4.

CC PHNG PHP BO QUN RAU QU SAU THU HOCH

Mc ch bo qun - Duy tr tt nht cht lng rau qu sau thu hoch - Ko di thi gian s dng nguyn liu rau qu Nguyn tc bo qun - Kim hm hot ng sng ca rau qu - c ch s pht trin v pht tn VSV - Hn ch s mt nc lm ho/ nhn b mt sn phm - Lm gim s nhy cm i vi kh etylen
1

4.CC PHNG PHP BO QUN RAU QU SAU THU HOCH

4.1. Bo qun lnh 4.2. Bo qun trong mi trng kim sot thnh phn khng kh 4.3 Chiu x 4.4 Bo qun bng ha cht

4.1 BO QUN LNH

Vai tr ca nhit thp - nh tr cc hot ng trao i cht ca rau qu - c ch s pht trin ca VSV, cn trng - Gim s mt nc t nhin ca rau qu Nguyn tc cn bn trong qu trnh bo qun lnh - Chn nhit thch hp cho tng lai nguyn liu m bo cht lng nguyn liu. - X l lnh nguyn liu cng sm cng tt - Dy chuyn lnh phi n nh v lin tc
3

4.1.1 Lm lnh s b (Pre-cooling)

nh ngha - Lm lnh s b l lm gim nhanh nhit tch t trn ng rung ca sn phm ngay sau khi thu hoch v trc bt k hot ng lu tr no din ra S la chn phng php lm lnh s b ph thuc - Loi sn phm - Nhit sn phm lc thu hoch - Thi hn bo qun mong mun - Yu cu nhit bo qun v chi ph lm lnh
4

Cc phng php lm lnh s b

Lm lnh trong phng Lm lnh bng khng kh cng bc Lm lnh bng nc Lm lnh bng chn khng Lm lnh bng bao Lm lnh bng cch ph
5

LM LNH TRONG PHNG KHNG KH LNH (Room cooling)

LM LNH TRONG PHNG KHNG KH LNH (Room cooling)

Nguyn tc hat ng:
- Hng ha cha trong thng cha c l thng hi t trn cc pallet - Khng kh lnh s xuyn qua cc l thng hi i pha trn sn phm. - Chnh lch nhit trn b mt v trong tm sn phm ly i nhit lm gim nhit sn phm - Phng php ny c thi gian lm lnh chm

Yu cu: Lng khng kh lnh ln

Tc truyn khng kh ln Bao b bao gi c l thng hi
7

LM LNH BNG KHNG KH CNG BC (Forced Air Cooling)

Nguyn tc hot ng:
- Dng qut ht v y hng v thc y dng kh

lnh thi nhanh qua cc thng cha sn phm

- Tc lm lnh tng ln 75-90% so vi bin php i lu kh lnh t nhin

u im: lm lnh nhanh Nhc im: tng tht thot khi lng, rau
qu s nhn v, ho kh, gim gi tr cm quan
8

Lm lnh bng khng kh lnh i lu cng bc qua hm (tunnel cooling)

LM LNH BNG NC (Hydro cooling)

Thch hp vi cc loi c v rau c cu trc cng Vt cha, bao b phi cng, khng b h hng v nc C nhiu phng php lm lnh bng nc : - Ngm sn phm vo nc lnh - Ra nhanh qua nc lnh - Phun sng u im: -Thi gian lm lnh nhanh - C th iu chnh tc bng chuyn v thi gian lm lnh - Kt hp lm lnh vi ra b mt hoc x l ha cht (clorine), chng ha nu
10

LM LNH BNG NC (Hydro cooling)

11

LM LNH BNG CHN KHNG (Vaccum cooling)

Thch hp cho cc loi rau n l, tri cy * Nguyn tc hot ng: - u tin my khi ng s ht chn khng n khi t chn khng trong thit b l 4-6mmHg. - p sut ny nc bay hi rt nhanh, 1 phn nc thot ra ngoi, thu nhit ca chnh n v gim nhit , 1 phn kh trong gian bo b rt ra rau rn chc hn Hiu qu bo qun tt nhng chi ph cao Nhc im: Rau qu b mt nc v ho b mt nu chn khng gim su qu dng phng php web vaccum cooling : lm lnh trong chn khng c phun sng gim s mt 12 nc

