Tai Lieu Day Them Toan 8

Dy thm Ton 8 Nm hc 2011 - 2012
i. cng, tr n thc ng dng, cng tr a thc

1. Cng, tr n thc ng dng.
a. Quy tc: - Cng (tr) h s vi h s.
- Gi nguyn phn bin.
b. V d:
V d 1: Tnh : a) 2x
3
+ 5x
3
4x
3
b) -6xy
2
6xy
2
Gii:
a) 2x
3
+ 5x
3
4x
3
= (2 + 5 4)x
3
= 3x
3
b) -6xy
2
6 xy
2

= (- 6 6)xy
2
= - 12xy
2
V d 2: in cc n thc thch hp vo trng:
a) + 6xy
2
= 5xy
2
b) + - = x
2
y
2
Gii
a) (-xy
2
) + 6xy
2
= 5xy
2
b) 3x
2
y
2
+ 2x
2
y
2
- 4x
2
y
2
= x
2
y
2

2. Cng, tr a thc
a. Quy tc: - t php tnh.
- B du ngoc.
- Nhm cc hng t ng dng vo mt nhm(nu c)
- Thu gn a thc (Cng (tr) cc hng t ng dng).
b. V d:
V d 1: Cho hai a thc
M = x
5
-2x
4
y + x
2
y
2
- x + 1 N = -x
5
+ 3x
4
y + 3x
3
- 2x + y
Tnh: a) M + N; b) M N
Gii:
a) M + N = (x
5
-2x
4
y + x
2
y
2
- x + 1) + (-x
5
+ 3x
4
y + 3x
3
- 2x + y)
= x
5
-2x
4
y + x
2
y
2
- x + 1- x
5
+ 3x
4
y + 3x
3
- 2x + y
= (x
5
- x
5
)+( -2x
4
y+ 3x
4
y) + (- x - 2x) + x
2
y
2
+ 1+ y+ 3x
3

= x
4
y - 3x + x
2
y
2
+ 1+ y+ 3x
3

b) M - N = (x
5
-2x
4
y + x
2
y
2
- x + 1) - (-x
5
+ 3x
4
y + 3x
3
- 2x + y)
= 2x
5
-5x
4
y+ x
2
y
2
+x - 3x
3
y + 1
ii. php nhn n thc, a thc
1. Nhn n thc vi n thc.
a. Quy tc: - Nhn h s vi h s.
- Nhn phn bin vi phn bin.
Lu : x
1
= x; x
m
.x
n
= x
m + n
;
( )
n
m
x
= x
m.n
b. V d:
V d 1: Tnh: a) 2x
4
.3xy = 6x
5
y b) 5xy
2
.(-
3
1
x
2
y)
Gii:
a) 2x
4
.3xy = (2.3).(x
4
.x)(1.y) = 6x
5
y
MAI TRNG MU Trng THCS Ngun nh Chiu 1
b) 5xy
2
.(-
3
1
x
2
y) = [5.(-
3
1
)] (x.x
2
).(y
2
.y) = -
5
3
x
3
y
3

2. Nhn n thc vi a thc:
a. Quy tc: Nhn n thc vi tong hng t ca a thc.
A(B + C) = AB + AC
b. V d: Thc hin php tnh: a) 2x
3
(2xy + 6x
5
y) b) 4x
2
(5x
3
+
3x 1)
Gii:
a) 2x
3
(2xy + 6x
5
y) = 2x
3
.2xy + 2x
3
.6x
5
y = 4x
4
y + 12x
8
y
b) 4x
2
(5x
3
+ 3x 1)
( )
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 5 3 2
4x .5x 4x .3x 4x .1 4.5 (x .x ) (4.3)(x .x) (4.1)x 20 x 12x 4x + + +
3. Nhn a thc vi a thc:
a. Quy tc: Nhn mi hng t ca a thc ny vi tng hng t
ca a thc kia.
(A + B)(C + D) = AC + AD + BC + BD
b. V d: Tnh tch ca cc a thc sau: ( ) ( )
2
a) 5x 4x x 2

b) (3x + 4x
2
2)(x
2
+1+
2x)
Gii:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
a) 5x 4x x 2 5x . x 2 4x. x 2 5x .x 5x .2 4x.x 4x. 2
3 2 2 3 2 3 2
5x 10x 4x 8x 5x (10 4)x 8x 5x 14x 8x + + + +
b) (3x + 4x
2
2)(x
2
+1+ 2x)=3x(x
2
+1+ 2x) + 4x
2
(x
2
+1+ 2x)
-2(x
2
+1+ 2x)
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 4 2 3 2
3x.( x ) 3x.1 3x.2x 4x ( x ) 4x .1 4x .2x 2.( x ) 2.1 2.2x
3x 3x 6x 4x 4x 8x 2x 2 4x
+ + + + +
+ + + + +

( ) ( )
4 3 3 2 2 2
4 3 2
4x 3x 8x 6x 4x 2x (3x 4x) 2
4x 5x 12x x 2
+ + + + + +
+ +
3
1
x
5
y
3
v 4xy
2
b)
4
1
x
3
yz v -2x
2
y
4
V d 2: Tnh tch ca cc n thc sau:
a)
3
1
x
5
y
3
.4xy
2
=
3
4
x
6
y
5
b)
4
1
x
3
yz. (-2x
2
y
4
) =
2
1
x
5
y
5
z
Dng 1/ Thc hin php tnh:
1. -3ab.(a
2
-3b)
2. (x
2
2xy +y
2
)(x-2y)
3. (x+y+z)(x-y+z)
4, 12a
2
b(a-b)(a+b)
5, (2x
2
-3x+5)(x
2
-8x+2)
Dng 2:Tm x
1/
. 14
2
1
). 4
2
1
(
4
1
2
x x x
2/ 3(1-4x)(x-1) + 4(3x-2)(x+3) = - 27
3/ (x+3)(x
2
-3x+9) x(x-1)(x+1) = 27.
Dng 3: Rt gn ri tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
1/ A=5x(4x
2
-2x+1) 2x(10x
2
-5x -2) vi x= 15.
2/ B = 5x(x-4y) -4y(y -5x) vi x=
5
1
; y=
2
1
3/ C = 6xy(xy y
2
) -8x
2
(x-y
2
) =5y
2
(x
2
-xy) vi x=
2
1
; y= 2.
4/ D = (y
2
+2)(y- 4) (2y
2
+1)(
2
1
y 2) vi y=-
3
2
Dng 4: CM biu thc c gi tr khng ph thuc vo gi
tr ca bin s.
1/ (3x-5)(2x+11)-(2x+3)(3x+7)
2/ (x-5)(2x+3) 2x(x 3) +x +7
Dng 5: Ton lin quan vi ni dung s hc.
Bi 1. Tm 3 s chn lin tip, bit rng tch ca hai s u
t hn tch ca hai s cui 192 n v.
Bi 2. tm 4 s t nhin lin tip, bit rng tch ca hai s
u t hn tch ca hai s cui 146 n v.
p s: 35,36,37,38
Dng 6: Ton nng cao
Bi1/ Cho biu thc :
+ )
433
1
2 .(
229
3
M
433 . 229
4
433
432
.
229
1
. Tnh gi tr
ca M
Bi 2/ Tnh gi tr ca biu thc :

39
8
119 . 117
5
119
118
5 .
117
4
119
1
.
117
1
. 3 + N
Bi 3/ Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc :
a) A=x5-5x4+5x3-5x2+5x-1 ti x= 4.
b) B = x
2006
8.x
2005
+ 8.x
2004
- ...+8x
2
-8x 5 ti x= 7.
Bi 4/a) CMR vi mi s nguyn n th : (n
2
-3n +1)(n+2) n
3
+2
chia ht cho 5.
b) CMR vi mi s nguyn n th : (6n + 1)(n+5) (3n + 5)(2n 10)
chia ht cho 2
p n: a) Rt gn BT ta c 5n
2
+5n chia ht cho 5
b) Rt gn BT ta c 24n + 10 chia ht cho 2.
Hng dn v nh:
- Xem li cc dng BT gii, lm cc BT tng t trong SGK.
- Lm cc bi tp v nh dn.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Bui 2: n tp v nhng hng ng thc ng nh
Bi 2: in vo ch ... c khng nh ng.(p dng cc
HT)
1/ (x-1)
3
= ...
2/ (1 + y)
3
= ...
3/ x
3
+y
3
= ...
4/ a
3
- 1 = ...
5/ a
3
+8 = ...
6/ (x+1)(x
2
-x+1) = ...
7/ (...+...)
2
= x
2
+ ...+ 4y
4
8/ (1- x)(1+x+x
2
) = ...
9/ (...- ...)
2
= a
2
6ab + ...
10/ (x -2)(x
2
+ 2x +4) = ...
11/ (...+...)
2
= ... +m +
4
1
12/ a
3
+3a
2
+3a + 1 = ...
13/ 25a
2
- ... = ( ...+
b
2
1
) ( ...-
b
2
1
)
14/ b
3
- 6b
2
+12b -8 = ...
Dng 2: Dng HT trin khai cc tch sau.
Bai 1: Tnh:
a/ (x + 2y)
2
ap so: a/ x
4
+ 4xy + 4y
2
b/ (x-3y) (x+3y) b/ x
2
-9y
2

c/ (5 - x)
2
c/ 25-10x + x
2
d/ (2x - 3y) (2x + 3y)
e/ (1+ 5a) (1+ 5a)
f/ (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b)
g/ (a+b-c) (a+b+c)
h/ (x + y - 1) (x - y - 1)
(Gi y: Ap dung hang ang thc)
Dng 3: Rt gn ri tnh gi tr ca biu thc
1/ M = (2x + y)
2
(2x + y) (2x - y) y(x - y) vi x= - 2; y=
3.
2/. N = (a 3b)
2
- (a + 3b)
2
(a -1)(b -2 ) vi a =
2
1
; b =
-3.
3/ P = (2x 5) (2x + 5) (2x + 1)
2
vi x= - 2005.
4/ Q = (y 3) (y + 3)(y
2
+9) (y
2
+2) (y
2
- 2).
Dng 4: Tm x, bit:
1/ (x 2)
2
- (x+3)
2
4(x+1) = 5.
2/ (2x 3) (2x + 3) (x 1)
2
3x(x 5) = - 44
3/ (5x + 1)
2
- (5x + 3) (5x - 3) = 30.
4/ (x + 3)
2
+ (x-2)(x+2) 2(x- 1)
2
= 7.
Dng 5. So snh.
a/ A=2005.2007 v B = 20062
b/ B = (2+1)(22+1)(24+1)(28+1)(216+1) v B = 232
c/ C = (3+1)(32+1)(34+1)(38+1)(316+1) v B= 332-1
Dng 6: Tnh nhanh.
a/ 1272 + 146.127 + 732
b/ 98.28 (184 1)(184 + 1)
c/ 1002- 992 + 982 972 + ... + 22 12
e/
2 2
2 2
75 125 . 150 125
220 180
+ +
f/ (202+182+162+ ... +42+22)-( 192+172+ ... +32+12)

Dng 7: Chng minh ng thc.
1/ (x + y)
3
= x(x-3y)
2
+y(y-3x)
2
2/ (a+b)(a
2
ab + b
2
) + (a- b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) =2a
3
3/ (a+b)(a
2
ab + b
2
) - (a- b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) =2b
3
4/ a
3
+ b
3
=(a+b)[(a-b)
2
+ ab]
5/ a
3
- b
3
=(a-b)[(a-b)
2
- ab]
6/ (a+b)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+3ab(a+b)
7/ (a- b)
3
= a
3
- b
3
+3ab(a- b)
8/ x
3
- y
3
+xy(x-y) = (x-y)(x+y)
2
9/ x
3
+ y
3
- xy(x+y) = (x+ y)(x y)
2
Dng 8: Mt s bi tp khc
Bi 1: CM cc BT sau c gi tr khng m.
A = x
2
4x +9.
B = 4x
2
+4x + 2007.
C = 9 6x +x
2
.
D = 1 x + x
2
.
Bi 2 .a) Cho a>b>0 ; 3a
2
+3b
2
= 10ab.
Tnh P =
b a
b a
+
b) Cho a>b>0 ; 2a
2
+2b
2
= 5ab.
T nh E =
b a
b a
+
c) Cho a+b+c = 0 ; a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 14.
Tnh M = a
4
+b
4
+c
4
.
Hng dn v nh:
- Xem li cc bi tp gii.
- Lm cc bi tp v nh.
- p dng lm cc bi tp tng t trong SGK v SBT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
Ngy son:
Bui 3: n tp v Hnh thang, hnh thang cn
ng trung bnh ca tam gic, ca hnh thang.
Dng 1 : Nhn bit hnh thang cn.
Phng php gii :
Chng minh t gic l hnh thang, ri chng minh hnh thang
c hai gc k mt y bng nhau, hoc c hai ng cho bng
nhau.
Bi 1 : Hnh thang ABCD ( AB // CD ) cogcs ACD = gc BDC.
Chng minh rng ABCD l hnh thang. Bi gii
Gi E l giao im ca AC v BD.
ECD c gc C
1
= gc D
1
nn l tam gic cn, suy ra EC = ED ( 1 )
Chng minh tng t : EA = EB ( 2 )
T (1 ) v ( 2 ) ta suy ra:
AC = BD. Hnh thang ABCD c hai ng cho bng nhau nn l
hnh thang cn.
Bi 2 :
Cho hnh thang ABCD ( AB / CD ) c AC = BD. Qua B k ng
thng song song vi AC, ct ng thng DC ti E.
Chng minh rng :
a. BDE cn.
b. BDC ACD .
c. Hnh thang ABCD l hnh thang cn.
Bi gii
a. Hnh thang ABEC ( AB // CE ) c hai cnh bn song song nn
chng bng nhau: AC = BE. Theo gt AC = BD nn BE = BD, do
BDE cn.
b. AC // BD suy ra gc C
1
= gc E.
BDE cn ti B ( cu a ) suy ra gc D
1
= gc E . Suy ra gc C
1
=
gc D
1
.
BCD ACD ( c.g.c).
c. BDC ACD suy ra gc ADC = gc BCD. Hnh thang ABCD c
hai gc k mt y bng nhau nn l hnh thang cn.
Dng 2 : S dng tnh cht hnh thang cn tnh s
o gc, di on thng.
Bi 1
Cho tam gic cn ABC ( AB = AC ). Trn cc cnh bn AB,AC ly
theo th t cc im D v E sao cho AD = AE.
a. Chng minh rng BDEC l hnh thang cn.
b. Tnh cc gc ca hnh thang cn , bit rng gc A = 50
0
.
Bi gii
a. Gc D
1
= gc B ( cng bng
2
180
0
A
) suy ra DE // BC.
Hnh thang BDEC c gc B = gc C nn l hnh thang cn.
b. Gc B = gc C = 65
0
, gc D
2
= gc E
2
= 115
0
.
II. ng trung bnh ca tam gic, ca hnh thang.
A. ng trung bnh ca tam gic
1. /n: ng trung bnh ca tam gic l on thng ni trung
im hai cnh ca tam gic.
2. T/c:
- ng thng i qua trung im mt cnh ca tam gic v
song song vi cnh th hai th i qua trung im cnh th ba.
- ng trung bnh ca tam gic th song song vi cnh th ba
v bng na cnh y.
B. ng trung bnh ca hnh thang.
1. /n: ng trung bnh ca hnh thang l on thng ni trung
im hai cnh bn ca hnh thang
2. T/c: ng thng I qua trung im mt cnh bn ca hnh
thang v song song vi hai y th i qua trung im ca cnh
bn th hai.
ng trung bnh ca hnh thang th song song vi hai y v
bng na tng hai y.
C. Mt s dng ton:
Dng 1: S dng ng trung bnh ca tam gic tnh
di v chng minhcc quan h v di.
Bi 1 : Cho tam gic ABC. Gi M,N,P theo th t trung im cc
cnh AB,AC,BC. Tnh chu vi ca tam gic MNP, bit AB = 8cm,AC
=10cm,BC = 12cm.

