CHNG I

VN NG C HC
CNG V NNG LNG
1.
2.
3.
4.

16/09/08

BI M U
CHUYN NG CA CHT IM
CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT RN
CNG V NNG LNG

Vn ng C hc-2

BI M U
1. MC TIU MN HC
2. I LNG VT L
3. CNG C TON HC

16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

1. MC TIU MN HC
Trnh by c cc nh lut vt l c bn
chi phi qu trnh vn ng ca t nhin
Hiu v gii thch cc qu trnh vt l c bn
xy ra trong c th sng
Gii thch cc nguyn l hat ng v ng
dng cc thit b vt l dng trong y hc
S dng c cc thit b vt l trong phn
tch, xt nghim, chn an bnh l
Bit cch tin hnh thc nghim kim tra,
o c, minh ha v x l cc s liu
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

2. I LNG VT L
CC KHI NIM C BN

i tng ca vt l: (t/c, c/t, v/) cc

vt th, trng, hin tng, qu trnh
i lng vt l c trng cho thuc tnh
(thng s) ca i tng vt l: khi
lng, nhit , in tch, lc, vn tc
i lng v hng c gi tr ln:
khi lng, nhit , in tch
i lng c hng-vect c ln,
hng, im t: lc, vn tc
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

2. I LNG VT L
VECT - NH LUT VT L

Vect a trong h ta xOy c xc

nh bi cc cp ta (ax; ay)
Khi thay h bng xOy (ax; ay)
Cc h thc gia cc vect (cng, tr,
nhn) khng ph thuc vo h ta
Cc h thc vt l (nh lut) c lp
vi h ta
ng dng: la chn h ta ph hp
gii cc bi tan vt l
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

O LNG
CC KHI NIM C BN

Vt l da trn o lng cc i lng v

cc bin i trong cc i lng vt l
n v (/v) l mt s o i lng c ly
chnh xc bng 1
Chun l mt vt mc ngi ta so snh
tt c cc mu khc ca i lng
Cc chun phi va kh dng va bt bin
v c thit lp bng tha thun quc t
o mt i lng vt l l php so snh n
vi i lng cng loi c quy c l /v
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

O LNG
MT S N V C BN CA SI

Mt (m) l di ca on ng m
nh sng i c trong chn khng
trong thi gian 1/299792458 giy
Mt giy (s) l thi gian xy ra
9192631770 dao ng ca nh sng
do nguyn t xsi-133 pht ra
Kilgam (kg) l khi lng ca 1 chun
gc platin-irii c lu tr gn Pari
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

3. CNG C TON HC
Gii tch Vect
- Ta vect
- Cng vect
- Tch v hng
- Tch vect

o hm v tch phn
Phng trnh vi phn

16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

BI 2

CHUYN NG CA
CHT IM
1.
2.

16/09/08

NG HC CHT IM
NG LC HC CHT IM

Vn ng C hc-2

NG HC CHT IM
CC KHI NIM C BN
Chuyn ng ca mt vt l s chuyn di v tr
ca vt so vi cc vt khc trong khng gian v
thi gian
Cht im l mt vt c kch thc rt nh so vi
nhng kch thc m ta kho st
H quy chiu bao gm vt lm mc, h ta ,
mc thi gian v ng h
V tr mt ht i vi gc h ta cac c
xc nh bi vect v tr:
r = xi+yj+zk
Vect vn tc bng o hm ca vect v tr i
vi thi gian:
v = dr/dt
Vect gia tc bng o hm ca vect vn tc
i vi thi gian: a = dv/dt = dr2/dt2 = at+an
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

10

NG HC CHT IM
GIA TC TIP TUYN-GIA TC PHP TUYN
Gia tc tip tuyn at c trng cho bin thin
ca vect vn tc v ln:
- C phng trng vi tip tuyn ca qu o
- Chiu chuyn ng khi v tng v chiu ngc
khi v gim
- ln bng: at = dv/dt

Gia tc php tuyn an c trng cho bin

thin ca vect vn tc v phng:
- Phng trng vi php tuyn ca qu o
- Chiu hng v pha lm qu o
- ln bng: an = v2/R
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