LM LNH BNG CHN KHNG (Vaccum cooling)

Thit b hnh tr, lm bng thp khng g Gm 2 h thng: dn lnh v b phn ht chn khng chn khng trong thit b cn t 4,6mmHg
13

LM LNH BNG PH /BAO (Package Icing)

- Cch tin hnh: S dng vy hay p nh trn trc tip vi sn phm trong bao b hay ph y bn ngoi ng sn phm Nhc im: -Tc h nhit nhanh nhng kh nng lm lnh ng u ton khi sn phm li km. - Thi gian p ko di lm mm cu trc, tht thot cht kh
14

LM LNH BNG PH /BAO

- Bm hn hp v nc vo tng thng cha sn phm qua cc l h trn thnh thng, khng cn phi d cc pallet hay m np thng -Phng php lm lnh ny c bit hiu qu i vi trng hp cc thng cha sp xp vi mt cao, dy c, khng c khong trng kh lnh i qua
15

16

17

4.1.2 Phng php bo qun lnh

nh ngha: Bo qun lnh l bo qun nhit thp hn nhit thng nhng ln hn nhit ng c ca nng sn thc phm Nhit : 0oC < tBQ < 18oC Vd: Rau qu n i: 0-2oC Rau qu nhit i: 7-13oC Rau qu nhit i: 2-7oC m tng i ca khng kh: 85- 95% L phng php lm lnh ph bin, n gin, hiu qu
18

19

F = 1,8oC + 32

20

4.1.2 Phng php bo qun lnh

Qun l tn tr lnh:
- Kim tra nh k nhit v m trong phng - Theo di nh k rau qu tn tr - Tnh trng v sinh trong kho - C h thng thng gi tt trong kho lnh

21

4.1.2 Phng php bo qun lnh

* u im: Tin li D s dng Ti & gi trng thi t nhin * Nhc im: Tn thng lnh Khng ngn cn hon ton qt h hng Tng s mt nc Thay i tnh cht vt l ca sn phm

22

4.1.3 Phng php bo qun lnh ng

nh ngha: Bo qun lnh ng l bo qun nhit thp hn nhit ng bng ca sn phm * Rau qu: -18oC < tBQ < 0oC * Cc phng php lm lnh ng: - Lnh ng chm - Lnh ng nhanh

23

LNH NG CHM
T bo gian bo

Tkk > - 5oC Vn tc i lu khng kh <1m/s

Tinh th

Thi gian lnh ng: 15-20h Kch thc tinh th ln C s ph hy cu trc m t bo

24

LNH NG NHANH Tkk = -35oC Vn tc i lu khng kh = 3-5m/s Thi gian 2-10h Kch thc tinh th nh, hnh thnh cng lc, nhiu Khng ph hy cu sn phm
25

nh hng ca thi gian v nhit tr ng n tnh cht thc phm

S bin i hm lng clorophyl

S bin i mi v

26

26

nh hng ca thi gian v nhit tr ng n tnh cht thc phm

27

27

4.1.3 Phng php bo qun ng lnh

nh hng ca s ng lnh n VSV:
VSV & cn trng kh nguyn sinh cht S to trong t bo VSV Thay i mng phospholipid S h hng qu trnh h hp

28

4.1.3 Phng php bo qun ng lnh

Kh nng sng st ca VSV trong iu kin ng c ph thuc :
c im ca tng loi vi sinh vt: vi khun Gram
(+) v bo t

Ch dinh dng v pha pht trin Thnh phn ca thc phm Tc lm lnh Thi gian bo qun
29

4.2 PHNG PHP IU CHNH KH QUYN

CAS (Controlled atmosphere storage): bo qun rau qu ti bng phng php kim sot khng kh ti kho bo qun MAP (Modified atmosphere package): bo qun rau qu ti bng phng php bao gi vi khng kh thay i

21% O2
O2 CO2

0.035% CO2 Modify the concentration

of gases in the produce packing. Reduce respiration rate. Reduce ethylene action. Delay ripening & senescence. Increase products shelf life.

