N, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
Cui cng, ta chng minh tnh duy nht nghim ca bi ton ni suy
Newton.
Gi s tn ti a thc N

(x, y) c bc deg N

(x, y) n cng tha mn

iu kin ca bi ton 2.7 th khi , a thc P(x, y) = N(x, y) N

(x, y)
cng c bc deg(P(x, y) n v tha mn iu kin

i+j
P
x
i
y
j
(x
i
, y
j
) = 0, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n.
41
Khi , theo cch xy dng a thc N(x, y) trn, ng vi trng hp
a
ij
= 0, i + j = k, k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n, i, j N, ta suy ra P(x, y) 0, v do
N(x, y) = N

(x, y). .
Nhn xt 2.6. Nh lu trn rng a thc ni suy Taylor l trng hp
ring ca a thc ni suy Newton. D dng thy rng iu cng ng vi
trng hp hm a thc hai bin s khi x
i
= x
0
, y
j
= y
0
, i +j = 0, 1, ..., n.
42
CHNG 3
MT S BI TON P DNG
3.1 Khai trin Taylor ca mt s hm s cp v ng
dng
3.1.1 c lng v nh gi sai s
Khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) thng c s dng trong trng hp
c bit x
0
= 0 v c gi l cng thc Maclaurin. Trong trng hp ny,
cc phn d dng Cauchy v Lagrange c dng
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
(x)
(n + 1)!
x
n+1
, 0 < < 1 (dng Lagrange).
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
(x)
(n + 1)!
(1 )
n
x
n+1
, 0 < < 1 (dng Cauchy).
Sau y ta xt khai trin Maclaurin i vi mt s hm s cp v a ra cc
nh gi v phn d ca n cng nh mt s ng dng khc.
V d 3.1. Hm f(x) = e
x
, x R c f
(n)
(x) = e
x
, x R. Do
e
x
= 1 + x +
x
2
2!
+ +
x
n
n!
+ R
n
(x),
R
n
(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
e
x
x
n+1
, 0 < < 1.
Ta c
|R
n
(x)|
|x|
n+1
(n + 1)!
e
x
0(n ), x R
V d 3.2. Hm f(x) = sin x c
f
(n)
(x) = sin
_
x + n

2
_
, n = 0, 1, . . . ,
43
f(0) = 0, f

(0) = 1, f

(0) = 0, f
(3)
(0) = 1, ..., f
(2n)
(0) = sin
_
2n

2
_
= 0,
f
(2n+1)
(0) = sin
_
(2n + 1)

2
_
= (1)
n
.
Do
sin x = x
x
3
3!
+
x
5
5!
... +
(1)
n1
x
2n1
(2n 1)!
+ R
2n+1
(x),
R
2n+1
(x) =
sin
_
x + (2n + 1)

x
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
, 0 < < 1. (3.1)
Suy ra
|R
2n+1
(x)|
|x|
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
0(n ), x R.
V d 3.3. Hm f(x) = cos x c
f
(n)
(x) = cos
_
x + n

2
_
, f
(n)
(0) = cos
n
2
,
f
(n)
(x) = cos
_
x + n

2
_
, n = 1, 2, . . . .
Cng thc Maclaurin theo cc ly tha ca x vi phn d di ng Lagrange
c dng
cos x = 1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!
... + (1)
n1
x
2(n1)
[2(n 1)]!
+ R
2n
(x),
R
2n
(x) =
x
2n
(2n)!
cos
_
x + 2n