Bi gii
Tam gic ABC c AM = MB, AN = NC nn MN l ng trung bnh.
Suy ra :
). ( 4
2
8
2
). ( 5
2
10
2
) ( 6
2
12
2
cm
AB
NP
cm
AC
MP
cm
BC
MN

Vy chu vi tam gic MNP bng : 6 + 5 + 4 = 15(cm ).
Dng 2 : S dng ng trung bnh ca tam gic chng
minh hai ng thng song song.
Bi tp :
Cho hnh v bn, chng minh : AI = AM.
Bi gii:
BDC c BE = ED v BM = MC nn EM // DC nn suy ra DI // EM.
AEM c AD = DE v DI // EM nn AI = IM.( pcm)
Dng 3 : S dng ng trung bnh ca hnh thang
tnh di v chng minh cc quan h v di .
Bi tp :
Tnh x,y trn hnh bn, trong AB //CD/EF// GH
Bi gii
CD l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang ABFE nn :
) ( 12
2
16 8
2
cm CD x
FE AB

+

+
EF l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang CDHG nn :
). ( 20
2
12
16
2
cm y
y HG CD
EF
+

+
H ng dn v nh:
1. Hc thuc nh ngha, nh l v ng trung bnh ca
tam gic, ca hnh thang.
2. Cc dng ton v phng php gii
3. Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1 :
Tam gic ABC c AB = 12 cm, AC = 18cm. Gi H l chn ng
vung gc k t B n tia phn gic ca gc A. Gi M l trung
im ca BC. Tnh di HM.
Bi 2 :
Cho hnh thang cn ABCD c AB // CD, AB = 4 cm, CD = 10cm,
AD = 5cm. Trn tia i ca tia BD ly im E sao cho BE = BD.
Gi H l chn ng vung gc k t E n DC. Tnh di HC.
Bi 3 : Cho tam gic ABC. Trn tia i ca tia BC ly im D sao
cho BD = BA. Trn tia i ca tia CB ly im E sao cho CE = CA,
k BH vung gc vi AD, CK vung gc vi AE. Chng minh :
a. AH = HD.
HK // BC.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
Dng 1:Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
Bi 1: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t bng phng
php t nhn t chung.
1/ 2x 4
2/ x
2
+ x
3/ 2a
2
b 4ab
4/ x(y +1) - y(y+1)
5/ a(x+y)
2
(x+y)
6/ 5(x 7) a(7 - x)
Bi 2 : Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t bng phng
php dng hng ng thc.
1/ x
2
16
2/ 4a
2
1
3/ x
2
3
4/ 25 9y
2
5/ (a + 1)
2
-16
6/ x
2
(2 + y)
2
7/ (a + b)
2
- (a b)
2

8/ a
2
+ 2ax + x
2
9/ x
2
4x +4
10/ x
2
-6xy + 9y
2
11/ x
3
+8
12/ a
3
+27b
3
13/ 27x
3
1
14/
8
1
- b
3
15/ a
3
- (a + b)
3
php nhm cc hng t.
1/ 2x + 2y + ax+ ay 5/ a
2
+ab +2b - 4
2/ ab + b
2
3a 3b 6/ x
3
4x
2
8x +8
3/ a
2
+ 2ab +b
2
c
2
7/ x
3
- x
4/ x
2
y
2
-4x + 4 8/ 5x
3
- 10x
2
+5x
php tch mt hng t thnh hai.
1/ x
2
6x +8
2/ 9x
2
+ 6x 8
3/ 3x
2
- 8x + 4
4/ 4x
2
4x 3
5/ x
2
- 7x + 12
6/ x
2
5x - 14
Dng 2: Tnh nhanh :
1/ 36
2
+ 26
2
52.36 3/ 10,2 + 9,8 -9,8.0,2+ 10,2
2
2/ 99
3
+1 + 3.(99
2
+ 99) -10,2.0,2
4/ 892
2
+ 892.216 +108
2
Dng 3:Tm x
1/36x
2
- 49 =0
2/ x
3
-16x =0
3/ (x 1)(x+2) x 2 = 0
4/ 3x
3
-27x = 0
5/ x
2
(x+1) + 2x(x + 1) = 0
6/ x(2x 3) -2(3 2x) = 0
Dng 4: Ton chia ht:
1/ 8
5
+ 2
11
chia ht cho 17
2/ 69
2
69.5 chia ht cho 32
3/ 328
3
+ 172
3
chia ht cho 2000
4/ 19
19
+69
19
chia ht cho 44
5/ Hiu cc bnh phng ca hai s l lin tip chia ht cho 8.
I. MUC TIEU:
- HS cung co lai cac PP phan tch a thc thanh
nhan t: at nhan t chung, dung HT, nhom hang t.
- Ren ky nang phoi hp cac phng phap tren vao
giai toan.
- Giao duc HS tnh can than, chnh xac.
II. TAI LIEU THAM KHo:
SGK, SGV, SBT (Toan 8)
III. NOI DUNG:
Hoat ong 1: On lai cac kien thc ve phan
tch a thc thanh nhan t
- Goi lan lt HS nhac lai cac
kien thc ve phan tch a
thc thanh nhan t.
-HS lan lt nhac lai cac
phng phap phan tch a
thc a hoc.
+ at nhan t chung
+ Dung hang ang thc
+ Nhom hang t
- Tom tat lai cac PP neu
tren.
+ Tach hang t
Hoat ong 2: Bai tap ap
dung:
Bai 34 - SBT: Phan tch cac a
thc sau thanh nhan t.
Goi 2 HS len bang thc
hien ca lp cung lam
vao v.
a/ x
4
+ 2x
3
+ x
2
ap an:
a/ x
2
(x+1)
2
b/ x
3
- x + 3x
2
y + 3xy
2
+ y
3-y
c/ 5x
2
- 10xy + 5y
2
- 20z
2
b/ (x +y)(x+y-1)(x+y+1)
c/ 5 (x - y)
2
- 20z
2
= 5(x-y-2z)(x-y+2z)
Bai 35: SBT. Phan tch thanh
nhan t
a/ x
2
+ 5x - 6
b/5x
2
+ 5xy - x - y
c/ 7x - 6x
2
- 2
Gi y: Cau a, c ap dung PP
tach hang t.
- 3 HS len bang thc
hien
ca lp lam vao v,
Sau o nhan xet bai
lam cua ban.
ap an:
a/ x
2
+ 5x - 6
= (x
2
-x)+(6x - 6)
= x (x-1)+6(x-1)
= (x-1)(x+6)
b/ (5x-1)(x+y)
c/ 4x - 6x
2
- 2 + 3x (2x -1)(2 -
3x)
Bai 36-SBT: Phan tch thanh
nhan t
a/ x
2
+ 4x + 3
b/ 2x
2
+ 3x - 5
c/ 16x - 5x
2
- 3
Gi y: Ap dung PP tach hang
t
- Goi 3 HS len bang thc
hien
ap an:
a/ x
2
+ 4x + 3
= (x
2
+ x)+(3x+3)
=x(x+1) +3(x+1)
= (x+1)(x+3)
b/ (2x
2
- 2x)+(5x 5) = (x-1)
(2x + 5)
- Nhan xet - anh gia bai
gaii
c/ 15x -5x
2
-3+x = (5x-1)(2x-
3)
Bai 57- SBT: Phan tch thanh
nhan t
a/ x
3
- 3x
2
- 4x + 12
b/ x
4
- 5x
2
+ 4
-Goi 2 HS len bang tnh
ap an:
a/ (x-2_(X+2)(x-3)
b/ x
4
-4x
2
-x
2
+4
= (x
4
-4x
2
)- (x
2
-4)
-GV hng dan HD thc hien
cau b
Tach: -5x
2
= -x
2
- 4x
2
=(x
2
-4)(x
2
-1)
= (x-2)(x+2+)(x-1)(x+1)
HS khac nhan xet bai
lam cua ban.
Bai 37: Tm x, biet:
a/ 5x (x-1) = x-1
b/ 2(x+5) - x
2
-5x = 0
-Goi 2 HS len bang thc
hien
ap an:
a/ 5x (x-1)-(x-1) = 0
(x-1)(5x-1) = 0
x = 1; x = 1/5
b/ 2 (x+5)-x(x+5) = 0
(x + 5) (2 - x) = 0
Nhan xet - sa sai (neu co)
x = - 5; x = 2
Hoat ong 3: Cung co:
- GV tom tat lai cach giai cac bai toan:
+ Phan tch a thc (phoi hp nhieu PP)
+ Phan tch a thc tm x.
Hoat ong 4: Hng dan ve nha
- Xem lai cach giai bai tap tren.
- Xem lai cac kien thc ve t giac.
III. Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
+ Phng php t nhn t chung.
+ Phng php dng hng ng thc.
+ Phng php nhm hng t.
+ Phi hp cc phng php phn tch thnh nhn t trn.
V d. Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
1) 15x
2
y + 20xy
2
25xy = 5xy.3x + 5xy.4y - 5xy.5 = 5xy(3x + 4y -
5)
2) a. 1 2y + y
2
= 1
2
- 2.1.y + y
2
= (1- y)
2
;
b. 27 + 27x + 9x
2
+ x
3
= 3
3
+ 3.3
2
.x + 3.3.x
2
+ x
3
= (3 +
x)
3
;
c. 8 27x
3
= 2
3
- (3x)
3
= (2 - 3x)(4 + 6x + 9x
2
)
d. 1 4x
2
= 1
2
- (2x)
2
= (1 - 2x)(1 + 2x);
e.(x + y)
2
25 = (x + y)
2
- 5
2
= (x+ y + 5)(x + y - 5) ;
3) a. 4x
2
+ 8xy 3x 6y = (4x
2
+ 8xy) - (3x + 6y) = 4x(x + 2y) -
3(3 + 2y)
= (x + 2y)(4x - 3);
b. 2x
2
+ 2y
2
x
2
z + z y
2
z 2 = (2x
2
+ 2y
2
- 2) - (x
2
z + y
2
z - z)
= 2(x
2
+ y
2
- 1) - z(x
2
+ y
2
- 1) = (x
2
+ y
2
- 1)(2 - z)
4)a) 3x
2
6xy + 3y
2
= 3(x
2
- 2xy + y
2
) = 3(x - y)
2
;
b) 16x
3
+ 54y
3
= 2(8x
3
+ 27y
3
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 2 2
2 2
2 2x 3y 2 2x 3y 2x 2x.3y 3y
2 2x 3y 4x 6xy 9y
1 1
+ + +
] ]
+ +
;
c) x
2
2xy + y
2
16 = (x
2
- 2xy + y
2
) - 4
2
= (x - y)
2
- 4
2
= (x - y +
4)(x - y - 4);
Bi tp: 1. Tnh nhanh:
a)34.76 + 34.24 = 34( 76 + 24 ) = 34.100 = 3400
b)105
2
25 = 105
2
5
2
= ( 105 + 5)(105 5)= 110.100 = 11000
c)15.64+ 25.100+ 36.15+ 60.100
15.64+ 25.100+ 36.15+ 60.100 = (15.64+ 36.15)+ (25.100+
60.100)
= 15(64+ 36)+ 100(25+ 60) = 15.100+ 100.85 = 100.100 = 10
000
2. Tm x bit:
3x
2
6x = 0
3x(x 2) = 0
3x = 0 hoc x 2 = 0
x = 0
hoc x = 2
Vy khi x = 0 hoc x = 2
3. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
2 2
x 2 1 y x + + ti x = 94,5 v y = 4,5

2 2
x 2 1 y x + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2
=(x 2 1) y =(x+1) y ( 1 )( 1 ) x x y x y
Vi x = 94,5, y = 4,5 ta c: ( ) ( )
94,5 1 4,5 94,5 1 4,5 100.91 9100 + + +
4. Phn tich a thc thnh nhn t:
x
6
x
4
+ 2x
3
+ 2x
2
= x
2
(x
4
- x
2
+ 2x + 2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 3 2
x x x 2x 2 x x x 1 2 x 1
x x x 1 x 1 2 x 1
x x 1 x x 1 2 x x 1 x x 2
1 1
+ + + +
] ]
1 + + +
]
1 + + + + + +
]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ngy dy:
Bui 2: n tp v nhng hng ng thc ng nh
I. MUC TIEU:
- Cung co lai nhng hang ang thc a hoc.
- Van dung nhng HT tren vao giai toan.
- Giao duc HS tnh can than, chnh xac, suy luan logc
II. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
SGV, SBT, SGK toan 8
III. NOI DUNG:
- GV: goi lan lt 7 HS len bang ghi lai 7 HT a hoc
- HS: len bang ghi va neu lai ten cua HT o:
1) (A+B)
2
= A
2
+ 2AB + B
2
2) (A-B)
2
= A
2
- 2AB + B
2
3) A
2
B
2
= (A + B) (A - B)
4) (A+B)
3
= A
3
+ 3A
2
B + 3AB
2
+ B
3
5) (A-B)
3
= A
3
- 3A
2
B + 3AB
2
- B
3
6) A
3
+ B
3
= (A+B) (A
2
- AB + B
2
)
7) A
3
- B
3
= (A-B) (A
2
+ AB + B
2
)
Dng 1: Trc nghim
Bi 1. Ghp mi BT ct A v mt BT ct B c mt
ng thc ng.
Ct A Ct B
1/ (A+B)
2
= a/ A
3
+3A
2
B+3AB
2
+B
3
2/ (A+B)
3
= b/ A
2
- 2AB+B
2
3/ (A - B)
2
= c/ A
2
+2AB+B
2
4/ (A - B)
3
= d/ (A+B)( A
2
- AB +B
2
)
5/ A
2
B
2
= e/ A
3
-3A
2
B+3AB
2
-B
3
6/ A
3
+ B
3
= f/ (A-B)( A
2
+AB+B
2
)
7/ A
3
B
3
= g/ (A-B) (A+B)
h/ (A+B)(A
2
+B
2
)
Bi 2: in vo ch ... c khng nh ng.(p dng cc
HT)
1/ (x-1)
3
= ...
2/ (1 + y)
3
= ...
3/ x
3
+y
3
= ...
4/ a
3
- 1 = ...
5/ a
3
+8 = ...
6/ (x+1)(x
2
-x+1) = ...
7/ (...+...)
2
= x
2
+ ...+ 4y
4
8/ (1- x)(1+x+x
2
) = ...
9/ (...- ...)
2
= a
2
6ab + ...
10/ (x -2)(x
2
+ 2x +4) = ...
11/ (...+...)
2
= ... +m +
4
1
12/ a
3
+3a
2
+3a + 1 = ...
13/ 25a
2
- ... = ( ...+
b
2
1
) ( ...-
b
2
1
)
14/ b
3
- 6b
2
+12b -8 = ...
Dng 2: Dng HT trin khai cc tch sau.
Bai 1: Tnh:
a/ (x + 2y)
2
ap so: a/ x
4
+ 4xy + 4y
2
b/ (x-3y) (x+3y) b/ x
2
-9y
2

c/ (5 - x)
2
c/ 25-10x + x
2
d/ (2x - 3y) (2x + 3y)
e/ (1+ 5a) (1+ 5a)
f/ (2a + 3b) (2a + 3b)
g/ (a+b-c) (a+b+c)
h/ (x + y - 1) (x - y - 1)
(Gi y: Ap dung hang ang thc)
Dng 3: Rt gn ri tnh gi tr ca biu thc
1/ M = (2x + y)
2
- (2x + y) (2x - y) y(x - y) vi x= - 2; y=
3.
2/. N = (a - 3b)
2
- (a + 3b)
2
- (a -1)(b -2 ) vi a =
2
1
; b = -3.
3/ P = (2x - 5) (2x + 5) - (2x + 1)
2
vi x= - 2005.
4/ Q = (y - 3) (y + 3)(y
2
+9) - (y
2
+2) (y
2
- 2).
Dng 4: Tm x, bit:
1/ (x - 2)
2
- (x+3)
2
- 4(x+1) = 5.
2/ (2x - 3) (2x + 3) - (x - 1)
2
- 3x(x - 5) = - 44
3/ (5x + 1)
2
- (5x + 3) (5x - 3) = 30.
4/ (x + 3)
2
+ (x-2)(x+2) - 2(x- 1)
2
= 7.
Dng 5. So snh.
a/ A=2005.2007 v B = 20062
b/ B = (2+1)(22+1)(24+1)(28+1)(216+1) v B = 232
c/ C = (3+1)(32+1)(34+1)(38+1)(316+1) v B = 332-1
Dng 6: Tnh nhanh.
a/ 1272 + 146.127 + 732
b/ 98.28 - (184 - 1)(184 + 1)
c/ 1002- 992 + 982 - 972 + ... + 22 - 12
e/
2 2
2 2
75 125 . 150 125
220 180
+ +
f/ (202+182+162+ ... +42+22)-( 192+172+ ... +32+12)

