i

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

KHO ST V TM HIU NGUYN

NHN LM HAO HT SN PHM
XC XCH HEO XNG KHI TRONG
QU TRNH SN XUT TI X
NGHIP CH BIN THC PHM
NAM PHONG

SVTH: NGUYN TH HNG PHC

ii

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

MC LC
Nhn xt v cho im ca gio vin chm 2 .......................................................... i
Nhn xt v cho im ca GVHD......................................................................... ii
Nhn xt v xc nhn ca n v thc tp............................................................ iii
Li cm n .......................................................................................................... iv
Mc lc ................................................................................................................ v
Danh sch bng ................................................................................................. viii
Danh sch cc ch vit tt ................................................................................... ix
Chng 1. M U........................................................................................... 1
1.1 t vn ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Mc ch v yu cu.................................................................................... 2
Chng 2. TNG QUAN TI LIU................................................................. 3
2.1 Tng quan v X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam Phong....................... 3
2.1.1 a im xy dng .............................................................................. 3
2.1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin .......................................................... 3
2.1.3 S v c cu t chc....................................................................... 4
2.1.4 Cc loi sn phm sn xut.................................................................. 6
2.1.5 H thng phn phi ............................................................................. 7
2.2 Tng quan v xc xch ............................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Ngun gc hnh thnh v s pht trin ................................................ 7
2.2.2 Phn loi xc xch ............................................................................... 8
2.2.3 Mt s dng h hng thng xy ra vi sn phm xc xch .............. 10
2.2.3.1 H hng do vi sinh vt ............................................................... 10
2.2.3.2 H hng do k thut................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Gia v c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch ...................... 13
2.2.5 Ph gia c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch .................... 14
2.2.6 Nguyn liu s dng trong sn xut xc xch heo .............................. 16
2.2.7 Cc yu t nh hng n kt cu nh tng tht .............................. 19
2.2.7.1 Qu trnh ct v xay ................................................................... 19

SVTH: NGUYN TH HNG PHC

iii

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

2.2.7.2 pH ........................................................................................ 19
2.2.7.3 Nhit ..................................................................................... 20
2.2.7.4 Nng cc ion ......................................................................... 20
2.2.7.5 S xng khi.............................................................................. 20
2.2.7.6 S nu ........................................................................................ 21
2.2.7.7 S lm ngui.............................................................................. 22
Chng 3. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ...................... 23
3.1 Thi gian v a im nghin cu............................................................. 23
3.2 Ni dung thc hin ................................................................................... 23
3.3 Phng php tin hnh ............................................................................. 23
3.3.1 Kho st hin trng quy trnh sn xut xc xch heo xng khi.......... 23
3.3.2 Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v
sinh sn xut ti x nghip .......................................................................... 23
3.3.3 Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch mt s
cng on sn xut..................................................................................... 23
Chng 4. KT QU V THO LUN ........................................................ 26
4.1 Kho st quy trnh ch bin sn xut xc xch heo xng khi ................... 26
4.1.1 Tip nhn nguyn liu ....................................................................... 27
4.1.2 Cp ng m v nguyn liu tht ....................................................... 27
4.1.3 Xay th ............................................................................................. 28
4.1.4 Cng on to nh tng xc xch .................................................... 29
4.1.5 nh hnh .......................................................................................... 30
4.1.6 Xng khi thanh trng....................................................................... 31
4.1.7 Lm lnh ........................................................................................... 32
4.1.8 ng gi ........................................................................................... 32
4.1.9 Thnh phm v bo qun................................................................... 32
4.1.10 Tiu chun kim tra cht lng sn phm........................................ 32
4.2 Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v sinh
sn xut x nghip ........................................................................................... 33

SVTH: NGUYN TH HNG PHC

iv

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

4.2.1 Kt qu kho st hin trng v sinh trong sn xut................................. 33

4.2.1.1 V sinh an ton thc phm ......................................................... 33
4.2.1.2 V sinh nh xng .................................................................... 34
4.2.1.3 V sinh my mc ....................................................................... 34
4.2.1.4 V sinh dng c ch bin ........................................................... 34
4.2.1.5 V sinh c nhn .......................................................................... 35
4.2.2 Tnh hnh x l cht thi........................................................................ 35
4.3 Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch heo xng khi ti
mt s cng on sn xut.................................................................................. 36
4.3.1 Trng lng cy xc xch v t l hao ht ............................................. 36
4.3.2 Trng lng thc t ca cy xc xch sau khi nhi ................................ 38
4.3.3 Trng lng v t l hao ht ca cc cy xc xch heo xng khi.......... 39
4.3.4 Chiu di cy xc xch sau khi lm lnh ................................................ 41
4.3.5 nh hng ca thi gian n s hao ht ca xc xch trong giai on lm
lnh ................................................................................................................ 42
4.3.6 Trng lng gi xc xch heo thnh phm............................................. 43
4.3.7 S hao ht nguyn liu t giai on nh tng n giai on thnh phm
....................................................................................................................... 44
4.4 Nhn xt v thu hoch ca bn thn qua thi gian thc tp ....................... 45
Chng 5. KT LUN V NGH ............................................................ 46
5.1 Kt lun .................................................................................................... 46
5.2 ngh..................................................................................................... 47
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 48

SVTH: NGUYN TH HNG PHC

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

DANH SCH BNG

Bng 2.1 S lc mt s loi xc xch trn th gii.............................................. 10
Bng 2.2 Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm khng dng mui nitrit................... 22
Bng 2.3 Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm dng mui nitrit ............................. 22
Bng 4.1 Thng s x l xc xch bn thnh phm............................................... 32
Bng 4.2 Ch tiu ha sinh ca sn phm xc xch xng khi ............................... 33
Bng 4.3 Ch tiu vi sinh ca xc xch xng khi ................................................. 33
Bng 4.4 Ch tiu nc thi loi B........................................................................ 36
Bng 4.5 Kt qu theo di trng lng v t l hao ht ca dy xc xch heo xng
khi ...................................................................................................................... 37
Bng 4.6 Kt qu kho st trng lng ca cy xc xch heo sau khi nhi............ 39
Bng 4.7 Kt qu theo di trng lng v t l hao ht ca cy xc xch heo xng
khi ...................................................................................................................... 40
Bng 4.8 Kt qu kho st chiu di ca cy xc xch heo sau khi lm lnh ......... 41
Bng 4.9 Kt qu kho st trng lng tnh gi xc xch heo xng khi thnh phm
........................................................................................................................... 42
Bng 4.10 S hao ht ca nh tng t giai on nh tng n giai on thnh
phm .................................................................................................................... 44
Bng 4.11 Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian lm lnh n s hao ht ca
xc xch heo ......................................................................................................... 45

SVTH: NGUYN TH HNG PHC

vi

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

DANH SCH CC CH VIT TT

BTP

: Bn thnh phm

CV

: Coefficient of Variation (h s bin ng)

KCS

: Nhn vin kim tra cht lng sn phm

: S lng mu

NLNT

: Nguyn liu nh tng

SD

: Standard deviation ( lch chun)

TCVN

: Tiu chun Vit Nam

TLHHSKN

: T l hao ht sau khi nu

TLHHSKLL

: T l hao ht sau khi lm lnh

TLHHTP

: T l hao ht thnh phm

TP

: Thnh phm

TSTK

: Tham s thng k

VSV

: Vi sinh vt

: Gi tr trung bnh mu

XNCBTP

: X nghip ch bin thc phm

SVTH: NGUYN TH HNG PHC

Chng 1

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

M U

1.1 T VN
Cuc sng x hi ngy cng theo hng cng nghip lm cho mt b phn
ngi dn khng c nhiu thi gian nu nng cc mn n nng cho ba cm
truyn thng ca gia nh, h cn nhng thc n ung ch bin sn tin dng
nhanh chng khi cn thit. p ng nhu cu cp thit ny, ngnh cng nghip thc
phm ngy cng pht trin v sn xut rt nhiu sn phm, nht l cc sn phm
thc phm c ch bin t tht, hin nay rt a dng v chng loi v phong
ph v hnh thc. Trong xc xch l mt hng ang c kh nhiu ngi tiu
dng a thch do tnh nng thun tin trong qu trnh s dng, s ngon ming cng
nh cung cp c mt s cht lng dinh dng cn thit cho c th con ngi.
Xc xch c th c sn xut mt cch th cng theo qui m gia nh hoc
theo qui m cng nghip. Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi xc xch khc
nhau m theo nguyn liu c th phn loi xc xch nh xc xch g, xc xch b,
xc xch heo hoc phn loi theo phng thc sn xut nh xc xch ti, xc
xch trit trng, xc xch xng khi
Cng nghip sn xut xc xch hin i vi s a dng v kch c, th loi ca
my mc thit b v i km vi mt chun mc ca cng ngh v ngh thut phi
trn nguyn vt liu t c sn phm ngy cng c cht lng cao v hiu qu
trong sn xut.
Vit Nam, ngnh sn xut xc xch c du nhp v pht trin mnh t nm
1998 cho n nay v c tham gia bi rt nhiu c s gia nh nh, cng nh cc
doanh nghip ln ca t nhn, cc tp on ln u t ca nc ngoi v cc x
nghip sn xut ca nh nc trong c X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam
Phong.

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Xc nh trng trch ca mt n v kinh t quc doanh, x nghip thng

xuyn ci tin k thut, khng ngng nng cao uy tn cht lng sn phm tng
tnh cnh tranh vi nhiu thng hiu khc. Mc d vy, trong qu trnh sn xut
khng trnh khi vic c nhiu yu t lm cho hao ht sn lng nh hng n
cht lng sn phm nn vic tm hiu cc nguyn nhn ny nhm gip cho x
nghip c hng khc phc v phc v sn xut tt hn l iu cn thit.
Xut pht t nhng vn trn, c s ng ca Khoa Cng Ngh Sau
Thu Hoch, Trng i Hc Hng Vng Thnh Ph H Ch Minh v s gip
ca X Nghip, di s hng dn ca TS. Trn Vn Chnh, chng ti thc hin
ti KHO ST V TM HIU NGUYN NHN LM HAO HT SN PHM
XC XCH HEO XNG KHI TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT TI X NGHIP
CH BIN THC PHM NAM PHONG
1.2 MC CH V YU CU
1.2.1 Mc ch
Theo di mt s thng s k thut tm ra nguyn nhn hao ht nhm gp
phn hon thin hn cho quy trnh ch bin sn phm xc xch heo xng khi.
1.2.2 Yu cu
- Kho st ton b quy trnh ch bin
- Cn trng lng nguyn liu s dng, bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch
heo xng khi ti cc cng on sn xut tnh ton s hao ht.
- o chiu di bn thnh phm xc nh chnh xc ca my nhi.