2
_
0(n ), x R.
V d 3.4. Xt hm s f(x) = ln(1 +x) xc nh v kh vi v hn ln ng
vi mi x > 1 v f(x) = x
x
2
2
+ +(1)
n
x
n1
n 1
+R
n
(x). Trong trng
hp ny ta vit hai cng tc phn d
R
n
(x) =
(1)
n+1
x
n
n(1 + x)
n
, 0 < < 1
(dng Lagrange);
R
n
(x) = (1)
n+1
x
n
(1 + x)
_
1
1 + x
_
n1
, 0 < < 1
44
(dng Cauchy).
Gi s 0 x 1. Khi , p dng cng thc phn d dng Lagrange ta c
|R
n
(x)|
1
n
|x|
n
0(n ).
Trong trng hp 1 < x < 0, cng thc phn d dng Lagrange khng
cho ta kt lun v dng iu ca R
n
(v y ch bit 0 < < 1 v
= (x, n)). S dng cng thc phn d dng Cauchy ta c
|R
n
(x)| <
|x|
n
1 |x|
0(n ), 0 < |x| < 1,
v rng 0 <
1
1 + x
< 1. Trong trng hp x > 1, R
n
(x) 0 khi n .
thy r iu ny ta t
S(x) = x
x
2
2
+ (1)
n
x
n1
n 1
.
Khi
S
n
(x) + R
n
(x) = S
n+1
(x) + R
n+1
(x)
v
R
n
(x) R
n+1
(x) = (
1
)
n+1
x
n
n
.
Vi x > 1 v n v phi ca ng thc trn khng dn n 0. Do
, R
n
(x) khng dn n 0 khi n v khng tha mn tiu chun tn
ti gii hn Cauchy.
Nh vy phn d R
n
(x) ca cng thc Taylor i vi hm ln(1 + x) ch
dn n 0 vi 1 < x < 1.
Xt hm f(x) = (1 + x)
m
. i vi hm ny ta ch cn xt m R\N. Ta
c
f
(n)
(x) = m(m1)...(mn + 1)(1 + x)
mn
,
f
(n)
(0) = m(m1)...(mn + 1).
Cng thc Taylor theo cc ly tha ca x c dng
(1+x)
m
= 1+mx+
m(m1)
2!
x
2
+ +
m(m1)...(mn + 1)
(n 1)!
x
n1
+R
n
(x).
45
Khi , phn d di dng Lagrange c dng
R
n
=
m(m1)...(mn + 1)
n!
x
n
(1 + x)
mn
.
V di dng Cauchy
R
n
=
m(m1)...(mn + 1)
(n 1)!
x
n
(1 + x)
m1
_
1
1 + x
_
n1
.
Vi 0 x < 1, th theo trn ta c vi n > m
|R
n
|
|m(m1)...(mn + 1)|
n!
|x|
n
0(n ).
Tht vy, ta t
U
n
=
m(m1)...(mn + 1)
(n 1)!
x
n
.
Khi ,
|U
n+1
|
|U
n
|
=
|mn|
n + 1
|x|.
Suy ra
|U
n+1
| =
|mn|
n + 1
|x||U
n
|.
Vi n ln, v phi nh hn 1 v
|mn|
n + 1
1 khi n v 0 x < 1.
Do dy (U
n
) c gii hn u no . Chuyn qua gii hn ng thc trn
khi n , ta thu c |u| = |x|.|u| hay u = 0. Do R
n
0(n )
vi 0 x < 1.
Vi 1 < x < 0 th t cng thc phn d di dng Cauchy ta c
|R
n
| C
|m(m1)...(mn + 1)|
(n 1)!
|x|
n
. (3.2)
Trong , C l s ph thuc x nhng khng ph thuc n.
Tht vy, c lng |R
n
(x)|, ta xt
_
1
1 + x
_
n1