O2 CO2

Apples, as any living entities..breath 21% Oxigene 0.35% CO2

Cold room 0C

2% O2 1% CO2

Filters

4.2 PHNG PHP KH QUYN IU CHNH

* Mc ch:
- c ch s trao i cht v s sinh trng ca h vi sinh vt trn rau qu - Lm chm qu trnh chn sau thu hoch v qu trnh lo ha rau qu ti * Yu cu khi p dng h thng CA v MA - H thng phi kn - Phi kt hp vi bo qun lnh v qun l RH%

4.2 PHNG PHP KH QUYN IU CHNH

4.2.1. Phng php CA (Controlled asmosphere) Thc phm c lu gi trong kho bo qun c thnh phn kh n nh v khc hn so vi mi trng khng kh bn ngoi S dng 3 loi kh (O2, N2, CO2), c khi s dng CO, SO2, NO, O3 v Clorine iu chnh nng kh trong kho

1. PHNG PHP CAS (CONTROLLED ASMOSPHERE STORAGE)

Thnh phn kh trong kho bo qun Vai tr ca Oxy: Cn thit cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh bt buc
Tham gia vo qu trnh h hp hiu kh, qu trnh chn sau thu hoch v lo ha Nu thiu Oxy: rau qu s h hp ym kh cn duy tr nng oxy mc ti thiu trong kho bo qun
Nng oxy ti thiu trong kho bo qun (%) 1 2 3 5 Loi rau qu L, to, bng ci xanh, nm rm Du ty, o, u , kiwi, mn, m, thm, bp ci, bng ci, cn ty B, actiso, c chua, da leo, tiu Qu c mi, u xanh, khoai ty, mng ty

1. PHNG PHP CAS (CONTROLLED ASMOSPHERE STORAGE)

Thnh phn kh trong kho bo qun Vai tr ca Nit To mi trng k kh c ch VSV hiu kh bt buc
Hn ch oxy ha cht bo

Vai tr ca CO2 To mi trng k kh

c ch vi khun v nm mc Nu nng CO2 trong kho bo qun qu cao gim gi tr cm quan sn phm

Nng CO2 ti a trong kho bo qun rau qu ti

Nng CO2 ti a trong kho bo qun (%) 2 5 10 15 Loi rau qu

L, m, nho, to, actiso, bp ci, c chua, cn ty, khoai lang, rau dp Cam, chui, o, u , kiwi, mn, to, bp ci, bng ci, c rt, c ci Chanh, thm, bng ci xanh, bi, da leo, u xanh, khoai ty Du ty, vit qut, nm, rau spinach

4.2.1. PHNG PHP CAS (CONTROLLED ASMOSPHERE STORAGE)

Hiu qu ca phng php CA ph thuc: Loi rau qu Ging Giai on sinh trng Thnh phn kh quyn Nhit v thi gian tn tr Phng php CAS yu cu kim sot nng kh ch ng v chnh xc Thit b c tin, chi ph cao ng dng: sn phm kh bo qun, c gi tr kinh t cao

Quy trnh bo qun to bng CAS

To X l s b Ra Sy Bo qun CAS Bc sp Phn loi kch thc ng gi Lm lnh s b

4.2.2. Phng php MAP (Modified atmosphere packaging)

Thay i thnh phn O2, CO2 bng cch dng bao b c thm kh khc nhau bao bc sn phm. u im: n gin, r tin, thch hp sn phm nh C 2 loi: MA ch ng (Active MA) MA th ng (Passive MA)

4.2.2. Phng php MAP (Modified atmosphere packaging)

Active MAP: Cch thc hin: Dng hn hp kh c t l thch hp thay th khng kh trong bao b khi tin hnh bao gi Mc ch: to nng O2, CO2 nht nh trong bao b trc Passive MA Cch thc hin: Tin hnh bao gi rau qu m khng hiu chnh thnh phn khng kh trong bao b. Trong qu trnh bo qun, s h hp s lm thay i thnh phn khng kh trong bao b

MT S CH PHM SINH HC NG DNG TRONG PHNG PHP MAP

Mng bn thm BOQ-15 BOQ 15 l hn hp dung mi hu c v thuc chng nm
c kt hp vi nhau di dng mt dung dch lng dng bo qun cc loi qu thuc h Citrus ( cam, chanh, qut, bi) v mt s loi rau n qu nh c chua.