Chng 2

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1 TNG QUAN V X NGHIP NAM PHONG

X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam Phong l n v trc thuc Cng Ty
Chn Nui v Ch Bin Thc Phm Si Gn (Sagrifood).
2.1.1 a im xy dng
X nghip ch bin thc phm Nam Phong ta lc ti:
344 N Trang Long, Phng 13, Qun Bnh Thnh, Tp. HCM
2

Tng din tch l 7.789m .

2.1.2 Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin
Trc nm 1975, x nghip l mt tri chn nui heo t nhn.
Sau nm 1975, x nghip c nh nc tip qun v t nm 1975- 1980 tr
thnh tri chn nui heo thc nghim v nui ging ca Cng Ty Thc n Gia Sc
thuc S Nng Nghip thnh ph H Ch Minh.
T nm 1981- 1987, x nghip tip tc l tri chn nui heo nhng c quan
ch qun l Cng Ty Chn Nui Heo II.
T thng 12/1987- 1993, x nghip thuc Lin Hip Chn Nui Heo c chc
nng git m v ch bin thc phm.
T 1993- 1997, x nghip trc thuc X Nghip Chn Nui Heo ng Hip.
T 1997, x nghip tr thnh n v trc thuc Tng Cng Ty Nng Nghip
Si Gn. Nm 2000, x nghip c Tng cng ty u t xy dng xng ch bin
theo tiu chun Chu u vi cng sut thit k l 3000 kg/ca.
Thng 12/2004, x nghip c Tng cng ty giao tip nhn Trung Tm Git
M Gia Cm An Nhn vi din tch khong 1,6ha. y l trung tm git m gia
cm c quy m ln u tin ca thnh ph vi cng sut ton trung tm l 50.000

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

con/ngy/m, trong ca x nghip l 2 dy chuyn bn t ng vi cng sut 1

dy chuyn l 5.000- 7.000 con/ca.
Thng 1/2007, theo ch o ca y Ban Nhn Dn Thnh Ph H Ch Minh
nhm sp xp li cc doanh nghip to thnh tp on kinh t mnh x nghip v 3
x nghip chn nui heo, 1 x nghip thc n gia sc c st nhp hp thnh Cng
Ty Chn Nui V Ch Bin Thc Phm Si Gn ph thuc Tng Cng Ty Nng
Nghip Si Gn.
2.1.3 S v c cu t chc
Gim c

Xng
git m

Xng
ch
bin

T giao
nhn

T
nghip
v

T
KCS

Gim c
- Chu trch nhim chnh trong x nghip, trc tip ph trch t nghip v, t
KCS v xng git m.
- iu hnh mi hot ng ca x nghip.
- Hoch nh cc chin lc pht trin ca x nghip.
- Bo co, chu trch nhim v tnh hnh hot ng ca x nghip vi cng ty.
T KCS
- Kim sot xy dng quy ch v v sinh an ton thc phm, cht lng cho sn
phm ca cng ty.
- Kim tra cht lng u vo v u ra ca x nghip.

- Kim sot cc iu kin v sinh t khu chun b sn xut, trong qu trnh sn

xut n vic lu tr sn phm.
- Theo di, phn tch, nh gi, bo co nh k hoc t xut v tnh hnh cht
lng sn phm cho Gim c.
T nghip v.
- Qun l cc vn lin quan n k thut, sn xut v xng ch bin
- Tham gia hoc trc tip nghin cu ch bin sn phm mi, nh gi cht
lng sn phm mi v lm th tc ng k cht lng, nhn hiu vi c quan qun
l Nh Nc c thm quyn.
- Sa cha, vn hnh, bo tr v ln k hoch v thit b my mc cho cng ty.
- Sa cha nh cc cng trnh phc v cho sn xut kinh doanh.
- Hng dn v k thut i vi c nhn n v c trang b k thut cho ton
cng ty.
- Qun l v t chc thc hin cng tc bo v, v sinh.
- Qun l v t chc thc hin cng tc hnh chnh, nhn s, k ton.
- Xy dng k hoch sn xut v u t.
T giao nhn
- Chu trch nhim vn chuyn hng ha, sn phm theo yu cu ca x nghip.
- Chu trch nhim bo qun hng ha v cht lng v s lng trong qu trnh
vn chuyn.
Xng git m: thc hin git m heo v pha lc phc v sn xut v
kinh doanh.
Xng ch bin: thc hin sn xut cc sn phm ch bin theo n t
hng ca cng ty.

2.1.4. Cc loi sn phm sn xut

Hin nay, x nghip c trn 40 mt hng ch bin trn th trng. Sn phm
ca x nghip chia lm 2 nhm chnh:
- Sn phm tht ti sng gm tht heo nguyn mnh, tht heo pha lc, tht g,
tht b.
- Sn phm ch bin: chia thnh 3 nhm nh:
+ Sn phm theo cng ngh nc ngoi: xc xch cc loi, thn xng khi,
ba ri xng khi, pate,
+ Sn phm truyn thng: lp xng cc loi, ch gi cc loi, cc loi ch
la...
+ Sn phm s ch: tht xay vin, nem nng, gi sng,..
Sn phm ca x nghip c 2 thng hiu l Nam Phong v Sagrifood.
Mt s sn phm ch bin ca x nghip c trnh by qua cc hnh sau:

Gi li

Ch la

Xc xch phomai

Xc xch heo

Ch gi r

Lp xng tm

2.1.5 H thng phn phi

C 2 knh chnh:
- Gin tip: ch yu qua cc h thng siu th trn ton quc nh Metro, Coop
Mart, Big C, MaxiMart, Lotte, cc ca hng i l.
-

Trc tip: cc h thng ca hng ca cng ty, cc bp n tp th, cc trng

hc,..
Hin ti cng ty c 4 ca hng mang thng hiu Sagrifood v c sn mu
cam c trng cc qun 2, 5, 10 v Bnh Thnh.
2.2 TNG QUAN V XC XCH
2.2.1 Ngun gc hnh thnh v s pht trin
Xc xch l mt loi thc phm c bit n t rt lu trong cng nghip
sn xut thc phm v chng pht trin nhanh chng. Ngun gc ca ch bin tht
khng cn xa xa na nhng chng hu nh mi bt u khi nhn loi bit c
rng mui c hiu qu trong qu trnh bo qun ngun nguyn liu t tht. V qu
trnh lm xc xch tin trin nh mt c gng tit kim v bo qun tht khi
khng th s dng tht ti sau git m.
T sausage (xc xch) c xut pht t ting Latinh l salsus, c ngha l
s bo qun khng b phn hu hoc ngha en l s p mui nguyn liu tht
ti sng. Chnh ngi Trung Hoa, cch y khong 2.500 nm, tm ra loi xc
xch kh chng ra kh, t chng ra t v gi tn l lp xng. Nhng nm sau
sn phm ny lun c pht trin a dng v hng v v kt cu vi nhng
thay i v thnh phn v qu trnh sn xut. Vi trm nm sau, ngi La M, ngi
Hy Lp mi c bit n xc xch v pht trin rt nhiu loi loi xc xch gn
ging vi xc xch ngy nay ca Chu u.
Thot u xc xch c nhi tit, nhi gan...sau nhi vi tht bm s hoc
ct nh. Sau ny nhi vi nh tng tht (tht nghin mn), c th ln men hoc

xng khi ko di thi gian bo qun. Chnh loi xc xch ny mi c xem l

c ngun gc Chu u.
Xc xch ngy nay a s lm t tht heo, b, c khi lm t tht g, c, tm v
c bit, c c xc xch chay lm t u nnh. Sau khi to nh tng nh hnh bng
cc loi v bc nh: rut ng vt lm t rut heo, rut cu,.. hoc loi nhn to
lm t cellulose, bng cc cht polymer.. v sau khi to hnh c xng khi hoc
ln men bo qun c lu.
Vic ch bin xc xch hin nay c thc hin bi cc my mc hin i vi
kh nng v c kh ha v t ng ha rt cao, to iu kin nng cao nng sut, d
dng kim sot v mt k thut. Ngoi ra, quy trnh ch bin cng c ci thin
vi quy trnh nh hin nay th ngi ta c th s dng nhiu loi nguyn liu khc
nhau, ch bin ra nhiu loi xc xch khc nhau v khng yu cu vic bo v kht
khe, m ch cn nhng nhit bnh thng.
Ngy nay, cng nghip sn xut xc xch phi thc hin ng theo quy nh
ca Nh Nc v liu lng v thnh phn cht ph gia, gia v trong cng thc ch
bin. Ngoi ra, nhn sn phm cng c yu cu ghi chnh xc v ng theo quy
nh php lut v thng tin ca thnh phn sn phm xc xch. Mc ch ca tiu
chun ny l gip m bo rng sn xut xc xch duy tr cht lng tt v an ton
khi tiu th.
2.2.2 Phn loi xc xch
Xc xch c th phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng hu ht c
phn loi theo phng php ch bin v theo thnh phn nguyn liu.
Di y l s phn loi mang tnh cht tng i c trng v n gin v
xc xch.
Xc xch ti : l loi xc xch cha qua ch bin, cn sng v ch c
lm chn khi dng. Chng khng cha cc thnh phn gy c nh mui
Nitrit,

TariBao b dng cho loi xc xch ny c th l bao b t nhin v nhn to hay

tng hp.
0

Bo qun nhit 0 - 4 C, thi gian s dng 3 ngy, c th hp, chin, rn

trc khi dng.
Xc xch qua ch bin: l loi xc xch c nu chn trong qu trnh
sn
xut, gm c cc loi nh sau:

Xc xch tit trng: l loi xc xch trong qu trnh ch bin c khu tit
trng. Trong thnh phn c cha nhiu loi gia v, ph gia v c ph liu (nh
protein u nnh)
Bao b c dng l loi bao b t nhn to nh nha PE, PVC
Bo qun nhit thng, thi gian s dng 3 - 6 thng, ch cn bc v
trc khi dng.
Xc xch xng khi: l loi xc xch trong qu trnh ch bin c khu xng
khi, khng s dng ph liu.
Bao b s dng l loi bao b t nhin nh rut heo, collagen
0

Bo qun nhit 0 4 C, thi gian s dng t 2 3 thng.

Xc xch dng ny c th dng lin hay ch bin.
Xc xch hp: tng t nh xc xch xng khi nhng khng c khu xng
khi trong qu trnh ch bin .
Bao b tng hp hay t nhin.
0

Bo qun nhit t 0 4 C, thi gian bo qun 3 7 ngy.

