MC LC

CHNG I. PHN M U................................................................. 1

I.1. t vn ............................................................................... 1
I.2. Mc tiu v ni dung thc hin .............................................. 1
CHNG II. TNG QUAN V NGNH CNG NGHIP
MA NG V HIN TRNG NHIM CA NGNH NY ... 2

II.1. Tng qut quy trnh cng ngh sn xut .............................. 2

II.1.1.Thnh phn ca ma v nc ma ................................ 2
II.1.2.Ha cht lm trong v ty mu...................................... 3
II.1.3.Cng ngh sn xut ng th...................................... 4
II.1.4.Cng ngh sn xut ng tinh luyn.......................... 7
II.2.S lc hin trang ngnh sn xut ng vit nam............ 7
II.3.Nc thi ngnh cng nghp sn xut ng ..................... 8
II.3.1.Nc thi t khu p ma................................................ 8
II.3.2.Nc thi ra lc, lm mt, ra thit b v ra sn....... 9
II.3.3. Nc thi khu l hi..................................................... 9
II.3.4.c trng ca nc thi nh my ng ..................... 9
II.4. Kh nng gy nhim ngun nc ca nc thi ngnh
cng nghip ng ..................................................................... 10
CHNG III. QUY TRNH CNG NGH X L NC THI
NH MY NG .............................................................................. 12

III.1.La chn quy trnh cng ngh ............................................ 15

III.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh....................................... 15
III.3.M t cc cng trnh n v ................................................ 16
III.3.1. Song chn rc ........................................................... 16
III.3.2. H thu gom ............................................................... 16
III.3.3. B lng ct ................................................................ 16
III.3.4. B iu ha .............................................................. 16
III.3.5. B lng I .................................................................... 17
III.3.6. B UASB .................................................................. 17
III.3.7. B Aerotank .............................................................. 18
III.3.8. B lng II................................................................... 18
III.3.9. B nn bn ............................................................... 19
CHNG IV. TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V.............. 20

IV.1. Tnh b UASB ................................................................... 20

IV.2. Tnh b Aerotank ............................................................... 24
IV.3. Tnh h thu......................................................................... 40
IV.4. Tnh b iu ha ............................................................... 41
IV.5. Tnh b lng I..................................................................... 41

CHNG V. TNH TON CHI PH V KT LUN ..................... 42

V.1. Tnh ton chi ph ................................................................. 42

V.1.1. Chi ph xy dng........................................................ 42
V.1.2. Chi ph thit b............................................................ 42
V.1.3. Chi ph pht sinh ........................................................ 42
V.1.4. Chi ph tng cng....................................................... 42
V.2. Kt lun .............................................................................. 43
TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................... 44
MC LC................................................................................................ 45

CHNG I. PHN M U
I.1. T VN
Ngnh cng nghip ma ng l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip
chim v tr quan trng trong nn kinh t nc ta. Trong nm 1998, c nc
sn xut c 700.000 tn ng, p ng c nhu cu tiu dng trong nc.
Trc nm 1990, hu ht trang thit b, my mc, dy chuyn cng ngh
trong cc nh my ng u c k, lc hu, trnh v cht lng sn phm
cn thp. Trong nhng nm gn y, do s u t cng ngh v thit b hin
i, cc nh my ng khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm.
Tuy nhin nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip ma ng lun cha mt
lng ln cc cht hu c bao gm cc hp cht ca cacbon, nit, phtpho.
Cc cht ny d b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt, gy mi thi lm nhim
ngun nc tip nhn.
Phn ln cht rn l lng c trong nc thi ngnh cng nghip ng
dng v c. Khi thi ra mi trng t nhin, cc cht ny c kh nng lng v
to thnh mt lp dy y ngun nc, ph hy h sinh vt lm thc n cho
c. Lp bn lng ny cn cha cc cht hu c c th lm cn kit oxy trong
nc v to ra cc lai kh nh H2S, CO2, CH4. ngoi ra, trong nc thi cn
cha mt lng ng kh ln gy nhim ngun nc.
Chnh v tm quan trng ca cng tc bo v mi trng, ti v x l
nc thi ngnh cng nghip ma ng mang tnh thc t. ti s gp phn
a ra cc quy trnh x l chung cho loi nc thi ny, gip cc nh my c
th t x l trc khi x ra cng that chung, nhm thc hin tt nhng quy
nh v mi trng ca nh nc.
I.2. MC TIU V NI DUNG THC HIN
9
Mc tiu ca ti l thit k h thng x l nc thi nh my
sn xut ng t tiu chun loi B
9
Ni dung ca ti
Nghin cu c s l thuyt.
Thu thp cc phng n x l nc thi ngnh cng nghip ma ng.
Phn tch la chn phng n cng ngh kh thi x l nc thi nh
my ng.

CHNG II.TNG QUAN V NGNH CNG NGHIP MA

NG V HIN TRANG NHIM CA NGNH NY
II.1.TNG QUT QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT
Nguyn liu sn xut l ma.
Ma c trng vng nhit i v cn nhit i. Vic ch bin ng
phi thc hin nhanh, ngay trong ma thu hach trnh tht that sn lng
v cht lng ng. Cng nghip ch bin ng hat ng theo ma v do
lng cht thi cng ph thuc vo ma thu hach. Quy trnh cng ngh sn
xut ng gm hai giai an:sn xut ng th v sn xut ng tinh
luyn.
II.1.1. Thnh phn ca ma v nc ma
Thnh phn ca ma thay i theo vng , nhng dao ng trong khang
sau
Nc
:
69-75%
Sucrose
:
8-16%
ng kh
:
0,5-2,0%
Cht hu c
:
0,5-1,0%
(ngai tr ng)
Cht v c
:
0,2-0,6%
Hp cht Nit
:
0,5-1%
Tro(phn ln l K)
:
0,3-0,8%
Nc ma c tnh axit (pH = 4,9-5,5), c(do s hin din ca cc cht
keo nh sp protein, nha, tinh bt v silic) v c mu xanh lc. Thnh phn
ca ma nh sau:
Nc
:
75-88%
Sucrose
:
10-21%
ng kh
:
0,3-3,0%
Cht hu c
:
0,5-1,0%
(ngai tr ng)
Cht v c
:
0,2-0,6%
Hp cht Nit
:
0,5-1%
Nc ma c mu do cc nguyn nhn sau
T thn cy ma : mu do chlorophyll, anthocyanin, saccharetin v tanin
gy ra.
Do cc phn ng phn hy ha hc:
Khi cho vo nc ma lng nc vi, hoc di tc dng ca nhit ,
nc ma b i mu.
Do s phn ng ca cc cht khng ng vi nhng cht khc.
Chlorophyll thng c trong cy ma, n lm cho nc ma c mu xanh
lc. Trong nc ma, chlorophyll trng thi keo, n d dng b lai b bng
phng php lc.
4

Anthocyanin ch c trong lai ma c mu sm, n dng ha tan trong

nc. Khi thm nc vi, mu ta ca anthocyanin b chuyn sang mu xanh
lc thm. Mu ny kh b lai b bng cch kt ta vi vi( v lng vi dng
trong cng ngh sn xut ng khng ln ) hay vi H2 SO4.
Saccharetin thng c trong v cy ma. Khi thm vi, cht ny s tr
thnh mu vng c trch ly. Tuy nhin lai mu ny khng gy c, mi
trng pH <7,0 mu bin mt.
Tanin ha tan trong nc ma , c mu xanh, khi phn ng vi mui st
s bin thnh sm mu. Di tc dng ca nhit tanin b phn hy thnh
catehol, kt hp vi kim thnh protocatechuic. Khi un trong mi trng axit
phn hy thnh cc hp cht ging saccharetin.
nhit cao hn 200o C, ng sucrose v hai lai ng kh
(glucose v fructose) b caramen ha v to mu en. nhit cao hn 55o C,
ng kh b phn hy thnh cc hp cht c mu rt bn.
lai b cc tp cht trong nc ma c th p dng trong cc bin
php sau:
c :c lai bng phng php nhit v lc.
Nha v pectin, mui ca cc axt hu c, v c, cht to mu: c
lai b bng phng php x l vi vi.
II.1.2. Ha cht lm trong v ty mu
9
Vi CaCO2 :
C tc dng trung ha cc axit hu c c trong nc ma.
Phn ng vi axit phtphoric to Ca3(PO4)2.
Kt hp vi hp cht nit v pectin to kt ta.
Lm kt ta cc hp cht to mu gc chlorophyll v anthocyanin.
Tc dng vi sucrose to saccharates, glucosates.
9
Kh SO2:
Trung ha lng vi tha:
CA(OH)2 + H2SO3 = CaSO3 + H2O
Ty mu nc ma.
9
Kh CO2:
Hp ph cht to mu.
9
H3PO4:
Kt hp vi vi lm trong nc ma.
9
Ha cht ty mu:
Dng Na2S2O4:
II.1.3. Cng ngh sn xut ng th:
Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ng th t ma c trnh by trn hnh
1. u tin ngi ta p ma cy di cc trc p p lc. tn dng ht ng
c trong cy ma, ngi ta dng nc hoc nc ma phun vo b ma ma