_
1
1
_
n1
= 1
v vi m1 > 0 th
(1 + x)
m1
2
m1
.
46
Khi m1 < 0
(1 + x)
m1
<
1
(1 |x|)
1m
.
T suy ra (3.2). Bng cch chng minh tng t nh phn trc ta d
dng thy rng R
n
0 khi n
Nhn xt 3.1. Vn mu cht trong vic tm cng thc Taylor i vi
hm f cho trc l tnh cc h s a
n
ca n. Cc h s ny c tnh theo
cng thc a
n
=
f
(n)
(a)
n!
. Tuy nhin cng thc tng qut ny thng t tin
li do vic tnh ton cc o hm cp cao qu cng knh. Thng thng cc
h s ca a thc Taylor T
n
(f; x) c tnh bng cch s dng cc khai trin
nh nu trn.
By gi ta xt mt vi v d. cho tin li, ta tm cng thc Taylor vi
phn d di dng Peano.
V d 3.5. Khai trin hm f(x) =
1
2x + 3
theo cng thc Maclaurin n s
hng o(x
n
).
Ta c
1
2x + 3
=
1
3(1 +
2
3
x)
.
S dng khai trin
1
1 + x
=
n

k=0
(1)
k
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
Ta c
1
2x + 3
=
n

k=0
(1)
k
2
k
3
k+1
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
V d 3.6. Hm f(x) = ln(5 4x) c
ln(5 4x) = ln 5 + ln
_
1
4
5
x
_
.
Theo cng thc khai trin trn, ta thu c
ln(5 4x) = ln 5
n

k=0
1
k
_
4
5
_
k
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
47
V d 3.7. Xt hm s
f(x) = ln
3 + x
2 x
.
Trc ht ta nhn xt rng nu
f(x) =
n

k=0
a
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
)
g(x) =
n

k=0
b
k
(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
).
Th
f(x) + g(x) =
n

k=0
(a
k
+ b
k
)(x x
0
)
k
+ o((x x
0
)
n
).
T ng thc
f(x) = ln
3
2
+ ln
_
1 +
x
3
_
ln
_
1
x
2
_
suy ra
f(x) = ln
3
2
+
n

k=0
1
k
_
1
2
k
+
(1)
k1
3
k
_
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
V d 3.8. Xt hm s
f(x) =
x
2
+ 5
x
2
+ x 12
.
khai trin cng thc Taylor cc hm hu t thng thng, ta biu din
hm hu t di dng tng ca a thc v cc phn thc ti gin. Ta c
f(x) = 1
3
x + 4
+
2
x 3
= 1
3
4
_
1 +
x
4
_

2
3
_
1
x
3
_
= 1
3
4
n

k=0
(1)
k
x
k
4
k

2
3
n

k=0
x
k
3
k
+ o(x
n
)
=
5
12
+
n

k=0
_
3(1)
k+1
4
k+1

2
3
k+1
_
x
k
+ o(x
n
).
48
3.1.2 Tnh gii hn hm s.
Nh thy trn, khai trin Taylor cho ta cng thc n gin v cng
rt tng qut xc nh phn chnh ca hm s. Do , tm gii hn,
ngi ta thng dng cng thc khai trin Taylor ti mt cp no .
V d 3.9. Tnh gii hn
lim
x0
sin(sin x) x
3

1 x
2
x
5
.
Gii. V mu s l a thc x
5
nn ta cn khai trin t s thnh a thc
Taylor vi chnh xc n o(x
5
) khi x 0.
V sin x x khi x 0 nn o(x
5
) = o(sin
5
x) khi x 0.
Theo cng thc Taylor, ta c
sin x = x
x
3
6
+
x
5
120
+ o(x
5
)
v
sin(sin x) = sin x
sin
3
x
6
+
sin
5
x
120
+ o(sin
5
x), x 0.
Khi
sin
3
x =
_
x
x
3
6
+
x
5
120
+ o(x
5
)
_
3
= [x + (x)]
3
= x
3
+ 3x
2
(x) + 3x
2
(x) +
3
(x),
trong
(x) =
x
3
6
+
x
5
120
+ o(x
5
)
x
3
6
.
Suy ra
x
2
(x)
x
6
36
= o(x
5
),
3
(x)
x
9
216
= o(x
5
) khi x 0.
Tip theo, ta s chng minh rng
sin
5
x = x
5
+ o(x
5
), x 0.
Tht vy, v
(x)
x
3
6
, x 0.
nn
sin
5
x = x
5
+ o(x
5
), x 0.
49
Nh vy, khi x 0 ta c
sin(sin x) = x
x
3
3
+
x
5
10
+ o(x
5
).
Tng t
x
3
_
1 x
2
= x(1
1
3
x
2