Dng 7: Chng minh ng thc.
1/ (x + y)
3
= x(x-3y)
2
+y(y-3x)
2
2/ (a+b)(a
2
- ab + b
2
) + (a- b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) =2a
3
3/ (a+b)(a
2
- ab + b
2
) - (a- b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) =2b
3
4/ a
3
+ b
3
= (a+b)[(a-b)
2
+ ab]
5/ a
3
- b
3
= (a-b)[(a-b)
2
- ab]
6/ (a+b)
3
= a
3
+ b
3
+3ab(a+b)
7/ (a- b)
3
= a
3
- b
3
+3ab(a- b)
8/ x
3
- y
3
+ xy(x-y) = (x-y)(x+y)
2
9/ x
3
+ y
3
- xy(x+y) = (x+ y)(x - y)
2
Dng 8: Mt s bi tp khc
Bi 1: CM cc BT sau c gi tr khng m.
A = x
2
- 4x + 9.
B = 4x
2
+ 4x + 2007.
C = 9 - 6x + x
2
.
D = 1 - x + x
2
.
Bi 2 . a) Cho a > b > 0 ; 3a
2
+3b
2
= 10ab.
Tnh P =
b a
b a
+
b) Cho a > b > 0 ; 2a

2
+2b
2
= 5ab.
T nh E =
b a
b a
+
c) Cho a + b + c = 0 ; a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 14.
Tnh M = a
4
+b
4
+c
4
.
Hng dn v nh:
- Xem li cc bi tp gii.
- Lm cc bi tp v nh.
- p dng lm cc bi tp tng t trong SGK v SBT.
php chia a thc
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ngy son:
Luyn dng ton chia a thc cho a thc
Bi 1: Sp sp a thc ri lm php chia
(19 x
2
-14x
3
+9-20x+2x
4
) : (1+x
2
-4x)
C 19 x
2
-14x
3
+9-20x+2x
4
= 2x
4
-14x
3
+19x
2
-20x+9
Lm php chia
2x
4
- 14x
3
+ 19x
2
- 20x + 9 x
2
-4x+1
2x
4
- 8x
3
+ 2x
2
-6x
3
+ 17x
2
-20x + 9 2x
2
-6x-7
-6x
3
- 24x
2
- 6x
-7x
2
- 14x + 9
-7x
2
- 28x +7
- 14x +2
Bi 2 : Tnh gi tr biu thc
A = (2x
2
+5x+3) : (x+1) (4x-5) ti x = -2
Gii:
A = (2x
2
+5x+3) : (x+1) (4x-5)
= 2x
2
+ 3 - 4x + 5
= 2x+8
= -2(x - 4)
Thay x = -2 vo A ta c
A = -2(-2 - 4) = -2(-6) = 12
Bi 3 : Tm a sao cho a thc A = x
4
-x
3
+6x
2
-x-a chia ht cho
a thc
B = x
2
x - 5
Gii
Truc ht ta thc hin php chia sau
x
4
- x
3
+ 6x
2
x a x
2
-x+5
x
4
- x
3
+ 5x
2
x
2
- x + a
x
2
- x + 5
a-5
a thc A chia ht cho a thc B th s d a-5 = 0
a = 5
Bi 3
GV a bi
a thc P
(x)
chia ht cho x 2 th d 5, chia cho x- 3 th d 7 tm
phn d ca a thc P
(x)
khi chia cho (x 2)(x 1)
Gii
Gi thng cu php chia a thc P
(x)
cho x 2, x 3 ln lt l
Q
(x),,
G
(x)
:
P
(x)
= (x 2) . Q
(x)
+ 5 x (1)
P
(x)
= (x 3) . G
(x)
+ 7 x (2)
Khi chia a thc P
(x)

cho a thc bc 2 (x 3)( x 2) th d ch c
dng R
(x)
= ax +b ta c
P
(x)
= (x 3)( x 2) . h
(x)
+ ax + b x (3)
Vi x=2 t (1) v (2) ta c :
b 2a P
5 P
(2)
(2)

2a+b = 5 (4)

Vi x=3 t (2) v (3) ta c :
b 3a P
7
(3)
) 3 (
P

3a+b = 7 (5)
T (4), (5)
a = 2, b = 1
Vy a thc d l R
(x)
= 2x + 1

GV a
Bi 4
Cho a chia 3 d 1, b chia 3 d 2. Chng minh ab chia 3 d 2
Gii:
Ta c : a chia 3 d 1 suy ra
a = 3k+1 (k
N)
b chia 3 d 2 suy ra
b = 3x+2 (x
N)
V th ab = (3k+1)(3x+2)
= 9xk+3x+6k+2
= 3(3kx+x+2k)+2
= 3m+2
(trong m = 3kx+x+2k)
Vy ab chia 3 d 2
4. Hng dn v nh:
VN lm bi 64
68/ 36 SBT
HD bi 68 :
2
7
1 3 4
2
5 5 11 4
2
2 3
+
+ +
+
+ + +
x
x x
x
x x x

x+2 l c ca 7

-------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh ch nht
Chuyn : Hnh ch nht
Luyn tp v hnh ch nht
Bi tp s 1:
Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A,
trung tuyn AM v ng cao
AH, trn tia AM ly im D sao
cho AM = MD.
A, chng minh ABDC l hnh
ch nht
B, Gi E, F theo th t l chn
ng vung gc h t H n
AB v AC, chng minh t gic
AFHE l hnh ch nht.
C, Chng minh EF vung gc vi
AM
Chng minh t gic ABDC, AFHE l
hnh ch nht theo du hiu no?
Chng minh FE vung gc vi AM
Hs t gic ABDC l hnh ch
nht theo du hiu hnh bnh
hnh c 1 gc vung
T gic FAEH l hnh ch nht
theo du hiu t gic c 3 gc
vung.
Hs c/m EF vung gc vi AM
nh th no ?
Bi tp s 2 :
Cho hnh ch nht ABCD, gi H
l chn ng vung gc h t C
n BD. Gi M, N, I ln lt l
trung im ca CH, HD, AB.
A, Chng minh rng M l trc
tm ca tam gic CBN.
B, Gi K l giao im ca BM
v CN, gi E l chn ng
vung gc h t I n BM.
Chng minh t gic EINK l
hnh ch nht.
Chng minh M l trc tm ca tam
gic BNC ta chng minh nh th no
C/m t gic EINK l hnh ch nht
theo du hiu no?
Gv cho hs trnh by cm
Bi tp s 3:
Cho tam gic nhn ABC c hai
ng cao l BD v CE Gi M l
trung im ca BC
a, chng minh MED l tam gic
cn.
b, Gi I, K ln lt l chn cc -
ng vung gc h t B v C n
ng thng ED. Chng minh
rng IE = DK.
C/m MED l tam gic cn ta c/m
nh th no?
Hs C/m M l trc tm ca tam
gic BNC ta c/m MN CB ( Mn l
ng trung bnh ca tam gic
HDC nn MN // DC m DC BC
nn MN BC vy M l trc tm
ca tamgic BNC.
c/m T gic EINK l hnh ch
nht theo du hiu hnh bnh
hnh c 1 gc vung.
Hs c/m tam gic MED l tam
gic cn ta c/m EM = MD = 1/2
BD
c/m IE = DK ta c/m IH = HK
v HE = HD ( H l trung im
ca ED)
c/m DK = IE ta c/m nh th no? hs ln bng trnh by c/m
H ng dn v nh
Xem li cc bi tp gii v lm bi tp sau:
Cho tam gic ABC nhn, trc tm l im H v giao im ca
cc ng trung trc l im O. Gi P, Q, N theo th t l trung
im ca cc on thng AB, AH, AC .
A, Chng minh t gic OPQN l hnh bnh hnh.
Tam gic ABC phi c thm iu kin g t gic OPQN l
hnh ch nht.
**************************************************
Hot ng 2 : Bi tp p dng
Bi tp 1:
Thc hin cc php tnh sau:
A, 5ab( 2a
2
b 3ab + b
2
)
B, (a 2b)(5ab + 7b
2
+ a)
C, (2x
4
y
2
+ 3x
3
y
3
4x
2
y
4
) : (
3
1
x
2
y
2
)
D, (x
4
+ x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 5x + 5) : (x
2
+ x + 1)
E, (4x 5y)(16x
2
+ 20xy + 25y
2
)
G, (x2)(x+3) (x-3)(x +2) +(x +2)
3
(x H, (x - 1)
3
9(x
3
1) :
(x 1)
Bi tp s 2: tm x bit
A, x(2x 7) 4x + 14 = 0
B, x( x 1) + 2x 2 = 0
C, (x + 2)(x
2
2x + 4) x(x 3)(x + 3) = 26
D,6(x + 1)
2
+2(x 1)(x
2
+x + 1) 2(x +1)
3
=32
E, (6x
3
3x
2
) : 3x
2
(4x
2
+ 8x) : 4x = 5
G, x
2
+ x 6 = 0
Bi tp 3:
A,Vi gi tr no ca a th a thc
g(x) = x
3
7x
2
- ax chia ht cho a thc x 2 .
B, cho a thc f(x) = 2x
3
3ax
2
+ 2x + b . xc nh a v b
f(x) chia ht cho x 1 v x + 2.
? a thc g(x) chia ht cho a thc
x 2 khi no?
a thc f(x) chia ht cho a thc x- 1 v a thc x + 2 khi
no?
H ng dn v nh
Xem li cc bi tp gii n tp ton b kin thc hc ca
chng 1
Lm cc bi tp sau:
1, lm tnh chia
A, (4x
4
+ 12x
2
y
2
+ 9y
4
) : (2x
2
+ 3y
2
)
B, [(x + m)
2
+ 2(x + m)(y m) + (y m)
2
] : (x + y)
C, (6x
3
2x
2
9x

+ 3) : (3x 1)
2, Tm s nguyn n sao cho
A,2n
2
+ n 7 chia ht cho n 2
B, n
2
+ 3n + 3 chia ht cho 2n 1
Hnh thoi
Dng 1 : Nhn bit hnh thoi.
Phng php gii:
S dng du hiu nhn bit hnh thoi.
Bi 1 :
Chng minh rng cc trung im ca bn cnh ca mt hnh ch
nhaatjlaf cc nh ca mt hnh thoi.
Bi gii:
Bn tam gic vung AEH,BEF, CGF,DGH bng nhau nn :
EH = EF = GF =GH.
Do EFGH l hnh thoi.
Dng 2: S dng tnh cht hnh thoi tnh ton, chng
minh cc on thng bng nhau, cc gc bng nhau, cc
on thng vung gc.
Phng php gii:
p dng cc tnh cht ca hnh thoi.
Bi 1 : Hai ng cho ca hnh thoi bng 8cm v 10cm. Cnh ca
hnh thoi bng gi tr no trong cc gi tr sau y:
A. 6cm; B. 41cm;
C. 164cm D. 9cm.
Bi gii
Gi O l giao im cc ng cho ca hnh thoi ABCD. V ABCD
l hnh thoi nn AC BD ,
OB =
2 2 2 2 2
4 , 5 ,
2 2
4 5 41,
BD AC
cm OC cm
BC OB OC

+ +
Nn BC = 41cm.
Vy cu tr li B l ng.
Bi 2 : Chng ming rng cc trung im ca bn cnh ca hnh
thoi l cc nh ca mt hnh ch nht.
Bi gii
EF l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ABC
EF // AC.
HG l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ADC
HG // AC. Suy ra EF //
HG.
Chng minh tng t EH // FG.
Do EFGH l hnh bnh hnh.
E F // AC v BD AC nn
BD E F.
EH // BD v E F BD nn E F EH. Hnh bnh hnh E FGH c
0
90 E nn l hnh ch nht.
Dng 3 : Tnh cht i xng ca hnh thoi.
Phng php gii:
Vn dng tnh cht i xng trc v i xng tm hc.
Bi 1:
Chng minh rng :
a. Giao im hai ng cho ca hnh thoi l tm i xng ca
hnh thoi.
b. Hai ng cho ca hnh thoi l hai trc i xng ca hnh
thoi.
Bi gii
Sau nu cn Gv gi .
EFGH l hnh thoi.
EH = EF = GF =GH.
AEH BEF CGF DGH
a. Hnh bnh hnh nhn giao im hai ng cho lm tm i
xng . Hnh thoi cng l mt hnh bnh hnh nn giao im hai
ng cho hnh thoi l tm i xng ca hnh.
b. BD l ng trung trc ca AC nn A i xng vi C qua BD; B v
D cng i xng vi chnh n qua BD. Do BD l trc i xng
ca hnh thoi. Tng t AC cng l trc i xng ca hnh thoi.

E FGH l hnh ch nht.
E FGH l hnh bnh hnh v c
0
90 E .
EF // HG v EH // FG ; E F EH
EF // AC v HG // AC;
MAI TRNG MU Trng THCS Ngun nh Chiu
? Ta phi chng minh iu g?
23
EF l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ABC; HG l ng trung bnh
ca tam gic ADC.
Gv : Hng dn v nh :
1. Hc thuc l thuyt;
2. Xem cc dng bi tp v phng php gii;
3. Bi tp lm thm :
Bi 1 : Chng minh rng trung im cc cnh ca mt hnh thang
cn l cc nh ca mt hnh thoi.
Bi 2 : Cho tam gic ABC, Qua im D thuc cnh BC, k cc ng
thng song song vi AB v AC, ct AB v AC theo th t ti E v F.
a.T gic AEDF l hnh g
b. im D v tr no th AEDF l hnh thoi.
Bi 3 : Gi O l giao im cc ng cho ca hnh thoi ABCD.
Gi E,F,G,H theo th t l chn cc ng vung gc k t O n
AB,BC,CD.DA. T gic E FGH l hnh g ?
Bi 4 : Cho hnh thoi ABCD. T nh gc t B, k cc ng vung
gc BE,BF n AD,DC ct AC theo th t M v N. Chng minh :
BMDN l hnh thoi.
Bi 5 : Cho tam gic ABC. Trn cc cnh AB,AC ly cc im D v E
sao cho BD = CE . Gi M, N,I, K theo th t l trung im ca
DE,BC,BE,CD.
a. T gic MINK l hnh g ?
b. Gi H,G l giao im ca IK vi AB,AC. Chng minh tam gic
AGH l tam gic cn.
Luyn tp v hnh thoi v hnh vung
Bi tp 1
Cho tam gic u ABC, Trc tm H. K ng cao AD. Mt
im M thuc cnh BC. T M k ME vung gc vi AB v MF
vung gc vi AC. Gi I l trung im ca on thng AM.
Chng minh rng
A T gic DEIF l hnh thoi.
B, ng thng HM i qua tm i xng ca hnh thoi
DEIF.
c/m t gic DEIF l hnh thoi ta c/m nh th no?
Gv hng dn hs c/m EI = IF = ED = DF bng cch c/m tam gic IED
v tam gic IFD l cc tam gic u
c/m MH i qua tm i xng ca hnh thoi ta c/m nh th
no?
Gv hng dn hs c/m ba im M, O, H thng hng
A,Hs c/m tam gic IED u ( IE = ID = 1/2 AM v gc EID = 60
0
)
Tam gic IDF u ( ID = IF = 1/2 AM v gc EIF = 120
0
= 2 A nn
DIF = 60
0
)
B,Gi O l giao im hai ng cho ca hnh thoi v N l trung
im ca AH
Trong tam gic AMH c IN l ng trung bnh nn IN // MH
Trong tam gic IDH c OH // IN
Suy ra OH trng vi MH nn ba im O, M, H thng hng
Bi tp 2
Cho tam gic ABC vung gc ti nh A, k ng cao AH v
trung tuyn AM . ng phn gic ca gc A ct ng
trung trc ca cnh BC ti im D. T D k DE vung gc vi
AB v DF vung gc vi AC.
1 Chng minh AD l phn gic ca gc HAM
2, Ba im E, M, F thng hng.
3, Tam gic BDC l tam gic vung cn
c/m AD l phn gic ca gc HAM ta c/m nh th no? c/m
3 im E, M, F thng hng ta c/m nh th no?
c/m tam gic BDC vung cn ta c/m nh th no?
Bi 2:
c/m AD l phn gic ca gc HAM ta c/m gc HAD = gc HAM
Hs ta c gc BAH = ACH (cng ph vi gc B) v goc BAD = gc
DAC nn gc HAD = gc DAM suy ra AD l phn gic ca gc HAM
c/m 3 im E, M, F thng hng ta c/m 3 im E, M,F cng
nm trn ng trung trc ca on thng AD
c/m tam gic BDC vung cn ta c/m
EBD = FCD BD = DC v gc EDF = gc BDC t suy ra tam
gc BDC vung cn
Bi tp 3.
Cho hnh vung ABCD . Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca
AB v BC. Cc ng thng DN v CM ct nhau ti I. Chng
minh tam gic AID cn.
c/m tam gic AID cn ta c/m nh th no ?
c/m BMC = CND suy ra gc BCM = gc CDN CM
DN (1)
T gic AKCM l hnh bnh hnh nn
AK // CM (2) t 1 v 2 suy ra AK DN m H l trung im ca ID
nn tam gic AID cn tai A
Bi 3
c/m tam gic AID cn ta c/m AK va l ng cao va l ng
trung tuyn ( K l trung im ca CD)
Bi tp 4.
Cho hnh vung ABCD v E l mt im trn cnh AB.
Phn gic ca gc ECD ct AD ti F.
Chng minh : BE + DF = CF
Gv hng dn hs cch c/m :
Trn tia i ca tia BA ly im G sao cho BG = DF
DCF =
BCG
gc FCD = gc BCG chng minh tam gic CEG cn ti E