Xc xch ln men:
Loi xc xch ny c c trng l to ra mi v thm do c s tch lu ca
acid lactic to t s ln men ng c b sung vo ca vi khun.
Cc loi xc xch ny c sy kh thay i trng thi ca nguyn liu
trong qu trnh ch bin.
Gm 2 loi chnh:
Xc xch ln men bn kh: bao gm xc xch summer, snack stick

10

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Xc xch ln men kh: bao gm xc xch pepperoni, hard salami, genoa

salami
Ngoi ra nhiu loi xc xch c bit n qua tn ca cc thnh phn nguyn
liu s dng to nn s c trng ring cho tng loi xc xch, tn ca cc tnh,
thnh ph, ngi sn xut tm ra loi xc xch ny (Bng 2.1).
2.2.3 Mt s dng h hng thng xy ra cho sn phm xc xch
2.2.3.1 H hng do vi sinh vt
Vi khun, nm men v nm mc hin din trn xc xch gy nn h hng cho
sn phm. Sn phm h hng thng gim cht lng cm quan v dinh dng.
Hu ht cc dng h hng thng xut hin trn b mt xc xch nh nhy nht,
chua v mc xanh
S sinh nht: do nm men v vi khun v d nh Lactobacillus, Enterococcus,
Weissella, v B. thermosphacta. S sinh nht cn xut hin nhng si di bn
trong xc xch. Nhng xc xch ny khng th by bn c na.
S chua: xy ra bn di v bc ca xc xch. Nguyn nhn l do
Lactobacillus v Enterococcus phn hy ng to thnh sn phm c tnh acid.
Mc xanh: Xut hin tiu biu khi xc xch c bo qun khng ng cch.
Nhng nguyn nhn h hng do vi khun trn l do cc cng on thao tc
bng tay khng m bo v sinh hay khng tun th cc cng tc quy nh v sinh
trong sn xut. S h hng c th gim bt v thi hn s dng sn phm c th
tng ln nu cng tc v sinh c tin hnh tt. Vic ng gi chn khng sn
phm trong nhng bao b khng thm nc, kh v sn phm c bo qun trong
kho nhit thch hp c th kim hm s tng trng ca vi khun gy h hng,
lm tng thi hn s dng ca xc xch.

11

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Bng 2.1 S lc mt s loi xc xch trn th gii

(Ngun: Estes Reynolds v Schuler, 1982)
Xc xch
Xc xch Ba Lan
(polish sausage)

Loi
Ti

Thnh phm
Tht heo, tht b, ti, hng ty hoc
kinh gii , m heo, tiu

Kielbasa

Ti, xng khi

v nu

Tht b, tht heo, ti, m b hoc

m heo, m tt.

Bratwurst (c)

Ti, xng khi

v nu

Xc xch
(Salami)
Sweet v Hot
Italian

Kh, x l

Tht heo hoc tht b, tht b, bt

sa, c hnh, ti, rau mi, c rm,
nhc u khu
Ti, mui, tiu, ng

Cervelat hoc
Summer Sausage
(Php)
Andouille (Php)

x l, xng
khi, na kh

Boudin Blanc
(Php)
Braunschweiger
(c)
Boudin Noir
(Php)
Knackwurst (c)

Xng khi

Ti

Xng khi

Nu s b, xng
khi
Nu s b

Sweet: ti, ng, cy hi, th l

Hot Italian: t bt, tiu chile, hnh,
ti, th l, rau mi ty
Tht heo, tht b, ti, bt m tt, gia
v nh

Hi nc, rn,
nng, nhit
0
x l 75 C
n lin

Tht heo, mui, gia v m ,

n lin
ng, bt t, tiu , ti, x thm
Tht heo, m, trng, kem, vn bnh Chin
m, gia v
Gan xng khi, trng, sa
n lin
Tit heo, m rn, bnh m vn

n lin

Tht b, tht heo, nhiu ti, th l

n lin, chin

Pepperoni

Nu s b, xng
khi
x l, xng
khi
Sy kh

Chorizo

Rn, xng khi

Mortadella (Php)

Na kh, xng
khi

Hot Dogs
Bockwurst

Nu, xng khi,

x l
Ti

Tht b v tht heo khi, ti, mui,

bt m tt, tiu
Tht b, tht heo, sa, tho mi,
trng

Bologna

Xng khi nu

Tht b v tht heo khi, ti, mui

Linguica (Php)

Cch thc nu
Hi nc, rn,
nng, nhit
0
x l 75 C
Hi nc, rn,
nng, nhit
0
x l 75 C
Hi nc, rn,
nng, nhit
0
x l 75 C
n lin

Tht heo, nhiu ti, th l, qu, gim Thng n lin

Tht heo, tht b, nhiu tiu v
en
Tht heo, cilantro, bt t, ti, bt t
kh, gia v m
M khi, tht heo, tht b, tiu, ti,
cy hi

Thng n lin
Thng n lin
Hi nc, rn,
nng, nhit
0
x l 75 C
n lin
Hi nc, rn,
nng, nhit
0
x l 75 C
n lin

12

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

2.2.3.2 H hng do k thut

y l loi h hng ph bin nht, thng lin quan n cc yu t k thut
nh nhit , bin i ca nhit trong qu trnh ch bin, thnh phn nguyn ph
liu s dng, thao tc k thutv c mt s h hng nh sau:
Xc xch b tch v: phn v ca b mt xc xch b tch ra khi cy xc xch.
Sai st ny l do kt cu khng n nh ca nh tng v do cc thng s k thut
khng tha ng trong cng on dn v bc, xng khi.

Nh tng tht khng n nh: C rt nhiu yu t tc ng c th lm nh

tng tht khng n nh v kt cu nh: thnh phn nguyn liu khng thch hp,
s dng qu nhiu tht c kh nng lin kt yu (tht PSE, tht giai on t
cng), cht lng m xu v khng thch hp ch bin xc xch, cng on
xay mn khng ng k thut, s dng v bc khng thch hp, x l nhit khng
tha ng.
Chy m b mt xc xch: M khng c gi trong bt tht, tm chy trn b
mt xc xch. Hin tng ny c th c nhng nguyn nhn nh dao ct ca my
cutter qu cn, thi gian xay lu, cc ht m kch thc qu ln c nguy c gy
chy m, nhit trong cng on xay ct tng cao. M c s dng l loi m c
nhiu acid bo khng no hoc c p mui qu lu hay khng c bo qun
lnh ng mc cng dn n sai st chy m b mt xc xch.

Xc xch c kt cu b: Nng mui s dng khng tha ng c th lm

xut hin hin tng ln men, to kt cu b ca xc xch. Tht nc khng c pha
lc tinh hay cn nhiu gn kh lin kt ci thin kt cu ca xc xch.
Ngoi ra cn c cc h hng do phn ng gia cc cu phn trong xc xch, c
th k n nh phn ng gia cc sc t vi oxy, phn ng Maillard,.. loi h hng
ny c th lm cho xc xch b ha nu i vi sn phm dng x l tit trng hoc
lm ha xanh i vi sn phm dng mui.

13

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

2.2.4 Mt s gia v thng c s dng trong ch bin xc xch

Mui n (NaCl)
Trong ch bin cc sn phm t tht, mui thng c s dng nhm cc
mc ch sau:
- To v mn, nng cao tnh bn vng ca sn phm khi bo qun.
- Thc y qu trnh oxy ha cc thnh phn trong tht lm cho sn phm thay
i mu.
- Mui n cn l cht st khun nh, nng 4,4% n c th lm c ch s
pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh, c ch cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Tuy
nhin, cng c mt s vi khun chu c nng cao hn. Mt s vi khun gy
thi ra ch cht nng mui ln hn 12%. (TS. Trn Vn Chng, 2002).
- To p sut thm thu v gim m ca sn phm
-

- Ion Clo (Cl ) s kt hp vi protein cc dy ni peptide lm cho enzym phn

hy protein khng cn kh nng phn hy protein.
- Liu lng: 25-35 g/kg nguyn liu.
ng
Thng thng ng c s dng vi lng t, ch yu lm du v mn
ca mui, cung cp dinh dng cho vi khun kh nitrat thnh nitrit hot ng.
Ngoi ra ng cn c tc dng gim hot tnh ca nc v c ch s pht trin ca
vi sinh vt trong sn phm.
ng c bo qun trong bao polymer, kn, sch. Khng c mi l, ni
kh ro v khng gn vi gia v khc s lm nh hng n cht lng ng.
Bt ngt
Bt ngt c s dng to cho sn phm v ngt c trng.
Bt ngt c bo qun trong bao b. Bao b c th l bao ci, keo thu tinh,
keo nha. Bao b phi m bo khng c mi l v khng nhim mu cho sn
phm. Ni cha v bo qun phi sch, kh ro v thong.
Liu lng l 10g/kg nguyn liu.

14

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Tiu
Tiu l l loi gia v thng c s dng to v cay cho sn phm, thng
c s dng dng bt mn. Loi bt mn ny c xay t tiu c tch b
v. Bt tiu dng ri, mn, kh v c hng thm t nhin.
Tiu phi c bo qun trong thng kn ni kh ro v thong mt.
2.2.5. Mt s cht ph gia thng c s dng trong sn xut xc xch heo
Mui nitrit v nitrat
Theo phng php truyn thng, mui c s dng bo qun xc xch.
Dn dn, nhng nh sn xut nhn thy rng mui nitrat v nitrit trong hn hp
mui khi s dng l mt trong nhng yu t c bn nh hng n cht lng sn
phm.
- Mui nitrit
u im: to mu nhanh, st trng mnh, ngn cn s sinh trng ca sinh vt
v to hng v chuyn bit cho sn phm.
Nhc im: mu km bn, thng c. Mui nitrit d s gy hin tng
ngt, nhc u v bun nn. Mt khc, nitrit d cng s gy c lu di cho c th
(c th gy ung th gan).
- Mui nitrat
Khi s dng nitrat, n phi c chuyn thnh nitrit nh vo cc vi sinh vt
kh nitrat thnh nitrit hin din trong tht. Ngy xa, ngi ta thng s dng mui
kali nitrat (dim tiu), nhng ngy nay ngi ta s dng mui natri nitrat thay
th ( Martin Marchello, 1998).
Cn nh rng, hm lng nitrit s dng qu nhiu s gy c cho con ngi.
Bi vy, an ton v chnh xc hn hp mui phi c trn theo ng liu lng
quy nh. a s hn hp mui s dng thng mi c iu chnh thng thng
6% natri nitrit v 94% mui n t c mt lng hi ha lng nitrit thm vo
(Martin Marchello, 1998).