11

NG HC CHT IM
CHUYN NG THNG-CHUYN NG TRN

Chuyn ng thng thay i u:

an = 0, a = at= const
Chuyn ng trn:
- Vn tc gc: = d/dt, gc quay

- Gia tc gc: = d/dt

- Vn tc di: v = R
- an = v2/R = (R)2/R = 2R
- at = d(R)/dt = Rd/dt = R; at = R
Chuyn ng trn u: = const, = 0
- Vn tc di: v = R ; an= v2/R = 2R; at = 0
- Chu k: T = 2/; Tn s: f =1/T = /2
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

12

NG HC CHT IM
CHUYN NG TNG I
Chuyn ng c tnh tng i ph thuc
vo h quy chiu (v v a ph thuc h qc)
Cc h chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i i
vi nhau gi l cc h quy chiu qun tnh
vn tc nh i vi chuyn ng cng 1
chiu cng thc cng vn tc:

v = v + u
vn tc ln th cng thc trn thay bng:

v = (v + u)/(1 + vu/c2)
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

13

NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON

Lc v chuyn ng:
- Lc l s o ca tc ng c hc do cc vt
hay trng tc dng ln cht im
- ln ca lc xc nh qua gia tc m n
truyn cho 1 khi lng chun

nh lut I Newton:
- Nu hp lc tc ng ln 1 vt bng khng
th c th tm c cc h quy chiu trong
vt ny khng c gia tc
- Cc h quy chiu trn gi l cc h quy chiu
qun tnh (v /l trn l nh lut qun tnh)
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

14

NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH LUT NEWTON

nh lut II Newton:
- Khi lng l s o qun tnh ca cc vt v
cc tnh cht hp dn ca chng
- Hp lc F trn vt khi lng m lin h vi
gia tc a ca vt: F=ma = mdv/dt
- i vi vt c khi lng thay i: F=d(mv)/dt

nh lut III Newton:

Cc lc tc dng ca 2 vt i vi nhau bao
gi cng bng v ngc chiu nhau F = -F
(nhng im t khc nhau!)
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

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NG LC HC CHT IM
MT S LC THNG GP

Trng lc ca 1 vt l lc hp dn gia tri

t v vt P=mg
Lc php tuyn N l lc tc dng ln vt
bi mt b vt p ln
Lc ma st f l lc tc dng vo 1 vt khi
n trt hay nh trt trn 1 mt no
Lc cng T l lc tc dng ln vt bi 1 dy
cng ti im buc
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

16

NG LC HC CHT IM

V d kho st lc
N

P = P1 + P2 = mg

Fms
m

N = P2 = P.cos
Fms= kN = kmg.cos

P1

ma = P1- Fms

= mgsin - kmg.cos
a = g(sin kcos) P2
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

17

NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN

nh lut Newton
- Bt k ht no cng ht 1 ht khc vi 1 lc
hp dn c cng : F = Gm1m2/r2
- Hng s hp dn G = 6,67x10-11m3/kg.s2

Trng hp dn
- Nguyn l chng chp: Lc ton phn F1 tc
dng vo ht s 1 l tng ca cc lc do mi ht
kia: F1 = F12+F13+F1n = dF
- Th nng hp dn ca 2 ht: U(r) = -GMm/r
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

18

NG LC HC CHT IM
NH LUT VN VT HP DN

Trng hp dn ca tri t
- Vn tc v tr cp I: vI = (gR)1/2 ~ 8km/s
- Vn tc v tr cp II: vII=(2gR)1/2 ~11,2km/s

Nguyn l tng ng

- S hp dn v s gia tc l tng ng

Cc lc ca t nhin
- Lc hp dn
- Lc in yu: lc in t v lc yu
- Lc mnh: lc gn proton v ntron
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

19

NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH L V NG LNG
ng lng - nh l 1
- N ng lng l vect K = mv, c trng cho kh
nng truyn chuyn ng ca vt
- F = ma = mdv/dt = d(mv)/dt = dK/dt:
Lc tc ng ln cht im bng o hm ng
lng cht im theo thi gian