1
9
x
4
+ o(x
4
))
= x
1
3
x
3

1
9
x
5
+ o(x
5
)), x 0.
Do
sin(sin x) x
3
_
1 x
2
=
19
90
x
5
+ o(x
5
).
Vy nn
lim
x0
sin(sin x) x
3

1 x
2
x
5
= lim
x0
_
19
90
+
o(x
5
)
x
5
_
=
19
90
.
V d 3.10. Tnh gii hn
lim
x0

1 + 2 tan x e
x
+ x
2
arcsin x sin x
.
Gii. T s v mu s ca phn thc u l nhng v cng b khi x 0.
V
sin x = x
x
3
6
+ o(x
3
)
v
arcsin x = x +
x
3
6
+ o(x
3
), x 0
nn mu s c dng
arcsin x sin x =
x
3
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0.
T , ta cn khai trin t s vi chnh xc n o(x
3
). Ta c
e
x
= 1 + x +
x
2
2!
+
x
3
3!
+ o(x
3
), x 0,

1 + t = 1 +
1
2
t
1
8
t
2
+
1
16
t
3
+ o(t
3
), t 0.
50
tan x = x +
x
3
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0.
Vy nn

1 + 2 tan x = 1 +
1
2
(2 tan x)
1
8
(2 tan x)
2
+
1
16
(2 tan x)
3
+ o(tan
3
x)
= 1 + x +
x
3
3

x
2
2
+
x
3
2
+ o(x
3
)
= 1 + x
x
2
2
+
5
6
x
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0.
Khi t s c khai trin l

1 + 2 tan x e
x
+ x
2
=
2
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0
T suy ra
lim
x0

1 + 2 tan x e
x
+ x
2
arcsin x sin x
= lim
x0
2
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
)
1
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
)
= 2.
V d 3.11. Tnh gii hn
lim
x0
tan(tan x) sin(sin x)
tan x sin x
.
Gii. Theo cng thc Taylor vi n = 3, ta c
tan x = x +
x
3
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0,
sin x = x
x
3
6
+ o(x
3
), x 0.
Khi , theo tnh cht ca khai trin Taylor i vi hm hp ta c
tan(tan x) = tan(x +
x
3
3
+ o(x
3
))
= x +
x
3
3
+ o(x
3
) +
1
3
_
x +
x
3
3
+ o(x
3
)
_
3
= x +
2
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0,
sin(sin x) = sin(x
x
3
6
+ o(x
3
))
51
= x
x
3
6
+ o(x
3
)
1
6
_
x
x
3
6
+ o(x
3
)
_
3
= x
1
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0.
Vy nn
lim
x0
tan(tan x) sin(sin x)
tan x sin x
= lim
x0
x
3
+ o(x
3
)
x
3
2
+ o(x
3
)
= 2.
V d 3.12. Tnh gii hn
lim
x0
_
1
x
2

1
sin
2
x
_
Gii. Gii hn cn tm c dng . Ta bin i v dng
0
0
nh
sau
lim
x0
_
1
x
2

1
sin
2
x
_
= lim
x0
_
sin
2
x x
2
x
2
sin
2
x
_
= lim
x0
_
[x
x
3
6
+ o(x
3
)]
2
x
2
x
2
[x + o(x)]
2
_
= lim
x0
_

x
4
3
+ o(x
4
)
x
2
[x
2
+ o(x
2
)]
_
=
1
3
Vy
lim
x0
_
1
x
2

1
sin
2
x
_
=
1
3
V d 3.13. Tnh gii hn
lim
x0
+
1
x

x
_

a arctan
_
x
a

b arctan
_
x
b
_
(a > 0, b > 0).
Gii. Gii hn cho c dng 0.. Ta a v dng
0
0
bng php
i bin.
t