15

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Xc xch nu c th khng thm mui nitrit nu mun, nhng xc xch s b

mu nu (m hn mu hng), d b nh hng hn n s thay i mu v d h
hng do vi sinh vt. Nhng sn phm ny tt nht nn bo qun nhit thp.
Polyphosphates
Cc polyphosphates thng c s dng v hiu qu nht l cc hn hp ca
di, tri polyphosphates.
Vi loi polyphosphates ny cho kh nng ph v cc lin kt canxi gia cc
protein tht v ph v cu trc kn ca tht giai on t cng. Polyphosphates to
phc vi canxi, phn tch hp cht acto-myosin thnh actin v myosin. Thng
trong tht lnh (sau khi t cng) di tc dng ca polyphosphates th tht lnh c
tr li tnh ha tan v kh nng to nh. Vi tnh nng ny cng to iu kin cho
cc protein tht c th hp thu c nhiu nc, gim s hao ht trong sn xut.
Theo Baracco v cng tc vin (1991) polyphosphates cn to iu kin thun li
cho s phn tn cc ht mixen, ng nht khi nh tng tht, tng kh nng to
nh ca khi m, ci thin cu trc mm mi cho sn phm v ngn cn s tch lp
ca protein- m- nc. Ngoi ra, polyphosphates cn kim hm s oxy ho tht
bng cch to phc vi st v ng l nhng cht xc tc cho s oxy ho v tng
kh nng n nh mu cho tht.
Cch s dng: cho vo ngay khi tht bt u xay, xay nhuyn sau cho cc
cht ph gia khc vo.
Polyphosphates phi c bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt.
Liu lng: 3-5g/kg nguyn liu (0,3- 0,5%)
Vitamin C: Trong ch bin thc phm, vitamin C c s dng nh mt cht
ph gia dng bo qun v chng li s oxy ha tht bng cch kt hp vi oxy
trong khng kh v ngn cn vi sinh vt hiu kh.
Vitamin C c bo qun trong bao b, c th l bao ci, keo thu tinh, keo
nha m bo trnh ht m, khng c mi l v khng nhim mu cho sn phm.

16

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Ni bo qun phi sch, kh ro, thong v khng chung vi cc ph gia ha

cht khc.
2.2.6. Nguyn liu ph liu s dng trong sn xut xc xch heo
Tht heo nc
Tht l thnh phn chnh trong qu trnh ch bin. N quyt nh cht lng
ca sn phm, l ngun cung cp protein quan trng, c cha y cc acid amin
khng thay th vi t l cn i. Ngoi ra, cn cha cc cht khong nh st (Fe),
ng (Cu), Magie (Mg) v cc vitamin nh vitamin A, B1, B2,
Tht heo nc c s dng trong cng thc ch bin nhm mc ch:
To gi tr dinh dng
Tht cha ng gn nh sn sng nhng cht ch yu m c th cn dng
trao i cht trong c th. Thc n t tht c tc ng n b no v cung cp
nhng cht cn thit cho s bi dng n s pht trin ca b c, v nh m t
th h ny sang th h khc b c c th pht trin nhanh chng v y hn.
To cu trc cho sn phm
Protein trong tht c vai tr cc k quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut cc
thc phm: l cht to hnh v to kt cu c trng v lng, cng nh v cht
cho nhiu loi sn phm thc phm.
Do tng tc vi nc v di tc dng ca nhit m protein c th thay i
tnh cht, trng thi to hnh, to dng v to kt cu cho sn phm thc phm.
Trong nhng iu kin cng ngh nht nh, protein c th tng tc vi nhau,
tng tc vi nc, tng tc vi glucid v lipid to ra c, do, trong,
to bt, to xp cho sn phm thc phm ( Nguyn Kim Anh, 2001)
To mi v v mu sc c trng ca sn phm
Vn to hng thm v v ca tht n nay cha hon ton hiu r. Tuy
nhin thc nghim xc nhn mi quan h gia v ca tht vi acid glutamic t do,
acid inozinic v purin t do (ni ring l hipoxantin) cha trong tht (ng c
Dng, 1979)

17

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

M heo
M heo l ngun cung cp cht bo. Bao gm nh m lng, m i, m
nngnhng khng dng m sa trong ch bin xc xch..
M c tc dng lm tng dnh, bo, bng, lm tng gi tr cm quan
cho sn phm, gip tn dng ngun nguyn liu v lm gim gi thnh, tng hiu
qu kinh t.
V bc
V bc xc xch rt a dng, phn ln s dng t rut gia sc, chng hn xc
xch Frankfurter thng dng rut cu hoc rut heo. Mt s xc xch khc dng v
bc collagen lm t da b. Hai loi v bc xc xch k trn c th n c v khi n
cho cm gic dn v dai.
Nhng v bc lm bng bt g cng kh ph bin trn th trng, nhng loi
ny khng n c, chng c loi b khi s dng sn phm. Nhng v bc nhn
to c lm t nhng giy c bit c tm cellulose, nhng v bc sanran lm
t cht do tng hp v v bc hydro cellulose c lm t cellulose ti sinh. Cc
v bc cellulose c lm t cht si, c ha tan t ht bng vi hay bt giy.
Mi loi v bc ny th tin dng, a dng, nhiu kch c v nhiu c tnh khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, nhng v bc ny khng n c, phi loi b ra khi sn phm
xc xch khi s dng.
Theo Martin Mechello (1998), c im ca mt s v bc s dng trong xc
xch l:
- V bc t nhin lun c mt un cong t nhin ca chng.
- Collagen l protein ng vt, thng c chit tch t da b v c sn
xut thnh v bc n c (collagen cng l protein chnh trong v bc t nhin)
- Nhng v bc tng hp cho ra nhng mu a dng, sn phm nu khng v
c sn xut trong nhng v bc cellulose (lm t cotton bng vi) cho php khi
v m thm nhp, sau khi sn phm c nu xong v lm mt, nhng v bc
cellulose c lt b ra khi sn phm v cho ra sn phm khng v.

18

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Ph liu
Nc vy
Nc vy c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin, gip cho vic
0

gi nhit thp (di 12 C) trong qu trnh xay (do s ma st xy ra gia cc dao

v nguyn liu a vo), ngoi ra n cn l dung mi gip ha tan cc cht ph gia.
Nc vy nh hng n kh nng to nh tng, tham gia vo vic to
cu trc v trng thi ca sn phm thc phm ch bin, ng thi lm tng m
cng nh trng lng ca sn phm.
Protein u nnh
Protein u nnh l mt sn phm c ch bin bng cch trch ly protein t
u nnh vi hm lng protein cao (>90%), cung cp cho cc nh ch bin cc
sn phm tht.
Protein u nnh c tnh nng ci thin cu trc hay to cu trc trong cc
dng sn phm khc nhau (dng gel, nh tng...), c kh nng gi nc, lin kt
cc thnh phn cht bo, protein...nhanh chng nn c a vo trc tip trong
qu trnh to nh tng.
to s cn bng gia ngun protein ng vt v protein thc vt, cng nh
to cho sn phm xc xch tit trng c gi tr dinh dng cao, th vic b sung
protein u nnh l thch hp v n c gi thnh r v c cc tnh nng cng ngh
u vit khc.
Tinh bt
Trong ch bin cc sn phm t, tht tinh bt thng dng l tinh bt bp.
Tinh bt to ra c, do, dai, dnh, xp, trongTrong sn xut
xc xch, tinh bt s lin kt vi gel protein lm cho xc xch c n hi c
trng.

19

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

2.2.7. Cc yu t nh hng n kt cu nh tng tht

2.2.7.1. S ct v xay
Trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch, s ct v xay lm nh nguyn liu (tht nc,
m,..) c chia lm hai giai on:
Xay th: t tht nguyn liu kch thc ln (3cm 3cm 7cm) c xay
thnh nhng kch thc nh (3mm). Trong giai on ny nhit ca nguyn liu
sau khi
0

xay khng c cao qu khong -1n 1 C to iu kin cho qu trnh to nh

tng c thun li.
Xay nhuyn (cutter): trong qu trnh ny vn tc dao ct rt cao s to ma st
gia dao v nguyn liu lm cho nhit ca nguyn liu tng nhanh. Nhit ca
0

nguyn liu cn t l 12- 14 C, nu nhit ca nguyn liu tng cao s gy kt

dnh, tch m khng tt cho qu trnh to nh tng v c th lm mt tnh n nh
ca nh tng.
Qu trnh ct khng t cng c th lm cho cc si protein b ct qu ngn.
Tt c nhng vn ny c th dn n kt qu l lm nh hng n cht lng
sn phm.
Nhit nh tng tht c khuyn co trong giai on xay ct ca qu trnh
0

ch bin xc xch l 14 C (Baracco v ctv, 1990)

2.2.7.2. pH
Trong ch bin nh tng, tht c pH cao t 5,8 n 6,2 thng c a
chung, loi tht ny c kh nng lin kt m v nc cao to iu kin hnh thnh
cho cc pha phn tn ng nht v lm n nh cu trc nh tng.
pH ca tht cao to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Ngc li, pH tht thp
lm gim kh nng lin kt vi nc. Tht PSE c pH gim nhanh thng t 5,2
hoc thp hn lm gim kh nng lin kt vi nc, tht DFD c pH t 6,4 tr ln
c kh nng lin kt vi nc cao.

20

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

pH c nh hng n tnh cht nh ha ca protein, mt s protein im

ng in t ha tan do s lm gim kh nng lm bn nh tng ca chng
(Nguyn Kim Anh, 2001).
2.2.7.3. Nhit
Nhit nguyn liu c ngha quan trng n kt cu ca nh tng tht.
Khi nhit nguyn liu tng cao, lm gim cc lin kt hydro, lm gim kh nng
hp th nc ca protein cng gim theo. Nu nhit tng qu cao, s gy bin
tnh v tp hp protein, lm cho b mt ca phn t protein b gim, cng lm cho
kh nng gi nc ca cc nhm c cc ca protein cng gim theo (Nguyn Kim
Anh, 2001)
2.2.7.4. Nng cc ion
Nng cc ion c nh hng n kh nng hp th nc v ho tan ca
protein.
Nc, mui v cc nhm acid amin thng c mt mi cnh tranh. nng
mui thp, s hydrat ha ca cc protein c th tng, nhng khi nng mui
cao, cc tng tc gia mui v nc tri hn cc tng tc gia mui v protein
v do kh nc ca protein. Kh nng hp th v gi nc ca protein tht s
tng ln (nht l khi nu) khi c mt NaCl (3-8%), l do s nh thm cc ion lm
m rng mng li protein hoc thm natri polyphophates vi nng khong
0,3% cng c hiu qu, nht l khi kt hp vi NaCl (Nguyn Kim Anh, 2001)
2.2.7.5. S xng khi
Xng khi c s dng lm kh, bo v tht, to mi v v hng thm
cho sn phm cui cng. Theo truyn thng th xng khi quan trng v n kim
hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt trn sn phm. Tuy nhin, trong thi i ngy nay,
ngi ta thng da vo s lm lnh kim ch vi sinh vt.