nh ng. b ma my p cui cn cha mt lng nh ng cha ly ht,

x g v khang 40-50% nc.
Nc ma c tnh axit (pH =4,9-5,5), c, c mu xanh lc (cha 1315%cht tan, trong cht kh cha 82-85% ng saccarosa). Nc ma c
x l bng cc cht ha hc nh vi, CO2, SO2, pht pht ri c un nng
lm trong. Qu trnh x l ny c tc dng lm kt ta cc cht rn, huyn ph
v lng cc cht bn. Dung dch trong c lc qua my lc chn khng. B
lc c lai b, em thi hoc dng lm phn bn. Nc ma sau khi lc cn
cha khang 88% nc, sau c bc hi trong l nu chn khng. Hn
hp tinh th v mt c thu vo my ly tm tch ng ra khi mt r. R
ng l dung dch c nht cao, cha khang 1/3 ng kh. Sn phm ph
ca qu trnh sn xut ng gm c:
9
Bt giy, tm x p t b ma.
9
Nha, b tng t b ma.
9
Phn bn, thc n gia sc, alcohol, dm, axeton, axit citric,v
t mt ma.
Lng nc thi trong cng nghip sn xut ng th rt ln bao gm
nc ra ma cy v ngng t hi, nc ra than, nc x y l hi, nc ra
ct trao i ion, nc lm mt, nc ra sn v thit b, nc bn b lc dung
dch ng ri vi trong sn xut
Ngoi b bn c dng sn xut phn hu c, nc thi t cc cng
an trong nh my c phn thnh cc nhm sau y:
9
Nhm A: nc thi c nhim bn khng cao, ch yu c nhiu
cht l lng dng v c nn ch cn lc s b qua song chn rc v lng tip
xc lai b cht l lng, sau trn vi nc thi x l v nc ngng
t ri x ra ngun tip nhn.
9
Nhm B: nc thi c nhiu cht hu c cn c tch ring
x l.
9
Nhm C: nc ngng t t l hi, khng b nhim bn nn dng
pha long vi nc thi (A+B) qua x l v thi ra ngun tip nhn.
II.1.4. Cng ngh sn xut ng tinh luyn
Quy trnh cng ngh tinh luyn ng gm 3 giai an chnh:
9
Ra v ha tan.
9
Lm sch.
9
Kt tinh v hon tt.
a.Ra v ha tan:
9
Ra:lm sch lp phim mch bn ngoi ht ng th nng
cao tinh ca ng.
9
Ha tan:ng sau khi ly tm c ha tan vo nc thnh dung
dch nc ng nguyn cht n khu ha ch.
b.Lm trong v lm sch:

9
Lm trong: Nc ng nguyn cht c x l bng cc cht
ha hc nh vi, H3PO4 lm trong. Qu trnh x l ny c tc dng lm kt
ta cc cht rn, huyn ph v lm lng cc cht bn.
9
Lm sch:Nc ng sau khi lng trong c cho thm than
hot tnh v bt tr lc kh mu v tng cng kh nng lm trong. Nc
ng sau lc gi l sir tinh lc.
c.Kt tinh v hon tt:
Nhim v ca nu ng l tch nc t sir tinh lc v a dung dch
n trng thi bo ha, sn phm nhn c sau khi nu ng l ng non
gm tinh th ng v mt ci.
Qu trnh kt tinh ng gm c:
9
C c sir.
9
To mm tinh th.
9
Nui tinh th.
9
C c cui cng.
II.2.S LC HIN TRNG NGNH SN XUT NG
VIT NAM
Ngnh ng ca Vit Nam nhn chung kh lc hu so vi th gii.
Trc 1954, ton b min Bc khng c nh my ng no. Sau 1975, min
Nam phc hi li cc nh my ng Bnh Dng, Hip Ha, Phan Rang,
Khnh Hi, Bin Ha; xy dng mi cc nh my ng La Ng, Lam Sn,
Ty Ninh. Ngoi cc nh my ln cn c nhiu c s sn xut ng ma th
cng, th s, nng sut thp cc vng trng ma.
Thit b sn xut hu ht l c k, chp v, hay gp s c k thut v b
r r, nn khi lng nc thi rt ln. Hin nay, ch yu c 3 phng php
lm trong :bng vi, sunfit v cacbonat. Phng php dng vi hu ht cn
dng trong cc c s sn xut nh, trnh km, ch yu sn xut mt vng v
mt trm.
Cng nghip sn xut ma ng Vit Nam l ngnh gy nhim kh
ln do cng ngh lc hu, thit b r r nhiu li khng c bt c thit b x l
no, trong s cc cht nhim c bi khi l hi, bn lc, nc thi, kh thot
ra t cc thp phn ng sunfit ha v cacbonat ha. Ring b ma c dng
lm nhin liu hoc sn xut giy ba, cn mt r c ln men ch bin
cn.
Bng di y thng k mt s nh my ng ln v khi lng nc
thi ca chng:

Qung
Ngi
(a)

Bng Cc nh my ln thuc ngnh cng nghip ng min Nam

a ch
Trnh cng ngh
nh
Nc
Nng sut
mc tiu
thi
a
th/tn
KCN tn/ngy
CN
Nguyn liu
3
m
/gi
phng
ng
-Ma
11,5 tn
Qung
ng:135 Sunfit
+
-Vi ti
22 kg
350
Ngi
Ma: 1.500 ha
-Lu hynh
6 kg

Bnh
Dng

Bnh
Dng

Nh
my

ng:135 Sunfit
Ma: 1.500 ha

-Ma
-Vi ti
-Lu hynh

11,5 tn
22 kg
6 kg

350

-Ma
-Vi ti
-Lu hynh

11,5 tn
22 kg
6 kg

350

-Ma
-Vi

12 tn
7 kg

500

Hip
Ha

Long An

ng:125 Sunfit
Ma: 1.500 ha

La Ng

ng
Nai

ng:180
Ma: 2.000

Tp.HCM

ng:100

ng
Nai

ng:200

Khnh
Hi
Bin
Ha

Vi

II.3.NC THI NGNH CNG NGHIP SN XUT NG

Do c im ca cng ngh sn xut ng, ngoi cc b lng, b bn,
b lc c tch ring, nc thi c phn thnh cc nhm sau:
II.3.1. Nc thi t khu p ma
y, nc dng ngm p ng trong ma v lm mt cc trc
ca my p. Lai nc thi ny c BOD cao(do c ng tht thot) v c
cha du m.
II.3.2. Nc thi ra lc, lm mt, ra thit b v ra sn
Nc thi ra lc tuy c lu lng nh nhng gi tr BOD v cht l
lng cao.
Nc lm mt c dng vi lng ln v thng c tun hon hu
ht hoc mt phn trong quy trnh sn xut. Nc lm mt thng nhim bn
mt s cht hu c bay hi t nc ng un si trong ni nu hoc ni chn
khng. Nc chy trn t cc thp lm mt thng c gi tr BOD thp. Tuy
nhin, do ch bo dng km v iu kin vn hnh khng tt nn c lng
ng ng k tht thot trong nc lm mt. Lng nc ny s c thi i.
Nc r r v nc ra sn, ra thit b tuy c lu lng thp v c x
nh k nhng c hm lng BOD rt cao.
II.3.3. Nc thi khu l hi