x = t th t
2
= x v khi x 0
+
th t 0
+
. Ta c
lim
x0
+
1
x

x
_

a arctan
_
x
a

b arctan
_
x
b
_
52
= lim
t0

a arctan
_
t
a

b arctan
_
t
b
t
3
.
V mu s l a thc bc ba nn ta cn khai trin Taylor t s chnh xc
n 0(t
3
). Khi t 0
+
th

a arctan
_
t
a
=

a
_
t

a
+ t
3
3

a
3
+ o(
t
3
3

a
3
)
_
= t +
t
3
3a
+ o(t
3
), t 0
+
,

b arctan
_
t
b
=

b
_
t

b
+ t
3
3

b
3
+ o(
t
3
3

b
3
)
_
= t +
t
3
3b
+ o(t
3
), t 0
+
.
Khi
lim
x0
+
1
x

x
_

a arctan
_
x
a

b arctan
_
x
b
_
= lim
t0
_
t +
t
3
3a
+ o(t
3
)
_

_
t +
t
3
3b
+ o(t
3
)
_
t
3
= lim
t0
ab
3a
t
3
+ o(t
3
)
t
3
=
a b
3ab
.
Vy
lim
x0
+
1
x

x
_

a arctan
_
x
a

b arctan
_
x
b
_
=
a b
3ab
.
V d 3.14. Tnh gii hn
lim
x0
(cos(x.e
x
) ln(1 x) x)
cot x
3
.
Gii. Gii hn cn tm c dng 1

. Ta c
lim
x0
(cos(x.e
x
) ln(1 x) x)
cot x
3
= e
lim
x0
cot x
3
ln f(x)
vi
f(x) = cos(x.e
x
) ln(1 x) x.
Ta cn tnh
lim
x0
cot x
3
ln[cos(x.e
x
) ln(1 x) x].
rng
cot x
3
=
1
tan x
3
=
1
x
3
+ o(x
3
)
, x 0.
53
Do ta cn phi khai trin hm [f(x) 1] theo cng thc Taylor tng
ng vi o(x
3
) bng cch s dng cc khai trin sau
xe
x
= x + x
2
+ o(x
2
), x 0.
cos t = 1
t
2
2!
+ o(t
3
), t 0.
Suy ra
cos xe
x
= 1
x
2
2
x
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0.
ln(1 x) = x +
x
2
2
+
x
3
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0.
Ta thu c
f(x) 1 =
2
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
), x 0
v
lim
x0

2
3
x
3
+ o(x
3
)
x
3
+ o(x
3
)
=
2
3
Vy
lim
x0
(cos(x.e
x
) ln(1 x) x)
cot x
3
= e

2
3
.
3.2 Khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov vi bi ton c
lng hm s
Trong mc ny, ta s xt khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov ca mt s hm c
th cng nh nh gi c lng phn d ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov.
V d 3.15. Xc nh cc tam thc bc hai f(x) tha mn iu kin
f(0) = 1; f

(3) = 0; f

(5) = 5.
Gii. Theo cng thc ni suy Newton trong trng hp n = 2 ta c
f(x) = f(0) + f

(3)(x 0) + f

(5)
_
(x 3)
2
2

(0 3)
2
2
_
= 1 + 5
_
(x 3)
2
2

9
2
_
.
Hay
f(x) =
5
2
x
2
15x 1.
54
V d 3.16. Xc nh a thc bc ba f(x) tha mn cc iu kin
f
(n)
(3n + 1) = n
3
3n
2
+ n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, 3.
Gii. a thc f(x) cn tm phi tha mn cc iu kin sau
f(1) = 1; f

(4) = 0; f

(7) = 1; f
(3)
(10) = 4.
Theo cng thc ni suy Newton trong trng hp n = 3, ta nhn c a
thc cn tm c dng
f(x) =
2
3
x
3