21

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

G H o, g mt s cy n qu v mt s g cng khc cng c s dng

rng ri to khi. Nhng cy h thng khng c s dng bi v n nhiu nha,
loi g ny to nhiu khi en v c v ng.
Nh sn xut cng kim sot m ca sn phm trc v trong sut qu trnh
xng khi to ra sn phm c cht lng cao. B mt sn phm phi hi m
khi c th bm cht vo sn phm. Nu b mt sn phm qu m t, khi s to
thnh sc. Nu v bc qu kh th khi s khng bm cht v khng thm vo bn
trong v bc. Do cn kim sot qu trnh sy cn thn m bo khi bm chc
vo sn phm.
Thi gian ca qu trnh xng khi ph thuc vo loi sn phm. Nhng loi
khc nhau s c mu sc, mi, vkhc nhau.
2.2.7.6. S nu
Nu l qu trnh s dng nhit lm chn tht sng v lm chn sn phm.
Nu xc xch lm tng cng hng v, mu sc to ra sn phm mong mun,
kim hm vi khun gy h hng v tiu dit vi khun gy bnh. sn xut mt
sn phm xc xch an ton, vic nu phi ph hy k sinh trng v vi khun gy
bnh. Xc xch c th nu ngp trong nc nng, trong l xng khi hay l hp.
Qu trnh nu c iu khin mt cch cn thn m bo rng sn phm
t n nhit tm mong mun trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Trong sut qu trnh lm nng xc xch nu, nhit sn phm cn tng
0

nhanh t 29 C n 65 C, nhit ny cc vi sinh vt sinh hng pht trin. Hu

0

ht cc xc xch nu c lm nng ti nhit tm t 77 C. Kt hp gia thi

gian v nhit trong sn phm m bo tiu dit mt s vi khun gy bnh
(Martin Marchello, 1998)
Nu sn phm c nu trong nc, nhit nc cn nm trong khong
0

75 C- 87 C. Nu lm nng trong l xng khi hoc l nng, nhit khng kh

0

mong mun khong 75 C- 97 C. Sn phm phi lm lnh thch hp sau khi nu.

22

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Khi nu nhit thch hp s ph hu tt c cc cht sinh dng cn thit ca vi

khun gy bnh, vi vi khun gy bnh c th hnh thnh nhng bo t, c th tn
ti sau khi nu. Nu xc xch c lm lnh qu chm, cc bo t c th hon
nguyn li trng thi sinh dng v bt u pht trin (Marchello, 1998)
2.2.7.7. S lm ngui.
Sau qu trnh nu, sn phm xc xch c lm lnh di vi nc. Sau
sn phm c treo ln trnh lm nhu v bc sn phm.
Nhit lm mt bn trong sn phm c s dng mui nitrit v khng s dng
mui nitrit c trnh by trong bng 2.2 v bng 2.3
Bng 2.2: Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm khng dng mui nitrit
Nhit

Thi gian

1,5 gi

5 gi

63 C 39 C
39 C - 19 C

(Ngun: Marchello, 1998)

Bng 2.3: Nhit lm mt i vi sn phm c s dng mui nitrit
Nhit

Thi gian

5 gi

10 gi

63 C 39 C
39 C - 19 C

(Ngun: Marchello, 1998)

Qu trnh lm lnh cng c iu khin v theo di mt cch cn thn, vi
nhit phi thp trong mt thi gian nht nh. Bn cnh nhit l yu t
quan trng bo qun nguyn liu c ti trong qu trnh sn xut v sau khi
sn phm hon tt. Ko di nhit thp trong sut qu trnh sn xut c th lm
chm qu trnh tng trng ca vi sinh vt gy h hng.

23

Chng III

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1 THI GIAN V A IM THC HIN

- a im: X Nghip Ch Bin Thc Phm Nam Phong, thnh ph H Ch
Minh.
- Thi gian: t ngy 15- 05-2010 n 30-06-1010
3.2. NI DUNG THC HIN
- Kho st hin trng qui trnh sn xut sn phm xc xch heo xng khi
- Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v v sinh sn
xut ti x nghip.
- Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch mt s cng
on sn xut.
3.3. PHNG PHP TIN HNH
3.3.1.Kho st hin trng qui trnh sn xut sn phm xc xch heo xng
khi
Tham gia trc tip cc cng on sn xut, quan st, kt hp phng vn cn
b k thut v cng nhn m t li chi tit qui trnh sn xut thc t sn phm
xc xch heo xng khi ti x nghip.
3.3.2. Kho st hin trng cng tc qun l v sinh an ton thc phm v
v sinh sn xut ti x nghip.
Kt hp quan st, ghi nhn hin trng, nhn nh v cng tc qun l v sinh
an ton thc phm v v sinh sn xut ti x nghip.
3.3.3 . Xc nh mc hao ht bn thnh phm, thnh phm xc xch mt
s cng on sn xut.
Vt liu
- Cn in t dung sai 5g
- Cn Nhn Ha loi 2kg v 50kg.
- Dy d nh du mu.

24

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

- Ko, thc k li.

- Nguyn liu nh tng.
- Cc mu bn thnh phm xc xch dng dy (mi dy nh lng t 29-30
cy).
- Cc mu bn thnh phm xc xch dng cy (mi cy khong 35g)
- Cc mu ng bao ng gi thnh phm (mi bao khong 210g)
Phng php thc hin
Ti mi cng on trong dy chuyn sn xut s ly mu nguyn liu nh
tng, bn thnh phm v thnh sn phm kho st sau tr li cho mi cng
on tip tc hon thin qui trnh sn xut sn phm.
Kho st c tin hnh vi 3 t lp li, mi t theo di 6 dy xc xch, 2930 cy xc xch, 30 bao gi thnh phm, 70 kg nguyn liu nh tng.
Cc ch tiu kho st
-

Trng lng xc xch sau khi nhi: l trng lng c cn sau khi nh

tng c nhi nh hnh.

- Trng lng xc xch sau khi nu: l trng lng c cn sau khi nu nh
tng c nhi nh hnh.
- Trng lng xc xch sau khi lm lnh: l trng lng c cn sau khi lm
lnh bn thnh phm.
- Trng lng xc xch sau khi ng gi : l trng lng xc xch thnh phm
tr trng lng bao b.
- Chiu di cy xc xch: c o sau khi lm lnh t u cy xc xch n cui
cy xc xch.
- T l hao ht sau khi nu (TLHHSKN): c tnh theo cng thc:
TLHHSKN (%) = (Trng lng xc xch sau khi nhi trng lng xc xch
sau khi nu) / Trng lng xc xch sau khi nhi 100
- T l hao ht sau khi lm lnh (TLHHSKLL): c tnh theo cng thc:

25

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

TLHHSKLL (%) = (Trng lng xc xch sau khi nu trng lng xc xch
sau khi lm lnh)/ Trng lng xc xch sau khi nu 100
- T l hao ht bn thnh phm so vi nh tng (TLHHBTP/NT) : c tnh
theo cng thc:
TLHHBTP/NT (%) = (Trng lng nh tng trng lng bn thnh phm)/
Trng lng nh tng 100
- T l hao ht thnh phm so vi bn thnh phm (TLHHTP/BTP) : c tnh
theo cng thc:
TLHHTP/BTP (%) = (Trng lng thnh phm Trng lng bn thnh
phm)/ Trng lng thnh phm 100
- T l hao ht thnh phm so vi nguyn liu nh tng (TLHHTP/NLNT) :
c tnh theo cng thc:
TLHHTP/NLNT (%) = (Trng lng nh tng Trng lng thnh phm)/
Trng lng nh tng 100

26

Chng IV

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

KT QU V THO LUN

4.1 KHO ST QUI TRNH CH BIN SN PHM XC XCH HEO

XNG KHI
Qui trnh sn xut ch bin sn phm xc xch heo xng khi ti X Nghip
Ch Bin Nam Phong c trnh by qua s sau:

Tht
0

Cp ng

Cp ng

Bo qun

Bo qun

Cn

Cn

Xay th

Xay th

Xay nhuyn

t = -30 C
= 30 pht

t = -5 C
= 18-24 gi

3mm

0.2mm
0
tcui 12 C

Nhi nh lng
Gia v, ph gia

Nu- xng khi

Lm lnh
ng gi

Thnh phm

t= 70-75 C
= 180 pht

4.1.1 Tip nhn nguyn liu

M t:
Tht, m dng trong ch bin c ly t con th khe mnh, c c quan
th y kim dch v c git m trong iu kin thc hin sn xut tt.
Tht, m trc khi a vo pha lc s c c nh trn gin treo trong kho
tr lnh di dng nguyn mnh.
Yu cu k thut
Tht, m nguyn liu phi c la chn theo ng yu cu ca TCVN 70462002 v tht ti trong sn xut thc phm.
Tht c chn l tht i hoc tht vai, c t m lin kt, tht rn chc c mu
hng, khng c tp cht v m c chn s dng l m cng vng lng.
4.1.2 Cp ng m v nguyn liu tht
Tht trc khi ch bin c cp ng.
Mc ch:
- c ch vi sinh vt c trong bn thn nguyn liu v vi sinh vt nhim
trong nguyn liu.
- m bo nhit tm sn phm, gi lnh nguyn liu gip qu trnh bo
qun c lu, n nh ngun nguyn liu.
Tht sau khi bo qun lnh hay lnh ng c u th hn tht nng ch:
-

Sau thi gian bo qun, tht t ti chn ti.

C nhng biu hin tt v mi v, tr nn mm v thm ngon.

C kh nng gi m ln hn so vi tht trong giai on co cng v d b tc

dng ca enzym tiu ho hn.

-

Gim vic tch nc v m.

Nhit nguyn liu thp, nguyn liu kh b oxy ho khi ch bin.

 M t:
Sau khi pha lc, tht, m c chn lc, loi, pha lc tinh s dn u trn
0

khay dy khng qu 7cm v c tn tr trong kho lnh -5 C, ch ch bin.

Yu cu k thut:
Tht heo, m heo c ct thnh nhng ming tht nh ri nhau, kch thc
khong 3cm 3cm 7cm thch hp cho my xay th.
0
Nhit kho tr lnh khong -5 C, nguyn liu c duy tr nhit ny
0

trong vng 14-20 gi h nhit ca ming tht ct c xung khong t -2 C

0

n -1 C trc khi a vo ch bin.