Ghi
ch

X ra
rch
B
La
X ra
sng
Vm
C
ng

Nc thi khu l hi c x nh k, vi c im l cht rn l lng

cao v gi tr BOD thp, nc thi mang tnh kim.
II.3.4. c trng ca nc thi nh my ng
c trng ln nht ca nc thi nh my ng l c gi tr BOD cao
v dao ng nhiu
Bng BOD5 trong nc thi ngnh cng nghip ng
NM ng th
NM tinh ch ng
Cc loi nc thi
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Nc ra ma cy
20-30
Nc ngng t
30-40
4-21
Nc bn lc
2.900-11.000
730
Cht thi than
750-1.200
Nc ra xe cc loi
15.000-18.000
Phn ln cht rn l lng l cht v c. Nc ra ma cy ch yu cha
cc hp cht v c. Trong iu kin cng ngh bnh thng, nc lm ngui,
ra than v nc thi t cc quy trnh khc c tng cht rn l lng khng ng
k. Ch c mt phn than hot tnh b tht thot theo nc, mt t bt tr lc,
vi lc do mc nt to thnh cc si nh l lng trong nc. Nhng trong iu
kin cc thit b lc hu, b r r th hm lng cc cht rn huyn ph trong
nc thi c th tng cao.
Cc cht thi ca nh my ng lm cho nc thi c tnh axit. Trong
trng hp ngoi l, pH c th tng cao do c trn ln CaCO3 hoc nc x
ra ct resin.
Ngoi cc cht ni trn, trong nc thi nh my ng cn tht
thot lng ng kh ln, gy thit hi ng k cho nh my. Ngoi ra cn c
cc cht mu anion v cation (cht mu ca cc axit hu c, mui kim loi to
thnh) do vic x ra lin tc cc ct ty mu resin v cc cht khng ng
dng hu c (cc axit hu c), dng v c (Na2O, SiO2, P2O5, Ca, Mg v K2O).
Trong nc thi x ra cc ct resin thng c nhiu ion H+, OH-.
Da vo c tnh ca nc thi, v yu cu mc x l t ra : nc
thi phi t tiu chun x thi loi B (TCVN 5945-1995) trong quy nh
gii hn x thi ca cc cht nh sau:
Bng tng kt cht lng nc thi nh my ng
STT
Ch tiu
n v Gi tr Tiu chun (lai B)
1
pH
mg/l
7,5-8
5,5 -9
2
SS
mg/l
1250
100
3
BOD
mg/l
5000
50
4
COD
mg/l
7000
100
5
N
mg/l
16,4
60
6
P
mg/l
7,5
6
Vic qun l tt quy trnh sn xut , bo dng thit b, chng r r hoc
thay i quy trnh cng ngh, s dng cc cng ngh sch l bin php tt nht

 gii quyt cc cht nhim ngay trong khu sn xut. Ngoi ra, cn phi p
dng quy trnh x l nc thi, nhm lm gim vic thi cc cht nhim vo
ngun nc hay vo h thng thot nc chung ca thnh ph.
Theo tin trn bo Tui Tr, s ra ngy 23/2/1999, Nh my ng Sc
Trng phi hp vi Trung Tm Cng Ngh Khoa Hc v Mi Trng Quc
Gia va th nghim thnh cng v a vo sn xut loi phn hu c vi sinh t
b bn. y cng l mt bin php gii quyt cht thi nhim ca Nh my
ng rt hiu qu, vi gi thnh phn bn lt l 1.000/kg, v phn bn thc
l 1.300/kg.
II.4. KH NNG GY NHIM NGUN NC CA NC
THI NGNH CNG NGHIP NG
Hin nay, phn ln cc nh my ng v nhiu t hp sn xut t nhn
cha c h thng x l nc thi. Vi lu lng ln, hm lng cht hu c v
cht dinh dng cao, nc thi nh my ng v ang lm nhim cc
ngun tip nhn.
9
ng c trong nc thi ch yu l ng sucroza v cc loi
ng kh nh glocose v fructoze, trong :
9
Fructoze, C6H12O6 tan trong nc
9
Sucroze, C12H22O11 l sn phm thy phn ca Fructose v
Glucose, tan trong nc .
Cc loi ng ny d phn hy trong nc. Chng c kh nng gy
kit oxy trong nc, lm nh hng n hot ng ca qun th vi sinh vt
nc.
Trong qu trnh cng ngh sn xut ng, nhit cao hn 550C cc
loi ng glucose v fructoze b phn hy thnh cc hp cht c mu rt bn.
nhit cao hn 2000C, chng chuyn thnh caramen(C12H18O9)n. y l
dng bt chy hoc tan vo nc, c mu nu sm, v ng. Phn ln cc sn
phm phn hy ca ng kh c phn t lng ln nn kh thm qua mng vi
sinh. chuyn ha chng, vi sinh phi phn r chng thnh nhiu mnh nh
c th thm vo t bo. Qu trnh phn hy cc sn phm ng kh i hi
thi gian phn hy di hn, nn s nh hng n qu trnh t lm sch trong
ngun tip nhn. Cc cht l lng c trong nc thi cn c kh nng lng
xung y ngun nc. Qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht ny s lm cho
nc c mu en v c mi H2S.
Ngoi ra, nc thi nh my ng cn c nhit cao, lm c ch hot
ng ca vi sinh vt nc. Trong nc thi c cha cc sn phm ca lu
hunh v i khi c ln du m ca khu p ma. Ngy 26/11/1998, Chng
trnh cng ngh v mi trng i truyn hnh tnh Bnh Dng c bo ng
v tnh hnh nhim nc thi do nh my ng Bnh Dng gy ra trn
Rch B La, thuc phng Ph Th, th x Th Du Mt. Vi khi lng ln
nc thi cha x l c thi ra hng ngy, Rch B La khng kh nng
t lm sch v hu qu l trong khu vc ln cn im x, thc vt nc khng
pht trin c, mt s loi thy sinh b cht. Bin php hu hiu nht l qun
l tt quy trnh sn xut nhm hn ch ti lng cc cht nhim c a vo

10

nc. Ngoi ra, cn phi x l nc thi nh my ng gp phn bo v

mi trng.

11

CHNG III. QUY TRNH CNG NGH X L NC THI

NH MY NG
Theo cc ti liu nghin cu, cht lng v lu lng nc thi tng
hp ca nh my ng thay i nhiu trong ngy. Trong cht nhim hu
c ng vai tr ch yu. Do thnh phn nc thi ca nhiu cng an trong
nh my ng rt khc nhau nn dy chuyn cng ngh x l c ngh
trong cc ti liu tham kho l:

III.1.La chn quy trnh cng ngh

Mt cch tng qut, th c 2 phng n trn u l nhng m hnh x l
nc thi ang c p dng rng ri ti Vit Nam. Hai phng n u c th
vn hnh d dng trong iu kin nc ta. i vi dy chuyn x l nc thi
s dng b aerotank th ta ch n liu lng bn, lu lng kh phi iu
chnh ngay khi cn thit. Cn i vi dy chuyn x l s dng biofil th ta ch
n kh nng x l ca lp vt kiu lc, vic qun l phi bao gm c vc v
sinh v thay th lp vt liu lc nu cn.
Trong phng n 1 vc xy dng sn phi bn i hi phi cn din
tch ln hn l u t my nn bn.
Din tch xy dng ca aerotank cng tng i nh hn din tch xy
dng biofil ca phng n 1
V vy, nu xt v phng din mt bng cn thit xy dng h thng
x l nc thi th phng n 2 kh thi hn so vi phng n 1.

III.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:

Nc thi sn xut c dn theo ng thot nc ring ra h thng x
l nc thi. Dng thi sau khi qua song chn rc (SCR) u mi cng thu
chy qua b lng ct c t m su di t, y s gi li ct v cc cht
rn l lng c kch thc ln. Phn rc thi thu c c th dng sn xut
giy, phn bn
Nc thi sau khi lng ct s t chy qua hm tip nhn. Tip theo, nc
thi c bm qua b iu ha, trc khi qua b iu ha nc thi c bm
qua trng lc, lu lng nc thi ra s c iu ha n nh. Ti y nc
thi c thi kh lm thong s b v phn b cht bn ng u khp b.
Sau tip tc bm nc thi qua b lng 1 loi b 1 phn BOD5,
COD v SS. Tip tc, nc thi t chy qua b k kh kiu m bn chy
ngc UASB x l s b nh p lc thy tnh, v nc thi ma ng c
c trng l COD u vo rt ln 7.000 mg/l. Sau khi x l ym kh, u ra b
UASB l kh sinh hc c thu gi li lm biogas, phn nc c gim bt
ti lng cht hu c t chy qua aerotank x l hiu kh. Ti y xy ra qu
trnh x l sinh hc, kh c thi vo b bng cc a phn phi kh nhm tng
cng s xo trn cht bn v oxi trong khng kh ng thi gi cho bn
trng thi l lng .
Sau thi gian lu, nc t aerotank t chy qua b lng 2 lng bn
.Tip theo, nc trong t mng thu nc aerotank t chy qua b tip xc, kh
trng bng Clo vi d lng l 0,5 mg/l, sau 30 pht chy ra cng thu nc v
chy vo mng li thot nc chung ca thnh ph .
12

Bn t b lng c a vo b cha bn sau khi n nh bn c bm

tun hon 1 phn vo b aerotank, phn cn li bm qua b nn bn trng lc
sau bm qua my p bn bng ti, bn sau khi ra khi my p bn bng ti
to thnh banh bn c bn rung, trng cy hoc chn lp hp v sinh .