Vai tr:
Lm bng mt qu, tng thm hp dn Ngn s bc hi nc Ngn nga s xm nhim v gy hi ca nm bnh Khng c hi vi ngi khi s dng. Cng ngh n gin, d lm, chi ph thp ( 200-300 ng/kg tri cy bo qun) Hiu qu cao.

MT S CH PHM SINH HC NG DNG TRONG PHNG PHP MAP Mng Chitosan

Chitosan c chit xut t v tm Khng ha tan trong nc Tan c trong dd long ca hu ht cc acid hu c bao gm acid formic, acid tartaric, acid acetic v acid citric. Ha tan c gii hn trong cc acid v c long nh acid phosphoric v acid sulfuric. Tc dng: Ngn chn s mt nc Ngn chn s xm nhp ca nm bnh.

MT S CH PHM SINH HC NG DNG TRONG PHNG PHP MAP

Mng bc sp
Cht sp va l mng cn tr s bc hi nc, m bo trao i kh mc cn thit, va l cht chng nm bnh Cc loi cht to mng sp thng dng hin nay: Waxol 0.12, Waxol 12 ca n , CMS, CMC, Protexan

4.2.2. Phng php MAP (Modified atmosphere packaging)

Bao b bao gi Bao b c thm kh thp: ethylvinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyvinylidine chloride (PVDC) Bao b c thm kh cao: high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylvhloride (PVC), ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA) Thc t dng bao b c thm kh thp bao gi rau qu ti

BO QUN RAU QU BNG PHNG PHP MA

48

BO QUN RAU QU BNG PHNG PHP MA

49

BO QUN XOI BNG PHNG PHP MA

Xoi c bo qun bng mng MA nhit lnh thch hp 50 (phi) v xoi i chng

%CO2 21 Du 15 Anh o 10

Xoi, u , da Bi Chui Cam Du 0 5 10 %O2 15 21

%CO2 21

15

Nm Mng ty

10

Ti ty Rau bina C chua Ht tiu Rau dip 0 5 10 %O2 15 21

4.2 PHNG PHP KH QUYN IU CHNH

Cc bin i din ra trong qu trnh bo qun theo phng php CA v MA Sinh hc c ch vi sinh vt: Gim tc h hp Ha sinh v ha sinh c ch hot tnh enzym trong rau qu Lm chm qu trnh sinh tng hp etylen Vt l S khuch tn oxy t mi trng khng kh trong kho vo bn trong TBTV S khuch tn CO2 t trong TBTV ra mi trng ngoi S ta nhit v thot hi nc Cm quan

4.3 PHNG PHP CHIU X

Chiu x l 1 qu trnh vt l Ngi ta s dng tia bc x in t hoc dng electron tc ng ln cc mu thc phm s lm xy ra mt s bin i c li cho cht lng thc phm Mc ch chiu x Tiu dit hoc c ch vi sinh vt v cn trng c hi Lm chm cc qu trnh chn sau thu hoch

PHNG PHP CHIU X

Yu cu ca tia bc x in t: Sau khi chiu x th khng lm cho thc phm mang tnh phng x C nng lng bc x ln C sc xuyn thu mnh vo thc phm Mt s tia bc x thng s dng: tia m cc, tia , tia , tia X n v o lng: (Rad): 1 kilo Rad = 1000 Rad Sau ny ngi ta dng n v Gray (Gy) 1 Gy = 100 Rad; 1 KGy = 100 Krad

PHNG PHP CHIU X

* Tia m cc v tia : Dng in t c tc ln, bng tc nh sng Nng lng o bng eV, trong bo qun thc phm phi s dng ti MeV (1MeV =106 eV) xuyn thu km hn tia v tia X Thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt th ngn hn

PHNG PHP CHIU X

* Tia X v tia
L sng in t ngn thu c khi bn ph in t Tia X c xuyn thu cao, d s dng nhng h s c ch thp (t 0,1 10%), thi gian tiu dit VSV di (10-30 pht) Tia X thu c bng phng php nhn to. Tia : thu c do s phn gii cc cht ng v phng x, c xuyn thu cao, ngun thu nhn d dng, n nh, r nn c s dng rng ri. Tia c pht ra t s phn gii ca Co60 hoc Cs137