4.1.3. Xay th
Mc ch: qu trnh xay th nhm lm gim kch thc ca khi tht lnh ng
to iu kin cho qu trnh xay nhuyn, phi trn v sau trn my cutter.
Cc bin i xy ra:
Qu trnh xay th ch yu xy ra qu trnh bin i vt l ct t m lin kt
lm gim kch thc khi tht, gia tng nhit ca khi tht do ma st.
Thit b dng d xay th l my mincer.
M t
Sau khi tr lnh tht v m t n nhit thch hp, tht v m c cho
vo my xay th.
Yu cu k thut
0
Nhit tht trc khi thc hin cng on xay th khong t -1 n -1,5 C.
Tht v m c xay th ring qua li vi ng knh l 3mm.
0

Nhit ca tht v m sau khi xay th khong 10 C l ph hp thc hin

cng on to nh tng.

4.1.4 Cng on to nh tng xc xch

Mc ch: To nn mt h nh tng bn ca tt c cc thnh phn vt cht c
trong xc xch: nguyn liu (tht nc, m heo, da heo) gia v, ph gia, to nn mt
h ng nht.
M t
- Cho tht vo chy vi tc (100-200 vng/pht) sau tng ln 1500- 3000
vng /pht
- Tip tc cho hn hp gia v gm mui nitrit, polyphophate, bt ti, cho 1/3
lng nc vo nhm khng ch s tng nhit lm hn hp khng b c c
cc thnh phn trong hn hp trn u vi nhau.
0

- Trong giai on ny gi nhit tht duy tr 12 C v khng ch qu trnh xay

nhuyn khng qu 15 pht.
-

Qu trnh ny nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh sau ny. Nu nh qu

trnh xay nhuyn khng c tt, nguyn liu khng t nhuyn th rt kh cho
qu trnh nhi nh hnh sau ny. ng thi, nu khng xay nhuyn nguyn liu, h
nh tng to thnh khng bn th s nh hng n kh nng to gel ca protein
khi b bin tnh, lm cho sn phm cng khng u, lm gim gi tr cm quan ca
sn phm.
Qu trnh bin i.
- Cu trc v trng thi tht b bin i
- Mu sc ca tht b bin i do c cha nhiu myoglobin trong nhn hem c
2+

3+

cha st. Nu c tc nhn O2 th n chuyn Fe thnh Fe

th mu ca tht tr

nn ti sm (mu ca Met Mb)

- Mui nitrat v nitrit s dng trong ch bin dng gi mu cho tht.
-

Nitrat (NO 3)
NO

Nitrit (NO2 )
VK kh + pH

HNO2
0

NOM (Nitrozo Mysoglobin)

T,

tbq

Globin + Nitrozo hem

30

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

- Hn hp t dng ht chuyn thnh dng paste, cu trc sn phm tr nn mn

hn.
- S gia tng nhit trong sn phm xy ra do qu trnh sinh nhit gia cho ct
v nguyn liu.
- Qu trnh nh ho din ra to kt dnh tt, do lng protein ca tht v
bt lin kt vi m nguyn liu cho nn qu trnh to nh tt.
- S ho tan gia v vo trong khi gel do polyphosphat c tnh gi nc trong
cu trc ca ht m v lm cho sn phm sau ny mn hn.
- S bin tnh protein c ci thin tnh cht khi cho mui n vo.
- Khi lng nguyn liu tng ln do: c s khuch tn nc t bn trong
nguyn liu ra ngoi v mui t bn ngoi vo bn trong nguyn liu
- c ch vi sinh vt v mui c kh nng lm gim hot tnh ca nc v gim
t l oxy ha tan trong mi trng.
Yu cu k thut
Giai on 1: cho my chy tc chm (tc dao 300-500 vng/pht)
Giai on 2: cho my chy vi tc nhanh (tc dao 2500-2800
vng/pht)
0

Nhit khi nh tng phi t nh hn 12 C trc khi c nh hnh.

Khi nh tng phi ng nht, dai, mn.
4.1.5. nh hnh
M t
Cng on ny c thc hin bng my nhi xc xch c bi kh bng chn
khng. Lc ny, hn hp nh tng c bi kh trong khoang chn khng ca
my, v sau c nhi vo v bc. V bc c lm bng cellulose c ng
knh 21- 24mm. Trng lng v kch thc ca cy xc xch c ci t sn v
thc hin nh c ch xon vn ca my. Kt thc cng on ny, cc dy xc xch
c g ln xe y.

31

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

Yu cu k thut:
Cc cy xc xch sau khi nh hnh phi c trng lng v kch thc u
nhau.
Xc xch c cu trc cht, v bc khng b nhn, v, bn trong khng xut
hin bt kh.
Khong cch gia cc cy xc xch phi m bo to iu kin cho khi bm
vo.
4.1.6. Xng khi thanh trng
M t:
Cng on ny c thc hin ti my xng khi- thanh trng bao gm 3 giai
on: lm ro- xng khi- thanh trng.
Lm ro nhm to m thch hp trn b mt xc xch m bo cc cu
phn khi c thm u.
Xng khi ch yu to mi v c trng cho sn phm. Khi c cung cp
nh vo qu trnh t mn ca trong iu kin thiu khng kh.
Thanh trng nhm n nh kt cu thnh phm v c ch s pht trin ca cc
vi sinh vt, gp phn ko di thi gian s dng sn phm.
Cc thng s x l xc xch bn thnh phm c ci t sn trong my c
trnh by trong bng 4.1
Bng 4. 1 Cc thng s nh mc x l xc xch bn thnh phm
Thng s
Giai on

Nhit
0

bung xng khi ( C)

Thi gian (pht)

m bung
xng khi (%)

Lm ro

70

20

35

Xng khi

60

20 - 40

30

Thanh trng

75

20

100

32

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

4.1.7. Lm lnh
Kt thc qu trnh xng khi- thanh trng, cc cy xc xch c ra bng
0

nc m c nhit khong 60 C (thc t khong t 50 C n 70 C) nhm lm

0

sch b mt sn phm. Xc xch c chuyn vo phng lm lnh nhit 2 C

trong thi gian 60 pht (trn thc t 13 gi) trc khi ng gi thnh phm. Nhm
to iu kin thun li cho cng on ng gi v lm lnh sau ny.
4.1.8 ng gi
M t: Xc xch c phn loi v ng gi bng bao PA khng mu bng
my ht cht khng.
Yu cu k thut
Sn phm sau khi ng gi phi kn, cy ng u.
0

Dng c ng gi (mm, ko,..) phi c ra bng nc nng (50-70 C)

Thao tc ng gi phi nhanh gn.
Cng nhn ng gi phi thng xuyn ra tay, xt cn nhm m bo v
sinh.
4.1.9. Thnh phm v bo qun
M t
Sau khi ng gi, sn phm c bo qun trong kho lnh, ch c vn
chuyn n ni tiu th. Thnh phm c sp xp gn gng trong kho lnh theo
nguyn tc vo trc ra trc to iu kin thun li cho thao tc lun chuyn,
gp phn m bo vic kim sot thi hn s dng ca sn phm.
Yu cu k thut
0

Nhit trong kho bo qun khong 0- 5 C

Hi lnh phi phn b u trong kho.
4.1.10. Tiu chun kim tra cht lng sn phm
Cc ch tiu cm quan

33

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

- B mt ngoi: rn n hi, mt ct mn chc, khng b nhn.

- Mu tht hng, khng c l hng bn trong, khng b tch lp.
- Mi v c trng, khng c v chua, v l.
- Hnh tr trn thng, khng b cong.
- Trng lng nm trong khong cho php.

Ch tiu l ha
Bng 4.2 Ch tiu ha sinh ca sn phm xc xch xng khi
Ch tiu

Yu cu

nh lng NH3

<40mg/100g

nh tnh H2S

m tnh

Hm lng protid

10%

Ch tiu vi sinh
Bng 4.3 Ch tiu vi sinh ca xc xch xng khi
Ch tiu

Yu cu

Ecoli

Khng c

Salmonella

Khng c

Coliform

Khng c

Clostridium botilinum

Khng c

Vi sinh vt a nhit

Khng c

Vi sinh vt k kh H2S

Khng c

4.2. KHO ST HIN TRNG CNG TC QUN L V SINH AN TON

THC PHM V V SINH SN XUT TI X NGHIP.
4.2.1. Kt qu kho st hin trng v sinh trong sn xut
4.2.1.1. V sinh an ton thc phm
- Nguyn liu trc khi a vo kho lnh c ra sch

34

GVHD: TS. TRN VN CHNH

- Nc s dng cho ch bin v v sinh b mt tip xc c ly t nh my

cung cp nc.
- Nc s dng nc dng trong sn xut ca nh my, dng c cha
nc c v sinh sch s mi ngy. Thit b lm c v sinh ng quy
nh.
- Nng gia v, cht ph gia s dng c KCS kim tra trc khi a vo
ch bin
- Sau mi t xut kho u c lu mu ti phng lu mu theo di s
bin i cht lng nu c, kp thi ngn chn vic ng tic xy ra.
4.2.1.2. V sinh nh xng
- Xng ch bin xa cch ni git m v c xy dng trn nn mng cao
c h thng thot nc ch ng, khng ng nc trn nn xng.
-

Sau mi ca hot ng sn xut ch bin, sn, trn, tngu c v

sinh sch s bng nc my sch v dng x phng i vi nhng ni qu bn.

- B tr li i ring cho tng khu ring bit, ngn nga s nhim cho.
- Cc ca c mn chn trnh cn trng xm nhp.
4.2.1.3 V sinh my mc
- Tt c cc dng c trong ch bin thng xuyn c lm v sinh hng
ngy.
- Sau mi ca sn xut, my mc c lm sch bng vi nc, cc b phn
ca my c tho ri lm v sinh sch s.
- Dng ha cht chlorin 1% v sinh nh k, tun/ln khu ch bin, git
m, pha lc, kho cht ty ra c b y t chp nhn.
4.2.1.4. V sinh dng c ch bin
- Dng c sn xut ring cho tng khu.
- Sau mi ca sn xut, dng c c b mt tip xc trc tip vi nguyn liu
u c v sinh sch s bng nc sch.