Xung lng - nh l 2
- dK = Fdt K = K2 K1 = Fdt (t t1n t2)
- N xung lng ca lc F: J = Fdt (t t1n t2)
- bin thin ng lng ca 1 cht im trong 1
khang thi gian no c gi tr bng xung lng
ca lc tc dng trong khang thi gian
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

20

NG LC HC CHT IM
CC NH L V NG LNG

nh lut bo ton ng lng

- i vi h cht im F = d(mivi)/dt
- Nu h c lp th F = 0 mivi = const

ng lng tc rt ln

- Khi lng ca 1 vt vn tc v (ln):

m = m0(1-v2/c2)-1/2
- ng lng tc ln:
P = mv = m0(1-v2/c2)-1/2 v
/l II Newton: F = d(m0 (1-v2/c2)-1/2v)/dt
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

21

BI 3

CHUYN NG QUAY
CA VT RN
1.
2.
3.
4.

16/09/08

CHUYN NG VT RN. KHI TM

CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT RN
QUANH MT TRC C NH
NH LUT BO TON MOMENT
NG LNG
CHUYN NG QUAY CA C TH
Vn ng C hc-2

22

CHUYN NG CA VT RN
Chuyn ng (c) ca vt rn c th phn tch
thnh c tnh tin v c quay
Chuyn ng tnh tin:
- c im: ng thng ni 2 im bt k ca vt lun
lun song song vi chnh n (v, a cc im nh nhau)
- Phng trnh: (mi) x a = Fi

c im chuyn ng quay vt rn:

- Mi im vt c cng vn tc gc v gia tc gc
- Vect vn tc thng v vect gia tc tip tuyn ca 1
im cch trc quay 1 khong r:
v=r
a= r
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

23

KHI TM
Khi tm h cht im M1, M2,, Mn ln lt c
khi lng m1, m2,, mn l im G xc nh bi:
m1M1G + m2M2G + + mnMnG = mi.MiG = 0
To ca khi tm: R = OG = mi.ri/mi
Vn tc khi tm: V = dR/dt = mi.vi/mi
= P/(mi) P = (mi)V
Phng trnh chuyn ng khi tm:
(mi).a = Fi ,, (a= dV/dt: gia tc khi tm)
Khi tm 1 h c nh 1 cht im c khi lng
bng tng khi lng ca h v chu tc dng
ca 1 lc bng tng ngoi lc tc dng ln h
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

24

CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT
RN QUANH 1 TRC C NH
Moment lc i vi trc quay
- Lc gy ra chuyn ng quay: Ft
- Moment lc i vi trc quay: M = r Ft

Moment qun tnh i vi trc quay

I i = mi r i 2

I = miri2

I = r2dm

Phng trnh c bn chuyn ng quay

Fti = miati Mi = ri Fti = mi ri ati
ri ati = ri ( ri) = (ri , ri) ( ri, )ri = ri2
Mi= miri2 M =Mi =miri2 = I M = I
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

25

NH LUT BO TON
MOMENT NG LNG
N moment ng lng
- Ca h i vi gc O: L= Li= ri mvi
- Ca h i vi trc quay: L= rimvi= Iii
- Ca vt rn i vi trc quay: L= (Ii)=I

nh l v moment ng lng
- dL/dt = d(rmv)/dt =r d(mv)/dt + mv dr/dt
= r d(mv)/dt + m(v v) = r d(mv)/dt
= r F = M M = dL/dt
- o hm cc moment ng lng ca vt rn quay
quanh trc i vi thi gian bng tng cc moment
ngoi lc tc dng ln vt rn
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

26

NH LUT BO TON
MOMENT NG LNG
dL/dt = M = 0 L = const
Nu tng moment ngoi lc i vi gc O ca h
cht im bng 0 th moment ng lng ca h
c bo ton
Nu tng moment ngoi lc tc dng ln mt vt
rn quay quanh 1 trc c nh bng 0 th moment
ng lng ca vt c bo ton: L=I = const
L nh lut c bn ca t nhin, c kim
nghim tc cao hoc kch thc nguyn t.
ng dng: Ma, xic, nh hng tu v tr
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