suy ra EC = EG = EB + BG = EB + DF Bi 4
Hng dn v nh : xem li cc bi tp gii
Gv ra thm bi tp cho hs
Th ngay thang nam 20
TNH GHAT PHAN GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC
KHAI NIEM TAM GIAC ONG DANG
TRNG HP ONG DANG TH I & II CUA HAI TAM GIAC
BAI 1 : Cho tam giac ABC (A = 90
0
), AB = 21cm, AC =
28cm, ng phan giac cua goc A cat BC tai D, ng
thang qua D song song vi AB cat AC tai E.
a) Tnh o dai cac oan thang BD, DC, DE.
b) Tnh dien tch tam giac ABD va dien tch tam giac ACD.
GT ABC vuong tai A
AB = 21cm, AC = 28cm
DE // AB
KL a) BD, DC, DE = ?cm
b) S
ABD
; S
ACD
chng minh
a) A = 90
0

=> BC
2
= AB
2
+ AC
2
(nh l pytago)
hay BC
2
= 21
2
+ 28
2
= 1225 => BC = 35 (cm)
* Ta co:
4
3
28
21

AC
AB
DC
BD

=>
28 21
21
+
+ AC AB
AB
DC BD
BD
=>
7
3
BC
BD
=>
15
7
35 . 3
7
. 3

BC
BD
(cm)
DC = BC BD = 35 15 = 20 (cm)
*
12
35
20 . 21
DE
BC
DC
AB
DE
(cm)
BAI 2 : Cho tam giac ABC co AB = 16,2 cm, BC = 24,3
cm, AC = 32,7 cm.. Biet rang ABC ong dang vi
ABC . Tnh o dai cac canh cua ABC trong moi
trng hp sau:
a) AB ln hn canh AB la 10,8 cm.
AB be hn canh AB la 5,4 cm. a) Do ABC ABC nen
suy ra:
7 , 32
' '
3 , 24
' '
5 , 16
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' C A C B B A
hay
AC
C A
BC
C B
AB
B A

Do AB ln hn AB la 10,8 cm nen:

2 , 16
27
2 , 16
8 , 10 2 , 16
7 , 32
' '
3 , 24
' '
2 , 16
' '
+

C A C B B A
Suy ra :
5 , 40
2 , 16
3 , 24 . 27
' ' C B
(cm)

) ( 5 , 54
2 , 16
7 , 32 . 27
' ' cm C A
b) Tng t nh tren :
AB = 16,2 5,4 = 10,8 (cm)
b) => BC = 16,2 (cm) ; AC = 21,8 (cm)
Phn 1: TRNG HP ONG DANG TH I & II CUA HAI TAM
GIAC
BAI 1 : Tam giac ABC co ba ng trung tuyen cat nhau
tai O. Goi P, Q, R theo th t la trung iem cua cac oan
thang OA, OB, OC. Chng minh rang tam giac PQR tam
giac ABC.
Chng minh
Theo gia thiet ta co:
PQ la ng trung bnh cua OAB
=> PR =
AB
2
1
=>
) 1 (
2
1
AB
PR
QR la ng trung bnh cua OBC
=> QR =
BC
2
1
=>
) 2 (
2
1
BC
QR
PQ la ng trung bnh cua OAC
=> PQ =
AC
2
1
=>
2
1
AC
PQ
(3)
T (1), (2) va (3) =>
2
1

AC
PQ
BC
QR
AB
PR
Suy ra : PQR ABC (c.c.c) vi t so ong dang
k =
2
1
BAI 2: Cho tam giac ABC co AB = 10 cm, AC =
20 cm. Tren tia AC at oan thang AD = 5 cm.
Chng minh rang ABD = ACB.
Giai
Xet ADB va ABC co :
2
1
20
10
;
2
1
10
5

AC
AB
AB
AD
Suy ra :
AC
AB
AB
AD
(1)
Mat khac, ADB va ABC co goc A chung (2)
T (1) va (2) suy ra : ADB ABC
=> ABD = ACD
n tp v nh l Ta lt
I. Mc tiu bi dy:
- Cng c cc kin thc v nh l Ta lt trong tam gic,
nh l Ta lt o v h qu ca nh l Ta lt trong tam
gic.
- Rn k nng vn dng cc kin thc suy ra cc on
thng tng ng t l t tm cc on thng cha
bit trong hnh hoc chng minh hai on thng bng
nhau hoc hai ng thng song song.
II. Ph ng tin dy hc:
- GV: gio n, bng ph, thc
- HS: n tp cc kin thc c, dng c hc tp.
III. Tin trnh dy hc:
Bi 1:
Cho ABC c AB = 6cm, AC = 9cm. Trn cnh AB ly im D sao
cho AD = 4 cm. K DE // BC (E AC). Tnh di cc on thng
AE, CE.
A
B
C
D
E
Gii:
V DE // BC (gt) p dng nh l Ta lt trong ABC ta c:
AD AE 4 AE
AB AC 6 9

AE =
4.9
6
6

(cm)
M CE = AC AE
CE = 9 6 = 3 (cm)
Bi tp 2:
Cho ABC c AC = 10 cm. trn cnh AB ly im D sao cho AD =
1,5 BD. k DE // BC (E AC). Tnh di AE, CE.
A
B
C
D
E
Gii:
V DE // BC (gt) p dng nh l Ta lt trong ABC ta c:
AE AD AE 1, 5BD
CE BD AC AE BD

Hay
AE 3
10 AE 2
2AE = 3(10 AE)

2AE = 30 3AE
2AE + 3AE = 30
5AE = 30
AE = 6 (cm)
CE = AC AE = 10 6 = 4 (cm)
Th ngy thng nm 20
Phng trnh cha n mu thc
Bi tp 1:
Tm m phng trnh 3x 2m + 1 = 0 c nghim l x = -2.
Gii:
Phng trnh 3x 2m + 1 = 0 c nghim l x = - 2 khi: 3(-2)
2m + 1 = 0
- 6 2m + 1 = 0
- 2m = 6 1
- 2m = 5
m = - 2,5
Vy vi m = -2,5 th phng trnh cho c nghim l x = - 2.
Bi tp 2
Gii phng trnh sau:
1 3 5
a)
2x 3 x(2x 3) x

x 2 1 2
b)
x 2 x x(x 2)
+

2
2
x 1 x 1 2(x 2)
c)
x 2 x 2 x 4
+ +
+
+
Gii:
1 3 5
a)
2x 3 x(2x 3) x

(KX: x 0 v x 3/2)
x 3 = 5(2x 3)
x 3 = 10x 15
x 10x = -15 + 3
- 9x = - 12
x = 4/3 tha mn.
Vy tp hp nghim ca phng trnh l S = { 4/ 3}
x 2 1 2
b)
x 2 x x(x 2)
+

(KX: x 0, x 2)
x(x + 2) (x 2) = 2
x
2
+ 2x x + 2 = 2
x
2
+ x + 2 2 = 0
x
2
+ x = 0
x(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 hoc x + 1 = 0
1)x = 0 (khng tha mn iu kin)
2)x + 1 = 0 x = -1 (tha mn)
Vy tp hp nghim ca phng trnh l S = { - 1}
2
2
x 1 x 1 2(x 2)
c)
x 2 x 2 x 4
+ +
+
+
(KX: x 2 v x - 2)
2
x 1 x 1 2(x 2)
x 2 x 2 (x 2)(x 2)
+ +
+
+ +
(x+1)(x+2)+(x 1)(x 2) = 2(x
2
+2)
x
2
+ 2x + x + 2 + x
2
-2x x + 2 = 2x
2
+4
x
2
+ x
2
2x
2
+ 2x + x 2x x = 4 -2 2
0x = 0
Vy phng trnh nghim ng vi mi gi tr ca x t 2.
Phng trnh Phng trnh bc nht mt n
Trc nghim khch quan
Bi 1:Xc nh ng sai
trong cc khng nh sau:
a/ Pt : x
2
5x+6=0 c nghim
x=-2.
b/ pt ; x
2
+ 5 = 0 c tp nghim
S =
c/ Pt : 0x = 0 c mt nghim x
= 0.
d/ Pt :
1 1
2
1 1 x x

+
l pt mt n.
e/ Pt : ax + b =0 l pt bc nht
mt n.
f/ x = 3 l nghim pt :x
2
= 3.
Bi 2:Chn cu tr li ng
nht
1/ Phng trnh 2x+3 =x+5 c
nghim l
A .
2
1
; B . -
2
1
; C . 0 ; D . 2
2/ Phng trnh x
2
= -4
A . C mt nghim x = -2
B . C mt nghim x = 2
C . C hai nghim x = 2 v x =
-2
D . V nghim
3/ x =1 l nghim ca phng
trnh
A . 3x+5 = 2x+3 B . 2(x-
1) = x-1
Bi 1
a)
b)
c) S
d) S
e)
f)
Bi 2:
1)D
2)D
3) B
4) B
5) D
C . -4x+5 = -5x-6 D .
x+1= 2(x+7)
4/ Phng trnh 2x+k = x-1
nhn x = 2
l nghim khi
A . k =3 ; B . k = -3 ; C . k =
0 ; D . k = 1
5/ Phng trnh
x
= -1 c tp
nghim l
A .
{ } 1
; B .
{ } 1
; C .
{ } 1 ; 1
; D .
Bi 3 : in vo du () ni
dung thch hp
1/ Phng trnh 2x-1 =0 c tp
nghim l S =
2/ Phng trnh x+2 = x+2 c
tp nghim l
3/ Phng trnh x+5 = x-7 c
tp nghim l
4/ Phngtrnh 0.x = 4 c tp
nghim l S =
5/ Phngtrnh 0.x = 0 c tp
nghim l S =
1) S=
1
2

' ;

2) V s nghim
3) S=
4) S=
5) V s nghim
Bi 4: Ni mi phng trnh ct A vi mt phng trnh
ct B tng ng vi n
A B
a) 4x+3 =0 1) 4x-8 =0
b) 4x-3 =0 2) 4x = -3
c) 2x-4 = 0 3) 4x =3
T lun
Bi 1
Cho phng trnh : (m-1)x + m
=0.(1)
a/ Tm K ca m pt (1) l pt
bc nht mt n.
b/ Tm K ca m pt (1) c
nghim x = -5.
c/ Tm K ca m phtr (1) v
nghim.
Bi 1
phng trnh l phng trnh
bc nht mt n:
m-1
0
1 m
b) V phng trnh(1) c
nghim x = -5.
(m-1) .5 +m =0
5m- 5+m =0
6.m = 5
Bi 2:
Cho pt : 2x 3 =0 (1)
v pt : (a-1) x = x-5 . (2)
a/ Gii pt (1)
b/ Tm a pt (1) v Pt (2) t-
ng ng.
Gi h/s ln gii
GV nhn xt sa cha
Bi 3:
Gii cc pt sau :
a/ x
2
4 = 0
b/ 2x = 4
c/ 2x + 5 = 0
d/
2 1
0
3 2
x
e/
1 2 5
2
6 3 2
y y +
Gi h/s ln gii
GV nhn xt sa cha
H: h ng dn vn:
Xem li cc bi tp gii
Bi 4:
Cho M = x(x-1)(x+2) (x-5)(x
2
-
x+ 1) - 7x
2
.
a/ Rt gn M
b/ Tnh gi tr ca M ti x=
1
1
2
c/ Tm x M = 0.
m=5/6
c) phtr (1) v nghim:
1 0 1
1
0 0
m m
m
m m

' '

2x -3 =0
2x = 3
x =
3
2
b) phng trnh (1) v (20 t-
ng ng th nghim ca ph-
ng trnh ( 1) l nghim ca
phng trnh (2)
Thay x=
3
2
ta co:
(a-1) .
3
2
=
3
2
-5
(a-1) .
3
2
=
7
2
a- 1 =
7
3
a =
4
3
Bi 3:
Gii cc pt sau :
a/ x
2
4 = 0 Kq { } 2; 2 S
b/ 2x = 4 { } 2 S

c/ 2x + 5 = 0
5
2
S

' ;

d/
2 1
0
3 2
x

3
4
S

' ;

e/
1 2 5
2
6 3 2
y y +

11
3
S

' ;

(p s :a/ M = -8x+ 5
b/ ti x=
1
1
2
th M =17
c/ M=0 khi x=
5
8
)
Rt kinh nghim:

n tp di dng thi
I. E BAI:
A. Phan trac nghiem khach quan (3):
Chon cau tra li ung roi ghi vao bai lam
1) Tnh 8a
3
- 1
A. (2a - 1)(2a
2
+ 2a + 1)
B. (2a - 1)(4a
2
+ 2a + 1)
C. (2a + 1)(4a
2
- 4a + 1)
D. (2a - 1)(2a
2
- 2a + 1)
2) Ket qua rut gon phan thc
3
2
1 x
x 1
la:
A.
2
1 x x
x 1
+ +
B. 2x(x+2)
3
C.
2
1 x x
x 1
+ +
D.
2
1 x x
x 1
+
3) Mau thc chung cua hai phan thc:

2
3x
4(x 2)
+
va
3
1
2x(x 2) +

la:
A. 4(x + 2)
3
B. 2x(x + 2)
3

C. 4x(x + 2)
2
D. 4x(x + 2)
3
4) Khang nh nao sau ay la sai?
A. Hnh thoi co mot goc vuong la hnh vuong
B. Hnh thang co hai goc bang nhau la hnh thang can
C. Hnh ch nhat co hai canh lien tiep bang nhau la hnh
vuong
D. Hnh thoi la hnh bnh hanh
5) o dai ng cheo hnh vuong bang 10 2 cm th dien
tch cua hnh vuong la:
A. 50 cm
2
B. 100 cm
2

C. 100 2 cm
2
D. 200cm
2
6) ien bieu thc thch hp vao cho trong cac ang
thc sau, roi chep lai ket qua vao bai lam:
( ) ( )
2
64a ...... ...... 5 ...... 5 +
2
2
1
x x ...... ......
2
_
+

,
B. Phan t luan: (7)
Bai 1: (2,5) 1) Phan tch cac a thc sau thanh nhan t:
4a
2
- 4ab - 2a + 2b
x
6
+ 27y
3
2) Thc hien phep tnh:
2 2 2
1 1 1
x y xy y . x y x y x
2 2 2
_ _ _
+