III.3.M t cc cng trnh n v:

III.3.1.Song chn rc
tch b ma trong nc thi ngi ta dng song chn rc. Hiu sut
ca qu trnh tch cht rn bng phng php ny ph thuc vo cc yu t
sau:
c tnh c hc ca song, li: kch thc mt sn, khong cch gia
cc thanh chn, lu lng dng chy v iu kin dng chy.
Tnh cht nc thi :nng cht rn, kch thc ca b ma cn
tch,
i vi nc thi nh my ng, c th dng song chn rc vi cc
thanh an xp cnh nhau trn mng dn nc trc hm bm v co rc th
cng. Rc thu c c th thu hi cng vi b ma ti khu p ma ch bin
thng cc sn phm ph nh lm bt giy, lm cht n trong sn xut vt liu
xy dng.
9 u im:
o
n gin, r tin, d lp t.
o
Gi li tt c cc tp vt ln.
9 Nhc im:
o
Khng x l, ch gi li tm thi cc tp vt ln.
o
Lm tng tr lc h thng theo thi gian.
o
Phi x l rc th cp
III.3.2.H thu gom
Thu gom nc thi t cc dy chuyn sn xut v nc thi sinh hot
ca nh my. Gip cho h thng x l nc hot ng n nh v hiu qua
III.3.3.B lng ct
Loi b ct v nhng mnh vn v c kh phn hy trong nc thi. Ct
sau c em qua sn phi ct.
III.3.4.B iu ha (iu ha lu lng v cht lng)
t sau b lng ct v trc b lng 1.
Do lu lng, thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi ca nh my ng ty
thuc vo dy chuyn sn xut nn thng dao ng nhiu trong mt ngy
m. n nh ch dng chy cng nh cht lng nc u vo cho cc
cng trnh x l pha sau, cn thit phi c mt b iu ha lu lng v nng
. Dung tch b c chn theo thi gian iu ha, da vo biu thay i
lu lng, nng nc thi v yu cu mc iu ha nng nc thi.
Trong b phi c h thng thit b khuy trn m bo ha tan v san
u nng cc cht bn trong tan th tch ( loi tr cc c sc v cht

13

lng cho cc cng trnh x l sinh hc pha sau v khng cho cn lng trong
b.
III.3.5.B lng 1
Loi b 1 phn SS v cht hu c to iu kin thun li cho vic x l
sinh hc cng trnh sau.
III.3.6.B UASB
- UASB l b x l sinh hc k kh dng chy ngc qua lp bn, pht
trin mnh H Lan. X l bng phng php k kh l phng php c ng
dng x l cc loi cht thi c hm lng hu c tng i cao, kh nng
phn hy sinh hc tt, nhu cu nng lng thp v sn sinh nng lng mi.
- V qu trnh phn hy k kh di tc dng ca bn hot tnh l qu
trnh sinh hc phc tp trong mi trng khng c oxi, nn bn nui cy ban
u phi c hot tnh methane. hot tnh methane cng cao th thi gian
khi ng (thi gian vn hnh ban u t n ti trng thit k) cng ngn.
Bn hot tnh dng cho b UASB nn ly bn ht hoc bn ly t mt b x l
k kh l tt nht, c th s dng bn cha nhiu cht hu c nh bn t b t
hoi, phn gia sc hoc phn chung.
- Nng bn nui cy ban u cho b UASB ti thiu l 10Kg VSS/
m3. Lng bn cho vo b khng nn nhiu hn 60% th tch b.
- Trc khi vn hnh b UASB cn phi xem xt thnh phn tnh cht
nc thi cn x l c th nh hm lng cht hu c, kh nng phn hy sinh
hc ca nc thi, tnh m, hm lng cht dinh dng, hm lng cn l
lng, cc hp cht c, nhit nc thi
- Khi COD nh hn 100 mg/L, x l nc thi bng UASB khng thch
hp. Khi COD ln hn 50.000 mg/L, cn pha long nc thi hoc tun hon
nc u ra.
- UASB khng thch hp i vi nc thi c hm lng SS ln. Khi
nng cn l lng ln hn 3.000 mg/L, cn ny kh c th phn hy sinh hc
c trong thi gian lu nc ngn v s tch ly dn trong b, gy tr ngi
cho qu trnh phn hy nc thi. Tuy nhin, nu lng cn ny b cun tri ra
khi b th khng c tr ngi g. Cn l lng s lu li trong b hay khng ty
thuc vo kch thc ht cn v ht bn nui cy. Khi kch thc ca hai loi
cn ny gn nh nhau, cn l lng s tch li trong b. Khi s dng bn ht, cn
l lng s d dng b cun tri ra khi b. i khi, lng cn l lng ny c th
b phn hy trong b. Lc , cn bit tc phn hy ca chng tnh thi
gian lu cn trong b.
- UASB khng thch hp vi nc thi c hm lng amonia ln hn
2.000 mg/L hoc nc thi c hm lng sunphate vt qu 500 mg/L ( t s
COD/SO42- < = 5). Bn thn sunphate khng gy c nhng do vi khun kh
sunphate d dng chuyn ha SO42- thnh H2S. Khi hm lng SO42- khng qu
cao (hoc t s COD/SO42- khng vt qu 10), s khng nh hng n qu
trnh phn hy k kh.
- Da vo cc yu t trn c th khng nh s dng UASB cho cng
ngh s l nc thi ma ng l hp l.
14

III.3.7.B aerotank
Ty thuc vo loi cht nhim c th s dng b aerotank vi cc vi
sinh vt c nui cy trong bn hot tnh oxy ha cht hu c trong iu
kin nhn to. M hnh ny c thc hin bng cch cung cp oxy cho vi sinh
vt sinh trng v pht trin qua vic tiu th cht hu c .
Bn hot tnh l loi bn xp cha nhiu vi sinh vt c kh nng oxy
ha v khong ha cht hu c cha trong nc thi. gi cho bn hot tnh
trng thi l lng v m bo oxy cho vi sinh vt s dng trong qu trnh
phn hy cht hu c phi lun cung cp y khng kh cho b aerotank
hot ng. Sau b aerotank nc thi vo b lng t 2 tch bn hot tnh.
y, mt phn bn lng c a tr li b aerotank to mm vi sinh vt
trong b, phn khc a ti b nn bn.
Khi lng bn tun hon v lng khng kh cn cung cp ph thuc
vo mc yu cu x l ca nc thi.
Hiu qu x l BOD5 =90-95%.
Vic la chn cng ngh x l ty theo thnh phn tnh cht nc thi,
chi ph u t qun l v din tch mt bng khu x l .
III.3.8.B lng II
t sau aerotank , nhim v lm trong nc phn trn x ra ngun
tip nhn , c c bn hot tnh n nng nht nh phn di ca b
tun hon li aerotank.
Thng c dng trn ( b lng ng ,b radial ) , dng hnh ch nht (
b lng ngang ).B lng ngang , ch nht thng c hiu qu lng thp hn b
lng trn v cn lng tch ly cc gc b thng b my gt cn khuy ng
tri theo dng nc vo mng thu nc ra .
III.3.9.B nn bn
Thu gom cn cha n nh t b lng 1, b lng 2 v cn n nh t
aerotank nhm lm gim bt m .

15

CHNG IV.TNH TON CC CNG TRNH DN V:

Gi s sau khi qua cc cng trnh: song chn rc, b lng ct, b
iu ha, b lng 1 hm lng cc cht nhim gim nh sau:
BOD5 gim 45%(ban u l 5.000mg/l)
COD gim 43% (ban u l7.000mg/l)
SS
gim 80% (ban u l 1.250mg/l)
Do cc thng s tnh ton cc cng trnh nh trnh by sau
y
IV.1.Tnh b UASB
Tnh ton:
Cc thng s u vo:
9
pH= 6,67,6
9
Lu lng Q=800m3/ng
9
BOD5=2.750mg/l
9
COD=4.000mg/l
9
SS= 250mg/l
9
Trong nc thi c y cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho
s pht trin ca VSV.
Cc thng s u ra
9
pH = 6,57,6
9
BOD5=500mg/l
9
COD=700mg/l
9
SS=100mg/l
Nc thi khi ra khi b s c hm lng COD nh hn hay bng
700mg/l a sang b Aerotank .
Hiu qu x l ca b UASB:
E=

CODv CODr
4000 700
100 =
100 = 82,5%
4000
CODv

Lng COD cn kh:

COD = CODv CODr = 4000 700 = 3300mg / l

Lng COD cn kh trong ngy:

G = Q COD = 800 3300 10 3 = 2640kg / ngd

Chn ti trng x l trong b UASB: L = 9kgCOD / m 3 .ngd [1]

Th tch phn x l ym kh cn thit:
V =

G 2640
=
= 293,3m 3
9
L

Chn V=293,5m3
gi cho lp bn hot tnh trng thi l lng, tc nc dng
trong b phi gi trong khong 0,60,9m/h . Chn v=0,7m/h
16

Din tch b mt cn thit ca b:

F=

800
Q
=
= 47,62m 2
v 24 0,7

Chn F=48m2
Chiu cao phn x l ym kh:
H1 =

V 293,5
=
= 6,1m chn H1=6m.
F
48

Tng chiu cao ca b:

H = H1 + H 2 + H 3

Trong :
H1: chiu cao phn x l ym kh.
H2: chiu cao vng lng. m bo khng gian an ton cho bn lng
xung pha di th chiu cao vng lng phi ln hn 1,0m [1]. Chn H2=1,1m
H3: chiu cao d tr, chn H3=0,5m
H=6+1,1+0,5=7,6m
Chn 2 n nguyn hnh vung, vy cnh mi n nguyn l:
a=

48
= 4,89m chn a=5m
2

Chiu cao H=7,5m

Th tch thc ca b:
Vt = 2 a a H = 2 5m 5m 7,6m = 380 m 3

Thi gian lu nc trong b:

T=

V
24
Q

Trong :
V = ( H 0,5) F = (7,6 0,5) 42 = 298m 3

Q = 800m3/ng
T =

298
24 = 8,94h
800

Nm trong khang cho php [4-10h][1]

Tnh ngn lng:
Trong mi n nguyn, b tr 4 tm chn kh v hai tm hng dng.
Nc thi khi i vo ngn lng s c tch kh bng cc tm tch kh
t nghing so vi phng ngang 1 gc 450600. Chn gc nghing gia tm
chn kh vi phng ngang l 600. Cc tm ny t song song nhau.
Tng chiu cao ca ton b ngn lng Hnglng (k c chiu cao vng
lng) v chiu cao d tr chim trn 30% tng chiu cao b.
Ta c:

17

(H

tg 60 0 =

+ H3

nglang

a tg 60 0 5 tg 60 0
=
= 4,4m
2
2
H nglang= 4 H 3 = 4,4 0,5 = 3,9m
H nglang+ H 3 =

Kim tra li:

(H

+ H3

nglang

) 100% = 4,4 100% = 57,89% >30%

7,6

H be

Vy chiu cao xc nh c l thch hp.

Thi gian lu nc trong ngn lng, thi gian ny phi ln hn 1h:
1 aaH
1 5 5 3,9
Vnglang
nglang
2
t=
24 = 2
24 = 2 2
24 = 2,9h
Q
Q
800

>1h. mt khc Vvnglng /tng th tch UASB=H2 /Hb =1,1/7,515% tha

Tnh ton tm chn kh:
Chn khe h gia cc tm chn kh v gia tm chn kh vi tm hng
dng l nh nhau.
Tng din tch gia cc khe h ny chim 1520% tng din tch n
nguyn. Chn Skhe=0,15Sdng

Hngla
ng

x2

b2

ta
m cha
n2

b1

y1

h1

x1

ta
m cha
n1

Hnh 4.1: tm chn kh v hng dng b UASB

Trong mi n nguyn c 4 khe h, din tch ca mi khe:
S khe =

0,15 S dng
4

0,15 (5)
=
= 0,94m 2
4
2

B rng ca khe h:
rkhe =

S khe 0,94
=
= 0,188m = 188mm
a
5

Tnh ton cc tm chn

Tm chn 1:
Chiu di: l1 = a = 5000mm
18

Chiu rng: b1 = ( H nglang H 2 ) / sin 60 = (3,9 1,1) / sin 60 = 3233mm

chn 3240
Chiu cao: y1 = b1 sin60 0 = 3233 sin60 0 = 2800mm
Tm chn 2:
Chiu di: l 2 = a = 5000mm
Chiu rng: b2 = x1 + x2

h1 = rkhe sin 90 0 60 0 = 188 sin 30 0 = 94 mm

x1 = 400mm
x2 =

(H

+ H 3 (h1 + y1 )

nglang

sin60
b2 = 400 + 1739 = 2139mm

(3900 + 500) (94 + 2800)

= 1739mm
sin60 0

chn 2140
Tnh ton tm hng dng:
Tm hng dng cng c t nghing 1 gc 60o so vi phng ngang
cch tm chn kh 188mm nh hnh v.
Tnh h thng phn phi nc:
i vi b UASB c ti trng cht bn hu c L>4kgCOD/m3.ng [1]
th t 2m2 din tch b tr ln s c b tr mt v tr phn phi nc.
Chn 3m2 cho mt v tr phn phi nc.
48
2
= 2 =8
S v tr phn phi nc trong mi n nguyn: n =
3
3
F

Tnh mng thu nc:

B tr mng thu nc kt hp vi mng rng ca t tm b v dc
theo chiu rng b. Mng thu nc c to dc dn nc thi v cui
b ri theo ng dn theo c ch t chy, chy sang aerotank .
Mng thu nc tit din hnh ch nht: d x r vi d=2r.
dc mng: i=1/200.
Lu lng vo mng: Qmng = 800m3/ng.
Ta c:
Qmang= C R i (4.8)

Trong :
= dr
= d + 2r
dr
r

R= =
=
d + 2r 2
C=

1
1
R 6
n

19

16

Qmang n
2(0,5) 3 i
2

=
2

800 0,014

( 200)

2
24 3600 2 (0,5) 3 1

r = 0,086m = 86mm

Chn kch thc mng: r =90mm

d=180mm
Thanh rng ca
Chiu cao rng ca :50mm
Di on vt nh rng ca:40mm
Chiu cao c thanh :200mm
Khe dch chuyn
Cch nhau : 450mm
B rng khe :12mm
Chiu cao:150mm

60

130

250

50

40

50

450

450

50

khe dch chuye

n

Hnh 4.2: mng rng ca

Tnh lng kh v bn sinh ra:
Tnh lng kh sinh ra trong b:
Th tch kh sinh ra i vi 1kgCOD b kh l 0,5m3 [3]
Tng th tch kh sinh ra trong mt ngy:
Vkh = 0,5 G = 0,5 800 = 1400 m

ng

Tnh lng kh CH4 sinh ra:

Th tch kh CH4 sinh ra khi 1kg COD c loi b l 0,35 m3(CH4
chim 70% tng lng kh sinh ra) [3]. Th tch kh CH4 sinh ra l:
VCH 4 = 0,7 Vkh = 0,7 1400 = 980m 3 / ng

Tnh lng bn sinh ra:

Lng bn do VSV sinh ra t 0,10,5kg/kgCOD c loi b.
Chn Mbn=0,1kg/kgCOD b loi b.
Khi lng bn sinh ra trong mt ngy:

20

M bun= 0,1 2800 = 280 kgbun

nga

Tnh ng phn phi nc vo b UASB:

ng knh cc ng c chn theo bng sau:
Tn
thng dng
ng 110
ng 140
ng 160
ng 225
ng 250
ng 280
ng 315
ng 400
ng 110
ng 140
ng 160
ng 225
ng 250
ng 280
ng 315
ng 400
Tn
thng dng

Kch thuc
danh ngha
110
140
160
225
250
280
315
400
110
140
160
225
250
280
315
400

ng knh
ngi (mm)
110
140
160
225
250
280
315
400
110
140
160
225
250
280
315
400

dy (mm)
5,3
6,7
7,7
10,8
11,9
13,4
15,0
19,1
3,2
4,1
4,7
6,6
7,3
8,2
9,2
11,7

p sut
danh ngha(1) (bar)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

Kch thc ng knh

B dy thnh ng (mm)(*)
danh ngha
ngi
PN 3,2bar PN 6bar PN 10bar PN 12,5bar

PN 16bar

20

20

20

2,3

2,3

2,8

25

25

25

2,3

2,3

2,8

3,5

32

32

32

2,3

2,9

3,6

4,4

40

40

40

2,3

3,7

4,5

5,5

50

50

50

2,9

4,6

5,6

6,9

63

63

63

2,3

3,6

5,8

7,1

8,6

75

75

75

2,3

4,3

6,8

8,4

10,3

90

90

90

2,8

5,1

8,2

10,1

12,3

110

110

110

3,4

6,3

10,0

12,3

15,1

125

125

125

3,9

7,1

11,4

14,0

17,1

140

140

140

4,3

8,0

12,7

15,7

19,2

160

160

160

4,9

9,1

14,6

17,9

21,9

Ngun :www. binhminhplastic.com

Vn tc nc chy trong ng chnh v=0,82m/s [2], chn v=1m/s.
D=

4Q
4 800
=
= 0,11m
v
1 24 3600

chn ng nha PVC c ng knh 110mm

21

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng:

v=

4Q

(D )

4 800

(0,11)2 24 3600

= 1m / s

T ng chnh chia lm 2 ng nhnh vo 2 n nguyn.