27

N BY V CHUYN NG
QUAY CA C TH
Chuyn ng quay ca c th hot ng
theo nguyn tc n by (h xng-c)
iu kin cn bng ca n by l tng
moment lc cn v lc pht ng bng 0
Lc pht ng l lc c bp, lc cn l
trng lng phn c th b quay
n by I: im ta nm gia im t lc
cn v lc pht ng
n by II: im t lc cn nm gia im
ta v im t ca lc pht ng
n by III: im t ca lc pht ng
nm gia im ta v im t lc cn
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

28

BI 4

CNG V NNG LNG

1.
2.
3.
4.

16/09/08

CNG V CNG SUT

NNG LNG
TNH N HI CA C
NNG LNG CO C

Vn ng C hc-2

29

CNG V CNG SUT

Cng A do lc F sinh ra trong chuyn di s
c tr s: A= (F,s) = Fs cos(F,s)
Khi lc F thay i: dA =(F,ds)
A = (F,ds) = (Fxdx+Fydy+Fzdz)
n v cng: J (jun) = 1N.m = 1kg.m2/s2
Cng sut l tc thc hin cng:
N= dA/dt= (F,ds/dt)= (F,v) (F khng i)
n v cng sut: W (oat) = 1J/s
Vt rn quay: dA= (F,ds)= Ftds= Ftr.d= Md
N = dA/dt = Md/dt = M. = (M,)
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

30

NNG LNG
Nng lng l s o gn vi 1 trng thi
(hay iu kin) ca 1 hay nhiu vt
Mt vt trng thi xc nh th c mt nng
lng xc nh
Cng l mt i lng c trng cho qu trnh
trao i nng lng gia cc vt
bin thin nng lng ca h bng cng m
h trao i vi bn ngai: W2 W1 = A
Nng lng khng t sinh ra m cng khng t
mt i, n ch chuyn t h ny sang h khc
hay t dng ny sang dng khc
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

31

NNG LNG-NG NNG

ng nng l phn c nng tng ng vi

s chuyn ng ca cc vt
A= (F,ds) = (mdv/dt,ds)= (mds/dt,dv)
= (mv,dv)= d(mv2/2) = mv22/2 - mv12/2
N: ng nng ca cht im khi lng
m v vn tc v: W= mv2/2
bin thin W ca 1 cht im trong 1
chuyn di bng cng ngoi lc tc dng
trong chuyn di : A = W2 W1
W vt rn quay = I2/2

16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

32

TRNG LC TH
Mt cht im gi l chuyn ng trong 1
trng lc nu ti v tr ca cht im u xut
hin lc tc dng ln cht im
Khi cht im chuyn ng t M n N th cng
ca lc F:

AMN = F.ds
MN

Nu cng AMN khng ph thuc ng dch

chuyn MN m ch ph thuc v tr ca im M
v N th ta ni lc F l lc ca 1 trng lc th
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

33

NNG LNG-TH NNG

Th nng ca cht im trong trng lc
th l mt hm v tr AMN = Wt(M) Wt(N)
Th nng hp dn tri t:
dA = (P.ds) = -GMmdr/r2
A=dA=-GMmdr/r2=(-GMm/r1)-(-GMm/r2)
Th nng hp dn Wt = - GMm/r (= mgh)

Th nng n hi:

F(x) = -kx (/l Hooke)

W(x) = -F(x)dx = 0 - (-kx)dx = kx2/2

16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

34

BO TON NNG LNG

AMN = Wt(M) Wt(N) = W(M) W(N)
(W + Wt)(M) = (W + Wt)(N) = const
C nng W = W + Wt ca cht im c bo
ton khi n chuyn ng trong trng lc th
Trong mt h c lp nng lng c th chuyn
t dng ny sang dng khc nhng tng nng
lng ca h lun gi nguyn:
W = E = const
bin thin nng lng ca h bng cng m
h trao i vi bn ngoi: dE = dA
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