- Khun bng inox, r nha c v sinh sch s, ngm trong nc nng (500

60 C) ra bng x phng sau lm sch bng nc sch sau khi sn xut xong
mi loi sn phm.
- Sp xp c gn gng, ngn np ng ni quy nh.
4.2.1.5. V sinh c nhn
- Cng nhn c trang b bo h lao ng, eo bao tay khi tip xc vi tht.
- C bn ra tay, nhng ng trc khi vo khu vc sn
- Trc khi vo sn xut cng nhn ra tay theo quy nh, i vi cng nhn
khu bn thnh phm phi xt cn ty trng.
- Cng nhn lm vic nghim tc v thc hin v sinh c nhn ng quy
nh.
Nhn chung, cng nhn thc hin ng theo quy nh, mt s cng an do
nh hng n thao tc nn mt s t cng nhn cn cha eo bao tay.
4.2.2. Tnh hnh x l cht thi
x l cc cht thi rn nh tht m vn, lng cn st, huyt ri vi do cn
trong quy tht, thc n cn tn trong ng rut, mt t phn thi ra trong qu
trnh tn tr v git m v cht thi lng ch yu l lng nc xt ra quy tht
khi git m, v sinh khu vc git m, nc ra chung. X nghip nng cp h
thng x l cht thi vo thng 11/2005 v S Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng cng
nhn nc thi ra t x nghip c tiu chun loi B do Ph Gim c S Ti
Nguyn v Mi Trng k.
3

H thng x l nc thi c cng sut x l 20m / gi vi quy trnh cng

ngh nh sau:
Nc thi Thu gom tp trung B iu ha Thit b tuyn ni B phn ng
nhanh B phn ng chm B lng B lc Kh trng Ngun tip nhn.

Nc thi sau x l t tiu chun nc thi cng nghip TCVN 5945: 1995,
thi vo khu vc nc loi B (bng 4.4)
i vi bn sinh ra t qu trnh x l B cha bn Thu gom
Bng 4.4: Tiu chun nc thi loi B
TCVN
STT

Tn ch tiu

n v

Kt qu

5945-2005
(loi B)

pH

3,9

5,5-9

COD

mgO2/lt

230

80

BOD

mgO2/lt

50

50

SS

mg/lt

65

100

Tng N

mg/lt

15

30

Coliform

MPN/100ml

1,1 x 10

mu

5000

493

4.3. XC NH MC HAO HT BN THNH PHM, THNH PHM

XC XCH HEO XNG KHI TI MT S CNG ON SN XUT
4.3.1. Trng lng dy xc xch v t l hao ht
Trong thc t sn xut sn phm xc xch heo xng khi ti X nghip ch
bin thc phm Nam Phong, trung bnh mt dy xc xch thng c khong 100 120 cy. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thc tp, chng ti ngh x nghip gip
lm ring cho mi kho st ln nhi mt dy khong 29- 30 cy, tin vic theo
di s liu kho st. Kt qu c trnh by qua bng 4.5

37

Bng 4.5 Kt qu theo di trng lng v t l hao ht ca cc dy xc xch heo xng khi

t kho st

II

III

Tng cng

Tham s
thng k

Trng lng
sau khi nhi
(g)

Trng lng
sau khi nu
(g)

T l hao ht
sau khi nu
(%)

Trng lng
sau khi lm
lnh (g)

n (dy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (dy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (dy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (dy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)

6
1256,70
22,70
1,81
6
1255,80
14,60
1,16
6
1200,80
20,40
1,69
18
1237,80
32,50
2,60

6
1134,20
43,20
3,81
6
1104,20
15,60
1,40
6
1052,50
10,80
1,02
18
1096,90
43,10
3,90

6
9,76
2,36
0,02
6
12,01
0,92
7,70
6
12,34
1,04
8,40
18
11,39
1,91
16,70

6
1085,00
41,80
3,85
6
1052,50
19,20
1,82
6
999,17
13,57
1,35
18
1040,90
41,40
3,90

T l hao ht
sau khi lm
lnh so vi
sau khi nu
(%)
6
4,33
0,73
0,02
6
4,68
1,13
24,1
6
5,06
1,29
25,50
18
4,69
1,05
22,50

T l hao ht
sau khi lm
lnh so vi
sau khi nhi
(%)
6
13,68
2,22
0,02
6
16,19
0,77
4,76
6
16,77
1,58
9,40
18
15,55
2,07
13,20

38

Chng ti nhn thy trng lng ca dy xc xch (30 cy) sau khi nhi tnh
trung bnh chung 3 t kho st l 1237,80 32,50g, cao nht t I l
1256,70 22,70 g v thp nht t III l 1200,80 20,40g. Nh vy, ngay sau khi
nhi, trng lng xc xch cc dy mi t cng nh gia cc t tuy khng
nhiu nhng c s bin ng nh. iu ny c th mt phn do qu trnh thao
tc ca cng nhn v mt phn do s cha chnh xc ca dng c cn.
Tng t, kt qu trng lng xc xch sau khi nu cng bin ng t l thun
vi trng lng xc xch sau khi nhi, tnh trung bnh chung 3 t kho st l
1096,90 43,10g, cao nht t I l 1134,20 43,20g v thp nht t III l
1052,50 10,80g, do t l hao ht sau khi nu trung bnh chung l
11,39 1,91%, cao nht t III l 12,34 1,04% v thp nht t I l
9,76 2,36%. Nguyn nhn l do s thot hi nc lm chn bn thnh phm trong
qu trnh nu.
ng thi kt qu trng lng xc xch sau khi lm lnh cng bin ng t l
thun vi trng lng xc xch sau khi nu, tnh trung bnh chung 3 t kho st l
1040,90 41,40g, cao nht t I l 1085,00 41,80g v thp nht t III l
999,17 13,57g , do t l hao ht sau khi lm lnh trung bnh chung 3 t kho
st l 4,69 1,05%, cao nht t III l 5,06 1,29% v thp nht t I l
4,33 0,73%. iu ny l do trong thi gian lm lnh, kt cu sn phm tip tc b
co rt lm gim thm trng lng ca xc xch. V t l hao ht sau khi lm lnh so
vi sau khi nhi tnh chung cho 3 t kho st l 15,55 2,07%. Tuy nhin, s hao
ht ny nm trong gii hn quy nh sn xut ca sn phm ny ti x nghip.
4.3.2. Trng lng cy xc xch sau khi nhi
Kt qu kho st c trnh by qua bng 4.6

39

Bng 4.6 Kt qu kho st trng lng cc cy xc xch sau khi nhi

TSTK

n (cy)

X (g)

SD (g)

CV (%)

10

40,50

1,58

3,90

II

10

42,50

3,54

8,30

III

10

44,50

2,84

6,30

Tng cng

30

42,50

3,15

7,40

t kho st

Chng ti nhn thy trng lng ca cy xc xch sau khi nhi thc t tnh
chung 3 t kho st l 42,5 3,15g, nng nht t III (44,50 2,48g) v thp
nht t I (40,50 1,58g). Trong khi , thng s ci t trn my l 60g. Nh
vy, s chnh lch ny l nhiu, nguyn nhn c th do chng trnh ci t ca
my b li cho kt qu trng lng cy xc xch thc t ch t 70,83% trng
lng so vi trng lng ci t, iu ny gy kh khn cho ngi mi vn hnh
my. V vy, m bo s chnh xc hn trng vic m bo xc xch heo xng
khi ny ng trng lng qui nh, chng ti ngh xem xt li tnh trng my
c s iu chnh ph hp.
4.3.3. Trng lng cy xc xch v t l hao ht
Kt qu c trnh by qua bng 4.7

40

Bng 4.7 Kt qu trng lng v t l hao ht ca cc cy xc xch

t kho st

II

III

Tng cng

Tham s
thng k

Trng lng sau

khi nu (g)

Trng lng
sau khi lm
lnh
(g)

n (cy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (cy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (cy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (cy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)

60
34,83
2,59
7,40
60
36,17
2,11
5,80
60
35,08
1,45
4,30
180
35,36
0,16
0,40

60
34,50
2,19
6,30
60
35,08
0,64
1,80
60
34,83
0,91
2,5
180
34,81
0,11
0,30

T l hao ht
sau khi lm
lnh so vi
sau khi nu
(%)
60
0,83
3,14
60
2,70
5,19
60
0,62
2,74
180
1,38
3,93
-

Trng lng ca cy xc xch sau khi nu tnh chung 3 t kho st l

35,36 0,16g, nng nht t II (36,17 2,11g) v thp nht t I (34,83 2,59g)
v trng lng ca cy xc xch sau khi lm lnh tnh chung 3 t kho st l
34,81 0,11g, nng nht t II (35,08 0,64g) v thp nht t I
(34,50 2,19g). Nh vy, cng c s gim nh v trng lng ca xc xch sau
khi lnh tng t nh kho st trn cc dy xc xch v t l hao ht cy xc xch
sau khi lm lnh nhiu nht t II (2,70 5,19%), t nht t III (0,62 2,74%) v
tnh chung chung 3 t kho st l 1,38 3,93 %. Nguyn nhn ca hao ht ny l do
s thot hi nc, co rt cu trc ca tng cy xc xch trong qu trnh t khi
nu n khi lm lnh.

41

Mc khc, do cc cy xc xch c cn bng cn in t c dung sai l 5g, v

vy vi trng lng mt cy xc xch sau khi nu thng nng ch c cc mc trng
lng 30g, 35 g, 40g, nn sau khi lm lnh trng lng gim i di 5g cn khng
th pht hin c nn c cy gim 5g th ghi nhn c cn di 5g xem nh
khng gim, chng hn t I chng ti tng kt c ch c 4 cy xc xch gim 5
g nh vy t l hao ht trng lng mi cy l 12,5% cn li 56 cy t l hao ht
trng lng l 0% v tng t t II c 13/60 cy gim 5g v t III ch c 3/60
cy gim 5g v qua tnh ton kt qu t l hao ht sau khi lm lnh vi dy s liu
nhiu s 0 v mt t s 12,5% nn chng ti thy lch tiu chun (SD) l rt cao
so vi gi tr trung bnh, chng hn nh t II trung bnh l 2,70% nhng lch
tiu chun ln n 5,19% . T nu tnh thm h s bin d s cho kt qu ln hn
100% nn chng ti khng tnh gi tr ca tham s thng k ny.
4.3.4. Chiu di ca cy xc xch sau khi lm lnh.
Do iu kin khch quan, chng ti khng th o c chiu di ca cy xc
xch sau khi nhi v sau khi nu kho st s co rt chiu di qua cc cng on
ch bin, m ch theo di c chiu di cy xc xch sau khi lm lnh. Kt qu
c trnh by qua bng 4.8
Bng 4.8 Chiu di cy xc xch sau khi lm lnh
TSTK

n (cy)

X (mm)

SD (mm)

CV (%)