9
ng knh ng nhnh:
Vn tc nc chy trong ng nhnh v=0,82m/s [2], chn v=1m/s.
D=

4Q

2 =

4 800

2
= 0,077m
1 24 3600

chn ng nha PVC c ng knh 75mm.

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng:
4Q

4 800
2
2
v=
=
= 1,05m / s
(D )2 (0,075)2 24 3600

Trn mi ng nhnh chia lm 2 nhnh nh dn vo mi n nguyn.

9
ng knh ng nhnh:
Vn tc nc chy trong ng nhnh v=0,82m/s [2], chn v=1m/s.
D=

4Q

4 =

4 800

4
= 0,054m
1 24 3600

chn ng nha PVC c ng knh 50mm.

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng:
v=

4Q

4 800
4 =
4
= 1,18m / s tha iu kin.
2
2
(D )
(0,050 ) 24 3600

H thng ng phn phi nc vo c t cch y b 0,5m

ng dn nc thi sang aerotank :
Vn tc nc chy trong ng v=0,10,5m/s [2], chn v=0,5m/s.
D=

4Q
=
v

4 800
= 0,154m
0,5 24 3600

chn ng nha PVC c ng knh 160mm.

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng:
v=

4Q

(D )

4 800

(0,160 )2 24 3600

= 0,461m / s tha iu kin.

Tnh ton ng ng thu kh:

Chn vn tc kh chy trong ng v=10m/s.
D=

4 Vkh
4 1400
=
= 0,045m
v
10 24 3600

chn ng st trng km c ng knh 40mm.

22

Kim tra vn tc kh trong ng

v=

4 Vkh
4 1400
=
= 13 m/s tha iu kin
2
3,14 (0,04) 2 24 3600
(D )

Tnh ng thu bn:

Chn ng thu bn c ng knh 90mm c c l, dl=20mm. mi
v tr ta c l 3 mt, mi l cch nhau 20mm, mi v tr cch nhau 400mm.
Bn c x nh k t 16 thng nh p lc thy tnh ca nc trong
b. ng thu bn c t dc theo chiu di b v cch y 1m.
Ly mu:
bit c s hot ng bn trong b, dc theo chiu cao b ta t cc
van ly mu. Vi cc mu thu c cng mt van, ta c th c on lng
bn cao t van . S c on ny rt cn thit khi mun bit ti trng
thc s ca bn v thi gian lu bn hin trong b l bao nhiu, t m c s
iu chnh thch hp.
Trong iu kin n nh, ti trng ca bn gn nh khng i, do mt
bn tng ln u n. Nhng ngay trong nhng trng hp , vic ly mu
vn c ngh thc hin u n.
Khi m van, cn iu chnh sao cho bn ra t t m bo thu c
bn gn ging trong b v nu m ln qu th nc s thot ra nhiu hn.
Thng thng ly 50150 ml mu vo 2 ln cch nhau t nht 1h.
B cao 7,6m, do dc theo chiu cao b t 5 van ly mu, cc van t
cch nhau 1,m. Van di cng t cch y 0,5m.
Chn ng v van ly mu bng nha PVC cng 25.

CC THNG S THIT K B UASB L:

STT Tn thng s
n v
1
S lng
Cng trnh
2
Chiu di b
m
3
Chiu rng b
m
4
Chiu cao b
m
5
Th tch
m3
Tnh bm t b lng I n UASB :
Lu lng cn bm Q = 33,34 m3/h.
Ct p ca bm: H = Z + h (m H2O)

S liu thit k
2
5
5
7,5
187,5

Z: khong cch t mt nc b iu ho n mt nc b UASB.

h: tng tn tht ca bm, bao gm tn tht cc b, tn tht dc ng
ng, tn tht qua lp bn l lng trong b UASB.
Mt cch gn ng, chn :
oZ = 4 m H2O
o h = 7 m H2O
H = 4 + 7 = 11 m H2O

23

Cng sut yu cu trn trc bm:

N=
=

Q..g.H
1000.

(33,34 / 3600)m 3 / s 1000kg / m 3 9,81m / s 2 11m

1000 0,8

= 1,25 kW
Vy chn bm c cng sut 1,25 kW (2 HP)
IV.2.TNH TON B AEROTANK:
Tnh ton:
Cc thng s thit k
Cc thng s u vo:
9
Lu lng nc thi Q= 800m3/ngy
9
BOD5 = 500 mg/L
9
COD = 700 mg/L
9
Nhit duy tr trong b 26-280C
Cc thng s u ra:
Nc thi sau x l t tiu chun ngun loi B:
9
BOD u ra 50 mg/L
9
COD = 100 mg/L
9
Cn l lng u ra SSra 40 mg/L (thp hn tiu chun ngun
loi B) gm c 65% l cn c th phn hu sinh hc
Nc thi khi vo b Aerotank c hm lng cht rn l lng bay hi (
nng vi sinh vt ban u) X0 = 0
9
Nc thi c iu chnh sao cho BOD5 : N : P = 100 : 5 : 1
9
T s gia lng cht rn l lng bay hi (MLVSS) vi lng
cht rn l lng (MLSS) c trong nc thi l 0,8
MLVSS
= 0,8 ( tro ca bn hot tnh Z = 0,2)
MLSS

9
Nng bn hot tnh tun hon ( tnh theo cht rn l lng ) Xr
= 8500 mg/L
9
Nng cht rn l lng bay hi hay bn hot tnh (MLVSS)
c duy tr trong b Aerotank l : X = 3100 mg/L
9
Thi gian lu bn trong h thng, c = 4 ngy
9
H s chuyn i gia BOD5 v BOD20 l 0,68
9
H s phn hu ni bo, kd = 0,05 ngy-1
9
H s sn lng ti a ( t s gia t bo c to thnh vi
lng cht nn c tiu th ), Y = 0,6 Kg VSS/Kg BOD5

24

9
Loi v chc nng b : B Aerotank khuy trn hon chnh . u
im: khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b bt c phn no ca b, p
dng thch hp cho x l nc thi ma ng .
Xc nh nng BOD5 ho tan trong nc thi u ra
S lm vic ca h thng:

Q,X0, S0

B lng
II

B Aerotank

Qe, S,Xe

Qr , Xr , S
Qw , Xr
Trong :
Q , Qr, Qw , Qe : lu lng nc u vo , lu lng bn tun hon ,
lu lng bn x v lu lng nc u ra , m3/ngy
S0 , S : nng cht nn (tnh theo BOD5) u vo v nng cht
nn sau khi qua b Aerotank v b lng II , mg/L
X , Xr , Xe : nng cht rn bay hi trong b Aerotank , nng bn
tun hon v nng bn sau khi qua b lng II , mg/L
- Phng trnh cn bng vt cht:
BOD5 u ra = BOD5 ho tan i ra t b Aerotank + BOD5 cha
trong lng cn l lng u ra
Trong :
BOD5 u ra : 50 mg/L
BOD5 ho tan i ra t b Aerotank l S, mg/L
BOD5 cha trong cn l lng u ra c xc nh nh sau :
Lng cn c th phn hu sinh hc c trong cn l lng u ra :
0,65 40 = 26 mg/L
Lng oxy cn cung cp oxy ho ht lng cn c th phn hu
sinh hc l : 26 1,42 (mgO2/mg t bo) = 36,92 mg/L . Lng oxy cn cung
cp ny chnh l gi tr BOD20 ca phn ng . Qu trnh tnh ton da theo
phng trnh phn ng:
C5H7O2N + 5O2 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + Nng lng
113 mg/L 160 mg/L
1 mg/L
1,42 mg/L
Chuyn i t gi tr BOD20 sang BOD5
BOD5 = BOD20 0,68 = 36,92 0,68 = 25,11 mg/L
Vy :
25

50 (mg/L) = S + 25,11 (mg/L)

S = 24,89 mg/L
Tnh hiu qu x l
- Tnh hiu qu x l tnh theo BOD5 ho tan:
S0 S
500 24,89
100 =
100 = 95%
S0
500

E=

- Hiu qu x l ca ton b s
E0 =

500 50
100 = 90%
500

- Th tch b Aerotank
QY c ( S 0 S )
V=
X (1 + k d c )
Trong :
V: Th tch b Aerotank , m3
Q: Lu lng nc u vo Q = 800 m3/ngy
Y: H s sn lng cc i Y= 0,6
S0 S = 500 24,89 = 475,11 mg/L
X: Nng cht rn bay hi c duy tr trong b Aerotank,
X= 3100 mg/L
kd: H s phn hu ni bo, kd = 0,05 ngy-1
c: Thi gian lu bn trong h thng, c = 4 ngy
V=

800 0,6 475,11 4

= 245,2 m3
3100 (1 + 0,05 4)

Chn V = 245 m3
Thi gian lu nc trong b
=

V
245
=
x24= 7,35h
Q
800

Nm trong khong cho php [4-8h] [1]

Lng bn phi x ra mi ngy
- Tnh h s to bn t BOD5
Yobs =

1+cKd

0,6
= 0,5
1 + 4 0,05

Trong :
+ Y : h s sn lng, Y= 0,6 kg VSS/ kg BOD5
+ kd: h s phn hu ni bo, kd= 0,05 ngy-1
+ c: thi gian lu bn, c = 4 ngy.