35

NNG LNG & KHI LNG

Khi lng vn tc v: m = m0(1-v2/c2)-1/2
dm = m0(1-v2/c2)-3/2 (-1/2)d(1-v2/c2)
= m0(1-v2/c2)-1/2 (1-v2/c2)-1c-2d(v2/2)
= m(c2-v2)-1d(v2/2)
(c2-v2)dm = md(v2/2)
c2dm = v2dm + md(v2/2) = vd(mv) = vdP
= (dP/dt).vdt = F.ds = dA = dE
dE = c2dm Nng lng E = mc2 + C
Khi m = 0 th E = 0 nn C = 0 E = mc2
ng nng W=mc2-m0c2=m0c2((1-v2/c2)-1/2 -1)
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

36

TNH N HI CA C
Tnh n hi ca c:
F(x) = -kx (/l Hooke)
Thay F(x) = F, k = ES/, x = -

F = E.S./

F- Lc tc dng ln c; E- Mun dn hi
S- Tit din c; - co c; - di c

Th nng ca c:
W(x) = -F(x)dx = 0 - (-kx)dx = k ()2/2

Tnh n hi ca c gn vi cao su, moun

n hi vo khong 104N/cm2.
C khng phi l vt liu n hi tuyt i
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

37

NNG LNG CO C
- Tong hp cac moi lien ket ATP:

ADP + P + E ATP (quang hp, h hp)

ADP + Phospho-creatin ATP + Creatin
Glucoza + H3PO4 + ADP Lactat + ATP + H2O

- Huy ong nang lng e sinh cong:

ATP + H2O = ADP + H3PO4 + G ;
G ~ 30 kJ/mol (7-8 kcal/mol)
G = dA + dQ
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

38

Cng ca bung tim tri

Thnh phn tnh: cng to p sut mu:

A1 = p.dV (nn vo dV p sut p)

Thnh phn ng: cng to gia tc mu:
A2 = mv2/2 = v2V/2
Cng chung ca bung tim tri:
A = pV + v2V/2

16/09/08

p l p sut mu
V l th tch mu nn vo
v l tc chy ca mu
l khi lng ring ca mu
Vn ng C hc-2

39

Cng ca tim
p = 100 tor = 1,3.104 N/m2;
V = 60 cm3 = 6.10-5 m3;
= 1,05.103 kg/m3; v = 0,5 m/s.

A = 1,3.104.6.10-5 + 1,05.103.(0,5)2.6.10-5/2
= 0,8 + 0,008 J ~ 0,81 J
Cng ca bung tim phi ~ 0,2J
Cng tim trong mt chu k co bp ~ 1 J
Tim co bp 70 ln/pht
Cng ca tim = 70 J/pht = 100800 J/24h
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

40

CU HI
Phng, chiu, ln v ngha ca
gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn?
Cho v d nhng trng hp c bit.
Trnh by khi nim lc, khi lng v
cc nh lut Newton.
Trng hp dn: th nng, nguyn l
chng chp v nguyn l tng ng?
Trnh by cc nh l v ng lng v
moment ng lng.
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

41

CU HI
Thit lp phng trnh c bn chuyn
ng quay vt rn quanh 1 trc c nh?
iu kin cn bng ca n by? Lin h
vi chuyn ng quay ca c th?
Khi nim nng lng, ng nng v th
nng? Biu thc v th nng hp dn v
th nng n hi?
Th nng n hi ca c v nng lng
co c?
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

42

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bi ging Vt l-L sinh; B mn Vt l-L
sinh; HYD TP.HCM
2. C s vt l; David Halliday-Robert
Resnick-Jearl Walker; NXB GD 2007
3. Vt l i cng; Lng Duyn Bnh ch
bin; NXB H
4. Gio trnh vt l i cng; I.V Xaveliev;
NXB H-THCN 1998
5. Gio trnh L sinh y hc Trng i hc Y
H Ni
16/09/08

Vn ng C hc-2

43