87
6
x
2
+ 84x
1135
6
.
V d 3.17. Vi hm f(x) = e
x
, x R ta c f
(n)
(x) = e
x
, x R vi cc
mc ni suy x
0
= 0; x
1
= 1; x
2
= 2 ta c
f(0) = 1; f

(0) = e; f

(2) = e
2
.
Do , a thc ni suy Newton bc 2 ca f(x) c dng
P
2
(x) = 1 + e
x
_
0
dt
1
+ e
2
x
_
0
t
1
_
1
dt
2
dt
1
= 1 + ex + e
2
_
(x 1)
2
2

1
2
_
.
T , khai trin Taylor-Gontcharov ca hm s f(x) = e
x
vi cc mc ni
suy trn c dng
e
x
= 1 + ex + e
2
_
(x 1)
2
2

1
2
_
+ R
3
(f; x).
Trong , phn d R
3
(f; x) c xc nh bi
R
3
(f; x) =
f
(3)
()
3!
(x x
0
)
3

f
(3)
(
1
)
2!
R
1
(x
0
, x)(x
1
x
0
)
2

f
(3)
(
2
)
1!
R
2
(x
0
, x
1
, x)(x
2
x
0
) =
e

6
x
3

1
2
x e

2
_
(x 1)
2
1

.
Trong , nm gia x v 0;
1
(0; 1),
2
(0; 2).
V d 3.18. Xt hm f(x) = sin x vi cc mc ni suy x
0
=

6
; x
1
=

4
; x
2
=

3
; x
3
=

2
. Ta c
f
(n)
(x) = sin(x + n

2
), n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
55
Mt khc
f(

6
) =
1
2
; f

4
) =

2
2
; f

3
) =

3
2
; f(

2
) = 0.
Do , phn d trong khai trin Taylor-Gontcharov n bc 3 ca hm s
f(x) = sin x l
R
4
(f; x) =
f
(4)
()
4!
(x

6
)
4

f
(4)
(
1
)
3!

3
1728
x
_

6
dt
f
(4)
(
2
)
2!
.

2
36
x
_

6
t
1
_

4
dt
2
dt
1

f
(4)
(
3
)
1!
.

3
x
_

6
t
1
_

4
t
2
_

3
dt
3
.dt
2
.dt
1
=
sin
4!
(x

6
)
4

sin
1
3!

3
1728
(x

6
)
sin
2
2!
.

2
72
_
(x

4
)
2

2
144
_

sin
3
1!
.

3
_
1
6
(x

3
)
3

2
288
(x

4
)

3
1296
_
.
Trong , nm gia x v

6
;
1
(

6
;

4
),
2
(

6
;

3
);
3
(

6
;

2
).
V d 3.19. Cho N(x) l a thc c bc deg N(x) 3 v tho mn cc
iu kin
|N
(k)
(k)| 1 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
Chng minh rng
|N(x)|
11
2
x [0, 3].
Gii. p dng cng thc ni suy Newton ti cc nt ni suy x
i
= i 1,
i = 1, 2, 3, 4 , ta c
N(x) = N(0) + N

(1)R(0, x) + N(2)R
2
(0, 1, x) + N
(3)
(3)R
3
(0, 1, 2, x),
trong
R(0, x) =
_
x
0
dt = x,
R
2
(0, 1, x) =
_
x
0
_
t
1
1
dtdt
1
=
x
2!
(x 2),
56
R
3
(0, 1, 2, x) =
_
x
0
_
t
1
1
_
t
2
2
dtdt
2
dt
1
=
x
3!
(x 3)
2
.
Khi
N(x) = N(0) + N

(1)x + N(2)
x
2!
(x 2) + N
(3)
(3)
x
3!
(x 3)
2
.
T gi thit bi ton ta suy ra
|N(x)| 1 +|x| +

x
2!
(x 2)

x
3!
(x 3)
2

1 + x +
x
2!
(x 2) +
x
3!
(x 3)
2
.
t
f(x) = 1 + x +
x
2!
(x 2) +
x
3!
(x 3)
2
=
1
6
x
3