60

109,25

6,95

0,59

II

60

112,17

5,84

5,2

III

60

109,70

4,75

4,32

Tng cng

180

110,37

6,02

5,45

t kho st

Nhn chung, chiu di trung bnh chung qua 3 t kho st ca cc cy xc

xch l 110,37 6,02 mm v c s bin ng nh, ph hp vi quy nh ca x
nghip l chiu di cy xc xch heo xng khi trung bnh 110 mm. Tuy nhin,

42

lch tiu chun kh cao (SD = 6,02mm) cho thy chiu di cc cy xc xch cng
cha c khng ng u c th do cch vn hnh ci t thng s cho my ca
cng nhn v do s thiu chnh xc ca my nhi.
4.3.5. Trng lng tnh gi xc xch heo xng khi thnh phm
Sn phm xc xch heo xng khi thnh phm ca x nghip c ng gi
theo quy cch l 200g/gi. Chng ti cng kho st mi t 30 gi tm hiu s
bin ng ca ch tiu ny. Kt qu c trnh by qua bng 4.9
Bng 4.9 Trng lng tnh gi xc xch heo xng khi thnh phm
t kho
st

II

III

Tng
cng

Trng
lng (g)
205
210
215
220
225
230
240
210
215
220
225
230
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
19525

S gi

2
5
7
7
7
1
1
4
9
7
5
5
5
5
7
3
3
5
2

6,66
15,66
23,33
23,33
23,33
3,33
3,33
13,33
30
23,33
15,66
15,66
15,66
15,66
23,33
10
19
15,66
13,33

90

100

n (gi)

X (g)

SD (g)

CV (%)

30

218,33

7,69

3,52

30

219,67

6,56

2,98

30

212,83

9,62

4,52

90

216,94

8,50

3,91

Kt qu cho thy, vi qui cch l mi gi thnh phm c 6 cy v nh mc

trng lng tnh l 200g nhng qua kho st 3 t trng lng trung bnh chung l
216,94 8,50g, nng nht t II (219,67 6,56g) v nh nht t III
(212,83 9,62g). S sai lch ny l do qu trnh nhi, nu, lm lnh trong giai on

43

nh hnh ban u, mt phn cng do nh hng t nhiu bi s kh ng nht ca

cht liu bao b, dy km but uTuy vy, x nghip cng nn lu tnh ton
nh mc nguyn vt liu cho hp l hn thnh phm cui cng tim cn vi
mc trng lng tnh qui cch 200g/gi sn phm m bo uy tn cht lng sn
phm vi khch hng tiu dng v khng qu d tha gy thit hi cho x nghip.
4.3.6. Kho st s hao ht nguyn liu t giai on nh tng n giai on
thnh phm
T khi xay nguyn liu bt tht, ph giato nh tng n khi thnh phm,
do nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan c th gy ra nhng hao ht. V l do , s
kho st tm ra s hao ht l iu cn thit. S cn nguyn liu, bn thnh phm
v thnh phm c thc hin v tnh ton sau khi tr i trng lng ca cc loi
bao b v nhn hng ha. Kt qu trnh by qua bng 4.10
Bng 4.10 S hao ht nguyn liu t giai on nh tng n giai on thnh
phm

TSKT

Nguyn

Bn thnh

liu

phm

T l hao
ht so vi
nguyn liu

T l hao

T l hao

Thnh

ht so vi

ht so vi

phm

bn thnh

nguyn

phm

liu

n (t)

X (g)

63333

58803

21,02

50009

14,89

21,01

SD (g)

5774

5658

2,18

4557

3,11

2,18

CV (%)

9,11

9,62

10,3

9,11

20,88

10,37

Chng ti nhn thy t l hao ht bn thnh phm so vi nguyn liu sau khi
xay to nh tng l 21,02%. Nguyn nhn chnh l do s co rt thot hi nc ca
nguyn liu v mt phn dnh li my xay, my nhi xc xch v t l hao ht thnh
phm so vi bn thnh phm l 14,89% l do trong qu trnh vn chuyn xc xch b

44

tho xon, hai cy xc xch gn nhau b dn chung, hoc nhng cy xc xch qu

ngn, khng ng quy cch khng th ng gi.
4.3.7. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian n s hao ht ca xc xch
trong qu trnh lm lnh.
Do iu kin sn xut, sn phm xc xch heo xng khi ti X nghip ch
bin thc phm Nam Phong thng c thi gian lm lnh kh di (13-17 gi).
Chng ti tin hnh kho st trng lng ca 6 dy xc xch theo di yu t thi
gian nh hng nh th no n s hao ht trng lng ca xc xch heo xng khi.
Kt qu c trnh by qua bng 4.11
Bng 4.11 Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian lm lnh n s hao ht
ca xc xch heo
Thi gian
lm lnh
(gi)
13

15

17

Din gii
TSTK
n (dy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (dy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)
n (dy)
X (g)
SD (g)
CV (%)

Trng
lng sau
khi nu
6
1134,20
43,20
3,80
6
1104,2
15,60
1,41
6
1052,50
10,80
1,02

Trng lng
sau khi lm
lnh
6
1085,0
41,80
3,85
6
1052,50
19,20
1,82
6
999,17
13,57
1,35

T l
hao ht (%)

6
49,17
8,61
17,50
6
51,67
12,52
24,23
6
53,33
13,66
25,61

> 0,05

Nhn chung, thi gian lm lnh cng lu cc dy xc xch cng gim trng
lng nhiu hn v t l hao ht sau khi nu cng nhiu hn. Kt qu cho thy lm
lnh 17 gi t l hao ht l nhiu nht (53,33 13,66%) v t nht khi lm lnh sau
khi nu l (49,17 8,61%). Tuy nhin, qua x l thng k, s khc bit ny cha c
ngha vi P>0,05. Vi kt qu kho st ny, ty theo tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th

45

sn phm ny m x nghip c th lm lnh t 13 gi n 17 gi m s hao ht khc

bit nhau khng ng k.
4.4 NHN XT V THU HOCH CA BN THN QUA THI GIAN
THC TP
V khoa hc:
- Qua t thc tp ti XN CBTP Nam Phong, gip ti hiu r hn v thc
tin sn xut. Gp phn cng c nhng kin thc hc.
- Vn p dng tiu chun v sinh trong sn xut lun c ch trng.
- Thng s vn hnh my mc cng sut quy m cng nghip.
- S hao ht thc t trong qu trnh sn xut.
V tc phong o c, t tng:
- Gi thi lm vic nghim tc, tun th quy nh, tc phong ng gi
nhanh nhn.
- Gn gng ngn np khi lm vic.
- Vn v sinh an ton thc phm lun t hng u.
- Lun thc trch nhim trong mi thao tc lm vic.
- Lng nghe, tip thu kin hng dn ca cn b cng nhn vin lm bi
hc cho bn thn.

46

Chng V

KT LUN V NGH

Qua qu trnh thc hin vi ti KHO ST V TM HIU NGUYN

NHN LM HAO HT SN PHM XC XCH HEO XNG KHI TRONG QU
TRNH SN XUT TI X NGHIP NAM PHONG. Chng ti tm thi rt ra
mt s kt lun v ngh sau:
5.1 KT LUN
Quy trnh sn xut c tun th cht ch theo quy nh, mi cng on u
c cc t trng, t ph, cn b k thut v cn b KCS theo di cng nhn lm
vic, gim st hot ng sn xut v kim tra cht lng sn phm.
Sn phm xc xch heo xng khi c sn xut theo n t hng v khng
ngng nng cao v cht lng.
Sau mi t xut kho u c lu mu ti phng lu mu theo di s bin
i cht lng nu c, kp thi ngn chn vic ng tic xy ra.
iu kin v sinh sn xut ca x nghip c bo m kh tt.
Mt s thng s k thut ca sn phm xc xch heo xng khi c ghi nhn
nh sau:
- Trng lng trung bnh ca mt cy xc xch ngay sau khi nhi l 42,5g
chnh lch 29,17% so vi thng s ci t trn my l 60g.
- Trng lng trung bnh ca mt dy xc xch (30 cy) trung bnh l
1237,8 32,5g v hao ht sau khi lm lnh so vi sau khi nhi l 15,55 2,067%.
- Chiu di trung bnh chung ca cc cy xc xch l 110,37mm 6,02mm,
ph hp vi quy nh ca x nghip l 110mm, tuy nhin di ca cc cy xc
xch trong mt dy c cng c mt s chnh lch nh.
- Trng lng trung bnh ca mt gi xc xch sau khi ng gi l
216,94 8,5g chnh lch kh nhiu so vi qui nh ca x nghip l 200g.
- T l hao ht thnh phm so vi bn thnh phm l 14,89%. T l hao ht
thnh phm so vi nguyn liu l 21,01%.

47

5.2 NGH
- T trng sn xut nn thng xuyn nhc nh cng nhn v vic tun th
bo h lao ng nghim ngt trong qu trnh sn xut.
- Cn b KCS cn ch theo di, gim st, nhc nh cng nhn cng nhn
lm ng theo yu cu k thut, trnh xy ra sn phm h hng.
- Cn b k thut cn kim tra k cng on nhi nh lng xc xch. Ci t
hai thng s 40g v 80g kt hp thay i cng nhn ng my nhm so snh s
chnh lch gia cc ln ci t nh lng trng lng sn phm c chnh xc.
ng thi kim tra li cc thng s my nhi, gim hao ht trong cng on
thnh phm n mc thp nht.

48

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Trn Vn Chnh Gio trnh Thng k ng dng v phng php x l s liu
trong cng ngh thc phm v sau thu hoch - Trng i hc Nng Lm TP. H
Ch Minh 2010.
[2]. Trn Vn Chng Cng ngh bo qun ch bin cc sn phm chn nui v
c Nh xut bn vn ha dn tc 2001.
[3]. ng Th Thanh Thu Gio trnh sinh ha c bn i Hc Khoa Hc T
Nhin 2002.
[4]. Nguyn c Hiu Th nghim ch bin xc xch heo vi tht heo ni v tht
heo nc gi loi thi. Thm d mc a chung ca ngi tiu dng i vi sn
phm tht ch bin ca XNCBTP Nam Phong Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc
Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh 2005.
[5]. Nguyn Th Lan nh gi qu trnh thc hin GMP, SSOP cho sn phm xc
xch tit trng ti cng ty VISSAN Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Bnh
Dng 2009.
[6]. Nguyn Th Tho Loan Bi ging Cng ngh ch bin cc sn phm ng vt
trng i hc Hng Vng TP. H Ch Minh 2010.
[7]. L Th Nga Kho st quy trnh sn xut v mt s thng s k thut ca xc
xch tit trng ti cng ty VISSAN Lun vn tt nghip trng i hc Bnh
Dng 2009.
[8]. http://sagrifood.com.vn/
[9]. http://www.ebook.edu.vn/