PHNG PHP CHIU X

* Phn ng ha hc phng x - Khi chiu tia bc x ln thc phm, cc thnh phn ha hc s gin tip hay trc tip b ion ha, lm tng hot tnh ha hc ca chng v do chng c th tc dng ln nhau - Khi sn phm dng kh: tia bc x bn ph trc tip cc phn t thnh ion - Khi sn phm cha nhiu nc: tia bc x tc dng gin tip thng qua phn t nc

 Trong qu trnh chiu x, phn t nc c th b bin i theo s sau: H2O + e H2O+ H2O e H2OPhn t H2O+ v H2O- rt khng bn do b phn gii thnh H v OH c hot tnh ha hc cao H2O - OH- + H H2O+ OH + H+ T hai nhm chc trn, sau khi tri qua cc bin i ha hc vi s c mt ca Oxy cui cng thu c hydroperoxit v H2O2 OH- + O HO2 HO2+ H H2O2

PHNG PHP CHIU X

nh hng ca tia bc x n vi sinh vt Khi chiu tia bc x in t vo thc phm c 2 tc dng: Tc dng gin tip: tia bc x i vo c th VSV lm nc b in ly nh hng n trao i cht ca VSV dn n VSV cht Tc dng trc tip: tia bc x tc dng ln phn t protein, glucid, lipid,, nh hng n thng men hoc tc dng ln gc c bn ca chng lm qu trnh trao i cht b nh tr v VSV cht Khi lng bc x ln s pht sinh ra nhiu bin i ca vt cht, ph hy cu trc protein v cc cht phc tp khc lm t bo VSV khng cn kh nng ti sinh v cht Khi s dng tia bc x liu lng nh vi sinh vt ch b c ch

PHNG PHP CHIU X

Hiu qu tiu dit vi sinh vt ph thuc vo: S lng vi sinh vt ban u Loi vi sinh vt Cu to vi sinh vt Dng tn ti ca vi sinh vt Cc yu t khc: nhit , hm lng O2, thnh phn ha hc sn phm,

PHNG PHP CHIU X

Nhng bin i xy khi chiu tia bc x vo thc phm Bin i v cm quan: mu sc, mi v c th thay i Bin i v mt dinh dng Protein: 1 s aa b bin i: Tryp, Leu, His, Cys, Met Vitamin: Vit C, B12 b gim Cht bo v tinh bt b phn gii nh Bin php khc phc: Kh Oxy v H2O Lm lnh thc phm trc khi chiu x Dng cc cht bo v thc phm khi chiu x: vit C

PHNG PHP CHIU X

* Liu lng chiu x

Rau qu c pH > 4,5: liu lng chiu x khong 45MRad Rau qu c pH < 4,5: liu lng chiu x khong 1-3 Mrad hoc t hn Rau qu chiu x c ng trong bao b PE c thm kh cao th cng ko di thi gian bo qun Sn phm rau qu ti sau khi chiu x bo qun nhit 5oC

Thc phm chiu x

65

ng dng chiu x
Loi nguyn liu Mc ch Liu lng bc x (rad)
7500 50 000

Nhit bo qun

Thi gian bo qun

Khoai ty Bt m

c ch ny mm Tiu dit cn trng

5oC 20oC 4,4 oC

>2 nm >10 thng >5 nm > 21 ngy > 60 ngy > 2 nm

Bia, men bia Tht, c Tri cy

Tiu dit nm mc Tiu dit VSV Tiu dit VSV

150 000

1,1 oC

1 000 000 0oC 2 400 000 Nhit phng

Thit b chiu x
Trn cch ly H thng bng ti Ca tho sn phm

Khu vc x l nguyn liu B phn kim tra Khu vc cha ngun phng x Ngun pht tia

Ca np nguyn liu
68

M hnh phng x l chiu x

Phng chnh tng betong dy 6-12 inch Ngun phng x s dng l Co 60 Thc phm ng gi c t trn bng chuyn

Sn phm x l

Thc phm cha x l

4.4 BO QUN BNG HA CHT

* Tc dng ca ha cht bo qun
c ch sinh trng: chm qu trnh sinh l, ny mm nh ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt

* Nhc im
Bin i cht lng rau qu, to mi v khng tt C th gy ng c cp tnh, mn tnh

* Yu cu
Dit c vi sinh vt liu lng thp di mc nguy him ca sc khe ngi. Khng tc dng ti cc thnh phn trong tri Khng tc ng ti vt liu bao b. D tch ra khi sn phm

4.4 PHNG PHP BO QUN BNG HA CHT

4.4.1. Ha cht chng ha nu: iu kin xy ra phn ng ha nu: Phi c cht nn ph hp C h enzym oxy ha, c bit l PPO C s tham gia ca oxy Mun ngn nga phn ng ha nu: Trnh cho thc phm tip xc vi oxy Tiu dit enzym oxy ha c trong thc phm Mt s cht chng ha nu: SO2 v mui ca n, vitamin C, acid citric, NaCl

4.4 PHNG PHP BO QUN BNG HA CHT

4.4.2. Ha cht dit vi sinh vt 4.4.2.1 Clorine Mc ch: ngn nga uc thi hng gy ra bi vi khun, nm
men v nm mc trn b mt sn phm.

Dng s dng: Mui Canxi hypoclorit (dng bt) v Natri

hypoclorit (dng lng)

Liu lng: Rau qu c th c ra trong dung dch

hypoclorit (dung dch Clo 0.0025% trong 2 pht) hoc dung dch hypoclorit (dung dch Clo 50.10-4 -70.10-4%) sau ra di vi nuc sch kim sot vi khun, nm men v nm mc.

4.4 PHNG PHP BO QUN BNG HA CHT

4.4.2. Ha cht dit vi sinh vt 4.4.2.2 Kh SO2 L mt loi cht st trng mnh Tc dng: dit cc vi sinh vt lm h hng rau qu khi nng l 0.05 -0.20% tnh theo khi lng sn phm. Tn ti dng: SO2, NaHSO3, H2SO3, Lu : Acid sunfur l mt cht kh mnh nn ngn cn cc
qu trnh oxi ha trong qu Acid sunfur d dng kt hp vi cc sc t thc vt, nht l cc cht mu antoxian to thnh cc phc cht mi khng mu.

4.4 PHNG PHP BO QUN BNG HA CHT

4.4.2. Ha cht dit vi sinh vt 4.4.2.3 Ozon
c im: gii phng oxi nguyn t C tnh st trng tt: ph v t bo vi sinh vt, mng lipid ng dng : Bo qun rau qu ti Khng c kh nng truyn su vo thc phm, ch tc dng trn b mt thc phm D n mn kim loi, cao su

4.4 PHNG PHP BO QUN BNG HA CHT

4.4.2. Ha cht dit vi sinh vt
4.4.2.4 Topxin M (Tiophanatmetyl-C12H24N4O4S2) - Dng bt mu t st, kh tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c nh: aceton, chloroform, metanol,.. - Tc dng: Dit nm mnh nng thp Thi gian tc dng nhanh, ko di C th dit nhiu loi nm Khng c hi 4.4.2.5 KP2 (Pentaclonitrobenzen) - Cch s dng: phun ln bp ci trc khi bo qun dit nm, tnh c cao nn cn thn khi thao tc v s dng sn phm

4.4 PHNG PHP BO QUN BNG HA CHT

4.4.3 Ha cht chng mc mm
4.4.3.1 M-1 (este ca acid -Naptylacetic v ru metylic) Khng tan trong nc, tan trong este, benzen, ru v 1 s dung mi hu c Cch s dng: dng bt mn, t l 3,5% trong t st Tc dng: rc ln khoai ty ngn chn mc mm 4.4.3.2 Ru nonilic Dng dit mm khoai ty Tn ti dng hi nn chng bay hi, cn phun thuc nhiu ln

4.4 PHNG PHP BO QUN BNG HA CHT

4.4.3 Ha cht chng mc mm 4.4.3.2 MH4O (hydrazit ca acid malic) Tc dng: hn ch sinh trng ca rau (khoai ty, c rt, hnh,) Cch s dng: dung dch mui natri 0,25% phun ln rau qu