1
2
x
2
+
3
2
x + 1.
Kho st hm s f(x) trn [0, 3] ta c
f(x) f(3) =
11
2
.
Vy
|N(x)|
11
2
.
V d 3.20. Cho N(x) l a thc c bc deg N(x) 5 c dng
N(x) = a
5
x
5
+ a
4
x
4
+ a
3
x
3
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
1
x + a
0
v tho mn cc iu kin
|N
(4)
(4)| 1 , |N
(5)
(5)| 1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca |N
(4)
(x)| trn [1, 6].
Gii. Ta nhn thy N
(4)
(x) l hm s bc nht nn gi tr ln nht ca
N(x) trn [1, 6] s t c ti x = 1 hoc x = 6.
Do vy |N
(4)
(x)| cng s t gi tr ln nht trn [1, 6] ti mt trong
hai u mt x = 1 hoc x = 6.
p dng cng thc ni suy Newton ti cc nt ni suy x
i
= i 1 ,
i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , ta c
N(x) = N(0) + N

(1)R(0, x) + N(2)R
2
(0, 1, x) + N
(3)
(3)R
3
(0, 1, 2, x)
57
+N
(4)
(4)R
4
(0, 1, 2, 3, x) + N
(5)
(5)R
5
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, x),
trong
R
4
(0, 1, 2, 3, x) =
x
_
0
t
1
_
1
t
2
_
2
t
3
_
3
dtdt
3
dt
2
dt
1
=
x
4!
(x 4)
3
,
R
5
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, x) =
x
_
0
t
1
_
1
t
2
_
2
t
3
_
3
t
4
_
4
dtdt
4
dt
3
dt
2
dt
1
=
x
5!
(x 5)
4
.
Suy ra
N
(4)
(x) = N
(4)
(4) + N
(5)
(5)(x 4).
Khi
N
(4)
(1) = N
(4)
(4) 5N
(5)
(5),
N
(4)
(6) = N
(4)
(4) + 2N
(5)
(5).
T gi thit bi ton, ta suy ra
|N
(4)
(1)| = |N
(4)
(4) 5N
(5)
(5)| 6,
|N
(4)
(6)| = |N
(4)
(4) + 2N
(5)
(5)| 3.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca |N
(4)
(x)| bng 6 ti x = 1.
Tng t nh vi khai trin Taylor, vi khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov ta
cng c nhn xt sau
Nhn xt 3.1. Vn mu cht trong vic tm cng thc nh gi phn
d ca cng thc khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov i vi hm f cng vi cc
mc ni suy x
i
cho trc l vic tnh o hm cp cao ca hm f v biu
thc R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x). Tuy nhin, vic tnh o hm cp cao ca mt
hm s nhiu khi khng n gin. Bn cnh , khi mc ni suy tng ln th
vic tnh ton biu thc R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x) kh phc tp. Do , trong
cc v d trn, v gi tr ca mc ni suy nh nn ta mi a ra c biu
thc nh gi phn d ca f(x) mt cch chnh xc. Cn trong trng hp
tng qut, ta ch c th a ra nh gi di dng Lagrange v Cauchy
nh trong (2.12) v (2.14).
58
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp hm f(x) c o hm gii ni
|f
(n)
(x)| M, x [a; b], n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
ta c kt qu sau
Bi ton 3.1. Gi s hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b], c o hm mi cp
trn [a; b] v x
i
[a; b], i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n. Khi , nu M > 0 sao cho
|f
(n)
(x)| M, x [a; b], n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
th R
n+1
(f; x) 0 khi n .
Gii. Theo cng thc xc nh ca R
n+1
(f; x) ta c
R
n+1
(f; x) =
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1

k=1
f
(n+1)
(
k
)
(n k + 1)!
R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)(x x
0
)
nk+1
.
Mt khc:

R
k
(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
, x)

x
_
x
0
t
1
_
x
1
...
t
k1
_
x
k1
dt
k
dt
k1
...dt
1

b
_
a
t
1
_
a
...
t
k1
_
a
dt
k
dt
k1
...dt
1

=
1
k!
(b a)
k
.
Do

R
n+1
(f; x)

M(b a)
(n+1)
(n + 1)!
+
n

k=1
M
(n k + 1)!
.
1
k!
(b a)
k
(b a)
nk+1
= M(b a)
(n+1)
_
1
(n + 1)!
+
n

k=1
1
k!(n k + 1)!
_
M(b a)
(n+1)
_
1
(n + 1)!
+
n

k=1
1
_
n
2

!
_
n
_
n
2

+ 1

!
_
= M(b a)
(n+1)
_
1
(n + 1)!
+
n
_
n
2

!
_
n
_
n
2

+ 1

!
_
.
59
V n Z nn n = 2p + i, (i = 0, 1). Khi ta c

R
n+1
(f; x)

M(b a)
2p+i+1
_
1
(2p + i + 1)!
+
2p + i
p!(p + i + 1)!
_
.
Trng hp 1. Nu i = 0, ta c

R
n+1
(f; x)

M
_
(b a)
2p+1
(2p + 1)!
+
_
(b a)
p
p!

2
.
(b a)2p
(p + 1)
_
0(p ).
Trng hp 2. Nu i = 1, ta c

R
n+1
(f; x)

M
_
(b a)
2p+2
(2p + 2)!
+
_
(b a)
p
p!

2
.
(b a)
2
(2p + 1)
(p + 1)(p + 2)
_
0(p ).
Vy R
n+1
(f; x) 0 khi n .
60
KT LUN
Lun vn trnh by v thu c
- Mt s kt qu c bn v bi ton ni suy Taylor, khai trin Taylor,
nh gi cng thc phn d v s hi t ca khai trin Taylor.
- a ra cng thc nghim ca bi ton ni suy Newton, biu din hm
s f(x) theo cng thc khai trin Taylor- Gontcharov v c bit a ra cc
nh gi phn d ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov ca hm f(x) di hai
dng Lagrange v Cauchy. Bn cnh , lun vn nh gi s hi t ca
khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov v khi qut ha bi ton ni suy Newton
i vi hm a thc nhiu bin.
- Mt s ng dng ca khai trin Taylor v khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov
trong vic c lng v nh gi sai s, tnh gii hn hm s....
- Mt s hng nghin cu c th pht trin t ti ny l
1. Khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov i vi hm nhiu bin v nh gi phn
d ca n.
2. Cc ng dng ca khai trin Taylor - Gontcharov trong phng trnh vi
phn, trong l thuyt cc bi ton bin....
V thi gian v kin thc cn hn ch nn lun vn chc chn khng trnh
khi nhng thiu st. Tc gi rt mong nhn c s quan tm, ng gp
kin ca cc thy c v cc bn ng nghip bn lun vn c hon
thin hn.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n!
61
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Cc bi ton ni suy v p dng, NXBGD, 2007.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, a thc i s v phn thc hu t, NXBGD,
2004.
[3] Nguyn Xun Lim, Gii tch, tp I, NXB Gio dc 1998.
[4] Nguyn Duy Tin, Trn c Long, Bi ging gii tch, NXB i
hc Quc gia H ni 2004.
[5] Nguyen Van Mau, Algebraic Elements and Boundary Value Problems
in Linear Spaces, VNU Publishers, Hanoi 2005.
[6] Przeworska-Rolewicz, D. Equations with Transformed Argument. An
Algebraic Approach, Amsterdam-Warsaw 1973.
[7] Przeworska-Rolewicz, D. Algebraic Analysis, PWN - Polish Scien-
tific Publishers and D. Reidel Publishing Company, Warszawa - Dor-
drecht, 1988.
62