26

- Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra do kh BOD5 (tnh theo VSS)

Px (VSS) = Yobs Q (S0 S )
= 0,5 800 475,11 10-3= 190 kgVSS/ngy
- Tng cn l lng sinh ra trong 1 ngy
Ta bit

MLVSS
MLVSS
= 0,8 MLSS =
0,8
MLSS

Px (SS) =

Px (VSS ) 190
=
= 237,5 kgSS/ngy
0,8
0,8

- Lng cn d hng ngy phi x i

Px = Px (SS) Q SSra = 237,5 800 x 40 x 10-3 =205,5 kg/ngy
- Tnh lng bn x ra hng ngy (Qw) t y b lng theo ng tun
hon bn
c =

VX
Q w X r + Qe X e

Qw =

VX Qe X e
X r c

Trong

V: Th tch b Aerotank V= 646 m3

X: Nng cht rn bay hi trong b Aerotank X = 3100 mg/L
c : Thi gian lu bn c = 4 ngy
Qe : Lu lng nc a ra ngoi t b lng t II ( lng nc thi ra
khi h thng ). Xem nh lng nc tht thot do tun hon bn l khng
ng k nn Qe = Q = 800 m3/ngy
Xe: Nng cht rn bay hi u ra ca h thng Xe=0,8 SSra = 0,8
40 = 32 mg/L
Xr :nng cht rn l lng c trong bn tun hon.
Xr =8500 x 0,8=6.8 kg/m3
Qw =

245 3,1 800 32 10 3 4

= 24,16 m3/ngy
6,8 4

Tnh h s tun hon () t phng trnh cn bng vt cht vit

cho b lng II ( xem nh lng cht hu c bay hi u ra ca h thng
l khng ng k)
Ta c:
X(Q+Qr) = X0Q + XrQr
Trong :
+ Q: Lu lng nc thi, Q = 800 m3/ngy
+ X: Nng VSS trong b Aerotank, X = 3100mg/l
+ Qr : Lu lng bn hot tnh tun hon
+ X0 : Nng VSS trong nc thi dn vo b Aerotank,
27

Xo = 0
+ Xr : Nng VSS trong bn tun hon, Xr = 6800 mg/L
X(Q + Qr) = XrQr
Vy ta c:
=

Qr
3100
X
=
=
= 0,84
Q
Xr X
6800 3100

Lu lng bn tun hon:

Qr = Q = 800 x 0,84 = 672 m3/ngy = 28 m3/gi
Tnh lng oxy cn cung cp cho b Aerotank da trn BOD20
- Lng oxy cn thit trong iu kin tiu chun
OC0 =

Q( S 0 S )
- 1,42Px(VSS)
f

Vi f l h s chuyn i gia BOD5 v BOD20 , f= 0,68

OC0 =

800 (475,11)
- 1,42 190
0,68 1000

= 558,68 kgO2/ngy

- Lng oxy thc t cn s dng cho b

OCt = OC0

mg/L

C s 20
1
1
( t 20 )
C sh Cd 1.024

Trong
Cs20 : Nng bo ho oxy trong nc nhit lm vic Cs20 = 9,08

Cd : Lng oxy ho tan cn duy tr trong b Cd = 2 mg/L

Csh :nng oxy ha tan trong nc sch 26oC , Csh=8,09mg/l
:h s iu chnh sc cng b mt theo hm lng mui. i vi nc
thi ly =1.
: h s iu chnh lng oxy ngm vo nc thi do nh hng c hm
lng cn, cht hot ng b mt, loi thit b lm thang, hnh dng v kch
thc b, c gi tr t 0,6-0,94. chn =0,7.
OCt =558,68x

9,08
1
1
= 1032,13 kgO2/ngy
( 26 20 )
1 8,09 2 1,024
0,7

lng khng kh/m3 nc thi =1032,13/800=1,29kg O2/ m3 nc thi

Kim tra t s F/M v ti trng th tch ca b :
Ch s F/M
S0
F
=
M
X

Trong :
+ S0: BOD5 u vo, S0 =500 mg/L
+ X: Hm lng SS trong b, X = 3100

28

+ : Thi gian lu nc, = 0,3063 ngy

500
F
=
= 0,53 mgBOD5/mg bn.ngy
M
0,3063 3100

Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php ca thng s thit k b (0,2-0,6

kg/kg. ngy).[1]
- Tc oxy ho ca 1 g bn hot tnh
=

s S
0

500 24,89
= 0,5 ( mg BOD5/mgbn.ngy)
0,3063 3100

X
- Ti trng th tch ca b Aerotank
S Q
500 10 3 800
L= 0
=
= 1,63 (kgBOD5/m3ngy)
V
245
Gi tr ny trong khong thng s cho php khi thit k b (0,8 -1,92
kgBOD5/m3. ngy)[1]
- Tnh lng khng kh cn thit cung cp vo b
OCt
Qkk =
f
OU
Trong
OCt : Lng oxy thc t cn s dng cho b : OCt =1032,13kgO2/ngy
OU : Cng sut ho tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi
Chn dng a xp , ng knh 170 mm , din tch b mt F=0,02 m2
Cng thi kh 200 L/pht a = 12 m3/gi
su ngp nc ca thit b phn phi h = 4,4m ( ly gn ng bng
chiu su b)
Tra bng 7.1 trang [1]ta c Ou = 7 gO2/ m3.m
OU = Ou h = 7 4,4 = 30,8 g O2/m3
Ou: Cng sut ho tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi tnh theo
g O2/m3 khng kh
f: h s an ton , chn f = 1,5(f nm trong khong 1,5-2,0)[1]
1032,13
1,5 = 50266,1(m3/ngy) =0,582(m3/s)
Qkk =
3
30,8 10

- S a cn phn phi trong b

N=

Qkk ( L / phut )
34907
=
174 a chn 180 a.
200( L / phut.dia )
200

Kch thc b Aerotank

Th tch b Vb = 245 m3
Chiu su cha nc ca b h = 4 m
Din tch b F =

245
V
=
=61,25 m2
h
4

29

Chiu di b L = 15,3 m
Chiu rng b B = 4 m(t l B:h=1:1) [2]
Chiu cao d tr trn mt nc hbv = 0,4m
Chiu cao tng cng ca b H = h+ hbv =4 + 0,4 = 4,4m

CC THNG S THIT K B AEROTANK

STT

Tn thng s

n
v

S lng

S
thit k

Cng

liu

trnh
2

Chiu di b

15,3

Chiu rng b

Chiu cao b

4,4

Th tch

m3

269,5

Tnh ton cc thit b ph:

Tnh ton my thi kh

- Ap lc cn thit ca my thi kh
Hm = h1 + hd + H
Trong
h1: Tn tht trong h thng ng vn chuyn h1 = 0,4m
hd : Tn tht qua a phun , hd = 0,5m
H : su ngp nc ca ming vi phun H = 4,4m
Hm = 0,4 + 0,5 + 4,4 = 5,3m
Chn Hm =5,3m
Ap lc my thi kh tnh theo Atmotphe:
Pm =

Hm
5,3
=
= 0,52 atm
10,12
10,12

- Nng sut yu cu
Qtt = 50266,1(m3/ngy) =0,582(m3/s)
- Cng sut my thi kh
GRT1
Pmy =
29,7 ne

p 0.283
2
1
p1

Trong
Pmy : Cng sut yu cu ca my nn kh , kW
G: Trng lng ca dng khng kh , kg/s
G = Qtt kh = 0,582 1,2 = 0,7 kg/s
R : hng s kh , R = 8,314 KJ/K.mol 0K

30

T1: Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh u vo

T1= 273 + 27 = 300 0K
P1: p sut tuyt i ca khng kh u vo P1= 1 atm
P2: p sut tuyt i ca khng kh u ra
P2 =Pm + 1 = 0,52 +1=1,52 atm
n=

K 1
= 0,283
K

( K = 1,395 i vi khng kh )

29,7 : h s chuyn i
e: Hiu sut ca my , chn e= 0,7
0,7 8,314 300
Vy : Pmy =
29,7 0,283 0,7

1,52 0,283
1 = 37,33 kW

Tnh ton ng ng dn kh
- Vn tc kh trong ng dn kh chnh , chn Vkh = 15 m/s
- Lu lng kh cn cung cp , Qk = 0,582 m3/s
- ng knh ng phn phi chnh
D=