, , ,
( ) ( )
3 2
2x 3x 7x 3 : 2x 1 +
Bai 2: (1,5) Thc hien phep tnh:

2
1 2 3 x 14
:
x 9 3 x x 3 x 3
_
+ +

+ +
,
Bai 3:(3) Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A co
0
ABC 60
. Tren
na mat phang co b la ng thang AB (cha iem C)
ke tia Ax // BC. Tren Ax lay iem D sao cho
AD = DC.
1) Tnh cac goc BAD; ADC
2) Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh thang can
3) Goi M la trung iem cua BC. T giac ADMB la hnh
g? Tai sao?
4) So sanh dien tch cua t giac AMCD vi dien tch
tam giac ABC.
II. AP AN VA BIEU IEM:
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. 0,25x2
Moi cau tra li ung cho 0,5
B. Phan t luan: (7)
Bai 1: (2,5)
1) 4a
2
- 4ab - 2a + 2b = 2(a - b)(2a - 1) 0,5
x
6
+ 27y
3
= (x
2
+ 3y)(x
4
- 3x
2
y + 9y
2
) 0,5
2)
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
_ _ _
+

, , ,
=
2 2 2 3
1 5 1
x y xy y
2 4 2
+
0,75
( ) ( )
3 2
2x 3x 7x 3 : 2x 1 +
= x
2
- x + 3 0,75
Bai 2: (1,5)
*
2
1 2 3 x 14
:
x 9 3 x x 3 x 3
_
+ +

+ +
,
=
2
1 2 3 x 14
:
x 9 x 3 x 3 x 3
_
+

+ +
,
0,25
* MTC = x
2
- 9 (cua bieu thc trong ngoac n) 0,25
*
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2 x 3 3(x 3)
x 14 x 14 x 3
: .
x 9 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 14
+ +
+
+ +
0,75
=
1
x 3
0,25
Bai 3: (3)
Ve hnh ung 0,25
Ghi gia thiet, ket luan 0,25
1) Tnh goc BAD = 120
0
0,25
ADC = 120
0
0,25
2) Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh thang 0,25
Tnh c goc BCD = 60
0
0,25
(Hoac

ch ra hai goc cung mot ay bang nhau)
ABCD la hnh thang can 0,25
3) T giac ADMB la hnh thoi 0,25
ABM la tam giac eu => AM = AB = BM 0,25
Do AB = DC ma DC = AD => AD = BM. T o suy ra ADMB la
hnh bnh hanh
Hnh bnh hanh o lai co AB = BM nen la hnh thoi 0,25
4) dt ABC = dt AMCD 0,25
Phng php:
Gv cho hc sinh lm phn trc nghim khong 30 pht sau
gi ln lt hc sinh tr li tng cu
Hs lm bi theo yu cu ca gio vin
Gv nhn mnh nhng li hay ng nhn ca hc sinh khi lm bi
trc nghim.
Phn t lun gio vin gi ln lt tng hc sinh ln bng lm tng
phn ca tng bi
Gi hc sinh khc nhn xt
Cha chun theo p n
III.Hng dn v nh
Xem li cc dng bi tp cha trong tham kho
BTVN:
Bi 1: Thc hin php tnh
a, (x
2
-2xy+2y
2
).(x+2y)
b, (15+5x
2
-3x
3
-9x):(5-3x)
Bi 2: Cho phn thc
2
3
2 4 8
8
x x
x
+
+
a, Vi diu kin no ca x th gi tr ca phn thc c xc
nh
b, Rt gn phn thc
c, Tnh gi tr ca phn thc ti x=2
d, Tm gi tr ca x gi tr ca phn thc bng 2
Bi 3: Chng minh biu thc sau khng ph thuc vo bin x,y (vi
( )
2
2 2
2
0, 0, )
2 1 1
:
x y x y
x y
xy x y
x y

_ +

,
Bi 4: Cho tam gic ABC. H AD vung gc vi ng phn gic
trong ca gc B ti D, h AE vung gc vi ng phn gic ngoi
ca gc B ti E.
a, Chng minh t gic ADBE l hnh ch nht.
b, Tm iu kin ca tam gic ABC t gic ADBE l hnh
vung
c, Chng minh
DE BC P
n tp v Phng trnh a c v dng ax+b = 0 .
Phng trnh tch .Phng trnh cha n mu thc
Bi tp 1:
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)4x(2x + 3) x(8x 1) = 5(x + 2)
b)(3x 5)(3x + 5) x(9x 1) = 4
Gii:
a)4x(2x + 3) x(8x 1) = 5(x + 2)
8x
2
+ 12x 8x
2
+ x = 5x + 10
8x
2
8x
2
+ 12x + x 5x = 10
8x = 10
x = 1,25
b)(3x 5)(3x + 5) x(9x 1) = 4
9x
2
25 9x
2
+ x = 4
9x
2
9x
2
+ x = 4 + 25
x = 29
Bi tp 2:
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)3 4x(25 2x) = 8x
2
+ x 300
2(1 3x) 2 3x 3(2x 1)
b) 7
5 10 4
+ +

5x 2 8x 1 4x 2
c) 5
6 3 5
+ +

Gii:
a)3 4x(25 2x) = 8x
2
+ x 300
3 100x + 8x
2
=8x
2
+ x 300
8x
2
8x
2
100x x = -300 3
-101x = -303
x = 3
2(1 3x) 2 3x 3(2x 1)
b) 7
5 10 4
+ +

8(1 3x) 2(2 + 3x) = 140 15(2x + 1)
8 24x 4 6x = 140 30x 15
- 24x 6x + 30x = 140 15 8 + 4
0x = 121
Vy phng trnh v nghim.
5x 2 8x 1 4x 2
c) 5
6 3 5
+ +

5(5x + 2) 10(8x 1) = 6(4x + 2) 150
25x + 10 80x + 10 = 24x + 12 150
25x 80x 24x = 12 150 10 10
- 79x = - 158
x = 2
Luyn tp v quy ng mu thc,
cng tr, nhn, chia phn thc.
Bi tp.
Bi 1: Thc hin php tnh.
a,
3 3 3
1 2 3 2 2 4
6 6 6
x y x
x y x y x y

+ +
.
b,
2 2
5 7 11
6 12 18 x y xy xy
+ +
.
c,
2
4 2 5 6
2 2 4
x
x x x
+ +
+
.
d,
3 2 7 4
2 2
x x
xy xy

.
e,
2
2 2 2 2
xy x
x y y x

.
g,
2
1 1 3 6
3 2 3 2 4 9
x
x x x

+
.
GV: Cho HS ln bng gii .
HS ln bng
p n:
a, 1/3x
3
; b,
2 2
21 30 22
36
x y xy
x y
+ +
; c, 1/x-2 d, 1-2x/xy.
e, x/x-y; g, 1/3x+2
GV: Cht li.- Vn dng quy tc
A B A B
M M M
+
+
-
A C A C
B D B D
_
+

,
- Php cng, tr cc phn thc khc mu ta phi a
v cng mu ri thc hin theo quy tc.
- M rng
....... ......
A C E A C E
B D F B D F

+ + +

( )
3 5
2
2 2
2
2
2
30 121
.
11 25
2 20 50 1
, .
3 3
4 5
2 2 3
, .
1 5 6
x y
y x
x x x
b
x
x
x x x
c
x x x
+
+

+ +

3
2
4 3 3 2 2
2
27 2 6
, :
5 5 3 3
3 6
, (4 16) :
7 2
, :
2 2
x x
d
x x
x
e x
x
x xy x x y xy
g
xy y x y

+ +
+
+ +
+ +
GV: Cho HS ln bng gii
HS: ln bng
p n:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 3
3 3 9
66 1
, ; , ; ,1; ,
5 6 5 10
4 2 7 2
, ; ,
3
x x
x y x
a b c d
x
x x
x y
e g
y
+ +

GV: Cht li
- Vn dng quy tc
.
. ; : .
.
A C AC A C A D
B D B D B D B C

- Phn tch t, mu ca tng phn thc thnh nhn t
rt gn.
Bi 3: Rt gn biu thc.

2 3
2
4 3
3 2 4
3 8 12 6
, .
4 9 27
15 7 4 4
, . .
2 2 14 1 15 7
19 8 5 9 19 8 4 2
, . .
7 1945 7 1945
x x x x
a
x x
x x x x
b
x x x x
x x x x
c
x x x x
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
GV: yu cu HS thc hin
GV: cha chun, cht li:
a, Phn tch t v mu cc phn thc trc khi p dng quy tc
nhn a thc vi nhau..
p n:
2
( 2)
9( 2)
x
x

+
b, Vn dng tnh cht giao hon v kt hp ca php nhn.
p n:
4 3
3 2 4
4 3
3 4 2
2
15 7 4 4
. .
2 2 14 1 15 7
15 7 4 4
. .
2 2 15 7 14 1
2
14 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+
c, Vn dng tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php
cng.
p n:
19 8 5 9 4 2
.
7 1945 1945
19 8 5 9 4 2
.
7 1945
19 8 7
.
7 1945
19 8
1945
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
_

+ +
,
+ + _

+
,
+
+
+
+
Bi 4: Tm Q, bit.

2 2
3 3 2 2
2
.
x y x xy y
Q
x y x xy y
+
+ +
GV hi: Tm Q nh th no?
HS: tr li
GV cht li
p n:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 3 3
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
:
( )
.
( )( )
x xy y x y
Q
x xy y x y
x y x xy y
x y
Q
x xy y x y
Q x y x y
Q x y
+
+ +
+ +
+
+

III. Hng dn v nh.
- Xem li cc bi tp cha
- Hc thuc cc quy tc v cng, tr, nhn, chia phn thc.

n tp
Bi tp 1: Lm tnh nhn
a, (x
2
+ 2xy 3 ) . ( - xy )
b,
2
1
x
2
y ( 2x
2

5
2
xy
2
1 )
c, ( x 7 )( x 5 )
d, ( x- 1 )( x + 1)( x + 2 )
Gv cho 4 hs ln bng
Hs ln bng
Gi : phn d nhn hai a thc u vi nhau sau nhn
vi a thc th ba.
Gv cha ln lt tng cu. Trong khi cha ch hc sinh cch
nhn v du ca cc hng t, rt gn a thc kt qu ti khi ti
gin.
Kt qu: a, - x
3
y 2x
2
y
2
+ 3xy
b, x
5
y
5
1
x
3
y
3

2
1
x
2
y
c, x
2
12 x + 35
d, x
3
+ 2x
2
x 2
Bi tp 2: Rt gn cc biu thc sau
a, x( 2x
2
3 ) x
2
( 5x + 1 ) + x
2
b, 3x ( x 2 ) 5x( 1 x ) 8 ( x
3
3 )
Gv hi ta lm bi tp ny nh th no?
Hs: Nhn n thc vi a thc
Thu gn cc hng t ng dng
Gv lu hc sinh bi c th ra l rt gn, hay tnh, hay lm
tnh nhn th cch lm hon ton tng t.
Cho 2 hc sinh ln bng
Gi hc sinh di lp nhn xt, b sung
Kt qu: a, -3x
2
3x
b, - 11x + 24
Bi tp 3: Tm x bit
a, 2x ( x 5 ) x( 3 + 2x ) = 26
b, 3x ( 12x 4) 9x( 4x 3 ) = 30
c, x ( 5 2x ) + 2x( x 1) = 15
Gv hng dn hc sinh thu gn v tri sau dng quy tc
chuyn v tm x.
Gi 1 hs ng ti ch lm cu a.
Gv sa sai lun nu c
a, 2x( x 5 ) x ( 3 + 2x ) = 26
2x.x 2x.5 x.3 x.2x = 26
2x
2
10x 3x 2x
2
= 26
( 2x
2
2x
2
) + ( -10x 3x ) = 26
-13x = 26
x = 26:( -13)
x = -2
vy x = -2
Gv cho hc sinh lm cu b,c tng t . Hai em ln bng
Cha chun
Kt qu b, x = 2
c, x = 5
Bi tp 4: Chng minh rng
a, ( x 1 )( x
2
+ x +1 ) = x
3
1
b, ( x
3
+ x
2
y + xy
2
+ y
3
)( x y ) = x
4
y
4
Gv hi theo em bi ny ta lm th no
Hs tr li: ta bin i v tri thnh v phi
Gv lu hc sinh ta c th bin i v phi thnh v tri,
hoc bin i c hai v cng bng biu thc th 3
Cho hc sinh thc hin
Kt qu : a, ( x 1 )( x
2
+ x +1 )
= x.x
2
+ x.x +x.1 1.x
2
1.x 1.1
= x
3
+ x
2
+ x - x
2
x 1
= x
3
+ ( x
2
x
2
) + ( x x ) 1
= x
3
- 1
Vy v tri bng v phi
b, lm tng t
A- Hnh hc
Bi tp 1: Chng minh rng cc gc ca mt t gic khng th
u l nhn , khng th u l t
Gv cho hc sinh nhc li nh l tng cc gc ca t gic
Hs tr li
GV? Da vo nh l trn em hy chng minh bi tp trn.
Gv gi hc sinh TB tr li cu hi: th no l gc nhn, th
no l gc t
Hs tr li
Gv cho hc sinh chng minh bi tp
Hs : - Gi s bn gc ca t gic u nhn th tng cc gc
ca t gic nh hn 360
0
tri vi nh l tng cc gc ca t gic.
Vy cc gc ca t gic khng th u l nhn.
- Tng t nu bn gc ca t gic u l gc t th tng cc
gc ca t gic ln hn 360
0
. iu ny tri vi nh l. Vy
cc gc ca t gic khng th u l t.
Bi tp 2: Cho tam gic ABC cc tia phn gic ca gc B v
gc C ct nhau ti I . qua I k ng thng song song vi BC ct
cc cnh AB, AC D v E.
a, Tm cc hnh thang trong hnh v
b, Chng minh rng hnh thang BDEC c mt cnh y bng
tng hai cnh bn.
Gv cho hs c v v hnh.
Hs thc hin
j
A
B
C
D
E
Chng minh
a, Gv cho hc sinh ch cc hnh thang trn hnh v. Gii thch
v sao l hnh thang.
Hs : - T gic DECB l hnh thang v c DE song song vi BC.
- T gic DICB l hnh thang v DI song song vi BC
- T gic IECB l hnh thang v EI song song vi BC
b, Gv :? Cu b yu cu ta lm g
Hs tr li: DE = BD + CE
Gv? DE = ?
Hs: DE = DI + IE
Gv cho hc sinh chng minh BD = DI, CE + IE
Hs: tho lun nhm nh chng minh
Ta c DE // BC nn DIB IBC ( so le trong)
M DBI CBI (do BI l phn gic)
Nn DIB DBI

tam gic BDI cn ti D DI BD (1)

Chng minh tng t ta c IE = EC (2)
T 1 v 2 ta c DE = BD + CE
Gv gii thch cho hc sinh hiu ti sao ta khng chng minh
BC = BD + CE
III- Bi tp v nh:
Gv nhc nh hc sinh:
Khi lm bi tp i ch du cc hng t , quy tc du
ngoc, quy tc chuyn v.
Vi hnh hc phi thuc l thuyt
Lm bi tp trong sch bi tp i 9, 10 trang 4

Hnh 30,32 trang 63, 64
_____________________________________________________________
Bui 2
Hng ng thc Dng hnh
1. Nu tn v cng thc ca by hng ng thc hc.
Hs: 1. Bnh phng mt tng
(A+B)
2
= A
2
+ 2AB + B
2
2. Bnh phng mt hiu
(A-B)
2
= A
2
- 2AB - B
2
3. Hiu hai bnh phng
A
2
- B
2
= (A+B)(A-B)
4.Lp phng mt tng
(A+B)
3
= A
3
+ 3A
2
B+3A B
2
+B
3
5. Lp phng mt hiu
(A-B)
3
= A
3
- 3A
2
B+3A B
2
-B
3
6. Tng hai lp phng
A
3
+B
3
=(A+B)( A
2
- AB + B
2
)
7. Hiu hai lp phng
A
3
-B
3
=(A-B)( A
2
+AB + B
2
)
2. Nu phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
hc.
Hs: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t bng phng php t
nhn t chung:
Vd: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
2x+ x
3
= x( 2+x
2
)
3. Bi tp:
a, Bi tp 30/16: Rt gn biu thc:
Hs1:
(x+3)(x
2
-3x+9)- (54+x
3
)
= (x+3)(x
2
-3x+3
2
)-(54+x
3
)
= x
3
+3
3
-54-x
3
=( x
3
-x
3
) +(3
3
-54)
=0 + 27- 54
= -27
Hs2:
( 2x+y)(4x
2
-2xy+y
2
)- ( 2x-y)(4x
2
+2xy+y
2
)
= (2x)
2
+ y
3
-[(2x)
2
- y
3
]
= 8x
3
+y
3
- 8x
3
+y
3
=(8x
3
- 8x
3
)+(y
3
+y
3
)
= 2y
3
Gv: Lm bi rt gn biu thc ch p dng hng ng thc vo
bi tnh nhanh ch khng nht thit phi khai trin.
b, Bi tp 32:
in cc n thc thch hp vo trng
(3x+y)(- + .) = 27x
3
+ y
3
- Ta thy xut hin lp phng ca hai s:
27x
3
+ y
3
= (3x+y)(9x
2
- 3xy+ y
2
)
- Cc s hng ca a thc ph hp vi cc trng ta c
(3x+y)(9x
2
- 3xy+ y
2
)= 27x
3
+ y
3
b. Gi hc sinh ln bng lm
(2x+.)(+ 10x+) = 8x
3
- 125
Ta c
8x
3
- 125 =(2x)
3
- 5
3
=(2x-5)(4x
2
-10x+25)
C, Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
Bi tp 22SBT
bi:
a, 5x- 20y
b, 5x(x-1)-3x(x-1)
c, x(x+y)-5x-5y
p n:
a, =5(x-4y)
b, =x(x-1)(5-3)
=2x(x-1)
c, = x(x+y)-5(x+y)
=(x+y)(x-5)
Gv: Trong mt bi phn tch a thc thnh nhn t khng phi
lc no cng xut hin nhn t chung lun m phi i du
hng t hoc bin i hng t th mi xut hin c nhn t
chung.
Bi tp 27
a.9x
2
+6xy+y
2
= (3x)
2
+2(3x)y+ y
2
= (3x+y)
2
b. 6x- 9- x
2
= -(x
2
- 6x+9)
= - (x- 3)
2
c. x
2
+ 4y
2
+4xy= (x+2y)
2
Bi tp 28c
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
- 3xyz
= x
3
+(y+z)
3
-3yz(y+z)-3xyz
=(x+y+z)[x
2
-x(y+z)- (y+z)
2
]-3yz(x+y+z)
=(x+y+z)(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
-xy-yz-zx)
d. Tm x
bi
Tm x:
a. x
3
-0.25x =0
b. x
2
- 10x = 25
Dng bi ny ta phn tch v tri thnh nhn t ri p dng
a.b=0 th a=0

b=0
p n:
a.
5 . 0
5 . 0
0
x
x
x
b.x=5
N Tp
A- Mc tiu
Hc sinh c luyn tp v hng ng thc, phn tch a
thc thnh nhn t thng qua cc dng bi tp.
Rn k nng lm bi, trnh by bi.
B Tin trnh
Bi 1: Tnh nhanh gi tr ca biu thc
a, P = ( x + y )
2
+ x
2
y
2
ti x = 69 v y = 31
b, Q = 4x
2
9x
2
ti x = 1/2 v y = 33
Gv hi: hng lm ca bi tp trn nh th no
Hs tr li: ta bin i biu thc da vo cc hng ng
thc hc sau ta thay gi tr ca x,y vo.
Gv gi hs ng ti ch lm cu a
Hs lm
P = ( x + y )
2
+ x
2
y
2
= ( x + y )
2
+ ( x + y )( x y )
= ( x + y )( x + y + x y )
= ( x + y ) 2x
Thay x = 69 v y = 31 vo biu thc trn ta c
P = ( 69 + 31 ) 2 .69
= 100 . 138
= 13800
Gv cho hs lm cu b tng t v cu
c, x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1 ti x = 99
d, x
2
+ 4x + 4 ti x = 98
e, x ( x 1) y ( 1 y ) ti x = 2001 v y = 1999
Bi 2: Tnh nhanh
a, 34
2
+ 66
2
+ 68.66
b, 74
2
+ 26 52.74
c, 101
3
99
3
+ 1
d, 52. 143 52. 39 8.26
e, 87
2
+ 73
2
27
2
- 13
2
Gv hi: nu phng php lm bi tp trn
Hs tr li
Gv cht li cch lm: chng ta phi tm cch bin i cc
biu thc trn thnh bnh phng ca mt tng hoc mt hiu
hoc bin i t c nhn t chung a v s trn chc trn
trm ri tnh.
Gv lm mu cu e
87
2
+ 73
2
27
2
- 13
2
= ( 87
2
13
2
) + ( 73
2
27
2
)
= ( 87 13)( 87 + 13) + ( 73 27 )( 73 + 27)
= 74 . 100 + 46 . 100
= 100 ( 74 + 46 )
= 100 . 120 = 12000
Cc phn khc lm tng t
Cho hc sinh ln lt ln bng lm, nhn xt, cha chun.
Bi 3: Tm x bit
a, ( 3x 2 )( 4x 5) ( 2x 1 )( 6x + 2 ) = 0
b, 2x ( x 5 ) x( 3 + 2x ) = 26
Gv i vi dng bi tp ny ta phi p dng quy tc nhn n
thc vi a thc, a thc vi a thc bin i v tri.
Gi hai hs ln bng lm
a, 3x.4x 3x.5 2.4x + 2.5 2x.6x 2x.2 + 6x + 2 = 0
12x
2
15x 8x + 10 12x
2
4x + 6x + 2 = 0
- 21x = 0 - 12
x =
21
12
b, 2x.x 2x.5 3x x.2x = 26
2x
2
10x 3x 2x
2
= 26
- 13x = 26
x = -26:3 = -2
Gv cha chun v yu cu hc sinh lm cc bi tp tng t
c, x + 5x
2
= 0
d, x + 1 = ( x + 1)
2
e, x
3
0,25x = 0
f, 5x( x 1) = ( x 1)
g, 2( x + 5 ) x
2
5x = 0
Gv ch hs cc phn sau s dng cch phn tch a thc
thnh nhn t v nu A.B = 0 th A = 0 hoc B = 0
Bi 4: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
a, 5x ( x 1) 3x( 1 x)
b, x( x y) 5x + 5y
c, 4x
2
25
d, ( x + y)
2
( x y )
2
e, x
2
+ 7x + 12
f, 4x
2
21x
2
y
2
+ y
4
g, 64x
4
+ 1
Gv cho hc sinh lm ln lt tng bi sau gi tng em ng
ti ch lm
Mi phn gv u hi hs s dng phng php no phn
tch.
V d: x
2
+ 7x + 12
= x
2
+ 3x + 4x + 12
= ( x
2
+ 3x) + ( 4x + 12)
= x ( x + 3) + 4 ( x + 3)
= ( x +3 )( x +4 )
bi tp trn ta s dng phng php tch mt hng t thnh
hai v t nhn t chung.
Bi 5: Rt gn biu thc
a, ( x + y )
2
+ ( x y )
2
b, 2( x y )( x + y ) + ( x + y )
2
+ ( x y )
2
c, x ( x + 4 )( x 4 ) ( x
2
+ 1) ( x
2
1)
d, ( a + b c ) ( a c )
2
2ab + 2ab
Gv treo bng ph c ghi sn bi
Cho hs quan st sau tho lun nhm tm ra cch lm
nhanh v chnh xc.
Hs tr li cch lm: dng cc hng ng thc lm cho
nhanh gn.
Gv gi 4 hs ln bng lm
Cha chun
p n: a, 2x
2
+ 2y
2
b, 4x
2
c, 1 16x
d, b
2
Bi 6: Chng minh rng biu thc sau khng ph thuc vo
bin x
A = x( 5x 3 ) x
2
( x 1) + x ( x
2
6x ) 10 + 3x
B = x( x
2
+ x + 1 ) x
2
( x + 1 ) x + 5
C = - 3xy( -x + 5y) + 5y
2
( 3x 2y ) + 2( 5y
3
3/2x
2
y + 7 )
D = ( 3x 6y)( x
2
+ 2xy + 4y
2
) 3 (x
3
- 8y
3
+ 10)
Gv hi: hy nu hng lm bi tp trn
Hs tr li: Ta i bin i sao cho biu thc khng cn cha bin
Gv cho 2 hs kh ln bng lm hai phn u sau cha rt kinh
nghim
Cho 2 em tip theo ln bng
Lu hs i vi dng bi ny nu ta bin i cn cha bin th
phi bin i li v bin i sai.
Cch lm: d,
D = 3x( x
2
+ 2xy +4y
2
) 6y( x
2
+2xy +4y
2
) 3x
3
+ 24y
3
30
= 3x
3
+ 6x
2
y + 12xy
2
6x
2
y 12xy
2
24y
3
3x
3
+ 24y
3
30
= - 30
Vy biu thc D khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca bin.
Bi 7: Chng minh rng
a, ( a + b )( a
2
ab + b
2
) + ( a b )( a
2
+ ab + b
2
) = 2a
3
b, a
3
+ b
3
= ( a + b ) ]
2
( ) a b ab +
c, ( a
2
+ b
2
)( c
2
+d
2
) = ( ac + bd )
2
+ ( ad bc )
2
d, ( a 1)( a 2 ) + ( a 3 )( a + 4 ) ( 2a
2
+ 5a 34 ) = -7a
+ 24
Gv hi: em hy nu phng php lm bi tp ny
Hs tr li
Gv cht li: c 3 cch lm
- bin i VT thnh VP
- bin i VP thnh VT
- bin i c hai v thnh mt biu thc trung gian
Nhng ta thng bin i v phc tp thnh v n gin
V d: a, VT = ( a + b)( a
2
ab + b
2
) + ( a b )( a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
= a
3
a
2
b + ab
2
+ ba
2
ab
2
+ b
3
+a
3
+ a
2
b + ab
2
ba
2
ab
2
b
3
= 2a
3
= VP
Vy ng thc c chng minh.
Cc phn khc lm tng t
Cho hc sinh lm
Cha chun
III- Hng dn v nh
Xem li cc bi tp cha, lm li nhng bi cha thnh
tho.
Hc thuc li by hng ng thc ng nh.

n tp v Cc bi tp v t gic,
chng minh cc hnh
Cho hnh thang ABCD y AB, DC c gc A tr gc D bng 20
0
gc
B bng hai ln gc C. Tnh cc gc ca hnh thang.
Gv cho hc sinh c v hnh ghi gt, kl
A
B
D
C
Gt: ABCD, AB // CD,
0
20 , 2 A D B C
Kl: Tnh gc A, B, C, D
Gv hi: tnh gc A, D ta da vo yu t no trong gt
Hs: tr li
Gv hi: Em tnh c gc A cng gc D khng, v sao
Hs tr li: gc A cng gc D bng 180
o
l hai gc k mt cnh
Gv cho hs tnh gc A, D
Ta c

0
0
0
0
0 0 0
20 ( )
180
2 200
100
100 20 80
A D gt
A D
A
A
D

+

Gv cho hc sinh t tnh gc B, C

Bi 3: Cho hnh thang ABCD ( AB // CD ) E l trung im ca
AD, F l trung im ca BC. ng thng EF ct BD I, ct AC
K.
a, Chng minh rng AK = KC; BI = ID
b, Cho AB = 6 cm, CD = 10cm. Tnh cc di EI, KF, IK
Gv cho hs c , v hnh

j k
A
B
D
C
E
F
Gv hi: nu hng chng minh cu a
Hs: ta chng minh EF l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang
Suy ra EF // AB // CD
Tam gic ABC c BF = FC v FK // AB nn AK = KC
Tam gic BDC c AE = ED v EI // AB nn BI = ID
Gv cho hc sinh trnh by hon chnh chng minh. Gv quan st
nhc nh hc sinh lm bi.
Hs lm bi.
b, Gv gi 1 hc sinh ng ti ch lm, ghi bng.
V FE l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang ABCD
Suy ra FE = 1/2 ( AB + DC ) ( tnh cht ng TB )
= 1/2 ( 6 + 10 ) = 8 cm
Trong tam gic ADB c
EI l ng trung bnh ( v EA = ED, FB = FC )
Suy ra EI = 1/2 AB ( t/c ng trung bnh )
EI = 1/2 . 6 = 3 cm
Trong tam gic BAC c KF l ng trung bnh ( FB = FC , KA = KC
)
Suy ra KF = 1/2 AB = 1/2 . 6 = 3 cm
Li c: EI + IK + KF = FE
3 + IK + 3 = 8
Suy ra IK = 8 3 - 3 = 2 cm

Bi 4 Cho tam gic ABC cc ng trung tuyn BD, CE. Gi M, N
theo th t l trung im BE, CD. Gi I, K theo th t l giao
im ca MN vi BD, CE . Chng minh rng MI = IK = KN.
Gv cho hc sinh nghin cu v hnh
Hs thc hin

K
I
A
B
C
E
D
M
N
Gv hi: da vo gt ca bi em hy cho bit mi quan h ca ED v
BC
Hs tr li: EA = EB; DA = DC suy ra ED l ng trung bnh ca
tam gic ABC suy ra ED = 1/2 BC ; ED// BC
Gv hi: tm mi quan h ca MN vi t gic EDCB
Hs : EDCB l hnh thang v ED// BC
EM = MB ; ND = NC
Suy ra MN l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang
Suy ra MN// ED ; MN // BC
Gv hi: n y em no c th c/m MI = IK = KN
Hs tr li
Gv cho hs lm bi, cha chun.
Li gii
t BC = a
Trong tam gic ABC c
AE = EB ( gt)
AD = DC ( gt )
Suy ra ED l ng trung bnh
Suy ra ED // BC
ED = 1/2 BC = a/2 ( T/c TB)
xt t gic EDCB l hnh thang
Li c ME = MB ( gt)
ND = NC
Nn MN l ng trung bnh ca hnh thang
Suy ra MN // ED // BC
Trong tam gic BED c ME = MB
MI // ED ( MN // ED)
Suy ra IB = ID
Vy MI l ng trung bnh ca tam gic BED
Suy ra MI = 1/2 ED = 1/2 a/2 = a/4
Chng minh tng t ta c NK = a/4
MK = a/2
Ta c MI + IK = MK
Suy ra IK = MK MI = a/2 a/4 = a/4
Vy MI = NK = IK
Bi 5 Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD gi I, K ln lt l trung im
ca CD, AB. ng cho DB ct AI, CK theo th t ti M,N. Chng
minh rng:
a, AI // CK
b, DM = MN = NB
Gv cho hc sinh c ghi gt, kl, v hnh
M
N
A
D
B
C
I
K
GT: Hbh ABCD; AK = BK; DI = CI
KL: a, AI // CK
b, DM = MN = NB
Chng minh
GV hi chng minh AI // CK em c nhn xt g v t gic AKCI
Hc sinh tr li: l hnh bnh hnh v c AK // CI v AK = CI
Gv cho hc sinh chng minh
Hs: Xt t gic AKCI
c AK // CI do AB // DC
C AK = CI do AB = DC v K l trung im ca AB; I l trung
im ca DC
Vy t gic AKCI l Hbh ( C hai cnh i song song v bng
nhau)
Suy ra AI // CK
b, Gv v hc sinh xy dng hng chng minh
Ta chng minh DM = MN v MN = NB
Cho hc sinh hot ng nhm chng minh DM = MN v MN =
NB
Hs hot ng nhm
Gv gi : da vo AI // CK v nh l ng trung bnh
Gi i din nhm tr li
Tr li: Xt tam gic ABM c KA = KB ( gt) v KN // AM( do KC //
AI)
Suy ra N l trung im ca MB ( nh l ng TB....)
Hay MN = NB
Chng minh tng t ta c DM = MN
Vy DM = MN = NB
Cng c : Gv cho hc sinh nhc li cc nh l, cc tnh cht
hc s dng trong bui hc.
Bi tp v nh: - Xem li cc bi tp cha
- Tm cch gii khc i vi cc bi tp trn
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n tp
Bi 1: Lm tnh chia
a, ( x + y )
2
: ( x + y )
b, ( x y )
5
: ( y x )
4
c, ( x y + z )
4
: ( x y + z )
3
Gv cho hc sinh nu li quy tc chia n thc cho n thc
chia a thc cho a thc.
Hs tr li
Cho hs ng ti ch lm cu a
Hs: ( x + y )
2
: ( x + y )
= ( x + y )
2 1
= ( x + y )
Gv cho 2 hc sinh ln bng lm cu b,c
Gi : Cu b i y x thnh x y
Hs lm bi
Gv v hc sinh nhn xt cha chun
b, ( x y )
5
: ( y x )
4
= ( x y )
5
: ( x y )
4
( v ( x y )
4
= ( x + y )
4
)
= ( x y )
5 4