4Qk
=
Vkhi

4 0,582
= 0,22 m
15 3,14

Chn ng st trng km D= 225 mm

- T ng chnh ta phn lm 15 ng nhnh cung cp kh cho b , lu
lng kh qua mi ng nhnh ( Khong cch gia cc nhnh t 1 1,5).
Qk
0,582
=
= 0,0388 m3/s
15
15

Qk =

- Vn tc kh qua mi ng nhnh vkh = 12 m/s

- ng knh ng nhnh
d=

4Q' k
=
v' khi

4 0,097
= 0,062 m
12 3,14

Chn loi ng st trng km d = 63 mm

- Kim tra li vn tc
+ Vn tc kh trong ng chnh
Vkh =

4Qk
4 0,582
=
= 14,6 m/s
2
D
3,14 0,225 2

Vy Vkh nm trong khong cho php (10 -15 m/s)

+ Vn tc kh trong ng nhnh
vkh =

4Q ' k
4 0,88
=
= 12,45 m/s
2
d
3,14 0,0632

Vy vkh nm trong khong cho php (10 -15 m/s)

31

Tnh ton ng ng dn nc thi vo b

- Chn vn tc nc thi trong ng : v = 0,3 m/s
- Lu lng nc thi : Q = 800 m3/ngy = 0,0093m3/s
- Chn loi ng dn nc thi l ng PVC , ng knh ca ng
D=

4Q
=
v

4 0,0093
= 0,198 m
0,3 3,14

Chn ng ng PVC 160 mm

- Tnh li vn tc nc chy trong ng
v=

4 0,0093
4.Q
=
= 0,46 m/s
2
D
3,14 0,160 2

Vn tc nc vo nm trong khong cho php ( 0,3 0,7 m/s)

Chn my bm nc vo b Aerotank
- Lu lng bm : Q = 800 m3/ngy = 0,0093 m3/s
- Ct p bm :H = 8m
0,0093 1000 9,81 8
QgH
=
= 0,91 kW = 910W
N=
1000
1000 0,8
Chn bm c cng sut 910W (1,5HP)
: hiu sut chung ca bm t 0,72-0,93 , chn = 0,8
Tnh ton ng ng dn bn tun hon
- Lu lng bn tun hon Qr = 672 m3/ng. = 0,0078 m/s.
- Chn vn tc bn trong ng v= 0,3 m/s
D=

4Q
=
v

4 0,0078
= 0,182 m
0,3 3,14

Chn ng PVC ng knh = 160mm

Bm bn tun hon
- Lu lng bm :Qr = 672 m3/ngy = 0,0078 m3/s
- Ct p ca bm :H= 8m
- Cng sut bm
Q ' gH
0,0078 1000 9,81 8
=
= 0,765 kW = 765W
N= r
1000
1000 0,8
: hiu sut chung ca bm t 0,72-0,93 , chn = 0,8
Chn bm c cng sut 765W(1,2 HP)
IV.3. H thu (hm bm)
Thi gian lu trong h thu l: 10-20 pht.[1]
Chn t=15 pht.
Chn h s iu ha k=1,2
Th tch b: Vb = Qhmax x k x t = 33,34 x 1,2 x

15
= 10 m3.
60

Chn chiu cao b:

32

H = 2m
Hb =2,5m.
hbve = 0,5m

Gi s hm bm hnh vung:
Vb = a x a x H =10
Cnh hm bm: a = 2,2m.
Chn bm c Q = Qhmax =33,34 x 1,2 = 40 m3/h.
IV.4.B iu ha
Chn thi gian lu: t=6h.
Th tch b iu ha:
Vh =6 x 33,34 =200 m3.
Chn b c kich thc LxBxH=8x5x5,5(hbv =0,5m)
Chn tc kh nn:12l/m3-pht.
qkh =12 x 200/60 =40(l/s)/m3 th tch b.
IV.5. B lng I
Gi s ti trng b mt l LA=35m3/m2.ngy.
Din tch b mt b lng:
A=QTbngy / LA=

800
=25m2.
3

ng knh b lng: D=

25 =5,7m.

ng knh ng trung tm: d=20%D=1,15m.

Chn chiu su hu ch ca b lng H=3m, chiu cao lp bn lng
hb=0,7m, chiu cao lp trung ha hth =0,2m, chiu cao an ton
h=0,3m.
Vy chiu cao tng cng:
Htc=H + hb + h + hth =3 + 0,7 + 0,3 + 0,2 =4,2m.
Chiu cao ng trung tm:
h=60%H=1,8m.
Kim tra li thi gian lu nc ca b lng:
Th tch phn lng:

V= (D2-d2)h= (5,72-1,152)x3=73,4m3.
4

A =

Thi gian lu nc :
t=

73,4
V
=
=2,2h > 1,5h.
QTbh 33,34

*Hiu qu x l :[1]
2,2
t
=
=35,48%.
a + b.t 0,018 + 0,02.2,2
2,2
t
=
=57,44%.
R=
a + b.t 0,0075 + 0,014.2,2

BOD5: R=
SS:

Ti trng mng trn:

Ls =

800
Q
=
=44,7m3/m.ngy.
.D 3,14.5,7

33

Lng bn ti sinh ra mi ngy:

Mss=1250. 57,41.10-2.800.10-3=574,1KgSS/ngy.
MBOD5=5000.35,48.10-2.800.10-3=1419,2 KgBOD5/ngy.
CHNG V. TNH TON CHI PH V KT LUN
V.1. Tnh ton chi ph
V.1.1. chi ph xy dng
Gi
Thnh tin
Tn cng trnh
Kch thc
3
3
(VN/ m )
(VN)
(m )
H thu
10
1.200.000
12.000.000
B iu ha

200

1.200.000

240.000.000

B lng I

105

1.200.000

126.000.000

B lng II

105

1.200.000

126.000.000

B UASB

375

1.200.000

450.000.000

B AEROTANK

269,5

1.200.000

323.400.000

Tng cng
V.1.2. chi ph thit b
Tn thit b n v
Gi thit b
tnh
Bm nc
Ci
8.000.000/ci
Bm bn
Ci
10.000.000/ci
My nn
Ci
30.000.000/ci
kh
u phn
a
300.000/a
phi kh
My gom
Ci
55.000.000//ci
bn
Mng thu
Tm
1.500.000/b
nc rng
ca
H thng
ng ng

1.277.400.000
S lng

Thnh tin

4
3
2

32.000.000
30.000.000
60.000.000

180

54.000.000

55.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

Tng cng
234.500.000
V.1.3. chi ph pht sinh
Chi ph pht sinh = 5% chi ph thit b
=0,05x1.511.900.000=75.595.000
V.1.4. chi ph tng cng
chi ph tng cng =chi ph xy dng+chi ph thit b+chi ph pht
sinh
= 1.503.900.000+75.595.000
=1.579.495.000 VND
34

V.2.KT LUN
Nc thi ma ng c tnh cht c trng l nng cht hu c rt
cao v vy trong cng ngh x l i hi h thng phi c b phn hu cht hu
c. BUASB v b Aerotank c kh nng phn hu cht hu c vi hiu sut
cao v x l c n tiu chun cho php nn c quan tm n trc tin
trong h thng x l chn. Nhng trc khi cho nc thi qua b Aerotank
cn phi c cc cng trnh x l khc ( song chn rc , b lng ct , b iu ha
,b lng I) lm gim bt nng cht hu c.
t hiu qu cao, khi thit k b Aerotank cn phi cung cp y
oxy khuy trn u cc cht hu c trong nc thi, v cung cp lng
bn hot tnh tun hon cho b;trong b UASB gi cho bn hot tnh trng
thi l lng.
Ngnh ma ng gp phn lm tng trng nn kinh t. Tuy nhin
nc thi ca ngnh ny nu khng c x l trit s gy nhim mi
trng do cn phi xy dng h thng x l nc thi sao cho khi thi ra t
tiu chun; khng lm nh hng n kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng
xung quanh.

35

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] TS. Trnh Xun Lai, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc
thi, Nh xut bn Xy dng H Ni, 2000
[2] ].S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht T1, Nh xut bn
Khoa Hc v K Thut H Ni, 1999
[3] Joseph F. Malina, Design of Anaerobic Process for the Treatment of
Induatual and municipal
[4] PGS.TS. Lng c Phm, Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin
php sinh hc, Nh xut bn Gio Dc, 2002.
[5] TS. Lm Minh Trit - Nguyn Thanh Hng - Nguyn Phc Dn,
X l nc thi th v cng nghip - tnh ton thit k cng trnh,
CEFINEA Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn, 2002.
[6] Nguyn Hoi Linh_ n mn hc x l cht thi
[7] Lun vn tt nghip cao hc x l nc thi nh my ng
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