= x y
c, ( x y + z )
4
: ( x y + z )
3
= ( x y + z )
4 3
= x y + z
Bi 2: Lm tnh chia
a, ( 5x
4
3x
3
+ x
2
) : 3x
2
b, ( 5xy
2
+ 9xy x
2
y
2
) : ( - xy)
c, ( x
3
y
3
1/2x
2
y
3
x
3
y
2
) : 1/3x
2
y
2
Gv cho hc sinh ln bng
Hs ln bng
Gv cho hs nhn xt cha chun
Kq: a, 5x
4
: 3x
2
+ (-3x
3
) : 3x
2
+ x
2
: 3x
2
= 5/3x
4 2
x + 1/3
= 5/3x
2
x + 1/3
b, ( 5xy
2
+ 9xy x
2
y
2
) : ( -xy)
= 5xy
2
: ( -xy) + 9xy : ( -xy) + ( -x
2
y
2
) : ( -xy)
= - 5y + ( -9) + xy
= - 5y 9 + xy
c, ( x
3
y
3
1/2x
2
y
3
x
3
y
2
) : 1/3x
2
y
2
= x
3
y
3
: 1/2x
2
y
2
+ ( - 1/2x
2
y
3
) : 1/3x
2
y
2
+ ( - x
3
y
2
) : 1/3x
2
y
2
= 2 xy 3/2 y - 3x
Bi 3: Tm s t nhin n mi php chia sau l php chia
ht
a, x
4
: x
n
b, x
n
: x
3
c, 5x
n
y
3
: 4x
2
y
2
d, x
n
y
n + 1
: x
2
y
5
Gio vin cho hc sinh nhc li nhn xt khi no n thc A
chia ht cho n thc B
Hs tr li
Gv cht li: nh vy mi bin ca B u l bin ca A vi s m
nh hn hoc bng s m mi bin ca A
Gv lm mu cu a

; n N
4 n
Cho hs lm cc cu cn li
Hs lm bi
Kq:
b, x
n
: x
3
; 3 n N n
c, 5x
n
y
3
: 4x
2
y
2
; 2 n N n
d, x
n
y
n + 1
: x
2
y
5
; 4 n N n
Bi 4: Tm s t nhin n mi php chia sau l php chia
ht
a, ( 5x
3
7x
2
+ x ) : 3x
n
b, ( 13x
4
y
3
5x
3
y
3
+ 6x
2
y
2
) : 5x
n
y
n

Gv hi: Da vo nhn xt bi 3 em hy nhn xt khi no a
thc A chia ht cho a thc B
Hc sinh: a thc A chia ht cho a thc B khi bc ca mi
bin trong B khng ln hn bc thp nht ca bin trong A
Gv cht li
Cho hs tho lun nhm ri tr li
Hs lm bi
a, ( 5x
3
7x
2
+ x ) : 3x
n
n = 1; n = 0
b, ( 13x
4
y
3
5x
3
y
3
+ 6x
2
y
2
) : 5x
n
y
n

n = 0; n = 1; n = 2

Bi 5 : Tnh nhanh gi tr ca biu thc
a, P = ( x + y )
2
+ x
2
y
2
ti x = 69 v y = 31
b, Q = 4x
2
9x
2
ti x = 1/2 v y = 33
Gv hi: hng lm ca bi tp trn nh th no
Hs tr li: ta bin i biu thc da vo cc hng ng
thc hc sau ta thay gi tr ca x,y vo.
Gv gi hs ng ti ch lm cu a
Hs lm
P = ( x + y )
2
+ x
2
y
2
= ( x + y )
2
+ ( x + y )( x y )
= ( x + y )( x + y + x y )
= ( x + y ) 2x
Thay x = 69 v y = 31 vo biu thc trn ta c
P = ( 69 + 31 ) 2 .69
= 100 . 138
= 13800
Gv cho hs lm cu b tng t v cu
c, x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1 ti x = 99
d, x
2
+ 4x + 4 ti x = 98
e, x ( x 1) y ( 1 y ) ti x = 2001 v y = 1999
Bi 6: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau
( - x
2
y
5
)
2
: ( - x
2
y
5
) ti x = 1/2; y = -1
Gv cho hc sinh nu cch lm
Hs tr li: Thc hin php chia trc sau thay s
Cho hs lm
Cha chun
( - x
2
y
5
)
2
: ( - x
2
y
5
) = - x
2
y
5
Thay s ta c gi tr ca biu thc l: - 1/2
2
( - 1)
5
= 1/4
Bi 7: Tnh nhanh
a, 34
2
+ 66
2
+ 68.66
b, 74
2
+ 26 52.74
c, 101
3
99
3
+ 1
d, 52. 143 52. 39 8.26
e, 87
2
+ 73
2
27
2
- 13
2
Gv hi: nu phng php lm bi tp trn
Hs tr li
Gv cht li cch lm: chng ta phi tm cch bin i cc
biu thc trn thnh bnh phng ca mt tng hoc mt hiu
hoc bin i t c nhn t chung a v s trn chc trn
trm ri tnh.
Gv lm mu cu e
87
2
+ 73
2
27
2
- 13
2
= ( 87
2
13
2
) + ( 73
2
27
2
)
= ( 87 13)( 87 + 13) + ( 73 27 )( 73 + 27)
= 74 . 100 + 46 . 100
= 100 ( 74 + 46 )
= 100 . 120 = 12000
Cc phn khc lm tng t
Cho hc sinh ln lt ln bng lm, nhn xt, cha chun.
Bi 8: Tm x bit
a, ( 3x 2 )( 4x 5) ( 2x 1 )( 6x + 2 ) = 0
Gv i vi dng bi tp ny ta phi p dng quy tc nhn n
thc vi a thc, a thc vi a thc bin i v tri.
Gi hs ln bng lm
a, 3x.4x 3x.5 2.4x + 2.5 2x.6x 2x.2 + 6x + 2 = 0
12x
2
15x 8x + 10 12x
2
4x + 6x + 2 = 0
- 21x = 0 - 12
x = 12/21
Gv cha chun v yu cu hc sinh lm cc bi tp tng t
b, x + 5x
2
= 0
c, x + 1 = ( x + 1)
2
d, x
3
0,25x = 0
e, 5x( x 1) = ( x 1)
f, 2( x + 5 ) x
2
5x = 0
Gv ch hs cc phn sau s dng cch phn tch a thc
thnh nhn t v nu A.B = 0 th A = 0 hoc B = 0
n tp
Cc bi tp chng minh cc hnh
Bi 1: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD t nh A k ng thng AE
vung gc vi ng cho BD sao cho DE = 1/3EB. tnh di -
ng cho BD v chu vi hcn ABCD bit khong cch t O l giao
im hai ng cho n cnh ca hcn l 5cm.
Gv gi hs v hnh ghi GT, KL
Hs thc hin
Gt : ABCD l hcn
DE = 1/2EB, AC ct BD ti O, OH vung gc AB
PQ = DQ, PQ //
DQ

DPBQ l
hbh

HP // QK
AP // QC, AP =
QC

APCQ l hbh

PK// HQ
APQD l hbh, , AD = AP

APQD l hnh vung

, HP = HQ

HPKQ l hnh bnh
hnh

HPKQ l hnh
vung
57
Kl : tnh BD, chu vi ABCD
O
A
D
B
C
H
E
Gv gi hc sinh tnh c Bd bng cch cho cc em tm mi
quan h ca OH v AD v xt xem tam gic AOD?
Cho hc sinh suy ngh ri gi ng ti ch lm
Hs lm: Ta c OH vung gc AB (gt)

0
90
A ( Gc ca hcn)
Suy ra DA vung gc AB
Suy ra OH // AD
Trong tam gic ABD c
OD = OB ( tc hai ng cho)
OH // AD ( cmt)
Suy ra HA = HB ( nh l v ng TB ca tam gic)
Nn OH l ng trung bnh ca tam gic ABD (/n)
Suy ra OH = 1/2AD
AD = OH.2 = 5.2 = 10 cm
Li c DE = 1/3 EB suy ra DE = 1/4DB
M OD = 1/2BD
Suy ra DE = 1/2OD hay E l trung im ca DO
Tam gic ADO c AE vung gc DO
AE l trung tuyn
Vy tam gic ADO l tam gic cn ti A m AD = OD
Vy tam gic ADO u
Suy ra DO = AD = 10cm
Vy BD = 2OD = 2.10 = 20cm
b, Gv hi: tnh c chu vi hcn ta phi bit thm cnh no
Hs: tnh cnh AB
Gv cho hc sinh ln bng tnh
Hs: trong tam gic vung ABD c
AB
2
= DB
2
AD
2
= 20
2
10
2
= 300
AB = 10 3
Gv cho hc sinh tnh tip chu vi hcn
Hs: 2( 10 + 10 3 ) = 20 + 20 3
Bi 2: Cho hcn ABCD c AD = 2AD. Gi P, Q theo th t l trung
im ca AB, CD gi H l giao im AQ v DP. Gi K l giao
im ca CP v BQ. Chng minh QHPK l hnh vung.
Gv cho hc sinh c ghi gt v kl
PQ = DQ, PQ //
DQ

DPBQ l
hbh

HP // QK
AP // QC, AP =
QC

APCQ l hbh

PK// HQ

APQD l hnh vung

, HP = HQ

HPKQ l hnh bnh
hnh

HPKQ l hnh
vung
58
Hs thc hin:
H K
A
D
B
C
P
Q
Gv v Hs xy dng s cm
Gv cho hc sinh ln bng cm li
Hs lm bi
Gv b sung cha chun

Bi 3: Cho hnh thoi ABCD, O l giao im ca hai ng cho,
Gi E, F, G, H theo th t l chn ng vung gc k t O n
AB, BC, CD, DA. T gic E FGH l hnh g v sao.
Gv v hnh
PQ = DQ, PQ //
DQ

DPBQ l
hbh

HP // QK
AP // QC, AP =
QC

APCQ l hbh

PK// HQ

APQD l hnh vung

, HP = HQ

HPKQ l hnh bnh
hnh

HPKQ l hnh
vung
59
O
A
C
B
D
E
F
H
G
Gv cho hc sinh hot ng nhm tm hng cm
Hs hot ng nhm
i din nhm trnh by
Ta c OE vung gc AB
OG vung gc CD
M AB// CD nn ba im E, O , G thng hng.
Chng minh tng t ba im H, O , F thng hng
im O thuc tia phn gic ca gc B nn cch u hai cnh ca
gc
Do OE = O F
Chng minh tng t O F = OG; OG = OH
T gic FEHG c hai ng cho bng nhau v ct nhau ti trung
im mi ng nn l hnh ch nht.
Gv cho cc nhm khc nhn xt b sung ( nu cn )
Bi tp v nh
- Xem li cc bi cha
- Lm cc bi tp n tp chng trong sch bi tp.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Bui 8
n tp v phn thc tnh cht c bn rt gn phn thc
Cho hs lm tng t cc bi tp sau, sau gi hs ln bng trnh
by
b,
3
3
8 (3 1)
12 (1 3 )
xy x
x x
c,
2
2
20 45
(2 3)
x
x

+
d,
2
3
5 10
2(2 )
x xy
y x
e,
3
80 125
3( 3) ( 3)(8 4 )
x x
x x x

f,
2
2
9 ( 5)
4 4
x
x x
+
+ +
g,
2 3
3
3 8 2
64
x x x
x
+
+
h,
3
4
5 5
1
x x
x
+
i,
2
2
5 6
4 4
x x
x x
+ +
+ +
k,
3 2 2 3
2 2
2
x x y xy y
x xy y
+
+
m,
4 2
4 2
3 1
2 1
a a
a a a
+

n,
3 2
3 2
4 4
7 14 8
a a a
a a a
+
+
Gv c gi hai hc sinh ln bng mt lt
Lu hc sinh: t phn c cc em phi phn tch c t v mu
thnh nhn t ri chia c t v mu cho nhn t chung. i khi
phi i du xut hin nhn t chung.
Trong qu trnh hc sinh lm bi ch rn k nng trnh by bi.
Cu b c d e f g h
Kt
qu
2
2
2 (1 3 )
3
y x
x

5(2 3)
2 3
x
x

+
2
5
2(2 )
x
y x
5 (4 5)
3
x x
x
+
8
2
x
x

+
2
4
x
x +
2
5
1
x
x +

Cu i k m n
Kt qu
3
2
x
x
+
+
x+y
2
1
1
a a
a
+
+
1
2
a
a
+
Bi 3: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:

a,
2 2 3 2
2 2
2
2 2
x y xy y xy y
x xy y x y
+ + +
+
Gv ?: nu phng php lm bi tp chng minh
Hs: Tr li
Gv cht li cc cch lm
Thng thng ta bin i v phc tp thnh v n gin
Gv cho 1 hs ng ti ch lm bi
Gv ghi bng
Hs:
2 2 3 2 2 2
2 2
2 ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 ( ) ( ) ( )(2 ) 2 2
x y xy y y x y y x y y x y xy y
vp
x xy y x x y y x y x y x y x y x y
+ + + + + +

+ + + +
Vy ng thc c chng minh
Gv : thc ra bi chng minh l bi tp rt gn cho bit trc kt
qu
Bi tp tng t:
b,
2 2
3 2 2 3
3 2 1
2 2
x xy y
x x y xy y x y
+ +
+
c,
2 2
2 2
2
2 3
x xy y x y
x xy y x y
+ +
+
d,
3 2 2
3 2 3 2 3 2
1 3 3 (1 )
y xy x y
x x x x
+
+
Luyn tp v quy ng v cng phn thc
Bi 1: Quy ng mu thc cc phn thc sau
a,
5 2 2 4
3
2
;
8
5
,
10
2 3
xy y x y x
x +
b,
4 4 3
;
2 ( 3) 3 ( 1)
x x
x x x x

+ +
Gv gi hai hc sinh ln bng
Lu cc em cch xc nh MTC v tm nhn t ph
Hs thc hin
Gv cho cc em nhn xt cha chun
a,
5 2 2 4
3
2
;
8
5
,
10
2 3
xy y x y x
x +
MTC 120x
4
y
5
4 4
4 4 4 4 5
2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5
3 3
5 5 3 4 5
3 2 (3 2 )12 12 (3 2 )
10 10 .12 120
5 5.15 75
8 8 15 120
2 2.40 80
3 3 .40 120
x x y y x
x y x y y x y
x y x y
x y x y x y x y
x x
xy xy x x y
+ + +

Gv cho hc sinh lm tng t cu b v cc cu sau, quan st sa
sai cho cc em
Gi ln lt hc sinh ln bng
Lu hc sinh c th phi i du tm MTC
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
3 2 2 3 2
7 1 5 3
, ;
2 6 9
1 2
, ;
2 4 2
7 4
, ; ;
2 2 8 2
, ;
3 3
x x
c
x x x
x x
d
x x x x
x y
e
x x y y x
x x
f
x x y xy y y xy

+
+ +
+

+
Gio vin cha hon chnh cu f
Ta c:
2 2
3 2 2 3 3
2
3
3 3 3
3 2 2 3 3 3
2
2 2 3
3 3 ( )
( )
: ( )
3 3 ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
x x
y xy xy y
x x y xy y x y
xy y y x y
MTC y x y
x x x y
x x y xy y x y y x y
x x x x x y
y xy xy y y x y y x y

+

Bi 2: Cng cc phn thc sau
a,
3 3 3
1 2 3 2 2 4
6 6 6
x y x
x y x y x y
+
+ +
Gv hi: c nhn xt g v cc mu thc trn
Hs tr li
Gv hi: ta thc hin ntn
Hs tr li
Gv cho hc sinh ng ti ch lm
Hs :

3 3 3
1 2 3 2 2 4
6 6 6
x y x
x y x y x y
+
+ +
=
3 3
1 2 3 2 2 4 2 1
6 6 3
x y x y
x y x y x
+ + +

Gv lu hc sinh sau khi thc hin php cng phi rt gn phn
thc kt qu ti ti gin
Cho hc sinh lm cc bi tng t
2
2 2
3 1 6
,
3 1 3 1
x x x
b
x x x x
+
+
+ +
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
38 4 3 4 2
,
2 17 1 2 17 1
5 7 11
,
6 12 8
3 2 3 2 1
,
2 2 1 4 2
x x x x
c
x x x x
d
x y xy xy
x x
e
x x x x
+ +
+
+ + + +
+ +
+
+ +

Bi 3: Dng quy tc i du tm MTC ri thc hin php
cng
a,
2
4 2 5 6
2 2 4
x
x x x
+ +
+
Gv cho hc sinh tho lun tm phn thc cn i du
Hs tr li
Gi 1 hs ln bng
Cha chun:
2
4 2 5 6
2 2 4
x
x x x
+ +
+

4 2 5 6 4(2 ) 2(2 ) 5 6
2 2 (2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )
8 4 4 2 5 6 2
(2 )(2 ) (2 )(2 )
( 2) 1
(2 )(2 ) 2
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x x x
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+

+ +
+

+
Gv lu : nhiu bi tp phi i du xut hin nhn t chung.
Khi thc hin php cng phi rt gn kt qu
Gv cho hc sinh lm cc bi tng t
2
2 2 2
2
3 2
2 2
1 3 3 2 3 2
,
2 2 1 2 4
1 1
,
6 9 6 9 9
2 2 1
,
1 1 1
4
,
2 2 4
x x x
b
x x x x
x
d
x x x x x
x
c
x x x x
x x xy
e
x y x y y x

+ +

+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
Cng c: i vi bi tp quy ng mu thc cc em phi lm y
cc bc quy ng; cc bi tp cng cc phn thc khc mu
th ta phi phn tch cc mu thnh nhn t, quy ng mu ri
cng phn thc.
- Ch rt gn kt qu sau khi tnh.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
Luyn tp v quy ng mu thc, cng tr, nhn,
chia phn thc.
Bi 1: Thc hin php tnh.
a,
3 3 3
1 2 3 2 2 4
6 6 6
x y x
x y x y x y

+ +
.
b,
2 2
5 7 11
6 12 18 x y xy xy
+ +
.
c,
2
4 2 5 6
2 2 4
x
x x x
+ +
+
.
d,
3 2 7 4
2 2
x x
xy xy

.
e,
2
2 2 2 2
xy x
x y y x

.
g,
2
1 1 3 6
3 2 3 2 4 9
x
x x x

+
.
GV: Cho HS ln bng gii .
HS ln bng
p n:
a, 1/3x
3
; b,
2 2
21 30 22
36
x y xy
x y
+ +
; c, 1/x-2 d, 1-2x/xy.
e, x/x-y; g, 1/3x+2
GV: Cht li.- Vn dng quy tc
A B A B
M M M
+
+
-
A C A C
B D B D
_
+

,
- Php cng, tr cc phn thc khc mu ta phi a
v cng mu ri thc hin theo quy tc.
- M rng
....... ......
A C E A C E
B D F B D F

+ + +

( )
3 5
2
2 2
2
2
2
30 121
.
11 25
2 20 50 1
, .
3 3
4 5
2 2 3
, .
1 5 6
x y
y x
x x x
b
x
x
x x x
c
x x x
+
+

+ +

3
2
4 3 3 2 2
2
27 2 6
, :
5 5 3 3
3 6
, (4 16) :
7 2
, :
2 2
x x
d
x x
x
e x
x
x xy x x y xy
g
xy y x y

+ +
+
+ +
+ +
GV: Cho HS ln bng gii
HS: ln bng
p n:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 3
3 3 9
66 1
, ; , ; ,1; ,
5 6 5 10
4 2 7 2
, ; ,
3
x x
x y x
a b c d
x
x x
x y
e g
y
+ +

GV: Cht li
- Vn dng quy tc
.
. ; : .
.
A C AC A C A D
B D B D B D B C

- Phn tch t, mu ca tng phn thc thnh nhn t
rt gn.
Bi 3: Rt gn biu thc.

2 3
2
4 3
3 2 4
3 8 12 6
, .
4 9 27
15 7 4 4
, . .
2 2 14 1 15 7
19 8 5 9 19 8 4 2
, . .
7 1945 7 1945
x x x x
a
x x
x x x x
b
x x x x
x x x x
c
x x x x
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
GV: yu cu HS thc hin
GV: cha chun, cht li:
a, Phn tch t v mu cc phn thc trc khi p dng quy tc
nhn a thc vi nhau..
p n:
2
( 2)
9( 2)
x
x

+
b, Vn dng tnh cht giao hon v kt hp ca php nhn.
p n:
4 3
3 2 4
4 3
3 4 2
2
15 7 4 4
. .
2 2 14 1 15 7
15 7 4 4
. .
2 2 15 7 14 1
2
14 1
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+
c, Vn dng tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php
cng.
p n:
19 8 5 9 4 2
.
7 1945 1945
19 8 5 9 4 2
.
7 1945
19 8 7
.
7 1945
19 8
1945
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+
_

+ +
,
+ + _

+
,
+
+
+
+
Bi 4: Tm Q, bit.

2 2
3 3 2 2
2
.
x y x xy y
Q
x y x xy y
+
+ +
GV hi: Tm Q nh th no?
HS: tr li
GV cht li
p n:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 3 3
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
:
( )
.
( )( )
x xy y x y
Q
x xy y x y
x y x xy y
x y
Q
x xy y x y
Q x y x y
Q x y
+
+ +
+ +
+
+

n tp di dng thi
Chon cau tra li ung roi ghi vao bai lam
1) Tnh 8a
3
- 1
A. (2a - 1)(2a
2
+ 2a + 1)
B. (2a - 1)(4a
2
+ 2a + 1)
C. (2a + 1)(4a
2
- 4a + 1)
D. (2a - 1)(2a
2
- 2a + 1)
2) Ket qua rut gon phan thc
3
2
1 x
x 1
la:
A.
2
1 x x
x 1
+ +
B. 2x(x+2)
3
C.
2
1 x x
x 1
+ +
D.
2
1 x x
x 1
+
3) Mau thc chung cua hai phan thc:

2
3x
4(x 2)
+
va
3
1
2x(x 2) +

la:
A. 4(x + 2)
3
B. 2x(x + 2)
3

C. 4x(x + 2)
2
D. 4x(x + 2)
3
4) Khang nh nao sau ay la sai?
A. Hnh thoi co mot goc vuong la hnh vuong
B. Hnh thang co hai goc bang nhau la hnh thang can
C. Hnh ch nhat co hai canh lien tiep bang nhau la hnh
vuong
D. Hnh thoi la hnh bnh hanh
5) o dai ng cheo hnh vuong bang 10 2 cm th dien
tch cua hnh vuong la:
A. 50 cm
2
B. 100 cm
2

C. 100 2 cm
2
D. 200cm
2
6) ien bieu thc thch hp vao cho trong cac ang
thc sau, roi chep lai ket qua vao bai lam:
( ) ( )
2
64a ...... ...... 5 ...... 5 +
2
2
1
x x ...... ......
2
_
+

,
B. Phan t luan: (7)
Bai 1: (2,5) 1) Phan tch cac a thc sau thanh nhan t:
4a
2
- 4ab - 2a + 2b
x
6
+ 27y
3
2) Thc hien phep tnh:
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
_ _ _
+

, , ,
( ) ( )
3 2
2x 3x 7x 3 : 2x 1 +
Bai 2: (1,5) Thc hien phep tnh:

2
1 2 3 x 14
:
x 9 3 x x 3 x 3
_
+ +

+ +
,
Bai 3:(3) Cho tam giac ABC vuong tai A co
0
ABC 60
. Tren
na mat phang co b la ng thang AB (cha iem C)
ke tia Ax // BC. Tren Ax lay iem D sao cho
AD = DC.
1) Tnh cac goc BAD; ADC
2) Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh thang can
3) Goi M la trung iem cua BC. T giac ADMB la hnh
g? Tai sao?
4) So sanh dien tch cua t giac AMCD vi dien tch
tam giac ABC.
II. AP AN VA BIEU IEM:
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. 0,25x2
Moi cau tra li ung cho 0,5
B. Phan t luan: (7)
Bai 1: (2,5)
1) 4a
2
- 4ab - 2a + 2b = 2(a - b)(2a - 1) 0,5
x
6
+ 27y
3
= (x
2
+ 3y)(x
4
- 3x
2
y + 9y
2
) 0,5
2)
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
_ _ _
+

, , ,
=
2 2 2 3
1 5 1
x y xy y
2 4 2
+
0,75
( ) ( )
3 2
2x 3x 7x 3 : 2x 1 +
= x
2
- x + 3 0,75
Bai 2: (1,5)
*
2
1 2 3 x 14
:
x 9 3 x x 3 x 3
_
+ +

+ +
,
=
2
1 2 3 x 14
:
x 9 x 3 x 3 x 3
_
+

+ +
,
0,25
* MTC = x
2
- 9 (cua bieu thc trong ngoac n) 0,25
*
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2 x 3 3(x 3)
x 14 x 14 x 3
: .
x 9 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 14
+ +
+
+ +
0,75
=
1
x 3
0,25
Bai 3: (3)
Ve hnh ung 0,25
Ghi gia thiet, ket luan 0,25
1) Tnh goc BAD = 120
0
0,25
ADC = 120
0
0,25
2) Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh thang 0,25
Tnh c goc BCD = 60
0
0,25
(Hoac

ch ra hai goc cung mot ay bang nhau)
ABCD la hnh thang can 0,25
3) T giac ADMB la hnh thoi 0,25
ABM la tam giac eu => AM = AB = BM 0,25
Do AB = DC ma DC = AD => AD = BM. T o suy ra ADMB la
hnh bnh hanh
Hnh bnh hanh o lai co AB = BM nen la hnh thoi 0,25
4) dt ABC = dt AMCD 0,25
Phng php:
trc nghim.
phn ca tng bi
Cha chun theo p n
III.Hng dn v nh
Xem li cc dng bi tp cha trong tham kho
BTVN:
a, (x
2
-2xy+2y
2
).(x+2y)
b, (15+5x
2
-3x
3
-9x):(5-3x)
Bi 2: Cho phn thc
2
3
2 4 8
8
x x
x
+
+
nh
b, Rt gn phn thc
( )
2
2 2
2
0, 0, )
2 1 1
:
x y x y
x y
xy x y
x y

_ +

,
ca gc B ti E.
vung
c, Chng minh
DE BC P
n tp di dng thi
Bi 1: Chon cau tra li ung roi ghi vao bai lam
a, Kt qu php tnh (1/2x-0,5)
2
l:
A. 1/2x
2
-1/2x+o,25
B. 1/4x
2
-0,5x+2,5
C. 1/4x
2
-0,25
D. 1/4x
2
-0,5x+0,25
b, Kt qu phn tch a thc y
2
-x
2
-6x-9 thnh nhn t l:
A. y(x+3)(x+3)
B. (y+x+3)(y+x-3)
C. (y+x+3)(y-x-3)
D. C 3 cu trn u sai.
c, Hnh bnh hnh l mt t gic
A. C hai ng cho ct nhau ti trung im ca mi -
ng
B. C hai ng cho bng nhau
C. C hai ng cho vung gc
D. C 3 cu trn u sai
d, Hnh vung l
A. Hnh ch nht c hai cnh k bng nhau
B. Hnh ch nht c hai ng cho vung gc
C. Hnh ch nht c mt ng cho l phn gic ca mt
gc
D. C 3 cu trn u ng
Bi 2: in du x vo (ng) hoc S(sai)tng ng vi cc
khng nh sau
Cc khng nh S
1, Phn thc
2
12
2 3 x x
c xc nh nu
2
0;
3
x x
2, Kt qu php tnh
2
7 7
x x
x x
_
+

,
l
7
x
x
3, Kt qu php nhn (x-5)(2x+5) l2x
2
-25
4, Hnh thang l t gic c 2 cnh i song song
5, Hnh ch nht cng l mt hnh thang cn
6, Hnh thoi c 4 trc i xng
B. T lun:
a, (x
2
-2xy+2y
2
).(x+2y)
b, (15+5x
2
-3x
3
-9x):(5-3x)
Bi 2: Cho phn thc
2
3
2 4 8
8
x x
x
+
+
nh
b, Rt gn phn thc
( )
2
2 2
2
0, 0, )
2 1 1
:
x y x y
x y
xy x y
x y

_ +

,
ca gc B ti E.
vung
c, Chng minh
DE BC P
Phng php:
trc nghim.
phn ca tng bi
Cha chun theo p n
Bi 1:
a, (x
2
-2xy+2y
2
).(x+2y) =x
3
-2x
2
y+2xy
2
+2x
2
y-4xy
2
+4y
3
=x
3
-2xy
2
+4y
3
b, Cch 1: Thc hin php chia
-3x
3
+5x
2
-9x+15 -3x+5
-
-3x
3
+5x
2
x
2
+3

-9x+15
-
-9x+15
0
Cch 2: 15+5x
2
-3x
3
-9x = (15-9x)+(5x
2
-3x
3
)
=3(5-3x)+x
2
(5-3x)
=(3+x
2
)(5-3x)
Vy (15+5x
2
-3x
3
-9x):(5-3x) =3+x
2
Bi 2: a, iu kin x
3
+8
0, 2 x
b,
( )
2
2
3 2
2 2 4
2 4 8
8 ( 2)( 2 4)
x x
x x
x x x x
+
+

+ + +
2
2 x +
vi x
-2
c, Khi x=2( tha mn x
-2), gi tr ca phn thc l

2 1
2 2 2
+
d, Gi tr ca phn thc bng 2 khi v ch khi
2
2 1
2
x
x

+
Bi 3:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 1 1 2
: .
2 ( )
1
x y x y x y
xy x y xy
x y y x x y
xy x y x y
x y x y
_ + +

,

Vy biu thc trn khng ph thuc vo x,y (vi
0, 0, x y x y
)
Bi 4
a, Ta c gc EBD =90
0
9phn gic ca hai gc k b)
T gic ADBE c 3 gc vung gc D=gcE=gcB=90
0
nn l
hnh ch nht
b, T gic ADBE l hnh vung khi v ch khi AD=BD, tc l gc
ABD=45
0
.
Do gc ABC=90
0
.
Vy khi tam gic ABC vung ti B th t gic ADBE l hnh
vung.
c, Gi P,Q ln lt l giaop im ca AD,AE vi BC. Tam gic ABP
c BD va l ng cao va l phn gic nn AD=DP
Tng t, AE=EQ.
Xt tam gic APQ c AD=DQ, AE=EQ, suy ra
, ED PQ P
hay
ED BC P

Tai Lieu Day Them Toan 8

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Tai Lieu Day Them Toan 8

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Dy thm Ton 8 Nm hc 2011 - 2012

i. cng, tr n thc ng dng, cng tr a thc

f/ (202+182+162+ ... +42+22)-( 192+172+ ... +32+12)

f/ (202+182+162+ ... +42+22)-( 192+172+ ... +32+12)

b) Cho a > b > 0 ; 2a

gc FCD = gc BCG chng minh tam gic CEG cn ti E

2AE = 3(10 AE)

MAI TRNG MU Trng THCS Ngun nh Chiu 34

3) Mau thc chung cua hai phan thc:

tam gic BDI cn ti D DI BD (1)

Bi 3: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:

3) Mau thc chung cua hai phan thc:

-2), gi tr ca phn thc l

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